WO2022017539A1 - 一种基于超声回波信号的树体冠层厚度探测方法 - Google Patents

一种基于超声回波信号的树体冠层厚度探测方法 Download PDF

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WO2022017539A1
WO2022017539A1 PCT/CN2021/110817 CN2021110817W WO2022017539A1 WO 2022017539 A1 WO2022017539 A1 WO 2022017539A1 CN 2021110817 W CN2021110817 W CN 2021110817W WO 2022017539 A1 WO2022017539 A1 WO 2022017539A1
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echo signal
ultrasonic echo
tree canopy
ultrasonic
thickness
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欧鸣雄
汪明
贾卫东
周慧涛
戴世群
杨帅
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Jiangsu University
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Jiangsu University
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01SRADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S15/00Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
    • G01S15/88Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01BMEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B17/00Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations
    • G01B17/02Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations for measuring thickness
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01SRADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S15/00Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
    • G01S15/02Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems using reflection of acoustic waves
    • G01S15/06Systems determining the position data of a target
    • G01S15/08Systems for measuring distance only
    • G01S15/10Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of interrupted, pulse-modulated waves
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01SRADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/52Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00
    • G01S7/539Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00 using analysis of echo signal for target characterisation; Target signature; Target cross-section

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  • the invention relates to a method for detecting the thickness of a tree canopy based on ultrasonic echo signals, belonging to the technical field of agricultural machinery information sensing and detection, in particular, to a method suitable for sensing the thickness of a tree canopy by using an ultrasonic sensor detection technology.
  • the traditional sensing and detection methods of tree canopy thickness mainly use the ranging principles of infrared, ultrasonic and laser.
  • the layers are distributed symmetrically.
  • the distance between the machine and the tree canopy is detected by infrared sensors, ultrasonic sensors and laser sensors, so as to indirectly calculate the thickness of the tree canopy along the ultrasonic detection direction.
  • the traditional tree canopy thickness sensing and detection methods have the following problems: First, in the actual operation process, the distance between the agricultural machinery and the center of the tree canopy is constantly changing, while the traditional method assumes this distance Therefore, a large error is introduced in the calculation of the tree canopy thickness. Second, this method is suitable for spindle-shaped fruit trees with good symmetry, but it has poor applicability to fruit trees whose canopy is asymmetric, such as fence-shaped fruit trees.
  • the invention provides a method for detecting the thickness of tree canopy based on ultrasonic echo signals.
  • the invention takes advantage of the ultrasonic sensor's advantages of good reliability, strong applicability, fast signal response and low cost, and proposes a method by ultrasonic echo signal.
  • the method of detecting the thickness of tree canopy directly by wave signal is suitable for all kinds of fruit trees such as spindle-shaped and fence-shaped, and has the characteristics of high accuracy and wide application range.
  • the ultrasonic sensor sends an ultrasonic transmission signal to the tree canopy, and the tree canopy reflects the ultrasonic echo signal to obtain the ultrasonic echo signal.
  • the ultrasonic echo signal consists of voltage data and its corresponding time data.
  • voltage data generation array V i [V 1 , V 2 , V 3 ,...V n ]
  • time data generation array T [T 1 , T 2 , T 3 ,... T n ]
  • i 1 , 2, 3...n.
  • the last valid peak V y of the signal, the time data corresponding to V y is the last valid peak time Ty .
  • MAX(V j-1 , V j-2 ,...V js ) is the maximum value in the array [V j-1 , V j-2 ,... V js ]
  • MAX(V j+1 ,...V n ) is the maximum value in the array [V j+1 ,...V n ]
  • f is the sampling frequency of the ultrasonic echo signal, the unit is Hertz.
  • the calculation formula of the tree canopy thickness L is obtained as follows:
  • the method provided by the present invention can directly use the ultrasonic echo signal to calculate the value of the thickness of the tree canopy, without considering the distance between the agricultural machinery and the tree canopy, and at the same time, it has no effect on the shape of the tree. It is suitable for the detection of tree canopy thickness under various operating conditions and different trees.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an ultrasonic sensor detecting a tree canopy thickness scheme according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an ultrasonic transmission signal and an ultrasonic echo signal according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an ultrasonic echo signal according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 it is a schematic diagram of an ultrasonic sensor for detecting the thickness of a tree canopy provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the ultrasonic sensor 1 sends an ultrasonic transmission signal 4 facing the tree canopy 3, and the tree canopy 3 reflects to form an ultrasonic echo Signal 5, the thickness 2 of the tree canopy along the ultrasonic detection direction emitted by the ultrasonic sensor 1 is shown in FIG. 1 .
  • a typical ultrasonic transmission signal 4 and ultrasonic echo signal 5 are shown in Figure 2. Both the ultrasonic transmission signal 4 and the ultrasonic echo signal 5 are composed of voltage data and corresponding time data within a certain period of time. Among them, the ultrasonic transmission signal 4 consists of voltage data between times T a and T b and its corresponding time data, and ultrasonic echo signal 5 consists of voltage data between times T c and T d and its corresponding time data.
  • a typical ultrasonic echo signal 5 is shown in FIG. 3 , and the ultrasonic echo signal 5 consists of voltage data between times T c and T d .
  • voltage data generation array V [V 1 ; V 2 ; V 3 ;...V n ]
  • time data generation array T [T 1 ; T 2 ; T 3 ;... T n ]
  • i 1, 2, 3...n.
  • the detection calculation of the tree canopy thickness 2 is performed, and the specific steps are as follows:
  • the last valid peak V y of the signal, the time data corresponding to V y is the last valid peak time Ty , as shown in FIG. 3 .
  • MAX(V j-1 , V j-2 ,...V js ) is the maximum value in the array [V j-1 , V j-2 ,... V js ]
  • MAX(V j+1 ,...V n ) is the maximum value in the array [V j+1 ,...V n ]
  • f is the sampling frequency of the ultrasonic echo signal, the unit is Hertz.
  • the calculation formula of the tree canopy thickness L is obtained as follows:
  • the tree canopy thickness L is detected, and the comparison between the tree canopy thickness L and the actual tree canopy thickness LO is shown in Table 1.
  • Table 1 Comparison of the thickness of the canopy layer of the present invention and the actual tree body
  • the tree canopy thickness L obtained in the embodiment of the present invention is very close to the actual tree canopy thickness LO, and the relative error ⁇ is between 3% and 5%. This result shows that the present invention is accurate It has the characteristics of high performance and is especially suitable for the detection of various fruit trees in mountainous and hilly areas.
  • the relative error ⁇ is defined as: Where ⁇ is the relative error, the unit is %, L is the thickness of the tree canopy, the unit is meters, and LO is the actual tree canopy thickness, the unit is meters.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices Characterised By Use Of Acoustic Means (AREA)

Abstract

一种基于超声回波信号(5)的树体冠层厚度(2)探测方法,属于农业机械信息传感探测技术领域。该方法通过分析判别超声回波信号(5)的第一个有效波峰和最后一个有效波峰,获取第一个有效波峰时间和最后一个有效波峰时间,并根据提供的计算公式获得树体冠层厚度(2),以此实现树体冠层厚度(2)的直接探测。该方法具有精度高和适用范围广等特点,适用于农业机械和林业机械等行业的树体冠层厚度(2)探测领域。

Description

一种基于超声回波信号的树体冠层厚度探测方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种基于超声回波信号的树体冠层厚度探测方法,属于农业机械信息传感探测技术领域,具体的说,是一种适用于采用超声波传感器对树体冠层厚度进行传感探测的技术。
背景技术
在果园植保变量喷雾机械等智能化农业机械作业过程中,为了实现作业参数的精确调整,需要对树体冠层厚度进行实时传感探测。
目前,传统的树体冠层厚度传感探测方法主要是利用红外、超声和激光的测距原理,一方面假定农业机械与树体冠层中心之间的距离不变,同时还假定树体冠层呈对称性分布,在此基础上,通过红外传感器、超声传感器和激光传感器探测机械和树体冠层之间的距离,以此来间接计算沿超声探测方向的树体冠层厚度值,从而为喷雾施药等作业提供参考。
目前,传统的树体冠层厚度传感探测方法存在以下问题:一是在实际作业过程中,农业机械与树体冠层中心之间的距离是持续变化的,而传统方法则是假定该距离不变,从而在树体冠层厚度的计算中引入了很大的误差。二是该方法适用于对称性较好的纺锤形果树,对篱笆形果树等树体冠层为非对称性的果树,适用性很差。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种基于超声回波信号的树体冠层厚度探测方法,本发明利用超声波传感器的可靠性好、适用性强、信号响应快和成本低的优势,提出了一种通过超声回波信号直接进行树体冠层厚度探测的方法,该方法同时适用于纺锤形和篱笆形等各类果树,具有准确性高和适用范围广等特点。
本发明的技术方案是:
超声波传感器面向树体冠层发出超声波发射信号,树体冠层反射形成超声回波信号,获取超声回波信号,超声回波信号由电压数据和其对应的时间数据组成。其中,电压数据生成数组V i=[V 1,V 2,V 3,……V n];时间数据生成数组T=[T 1,T 2,T 3,……T n];i=1,2,3……n。根据数组V和数组T进行树体冠层厚度的探测计算,具体步骤如下:
第一步,从超声回波信号中获取第一个有效波峰和第一个有效波峰时间:从i=2开始,对数组V中的V i进行依次判别,随着i逐渐增大,当第一个V i同时满足V i>V i-1和V i>MAX(V i+1,V i+2…V i+m)时,设定V i为超声回波信号的第一个有效波峰V x,V x对应的时间数据为第一个有效波峰时间T x
其中i取2,3,4…n;MAX(V i+1,V i+2,…V i+m)为数组[V i+1,V i+2,…V i+m]中的最大值;m为第一个有效波峰的有效数,m=k 1f,k 1为采样时长,k 1=0.001-0.0005,单位为秒;f为超声回波信号的采样频率,单位为赫兹。
第二步,从超声回波信号中获取最后一个有效波峰和最后一个有效波峰时间:从j=n-1开始,对数组V中的V j依次进行判别,随着j逐渐减小,当第一个V j同时满足V j>MAX(V j-1,V j-2,…V j-s)和V j>MAX(V j+1,…V n)时,设定V j为超声回波信号的最后一个有效波峰V y,V y对应的时间数据为最后一个有效波峰时间T y
其中j取1,2,3…n-1;MAX(V j-1,V j-2,…V j-s)为数组[V j-1,V j-2,…V j-s]中的最大值,MAX(V j+1,…V n)为数组[V j+1,…V n]中的最大值;s为最后一个有效波峰的有效数,s=k 2f,k 2为采样时长,k 2=0.0005-0.0001,单位为秒;f为超声回波信号的采样频率,单位为赫兹。
第三步,根据第一步获取的第一个有效波峰时间T x和第二步获取的最后一个有效波峰时间T y,得到树体冠层厚度L的计算公式如下:
Figure PCTCN2021110817-appb-000001
其中,L为树体冠层厚度,单位为米;v o为当地的超声波传播速率,单位为米/每秒;T x为超声回波信号的第一个有效波峰时间,单位为秒;T y为超声回波信号的最后一个有效波峰时间,单位为秒;k为修正系数,当树体冠层叶面积指数LAI满足1.5≤LAI≤4.0时,k=1;当树体冠层叶面积指数LAI<1.5时,
Figure PCTCN2021110817-appb-000002
当树体冠层叶面积指数LAI>4时,
Figure PCTCN2021110817-appb-000003
本发明的有益效果:采用本发明提供的方法可以直接利用超声回波信号计算树体冠层厚度的数值,不需考虑农业机械与树体冠层之间的距离,同时,对树 体外形没有要求,适用于多种作业条件下、不同树体的树体冠层厚度探测。
附图说明
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步说明:
图1是本发明一个实施例的超声波传感器探测树体冠层厚度方案示意图;
图2是本发明一个实施例的超声波发射信号和超声回波信号示意图;
图3是本发明一个实施例的超声回波信号示意图。
图中:1.超声波传感器,2.树体冠层厚度L,3.树体冠层,4.超声波发射信号,5.超声回波信号。
具体实施方式
下面结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。
如图1所示,为本发明一实施例提供的超声波传感器探测树体冠层厚度方案示意图,超声波传感器1面向树体冠层3发出超声波发射信号4,树体冠层3反射形成超声回波信号5,沿超声传感器1发出的超声探测方向的树体冠层厚度2如图1所示。
典型的超声波发射信号4和超声回波信号5如图2所示,超声波发射信号4和超声回波信号5都是由一定时间内的电压数据及其对应的时间数据组成,其中,超声波发射信号4由时间T a和T b之间的电压数据及其对应的时间数据组成,超声回波信号5由时间T c和T d之间的电压数据及其对应的时间数据组成。
典型的超声回波信号5如图3所示,超声回波信号5由时间T c和T d之间的电压数据组成。其中,电压数据生成数组V=[V 1;V 2;V 3;……V n];时间数据生成数组T=[T 1;T 2;T 3;……T n];i=1,2,3……n。
在上述基础上,根据数组V和数组T进行树体冠层厚度2的探测计算,具体步骤如下:
第一步,从超声回波信号中获取第一个有效波峰和第一个有效波峰时间:从i=2开始,对数组V中的V i进行依次判别,随着i逐渐增大,当第一个V i同时满V i>V i-1和V i>MAX(V i+1,V i+2…V i+m)时,设定V i为超声回波信号的第一个有效波峰V x,V x对应的时间数据为第一个有效波峰时间T x,如图3所示。
其中i取2,3,4…n;MAX(V i+1,V i+2,…V i+m)为数组[V i+1,V i+2,…V i+m]中 的最大值;m为第一个有效波峰的有效数,m=k 1f,k 1为采样时长,k 1=0.001-0.0005,单位为秒;f为超声回波信号的采样频率,单位为赫兹。
第二步,从超声回波信号中获取最后一个有效波峰和最后一个有效波峰时间:从j=n-1开始,对数组V中的V j依次进行判别,随着j逐渐减小,当第一个V j同时满V j>MAX(V j-1,V j-2,…V j-s)和V j>MAX(V j+1,…V n)时,设定V j为超声回波信号的最后一个有效波峰V y,V y对应的时间数据为最后一个有效波峰时间T y,如图3所示。
其中j取1,2,3…n-1;MAX(V j-1,V j-2,…V j-s)为数组[V j-1,V j-2,…V j-s]中的最大值,MAX(V j+1,…V n)为数组[V j+1,…V n]中的最大值;s为最后一个有效波峰的有效数,s=k 2f,k 2为采样时长,k 2=0.0005-0.0001,单位为秒;f为超声回波信号的采样频率,单位为赫兹。
第三步,根据第一步获取的第一个有效波峰时间T x和第二步获取的最后一个有效波峰时间T y,得到树体冠层厚度L的计算公式如下:
Figure PCTCN2021110817-appb-000004
其中,L为树体冠层厚度,单位为米;v o为当地的超声波传播速率,单位为米每秒;T x为超声回波信号的第一个有效波峰时间,单位为秒;T y为超声回波信号的最后一个有效波峰时间,单位为秒;k为修正系数,当树体冠层叶面积指数LAI满足1.5≤LAI≤4.0时,k=1;当树体冠层叶面积指数LAI<1.5时,
Figure PCTCN2021110817-appb-000005
当树体冠层叶面积指数LAI>4时,
Figure PCTCN2021110817-appb-000006
当树体冠层叶面积指数LAI为3,修正系数k=1,当地的超声波传播速率v o=340米每秒,超声回波信号的采样频率f=400000赫兹,采样时长k 1=0.001秒,采样时长k 2=0.0005秒,根据上述实施例提供的方法,对树体冠层厚度L进行探测,得到树体冠层厚度L与实际树体冠层厚度LO的对比如表1所示。
表1:本发明实施例和实际树体冠层厚度的对比
树体冠层厚度L(米) 实际树体冠层厚度LO(米) 相对误差δ(%)
0.29 0.30 -3.3
0.42 0.40 5.0
0.52 0.50 4.0
0.57 0.60 -5.0
如表1所示,本发明实施例得到的树体冠层厚度L与实际树体冠层厚度LO的数值非常接近,相对误差δ在3%至5%之间,该结果显示了本发明准确性高的特点,尤其适用于山地和丘陵地区各类果树的探测。
相对误差δ的定义为:
Figure PCTCN2021110817-appb-000007
其中δ为相对误差,单位为%,L为树体冠层厚度,单位为米,LO为实际树体冠层厚度,单位为米。

Claims (5)

  1. 一种基于超声回波信号的树体冠层厚度探测方法,其特征在于,超声波传感器面向树体冠层发出超声波发射信号,树体冠层反射形成超声回波信号,获取超声回波信号,超声回波信号由电压数据和其对应的时间数据组成;其中,电压数据生成数组V i=[V 1,V 2,V 3,……V n];时间数据生成数组T=[T 1,T 2,T 3,……T n];i=1,2,3……n,树体冠层厚度L的计算公式如下:
    Figure PCTCN2021110817-appb-100001
    其中,L为树体冠层厚度,单位为米;v o为当地的超声波传播速率,单位为米/每秒;T x为超声回波信号的第一个有效波峰时间,单位为秒;T y为超声回波信号的最后一个有效波峰时间,单位为秒;k为修正系数,当树体冠层叶面积指数LAI满足1.5≤LAI≤4.0时,k=1;当树体冠层叶面积指数LAI<1.5时,
    Figure PCTCN2021110817-appb-100002
    当树体冠层叶面积指数LAI>4时,
    Figure PCTCN2021110817-appb-100003
  2. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于超声回波信号的树体冠层厚度探测方法,其特征在于,超声回波信号的第一个有效波峰时间获取方法如下:从i=2开始,对数组V中的V i进行依次判别,随着i逐渐增大,当第一个V i同时满足V i>V i-1和V i>MAX(V i+1,V i+2…V i+m)时,设定V i为超声回波信号的第一个有效波峰V x,V x对应的时间数据为第一个有效波峰时间T x;其中i取2,3,4…n;MAX(V i+1,V i+2,…V i+m)为数组[V i+1,V i+2,…V i+m]中的最大值;m为第一个有效波峰的有效数。
  3. 如权利要求2所述的一种基于超声回波信号的树体冠层厚度探测方法,其特征在于,第一个有效波峰的有效数m=k 1f,k 1为采样时长,k 1=0.001-0.0005,单位为秒;f为超声回波信号的采样频率,单位为赫兹。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的一种基于超声回波信号的树体冠层厚度探测方法,其特征在于,超声回波信号的最后一个有效波峰时间获取方法如下:从j=n-1开始,对数组V中的V j依次进行判别,随着j逐渐减小,当第一个V j同时满足V j>MAX(V j-1,V j-2,…V j-s)和V j>MAX(V j+1,…V n)时,设定V j为超声回波信号的最后一个有效波峰V y,V y对应的时间数据为最后一个有效波峰时间T y;其中j取1,2,3…n-1;MAX(V j-1,V j-2,…V j-s)为数组[V j-1,V j-2,…V j-s]中的最 大值,MAX(V j+1,…V n)为数组[V j+1,…V n]中的最大值;s为最后一个有效波峰的有效数。
  5. 如权利要求4所述的一种基于超声回波信号的树体冠层厚度探测方法,其特征在于,最后一个有效波峰的有效数s=k 2f,k 2为采样时长,k 2=0.0005-0.0001,单位为秒;f为超声回波信号的采样频率,单位为赫兹。
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