WO2022015204A1

WO2022015204A1 - Method and device for creating artificial clouds and precipitation

Info

Publication number: WO2022015204A1
Application number: PCT/RU2021/050182
Authority: WO
Inventors: Али Магометович АБШАЕВ; Магомет Тахирович АБШАЕВ; Абдулла Ахмед Ал МАНДОУС
Original assignee: Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью Научно-Производственный Центр "Антиград"; Национальный центр метеорологии Объединенных Арабских Эмиратов (НЦМ ОАЭ)
Priority date: 2020-07-14
Filing date: 2021-06-24
Publication date: 2022-01-20
Also published as: RU2738479C1

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of meteorology and can be used for artificially increasing precipitation in arid regions. The technical result of the patent-pending solutions is an increased efficiency of creating convection clouds and precipitation under cloudless conditions owing to the optimal use of thermodynamic characteristics of the atmosphere, and also a reduction in requirements for jet equipment power and in fuel consumption. The claimed technical result is achieved through the implementation of a method for creating artificial clouds and precipitation by initiating updraughts in the atmosphere by means of a jet engine and fog cannons, the method comprising introducing three types of coarse-dispersion hygroscopic aerosols simultaneously into an upward jet stream: aerosols of the first type consist of hygroscopic substances with the hygroscopic point h ₁ < 40%; aerosols of the second type consist of hygroscopic substances with the hygroscopic point 41 < h ₂ < 70%; and aerosols of the third type consist of hygroscopic substances or slightly hygroscopic substances with the hygroscopic point 71 < h ₃ <80%.

Description

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CREATING ARTIFICIAL CLOUDS AND PRECAUTIONS

Technical field:

The invention relates to the field of meteorology and can be used to artificially increase precipitation in arid regions.

State of the art:

According to the UN, about 30% of the earth's land area is experiencing a shortage of fresh water, which is aggravated as population and irrigated areas increase. Climate change has also led to a reduction in precipitation in dry regions and desertification of territories (K. Janelle Review: the problem of desertification at the global and regional levels, https://carececo.org/main/news/obzor-problema-opustynivaniya-na-globalnom-i -regionalnom-levelnyakh/).

To cover the shortage of fresh water, technologies are used to extract groundwater, desalinate sea water, use icebergs, as well as artificially increase precipitation by seeding clouds with reagents that enhance precipitation processes. The use of aviation, rocket and ground-based methods of seeding clouds with crystallizing and hygroscopic reagents makes it possible to increase the amount of precipitation by 10–15%. However, in arid regions where there is a minimum of cloudy days (10 - 15 days per year), even this small addition becomes problematic.

In contrast, the present invention proposes a new way to increase precipitation by creating artificial clouds in a cloudless situation. The scientific prerequisites for this are:

- the content of water vapor in the atmosphere is always sufficient for the formation of clouds and precipitation, even in arid regions;

- the formation of convective clouds over powerful natural or artificial heat sources, such as large forest fires, active volcanoes, mountain peaks heated by the sun, "heat islands" over large cities, oil refineries, nuclear and thermal power plants.

These clouds, called "PyroClouds" and "IndustryClouds," form because air warmed over heat sources becomes lighter than the surrounding air and rises, resulting in clouds that often form showers in atmospheric conditions when no such sources are present. heat natural clouds and precipitation are not formed.

Known methods for creating artificial clouds and precipitation, based on the heating of surface air using: - the heat of artificial fires kindled in the prairies and savannahs of South America and Equatorial Africa (Dessens A. Can we change the climate? Translated from French L .: Gidrometeoizdat. 1969. 119 p.);

- combustion heat of oil products in various types of meteotrons:

• Dessens flare meteotron (Dessens A. Can we change the climate? Translated from French L.: Gidrometeoizdat. 1969. 119 p.);

• Flamethrower meteotron of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Vulfson N.I., Levin L.M., 1987);

• meteotrons with centrifugal nozzles (8 variants) of the Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute (A.A. Kuznetsov N.G., Konopasov. Meteotron. Vladimir: Publishing House of VlGU., 2015. Book 1. 167 p. Book 2. 232 p.) ;

• meteotrons of the Institute of Applied Geophysics of the State Committee for Hydrometeorology of the USSR with jet engines (N.I. Vulfson, L.M. Levin, Meteotron as a means of influencing the atmosphere. M.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1987. 131 p.);

- solar radiation heat absorbed by various artificial screens, including:

• areas of the earth's surface covered with asphalt, black cloth or black blocks that absorb solar radiation well (Brenig L., Zaady E., etc. Cloud formation and rainfalls induced by artificial solar setting: A weather engineering project for fighting aridity. Geographical Forum. Year 7, No 7, 2008. P. 67-82.);

• a blackened screen raised above the ground, surrounded by a system of pivoting mirrors that focus solar energy onto the screen (Oranovsky VV, RF patent N° 2071243, 1997);

• a multi-tiered garland of helium-inflated torroids with a blackened surface (V.P. Pavlyuchenko, “Method of creating an upward flow of air in the atmosphere by heating it” using a Heliator device, RF patents N° 2462026 and N° 2670059).

Disadvantages of analogues:

None of these listed methods is used in practice to artificially increase precipitation. The reasons for this are the shortcomings identified at the stage of their testing and experiments:

- The method of initiating thermal convection with the help of plant and forest fires is generally not acceptable due to the limited resources burned, the inappropriateness of such fires and the harm to flora and fauna.

- Methods for creating updrafts with the help of meteortrons (torch, flamethrower with jet engines) do not have acceptable efficiency even when burning huge amounts of oil products (from 30 to 430 tons / hour) and lead to serious environmental pollution. - Methods for warming up surface air due to solar radiation by creating asphalt and cloth coverings of the earth's surface, as well as the Oranovsky method, which involves installing a blackened screen on supports, have not been implemented due to unacceptably high costs. The creation of solar meteortrons with screens having an area of the order of 1-H5 km ² is very expensive, and it is useless with screens of a smaller size. For example, asphalted or concreted areas in cities, airports, having areas of the order of 0.1 - 0.3 km ² , do not work as effective solar meteortrons.

- The methods according to the patents of the Russian Federation N° 2462026 and N° 2670059, as shown by our field tests, are not operational, since the multi-tiered Heliator garland cannot be raised to a height of at least 500 m due to the large windage even with a wind of 1-2 m / s .

The closest in technical essence to the claimed object is a method and device for creating clouds using a jet stream created by a supermeteotron containing aircraft jet engines (Vulfson N.I., Levin L.M., Meteotron as a means of influencing the atmosphere. M .:, Gidrometeoizdat, 1987. 131 p.).

It is known that the efficiency of this method is low, since when the jet rises in the atmosphere, the surrounding air is entrained, the diameter increases, gradual cooling, and the loss of speed and buoyancy. Therefore, the rise of the jet stream stops at a certain height, depending on the vertical profiles of temperature and air humidity, often before reaching the level of condensation and without the formation of a convective cloud.

The essence of the invention:

The technical result of the patented solutions is to increase the efficiency of creating convective clouds and precipitation in a cloudless situation due to the optimal use of the thermodynamic properties of the atmosphere, as well as reducing the requirements for the power of a jet installation and fuel costs.

The claimed technical result is achieved when implementing a method for creating artificial clouds and precipitation by initiating upward flows in the atmosphere using a jet engine and fogging guns, according to which three types of coarse hygroscopic aerosols are simultaneously introduced into a vertically directed jet stream: aerosols of the first type consist of hygroscopic substances with hygroscopic hi point < 40%; aerosols of the second type consist of hygroscopic substances with a hygroscopic point of 41 < /?2 < 70%, and aerosols of the third type consist of hygroscopic or weakly hygroscopic substances with a hygroscopic point of 71 < L3 < 80%.

The use of three types of aerosols will make it possible to ensure the condensation of water vapor in the surface layer and higher layers of the atmosphere at any air humidity, which changes as the jet rises. This will generate heat condensation, increase in buoyancy and intensification of the ascending flow in the entire subcloud layer, up to the level of natural cloud formation and the start of the precipitation process.

These three types of aerosol provide absorption and intense condensation of water vapor at air humidity from 6% to 78%, and can lead to an increase in the speed of the upward flow, from the surface layer of the atmosphere to the height of the level of natural cloud formation. As it rises, the diameter and volume of the ascending flow increase, the release of water vapor condensation heat in it increases, and after the jet rises above the level of natural condensation, the process of cloud and precipitation formation starts. Thus, the efficiency of the method is increased.

In particular, aerosols of the first type are formed from an aqueous solution of CaCl, or CaCl EbO, or CaCl * 6H ₂ 0; aerosols of the second type - from a solution of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), or nitroammophoska (NH4NO3 + NH4H2PO4), or carboammophoska (NH ₂ ) ₂ C0 + NH ₄ H ₂ P0 ₄ ); and aerosols of the third type - from a solution of sodium chloride NaCl or carbamide (MEDSO. In this case, the aerosol of the first type is formed by fine spraying using a system of nozzles placed in a ring around the jet stream with a flow rate of at least 40 l / min, aerosols of the second and third types are formed by fine spraying with vertically directed misting guns with a flow rate of more than 40 l / min (possibly 50 ± 20 l / min) of each of the aqueous solutions.

To avoid clogging of nozzles, aqueous solutions of aerosols of all types are prepared at a concentration of 80-90% of the saturating one and sprayed to a droplet size of 10-20 microns to form aerosols with a size of 50 microns at a concentration of about 4-10 ¹¹ particles / s of each type and a mass flow rate of each substances at least 30 kg/min (flow rate 40 l/min (possibly 50±20 l/min) for each of the aqueous solutions).

It can also be sprayed in a jet jet ready-made salt powders of these substances with particle sizes from 1 to 10 microns with a total consumption of each substance of the order of 30 kg/min.

To improve efficiency, it is preferable to observe the following conditions: artificial clouds and precipitation are created mainly from 15 to 17 hours local time on elevated terrain under a combination of the following atmospheric conditions: surface wind speed less than 2 m/s, thickness of the retardation layers below the condensation level no more than 500 m, potential energy of convective instability above the level of condensation САРЭ > 200 J/kg, surface air humidity not less than 30%.

Also, the technical result is achieved by a device for implementing the specified method, which contains an aircraft jet engine with an air intake and a jet turning device, a fuel system, an electric start and control system, as well as a water spray system. solution of the first type, which is a system of nozzles installed around the perimeter of the jet turning device for spraying aerosols of the first type, and two fogging guns for spraying aerosols of the second and third types with fans with a power of at least 20 kW, control systems, power supply for aerosols of the second and third types, at the same time, the jet engine and the fogging guns are structurally integrated into a single system that ensures the outflow to the zenith and the coaxiality of the outflow of the jet and two gas-drop jets, and their air intakes are made in the form of outlets for air intake from above through a fine-mesh mesh, which excludes the suction of birds and other objects, and the area of the air inlet is 2 times the area of the source.

At the same time, the device for turning the jet to the zenith contains a cone-shaped diffuser, which serves to expand the jet, which is connected with a narrow side to the outlet of the engine nozzle, and with a wide side - to the outlet, which serves to turn the jet, and to reduce losses, the outlet section of the diffuser is increased compared to the inlet more than 2 times, and the outlet is made with a bend radius 2 times greater than the pipe radius, the angle of rotation is limited to 70°, and the outlet of the outlet is cut off in a horizontal plane with the possibility of ensuring the outflow of the jet upward.

It was experimentally found that the number of nozzles installed on the annular tube should preferably be selected from the range of 8CH-100 nozzles, which are placed along the contour of the nozzle to create a jet and air jets of fogging guns, have a nozzle diameter of about 0.3-10.5 mm, and at least 40 l / min of solutions of hygroscopic substances are sprayed onto droplets with a diameter of 1CH-20 μm, upon instantaneous evaporation of which a hygroscopic aerosol of a diameter of about 5-E0 μm, optimal for water vapor condensation, is formed in the jet.

Brief description of the drawings

Further, the solution is explained with reference to the figures, which depict the following.

Figure 1 - Device for creating updrafts and artificial clouds.

Figure 2 - Device for turning the jet to the zenith.

The technical result is achieved using the device shown in figure 1, in which the composition of a known device containing a turbojet engine 1, an air inlet 2, a device for turning the jet into a zenith 3, fixed on a common frame 4, and equipped with a fuel system, power supply and control systems ( not shown in figure 1), two fogging guns 5 and 6 are introduced, installed so that the jet 7 and the gas-drop fog jets 8 and 9, flowing coaxially, form a single ascending jet saturated with two types of hygroscopic aerosols, as well as a system of nozzles 10, placed along the ring 11 around the outlet of the jet turning device 3.

The air inlet of the turbojet engine 2 (figure 1) is made in the form of a branch 12 with a circular or rectangular cross section, at the inlet of which a metal mesh of stainless steel 13 with a fine mesh is installed to protect the engine from foreign objects, as well as a nozzle system 13, which serves for fine ( up to 10 microns) spraying water and cooling the air compressed in the compressor in order to increase the compression pressure and increase the speed of the jet 7. The air inlet outlet is connected to the engine inlet using a round flange (not shown in the figure).

The design of the air inlet is made in the form of a vent with air intake from above through a fine mesh in order to ensure the safety of personnel and prevent birds and various objects from entering the engine. The air intake area is 2 times the area of the inlet to the engine in order to prevent the engine from “flooding” due to lack of air.

Since the turbojet engine cannot work in a vertical position for a long time, it is equipped with a device for turning the jet to the zenith, shown in figure 2. The turning device 3 consists of a diffuser 16, which serves to expand the jet, and a branch 17, which serves to turn the jet. The inlet of the diffuser is connected to the outlet nozzle of the engine 18 by means of a flange 19, and the outlet is connected to the outlet 17 by means of a flange 20. To reduce losses when the jet turns, the outlet section of the diffuser is increased by more than 2 times compared to the inlet, and the outlet 17 is made with a bending radius 2 times the radius of the pipe, the angle of rotation is limited to 70°, and the outlet of the branch 21 is cut horizontally to allow the jet to flow upwards. Taking into account the losses in the rotary device, the speed of the jet at the outlet to the atmosphere is about 300 m/s, and the temperature is about 300 °C. At the same time, the jet cross section is increased by 2 times and the mass flow of reactive gases is preserved, equal to 200 kg/s in the nominal mode of the engine.

Fogging guns 5 and 6 with nozzle systems of type 15, powerful fans and autonomous power supply systems, controls and tanks (not shown in figure 1) are used to spray an aqueous solution of two different hygroscopic substances with different hygroscopic points (for example, nitroammophoska and table salt) up to size about d _s = 15 µm and the creation of high-speed gas-drop jets 8 and 9, merging at a height of 30 - 50 m with a jet stream.

As fogging guns 5 and 6, guns that are widely used for dust suppression, spraying plants and creating artificial snow are used, but providing, firstly, the outflow of gas-drop jets almost to the zenith (at an angle of 85° ± 5°) to merge with a jet stream, and secondly, spray systems containing about 60-H00 nozzles with a nozzle diameter of 0.3-10.5 mm, which provide spraying aqueous solutions of hygroscopic substances in an amount of at least 3-6 m ³ /h into droplets with a diameter of about 15 microns. The height of the rise of the gas-droplet jet of such a gun depends on the spray pressure and fan power. For example, with a centrifugal pump pressure of 3 MPa and a fan motor power of about 25-30 kW in a calm atmosphere, the jet reaches 60-80 m horizontally or about 50 m vertically.

The nozzle system 10, which serves to spray a concentrated aqueous solution of a hygroscopic substance of the CaCl * 6H ₂ 0 or CaCl HgO type and form an aerosol with a low hygroscopic point, is located along the ring 11 around the outlet 17, and contains about 100 nozzles with a nozzle diameter of 0, 3-10 , 5 mm, 10 atm pump and solution container.

The rapid evaporation of solution droplets with a mass M _s , created by this system of nozzles and a fogging gun, leads in both cases to the formation of a hygroscopic aerosol with an average cubic diameter ch in an amount of N:

When spraying, for example, M _s \u003d 60 kg / min (1000 g / s) of a concentrated aqueous solution of CaCl, having a density p _s \u003d 1.4 g / cm ³ , into drops with a diameter of ti _s 15 μm, N " 4- 10 ¹¹ aerosol particles with a diameter of about d _a = 10 µm. When they are introduced into a jet stream with a mass flow rate m = 200 m ³ /s, an aerosol concentration of at least 4-10 ⁹ m ³ is formed in it. In this case, the heat loss for the evaporation of droplets will be about 1 MJ/s, which is negligibly small in comparison with the heat content of the jet.

Implementation of the invention (list of operations)

The proposed method for creating artificial clouds and precipitation is implemented as follows.

Site selection and equipment position:

It is advisable to choose a position at such a distance from residential and service facilities that the noise level of a working aircraft engine (120 dB) does not exceed the WHO permissible level of 80 dB. Favorable for obtaining the target result is a mountain plateau with a height of 800 - 1800 m, in order, firstly, to exclude the influence of surface layers of inversion, and secondly, so that the jet stream can quickly reach the level of condensation and start the process of formation of artificial clouds.

Frame 4 with device 1 is attached to the selected position on the concrete foundation. Fog guns, fuel system and power supply systems for the engine and guns, tanks for water and three variants of aqueous solutions of hygroscopic substances, as well as equipment for meteorological observations and measurements of atmospheric parameters and artificial clouds and precipitation, including a weather station, air temperature and humidity profiler, thermal imager, wind lidar, equipment for receiving atmospheric radio sounding data, satellite and synoptic situation, meteorological radar, photo and video cameras.

Selection of days with favorable atmospheric conditions:

The efficiency of creating artificial clouds and precipitation depends on atmospheric parameters, including vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and wind speed in the atmosphere, the presence and vertical extents of temperature inversion layers. According to theoretical modeling data (not yet published), the most favorable for the creation of artificial clouds are the following atmospheric conditions.

— the presence of a positive potential energy of instability above the level of condensation;

— the presence of a small layer of temperature inversion below the condensation level, which hinders the development of natural clouds;

— low surface wind speeds and small wind shears up to heights of 3-4 km;

— increased moisture content of the surface air and the entrainment layer.

According to atmospheric radio sounding data, vertical profiles of wind speed, temperature and air humidity are calculated, a weather forecast is made taking into account the synoptic situation and actual weather, and based on the forecast, a decision is made whether or not to conduct operations to create artificial clouds and precipitation. When testing the method and device, the decision can be made on a randomized basis.

Operations to create artificial clouds and precipitation are carried out under the following atmospheric conditions:

- natural precipitation is not expected;

- the weather is cloudless or there are clouds without precipitation;

- wind speed near the ground is less than 2 m/s, and in a 1 km layer is less than 5 m/s;

— the layer thickness in the subcloud inversion layer does not exceed 500 m;

— above the level of condensation, the potential energy of convective instability САРЭ > 200 J/kg;

— relative air humidity near the ground and in the 1 km layer is not less than 30%.

Sequence and order of operations:

1) Operations to create artificial clouds or enhance existing clouds are carried out during the period of maximum heating of the atmosphere from ¹⁵⁰⁰ to ¹⁷⁰⁰ local time.

2) First of all, before the start of operations, the equipment for monitoring the parameters of the atmosphere and artificial clouds and precipitation is switched on in the mode of continuous observations, transfer to a computer, registration and primary processing of information from all sensors to make decisions about the duration and intensity of operations.

3) In the second turn, the jet engine is turned on and after 5 minutes of its operation in the warm-up mode, the nominal operation mode is set and the humidification system for the air entering the engine through the air inlet is turned on.

4) After establishing the nominal operating mode of the jet engine:

- the system is switched on for spraying an aqueous solution of a hygroscopic substance with the lowest hygroscopic point hi < 40%, for example, CaCl, CaC 6 O or CaCl _2* 4H ₂ 0;

- a vertically directed fogging gun is turned on with a spray of 50 ± 20 l / min of an aqueous solution of a hygroscopic substance with a hygroscopic point of 41 < /g ₂ < 70% (for example, ammonium nitrate NH4NO3, nitroammophoska (M b \ () - \ 1 S LOO,) , carboammofoska (NH ₂ ) ₂ CO + H4H2PO4) and, if necessary, using the remote control, its guidance is corrected so that the gas-drop jet is completely drawn into the jet at a height of ZSN-50 m;

- a vertically directed fogging gun is switched on with a spray of about 50 ± 20 l / min of an aqueous solution of a hygroscopic substance with a hygroscopic point of about 71 < Of < 80% (for example, sodium chloride NaCl or carbamide (NH ₂ ) ₂ CO and, if necessary, using a remote control control, its guidance is corrected so that the gas-drop jet is completely drawn into the jet at a height of 30-50 m.

5) The duration of the operation to create artificial clouds is from 20 to 60 minutes, depending on the achievement of the target effect.

6) Measurement of the parameters of artificial ascending flows, clouds and precipitation is carried out continuously during the entire time of operation of the device 1 and until the end of the manifestations of the effect on the atmosphere:

— the structure of temperature fields in ascending flows is recorded by a scanning thermograph;

— the three-dimensional structure of the speed of updrafts is measured using a wind lidar;

— vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and water content of the ascending flow are measured by a 14-channel microwave radiometer;

– a hexacopter drone equipped with sensors makes direct measurements of temperature, humidity and wind along a controlled flight path, including across the updraft;

– the three-dimensional structure of the radio echo, height, integral water content of the artificial cloud, as well as the amount of precipitation are measured with using an automated radar system (for example, according to the patent of the Russian Federation * Г ° 2395819);

- the amount of precipitation at the position is measured by a weather station, outside it by precipitation sensors of a network of ground-based weather stations, and within a radius of 100 km or more by a meteorological radar.

Rationale for the possibility of implementing the method:

It is known that a jet stream in a stable cloudless atmosphere reaches a height of 400 = 600 m and loses its buoyancy (Vulfson N.I., Levin L.M., Meteotron as a means of influencing the atmosphere. M .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1987. 131 p.) .

In the present invention, the upward flow generated by the jet stream is enhanced by the release of heat from the condensation of water vapor on three types of coarse hygroscopic aerosol. This heat source compensates for the heat loss of the jet as it rises, and can lead to a significant increase in the height of the rise, the achievement of a level of condensation and the development of a convective cloud.

Such an increase in the height of the jet rise depends on the total power of the mixed jet and the contribution of the heat of water vapor condensation to it.

The total power of the mixed aerosol-reactive jet RS CAN be estimated by the formula:

P = P + Рс , (2) where P _j and Рс are the energies of the jet stream and the heat of water vapor condensation, respectively.

The power of the jet P (J/s) depends on the mass flow at the nozzle outlet To, the initial overheating of the jet ATo, and the initial velocity Wo:

where c _{p is the} specific heat capacity of the reactive gases.

Substituting in (3) the values of the parameters of the rocket launcher, then = 200 kg/s; ATo = 300 K; W o \u003d 300 m / s and with _p \u003d 1.0 kJ / kg-K, we get:

300 2

P _j \u003d 200 -300 -1 + 200 \u003d 69 MJ / s \u003d 69 MW (4)

2

The intensity of water vapor condensation increases with increasing supersaturation of water vapor above the surface of drops (AE = E _x - Er. _rq .c _s ), where E k and Et _{, r, q} , Cs are the elasticity of water vapor in the environment and above the drop, respectively. Er value. _rqC depends on the air temperature T, the radius of curvature of the drop r, the electric charge q, and the concentration of the aqueous solution C in the drop formed on the hygroscopic particle. Approximately, this dependence can be represented as:

where st, c _r , c _{q are} some constants characterizing the properties of water vapor, surface tension at the water-steam interface, the number and magnitude of elementary charges in a drop; p _a \u003d t _a m _a and n _w \u003d w " //., - the number of moles of a hygroscopic substance and water dissolved in a drop, respectively; m _a and m _{w -} their masses; m _a and m _{a are} their molecular weights, respectively.

It follows from (5) that an increase in the value of AE and, consequently, the growth of a drop is facilitated by a decrease in the temperature of the medium, a decrease in the radius of curvature of the drop (i.e., an increase in the initial size), an increase in the electric charge of the drop, and an increase in the concentration of the hygroscopic substance solution Cs = n _a /( n _a + n _w ).

At an initial droplet size of more than 1 μm, the effect of size and electric charge becomes negligible, and at a given temperature, the value of Er. _rqCs depends only on the concentration of the solution:

OR

where Cs is the concentration of a saturated solution of an aerosol substance.

Initially, a droplet of a saturated solution of mass m is formed on a hygroscopic particle, over which the water vapor pressure Es is lower than at a distance E _x. This leads to the growth of the droplet due to the diffusion of water vapor until the difference A Es = {Ex - Es) > 0. As the droplet grows, the concentration of the solution n/n _w decreases due to the dilution of the solution in proportion to the increase in the mass of the droplet:

Taking into account (7) and (8), after some transformations, we obtain:

C m _t \u003d mg - _s . c (9) where m _{t is the} final mass of the drop, to which it can grow by the time /, when

the water vapor pressure over the drop Es will approach the equilibrium; C c =

E _{"condensation} constant depending on the hygroscopic properties of the substance.

Experimental values of ECE _x and Es / E _x for saturated aqueous solutions of various substances are given in reference books {Tables of physical quantities. Directory. Ed. acad. I.K. Kikoin. M.: Atomizdat, 1976. - 1008 p.)

The mass of a drop of a saturated solution then is equal to: then = m _a + m _w = m _a { + k), (10) where k is the ratio of the mass of the solvent to the mass of the solute.

Substituting (10) into (9), we obtain the final mass of the drop at the time of the onset of the equilibrium pressure of water vapor m _t = m _a (l + q (ll)

For CaCl and NaCl aerosols, respectively, we have:

- kcaCYl = 1.34 and &NaCl = 2.8;

- daoma C12 = 2.34da _a and daoma C1 = 3.8da _a ;

- m _t caC12 \u003d 5.04 yes _a and m _t mc \u003d 20.72 t _&.

When an CaCl aerosol with a diameter of d _a = 10 μm and a mass m _a = 1.12-10 ⁹ g is introduced into the jet, at a relative humidity above the hygroscopic point (6%) drops of a saturated solution are formed with a density of Cs = 1.4 g/ cm ³ . The formation of such droplets requires absorption of water vapor in an amount of m _w = m * _while 1,503-10 1000/745 = ⁹ g Weight, saturated CaCl solution formed droplets will be equal to m = ₀ _and m + m _w = 2,623-10 ⁹ g, and their diameter do = 15.3 µm.

These droplets will grow by condensing water vapor until an equilibrium water vapor pressure is established. In this case, taking into account the tabular values Cc = 0.65 and = 1.4 g/cm ³ , we obtain that the final mass of droplets formed on CaCl aerosols will be equal to m _t = m _a ( 1+k) -C^Cc = September ^10, the 5,64-

The introduction of N = 4-10 ¹¹ pieces/s of such CaCl particles into the jet stream will lead to the condensation of water vapor in the amount:

Q _{c \} u003d Nm _t \u003d 4-10 ¹¹ s ¹ 5.64-Yu ⁹ g \u003d 2.26 kg / s. (12)

Condensation of such an amount of water vapor will lead to the release of an amount of heat equivalent to a power source:

P _c \u003d Q _c -q \u003d 2.26 kg / s-2260 kJ / kg \u003d 5.1 MJ / s \u003d 5.1 MW.

(13) where q = 2260 kJ/kg is the specific heat of water vapor condensation.

When an NaCl aerosol with a diameter d _a = 10 μm and a mass m _a = 1.134-10 ⁹ g is introduced into the jet stream, droplets of a saturated solution with a density p _s = 1.2 g/cm ^{3 are formed} . To form a saturated solution in each particle of require condensation of water vapor in an amount of m _w = m * _while 1000/357 = 3.175 NS ⁹ g Weight formed of saturated NaCl solution droplets is equal to t = ₀ _and t + m _w = 4, ZY0 ^9g, and their diameter is equal to do = 19 microns, which coincides with the data that the ratio of the diameter of the drops of a saturated solution to a dry particle diameter equal NaCl d _(/ d _a = 1,9 _(Bustard A. Description hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles// Reports of the 2nd Int. conf. with elements of a scientific school. Stavropol, 2015. S. 80-85).

When the air humidity is above the hygroscopic point (75.3%), these drops will grow until the equilibrium pressure of water vapor is established and the final mass of the drops reaches the value m _t = 20.72/w _{a «} 2.35-10 ⁸ g This means that the droplet diameter will reach d _t = 35.5 µm. This agrees well with the results of laboratory experiments (Ludlam, 1950), according to which the particle mass 10 NaCl ⁹ g (d _a = 9,6 mm) for a few seconds to form droplet diameter of 30 microns (Ludlam FH The composition of coagulation elements un cumulonimbus. QJRMS, 76, No 327, 1950).

The introduction of N = 4-10 ¹¹ pcs/s of such NaCl particles into the jet stream will lead to the condensation of water vapor in the amount:

Qc \u003d Nm _t \u003d 4- 10 ¹¹ s ^^-lO ⁸ g \u003d 9.4 kg / s. (14)

Pc = Mc-q = 9.4 kg/s - 2260 kJ/kg = 21.2 MJ/s = 21.2 MW. (15)

This value of Pc is about 30% of the initial power of the jet engine P, but its significance is great because the power of the jet engine decreases as it rises in the atmosphere, and the power of Pc remains constant with the continuous introduction of aerosol, and at some height it can exceed the power of the jet, providing rise of the upward flow to the level of cloud formation.

Similar calculations for a finer NaCl aerosol, for example, with d _a 1 μm, etc., showed that the amount of condensed moisture (Q _c \u003d 9.4 kg / s) and the generated condensation heat power (P _c \u003d 21.2 MW) at d _a > 1 µm does not depend on the size of the aerosol, and is determined only by the total mass of aerosols and the hygroscopic properties of their substance. For example, when an NaCl aerosol is introduced, the amount of condensed moisture and the released power is almost 4.2 times greater than when such an amount of CaCl aerosol is introduced. But this does not mean that the use of NaCl is definitely better than CaCl. If the jet stream does not reach humidity levels of 75.3%, then introducing NaCl into it will not provide any benefit. The introduction of CaCl or CaC *6H ₂ 0 aerosol into the jet stream can provide its replenishment and rise to the level of NaCl aerosol triggering due to the condensation of water vapor in the surface layer of the atmosphere with lower air humidity.

The introduction of an aerosol with a higher hygroscopic point 40 < h ₂ < 70% (for example, NH ₄ NO ₃ , nitroammophoska or carboammophoska (N + P ₂ O ₅ + K ₂ O) into the jet stream will increase the updraft due to the heat of condensation in the next layer of the atmosphere, when the air humidity in the jet reaches the hygroscopic point of these substances.

The introduction of an aerosol of common salt NaCl or urea (M DSO with hygroscopic points And at an air humidity of 71 - 80%) into the jet stream will lead to condensation of water vapor and a significant increase in the upward flow in higher layers of the atmosphere, where without this the energy of the jet stream would be at running out.

The continuous operation of the updraft amplification process in all subcloud layers can be complicated by two problems:

- limitation of the amount of condensate formed on each type of aerosol, by a certain value of the mass of drops (for CaCl, the value m, = 5.04 m _a , for nitroammophoska m _t = \2.5 m _a , for NaCl m _t \u003d \ 1.3 m _a ), after which the equilibrium elasticity of water vapor is established above them, and their further growth slows down until the natural level of cloud formation is reached;

- limited resources of water vapor in the jet stream.

To solve the first problem and rational use of water vapor resources, it is proposed to simultaneously introduce aerosols of three types of hygroscopic substances with a diameter of 1 to 10 microns or more into the jet: ₂ 0 or CaCl * 6H ₂ 0, LiCl, etc., so that the condensation of water vapor begins in the surface layer immediately at any relative humidity of the air;

B) aerosols from substances with a hygroscopic point within 41 < h2

< 70%, e.g. ammonium nitrate (NH ₄ NO ₃ ), nitroammophoska (NH4NO3 + NH4H2PO4), carboammophoska (NH2) 2CO + NH4H2PO4), so that intensive condensation of water vapor continues at a certain height, when the aerosol of the first type is saturated with moisture and condensation on it stops; c) aerosols from substances with a hygroscopic point in the range of 71 < h ₃ < 80%, for example, NaCl or urea layers (KH ^ rCO, so that condensation of water vapor occurs at altitudes near the level of natural cloud formation.

The simultaneous introduction of these three types of substances into the jet aerosol jet will enhance the updraft along the entire path of its ascent and rational use of the water vapor resources contained in the updraft jet.

Resources of water vapor in the jet stream add up:

- from the moisture content of atmospheric air;

- the amount of moisture sprayed at the inlet of the jet engine air intake in order to increase its power;

- the amount of moisture contained in the sprayed CaCl ₂ solution;

- the amount of moisture contained in the sprayed solution of nitroammophoska.

The moisture content of the jet stream consists of the moisture content of atmospheric air and moisture, which is introduced into the jet by spraying water at the inlet of the air receiver and three types of solutions. The second flow rates of moisture sprayed at the inlet of the air receiver and with three types of solutions are approximately the same, and in total equal to approximately 4000 g/s, providing an increase in the initial moisture content of the jet stream by approximately 20 g/m ³ s. The moisture content of atmospheric air will be about 10 g/m ³ .

Thus, the total flow of water vapor in the jet will be about Q _{w «} 30 g/m ³ s * 200 m ³ « 6 kg/s, which is quite enough to trigger all three types of aerosols introduced into the jet.

Thus, the simultaneous introduction of three types of coarsely dispersed hygroscopic aerosols with different hygroscopic points into a vertically directed jet jet can lead to stimulating water vapor condensation in turn on different types of aerosol in different layers of the atmosphere, strengthening the jet stream due to the release of heat of condensation in turn on each type of aerosol, raising the jet to the level of natural cloud formation and triggering the mechanism of sedimentation, accelerating the process of precipitation formation on droplets formed on all three types of aerosols.

The advantage of the proposed method for creating artificial clouds and precipitation is the optimal use of the thermodynamic properties of the atmosphere, reducing the requirements for the power of a jet installation and fuel costs. There are ways to optimize the process by selecting existing and developing new aerosol formulations.

It should also be noted that the proposed device for creating artificial clouds and precipitation is quite simply implemented at the level of modern scientific and technological achievements.

Claims

Claim

1. A method for creating artificial clouds and precipitation by initiating ascending flows in the atmosphere using a jet engine and fogging guns, characterized in that three types of coarse hygroscopic aerosols are simultaneously introduced into a vertically directed jet: aerosols of the first type consist of hygroscopic substances with a hygroscopic point h <40%; aerosols of the second type consist of hygroscopic substances with a hygroscopic point of 41 < /2 ₂ < 70%, and aerosols of the third type consist of hygroscopic or slightly hygroscopic substances with a hygroscopic point of 71 < H3 < 80%, in order to ensure the condensation of water vapor in the jet stream on aerosols of different type as the air humidity changes as the jet rises, the release of latent heat of condensation, the increase in buoyancy and the increase in the upward flow, to achieve the level of natural cloud formation and start the process of sedimentation.

2. A method for creating artificial clouds and precipitation by initiating upward flows in the atmosphere using a jet engine and fogging guns according to claim 1, characterized in that the aerosols of the first type are selected from an aqueous solution of CaCl ₂ , or CaCl ₂ *4H ₂ 0, or CaCl ₂ *6H ₂ 0; aerosols of the second type are selected from a solution of ammonium nitrate (NH ₄ NO ₃ ), or nitroammophoska (NH ₄ Nq ₃ +NH ₄ H ₂ Rq ₄ ), or carboammophoska (NH ₂ ) ₂ C0 + NH H ₂ P0 ₄ ); and aerosols of the third type are selected from sodium chloride solution NaCl or urea (NH ₂ ) ₂ CO.

3. A method for creating artificial clouds and precipitation by initiating ascending flows in the atmosphere using a jet engine and fogging guns according to claim 1, characterized in that the first type aerosol is formed by fine spraying using a system of nozzles placed along the contour of the jet jet creation nozzle with with a flow rate of more than 40 l / min, aerosols of the second and third types are formed by fine spraying using vertically directed fogging guns with a flow rate of more than 40 l / min of each of the aqueous solutions.

4. A method for creating artificial clouds and precipitation by initiating updrafts in the atmosphere using a jet engine and fogging guns on and. 2, characterized in that aqueous solutions of all types of aerosols are prepared at a concentration of 8 (H90% of saturating and sprayed to a droplet size of 10-20 microns to form aerosols of 5-40 microns in size at a concentration of about 4 10 ¹¹ particles / s of each type and mass flow rate of each substance is not less than 40 l/min.

5. A method for creating artificial clouds and precipitation by initiating updrafts in the atmosphere using a jet engine and fogging guns along and. 1, characterized in that artificial clouds and precipitation are created mainly from 15:00 to 17:00 local time on elevated terrain under a combination of the following atmospheric conditions: surface wind speed less than 2 m/s, thickness of the retardation layers below the condensation level not more than 500 m, potential energy convective instability above the level of condensation САРЭ > 200 J/kg, surface air humidity not less than 30%.

6. A device for creating artificial clouds and precipitation by initiating upward flows in the atmosphere using a jet engine and fogging guns, characterized in that it contains an aircraft jet engine with an air intake and a jet turn device, a fuel system, an electrical launch and control system, and also systems for spraying aqueous solutions of the first type, which are a system of nozzles installed around the perimeter of the jet turning device for spraying aerosols of the first type, and two fogging guns for spraying aerosols of the second and third types with fans with a power of at least 20 kW, control systems, power supply for aerosols of the second and of the third type, while the jet engine and fogging guns are structurally combined into a single system that ensures the outflow to the zenith and the coaxiality of the outflow of the jet stream and two gas-drop jets, and their air intakes are made in the form of outlets for air intake from above through a fine-mesh mesh, which excludes the suction of birds and other objects, and the air inlet area is 2 times larger than the source area.

7. A device for creating artificial clouds and precipitation by initiating updrafts in the atmosphere using jet engine and fogging guns on and. 6, characterized in that the device for turning the jet to the zenith contains a cone-shaped diffuser, which serves to expand the jet, which is connected with its narrow side to the outlet of the engine nozzle, and the wide side - to the outlet, which serves to turn the jet, and to reduce losses, the outlet section of the diffuser is increased more than 2 times as compared to the inlet, and the outlet is made with a bend radius 2 times greater than the radius of the pipe, the angle of rotation is limited to 70°, and the outlet of the outlet is cut off in a horizontal plane with the possibility of ensuring the jet outflow upwards.

8. A device for creating artificial clouds and precipitation by initiating updrafts in the atmosphere using a jet engine and fogging guns along and. 6, characterized in that the number of nozzles installed on the annular pipe is selected from the range of 8 (H100 nozzles, which are placed along the contour of the nozzle to create a jet and air jets of fogging guns, have a nozzle diameter of about 0.3-10.5 mm, and spraying at least 40 l / min of solutions of hygroscopic substances into droplets with a diameter of 10-20 microns, with instantaneous evaporation of which a hygroscopic aerosol of about 5-^10 microns in diameter optimal for water vapor condensation is formed in the jet.