WO2021159027A1

WO2021159027A1 - Treatment of coronavirus infection with interferon lambda

Info

Publication number: WO2021159027A1
Application number: PCT/US2021/016963
Authority: WO
Inventors: Jeffrey Glenn; Ingrid Choong; Colin Hislop
Original assignee: Eiger Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.
Priority date: 2020-02-06
Filing date: 2021-02-05
Publication date: 2021-08-12
Also published as: CN115209914A; CL2022002104A1; KR20220139922A; WO2021159027A9; MX2022009712A; EP4100047A1; IL295040A; AU2021217681A1; EP4100047A4; CA3169594A1; BR112022015502A2; JP2023513209A; US20230285510A1

Abstract

Methods of treating a coronavirus infection in a human subject are provided. In some embodiments, the method comprises subcutaneously administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon lambda-1a.

Description

TREATMENT OF CORONAVIRUS INFECTION WITH INTERFERON LAMBDA

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to each of U.S. Provisional Application 62/971,194, filed on February 6, 2020, U.S. Provisional Application 63/017,614, filed on April 29, 2020, U.S. Provisional Application 63/021,552, filed on May 7, 2020, U.S. Provisional Application 63/091,881, filed on October 14, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Application 63/093,334, filed on October 19, 2020, each of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

SEQUENCE LISTING

[0002] This instant application contains a Sequence Listing, which is concurrently submitted electronically in ASCII format with the specification and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on February 1, 2021, is named 097854-1233250-SL.txt and is 4,784 bytes in size.

FIELD

[0003] The present disclosure provides methods for treating coronavirus virus infection, including the 2019-nCoV virus infection (SARS-CoV-2), and so relates to the fields of chemistry, medicinal chemistry, medicine, molecular biology, and pharmacology.

BACKGROUND

[0004] Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between animals and people. For example, detailed investigations found that SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet cats to humans and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans. Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans.

[0005] A novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans, for example, SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that has led to a global pandemic due to its relatively high transmissibility and potential to cause severe acute respiratory disease. See Huang C et al. "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China," Lancet 022020; 395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.

Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath, breathing difficulties, gastrointestinal symptoms, and covid-toes. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. Higher morbidity and mortality rates have been consistently observed in older human populations throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 shows higher morbidity and mortality rates in individuals having cancer, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Down Syndrome, heart conditions (such as heart failure, coronary artery disease, or cardiomyopathies), an immunocompromised state from solid organ transplant, obesity (including severe obesity), pregnancy, sickle cell disease, smoking, or Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

[0006] There are currently no approved therapies for treatment of COVID-19 infection in outpatients. See Cao B et al., "A T rial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid- 19," N. Engl. J. Med. Mar 2020; doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001282. Standard recommendations to prevent infection spread include regular hand washing, covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, and thoroughly cooking meat and eggs. In addition, it is recommended to avoid close contact with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness such as coughing and sneezing.

[0007] There continues to be an ongoing need for agents to treat Coronavirus infection, including novel forms that are zoonotic and have begun to infect humans, such as SARS-CoV-2.

BRIEF SUMMARY

[0008] Interferon lambda signals through the interferon lambda receptors that have a restricted cellular expression pattern. Interferon lambda also exhibits distinct antiviral activities from interferon alpha, due in part to the differences in expression of the interferon receptors. In one aspect, methods of treating a coronavirus infection in a human subject are provided. In some embodiments, the method comprises subcutaneously administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon lambda-la (lambda).

[0009] In some embodiments, the method comprises administering the pegylated interferon lambda for a first treatment period and a second treatment period. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering the pegylated interferon lambda for a first treatment period, a second treatment period, and a third treatment period. In some embodiments, the first treatment period is longer than the second treatment period. In some embodiments, the second treatment period is longer than the first treatment period. In some embodiments, the first treatment period and the second treatment period are the same length of time. In some embodiments, the first treatment period has a duration of at least 8 weeks. In some embodiments, the first treatment period has a duration of 8-12 weeks. In some embodiments, the first treatment period has a duration of 8 - 12 weeks or 1 - 8 weeks or 2 - 12 weeks. In some instances, the first treatment period is at least one week. In some instances, the pegylated interferon lambda is administered once a week. In some instances, the pegylated interferon lambda is administered twice per week. [0010] In some embodiments, the pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered at a dose of 180 micrograms once a week (QW). In some embodiments, the pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered at a dose of 120 micrograms QW. In some embodiments (i) 160 - 180 micrograms pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered per week for a first treatment period and then 150 - 170 micrograms per week for a second treatment period; or (ii) 180 micrograms per week for a first treatment period and then between 120 - 170 micrograms per week for a second treatment period, wherein the doses for each of (i) and (ii) may be divided into more than one dose per week.

[0011] In some embodiments, the method comprises administering the pegylated interferon lambda-la at a dose of 180 micrograms QW for a first treatment period and then at a dose of 120 micrograms QW for a second treatment period. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering the pegylated interferon lambda-la at a dose of 120 micrograms QW for a first treatment period and then at a dose of 80 micrograms QW for a second treatment period. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering the pegylated interferon lambda-la at a dose of 80 micrograms QW for a third treatment period. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering the pegylated interferon lambda-la at a dose of 180 micrograms QW for a first treatment period and then at a dose of 120 micrograms QW for a second treatment period followed by administering a dose of 60 - 110 micrograms QW for a third treatment period.

[0012] In some embodiments, the method comprises administering the pegylated interferon lambda-la at a first dose of 180 micrograms QW for a first treatment period, at a second dose of 120 micrograms QW for a second treatment period, and at a third dose of 80 - 110 micrograms QW for a third treatment period. In some embodiments, the first treatment period has a duration of at least 8 weeks. In some embodiments, the first treatment period has a duration of 8 - 12 weeks or 1 - 8 weeks or 2 - 12 weeks.

[0013] In some embodiments, the symptoms of coronavirus infection include one or more of: pneumonia (e.g., lungs inflamed and the tiny sacs where oxygen moves from the air to the blood were filling with water), fever, cough, shortness of breath, and muscle ache. Other symptoms may include confusion, headache, and sore throat.

[0014] In some embodiments, treatment results in a reduction of coronavirus viral load in the subject of at least 2.0 loglO coronavirus RNA copies/mL serum. In some embodiments, treatment results in a coronavirus viral load that is below the level of detection. In some embodiments, prior to the onset of treatment, the subject has a serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level that is above the upper limit of normal (ULN), and the course of treatment results in an improvement in serum ALT level in the subject to a level that is below the ULN. [0015] In some embodiments, prior to treatment, the subject has a baseline viral load of up to about 10⁴ coronavirus RNA copies per mL sample.

[0016] In some embodiments, subjects having a low viral load have a higher percentage of BLQ response at 48 weeks and at 24 weeks post treatment.

[0017] In one embodiment, the interferon lambda 180 pg treatment group, response rates differed between subjects with high (> 6 logs) versus low (< 6 logs) baseline viral load. In one embodiment, at week 48, 38 - 43% and 33 - 40% of subjects with high versus low baseline viral loads respectively, reached coronavirus RNA levels BLQ.

[0018] Other aspects and embodiments are described throughout this disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] FIG. 1. shows evaluation of treatment of human primary airway epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 with pegylated interferon lambda according to various aspects of this disclosure. [0020] FIGS. 2A-2C shows evaluation of prevention and intervention strategies against SARS- CoV-2 MA infection in mice according to various aspects of this disclosure. FIG. 2A. shows human primary airway epithelial cells pretreated for 24hrs with peg-1 FN-lI followed by infection with SARS- CoV-2 WT according to aspects of this disclosure. Infectious virus in apical washes from 48 hours post infection was titered. Remdesivir (RDV) was used as positive control. Dotted line represents limit of detection. Undetected samples are plotted at half the limit of detection. This study was repeated in cells from two unique human donors. FIG. 2B and FIG. 2C shows results of 12-week-old female BALB/c mice were subcutaneously treated with vehicle (gray) or with 2pg peg-IFN-Al prophylactically (orange) or therapeutically (purple) and infected with SARS-CoV-2 MA according to aspects of this disclosure. FIG. 2B shows lung viral titer; dotted line represents limit of detection.

FIG. 2C shows nasal turbinate viral titer; dotted line represents limit of detection. The line represents the mean and error bars represent standard error of the mean. Asterisk denotes p<0.05.

[0021] FIGS. 3 A - 3H show decline in viral load (measured as SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies/mL) over time among participants in the trial of Example 6 according to various aspects of this disclosure. FIG. 3A shows viral load in the days following injection. The mean SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load was lower in the pegylated interferon lambda treatment group than in the placebo group at Day 7 (p=0.081) and at Day 0 (p=0.11). FIG. 3B shows the log reduction in viral load in the days following injection. The mean log decline in RNA viral load was significantly greater in patients treated with pegylated interferon lambda than in those treated with placebo from Day 5 onwards. The statistical significance of the difference in mean viral load decline for days is as follows: for Day 3, p=0.14; for Day 5, p=0.013; for Day 7, p=0.004; and for Day 14, p=0.048. FIG. 3C shows viral load in the days following injection in the pegylated interferon treatment (n=19) group and the placebo group (n=16), stratified by subjects having a baseline viral load above 10⁶ SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies/mL The mean SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load was significantly lower in the pegylated interferon lambda treatment group than in the placebo group at Day 7 (p=0.017). FIG. 3D shows the mean log decline in SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load in the days following injection in the pegylated interferon treatment (n=19) group and the placebo group (n=16), stratified by subjects having a baseline viral load above 10⁶ SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies/mL The statistical significance of the difference in mean viral load decline for days is as follows: for Day 3, p=0.042; for Day 5, p=0.029; for Day 7, p=0.004; and for Day 14, p=0.039. FIG. 3E shows viral load in the days following injection in the pegylated interferon treatment (n=ll) group and the placebo group (n=14), stratified by subjects having a baseline viral load below 10⁶ SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies/mL The difference in mean SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load at Day 7 was relatively small (p=0.79). FIG. 3F shows the mean log decline in SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load in the days following injection in the pegylated interferon treatment (n= 11) group and the placebo group (n=14), stratified by subjects having a baseline viral load below 10⁶ SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies/mL The mean log decline in SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load was significantly lower in the pegylated interferon lambda treatment group than in the placebo group at Day 7 (p=0.20). FIG. 3G shows viral load in the days following injection in the pegylated interferon treatment group and the placebo group, stratified by subjects having a detectable baseline viral load. FIG. 3H shows the mean log decline in SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load in the days following injection in the pegylated interferon treatment group and the placebo group, stratified by subjects having a detectable baseline viral load.

[0022] FIG. 4 shows the odds of clearance by Day 7 according to baseline viral load in the pegylated interferon lambda group compared to the placebo group for every baseline viral load in log lU/mL according to aspects of this disclosure.

[0023] FIGS. 5A - 5C show the proportion of patients negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the days following injection among participants in the trial of Example 6 according to various aspects of this disclosure. FIG. 5A shows the proportion of patients negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA per day post injection across all patients. In the graph, for each day, the interferon lambda group is shown on the left, and the placebo group is shown on the right. The proportion of patients who tested negative was significantly greater in the pegylated interferon lambda than the placebo group at Day 7 (p=0.15). FIG. 5B shows the proportion of patients negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA per day post injection for patients having a baseline viral load above 10⁶ SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies/mL In the graph, for each day, the interferon lambda group is shown on the left, and the placebo group is shown on the right. The proportion of patients who tested negative was significantly greater in the pegylated interferon lambda than the placebo group at Day 7 (p=0.013). FIG. 5C shows the proportion of patients negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA per day post-injection for patients having a baseline viral load below 10⁶ SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies/mL For each day, the interferon lambda group is shown on the left, and the placebo group is shown on the right. The proportion of patients who tested negative was significantly greater in the pegylated interferon lambda than the placebo group at Day 7 (p=0.40). FIG. 5D shows the proportion of patients with positive anti-SARS-CoV-2 S protein IgG antibodies at Days 0, 3, 7 and 14 post-injection, stratified by baseline viral load above or below 10⁶ copies/mL and treatment group. In the graph, for each day, the interferon lambda group is shown on the left, and the placebo group is shown on the right.

[0024] FIG. 6 shows time to clearance by group among participants in the trial of Example 6 with baseline viral load above 10⁶ SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies/mL, comparing the pegylated interferon lambda group and the placebo group according to various aspects of this disclosure. The curves are compared using the log-rank test, and the median time to clearance with 95%CI is shown for each group.

[0025] FIG. 7A shows symptom severity by symptom category and treatment group over time according to various aspects of this disclosure. The proportion of participants reporting no, mild, moderate or severe symptoms is shown for the pegylated interferon lambda and the placebo group. In the graph, for each day, the severity grades are, from top to bottom in each bar, none, mild, moderate, and severe. Among both the interferon lambda group and the placebo group, no severe symptoms were reported on Day 7. Among the placebo group, no moderate or severe symptoms were reported on Days 10 and 14. Symptoms were grouped into categories and the most severe ranking of any symptom in the category was used for each participant at each day. Symptoms declined in both groups over time (p<0.0001) and there was no difference in overall symptoms (p=0.11) or the decline in symptoms between groups (p=0.32).

[0026] FIG. 7B shows the proportion of participants in the trial of Example 6 with fever above 38 °C, stratified by day and group, according to various aspects of this disclosure. In the graph, for each day, the temperatures are, from top to bottom in each bar, <38, 38-39, and 39-40. Temperatures of 38-39 were observed on Days 0, 0.5, 4, and 6 in the interferon lambda group and on all days in the placebo group. Temperatures of 39-40 were observed on Days 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, and 14 in the interferon lambda group and on no days in the placebo group.

[0027] FIGS. 8A - 8C shows laboratory values over time by treatment group according to various aspects of this disclosure. For each value illustrated in FIGS. 8A - 8C, the normal laboratory range is shown by a dashed line, the column on the left for each time point indicates patients in the interferon lambda arm, and the column on the right for each time point indicates patients in the placebo arm. The median (IQR) for hematological, hepatic and inflammatory markers are shown at Day 0, 3, 7 and 14. FIG. 8A shows laboratory values for hematological markers. In each of the graphs, for each day, the interferon lambda group data is shown on the left and the placebo group data is shown on the right. In FIG. 8A, WBC refers to white bloody cells; Neutrophils refers to absolute neutrophil count; and Lymphocytes refers to absolute lymphocyte count. FIG. 8B shows laboratory values for hepatic markers. In FIG. 8b, ALT refers to alanine aminotransferase; AST refers to aspartate aminotransferase; and ALP refers to alkaline phosphatase. FIG. 8C shows laboratory values for inflammatory markers. In FIG. 8C, CRP refers to c-reactive protein; and LDH refers to lactate dehydrogenase.

[0028] FIG. 9 shows a Schedule of Events for the trial described in Example 7 according to various aspects of this disclosure. Urine pregnancy tests (marked *) are administered for women of child-bearing age. The safety lab tests (marked **) include CBC, AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, electrolyte, amylase/lipase, bilirubin, albumin, random glucose testing. Cytokine and inflammatory markers (marked ***) include fortin, lactate dehydrogenase, D Dimer, C reactive protein, creatine kinase. The research sample for plasma (marked ****) is collected and stored for future use. Collection of a sample for genetic testing (IFNL4), a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) sample, and a dried blood sample (each marked *****) are each optional for those who agreed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

I. DEFINITIONS

[0029] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, because the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms that shall be defined to have the following meanings unless a contrary intention is apparent. In some cases, terms with commonly understood meanings are defined herein for clarity and/or for ready reference, and the inclusion of such definitions herein should not be construed as representing a substantial difference over the definition of the term as generally understood in the art.

[0030] Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods, devices, and materials are now described. All technical and patent publications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention. [0031] All numerical designations, e.g., pH, temperature, time, concentration, and molecular weight, including ranges, are approximations which are varied ( + ) or ( - ) by increments of 0.1 or 1.0, as appropriate. It is to be understood, although not always explicitly stated that all numerical designations are preceded by the term "about."

[0032] The singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a compound" includes a plurality of compounds.

[0033] The term "administration" refers to introducing a compound, a composition, or an agent of the present disclosure into a host, such as a human. In the context of the present disclosure, one preferred route of administration of the agents is subcutaneous administration. Other routes of administration include intravenous administration and oral administration.

[0034] The term "baseline," unless otherwise specified or apparent from context, refers to a measurement (of, e.g., viral load, subject condition, ALT level) made prior to a course of therapy. [0035] The term "comprising" is intended to mean that the compounds, compositions and methods include the recited elements, but does not exclude others. "Consisting essentially of" when used to define compounds, compositions and methods, shall mean excluding other elements that would materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed invention. Embodiments defined by each of these transition terms are within the scope of this invention.

[0036] The terms "course of treatment" and "course of therapy" are used interchangeably and refer to the medical interventions made after a subject is diagnosed, e.g., as being infected with coronavirus and in need of medical intervention. Medical interventions include, without limitation, the administration of drugs for a period of time, typically, for coronavirus infected subjects, at least one and typically several or many months or even years.

[0037] In the context of this disclosure, the terms "Coronavirus infection" and "COVID-19 infection" with respect to a human (host) refers to the fact that the host is suffering from Coronavirus infection and from an infection of SARS-CoV-2, respectively. Typically, an coronavirus infected human host will have a viral load of coronavirus of about 2 loglO copies per milliliter in the severe group and 10 loglO copies per milliliter; from about 1 loglO copies per milliliter in the severe group and 15 loglO copies per milliliter; 3 loglO copies per milliliter in the severe group and 5 loglO copies per milliliter; 4 loglO copies per milliliter in the severe group and 7.5 loglO copies per milliliter; 2 loglO copies per milliliter in the severe group and 8 loglO copies per milliliter. The sample may be from throat swabs, nasopharyngeal-swab, sputum or tracheal aspirate, urine fecal, and blood samples. [0038] Known coronavirus isolates include SARS-CoV-2 (also referred to as "coronavirus 2019- nCoV" and "2019-nCoV", new coronavirus identified in 2019 causing COVID-19) and variants thereof (e.g., the 501. V2 variant, the B.1.1.248 variant, the Cluster 5 variant, and the B.l.1.7 20I/501Y.V1 variant), Canine coronavirus, Canine enteric coronavirus (strain INSAVC-1), Canine enteric coronavirus (strain K378), Feline coronavirus, Feline enteric coronavirus (strain 79-1683), Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), Human coronavirus 229E, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (strain Brl/87), Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (strain CV777),

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus, Porcine respiratory coronavirus, Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (STRAIN FS772/70), Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (strain Miller), Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (strain Neb72-RT), Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (STRAIN PURDUE), Bovine coronavirus, Bovine coronavirus (STRAIN F15), Bovine coronavirus (strain G95), Bovine coronavirus (STRAIN L9), Bovine coronavirus (strain LSU-94LSS-051), Bovine coronavirus (STRAIN LY-138), Bovine coronavirus (STRAIN MEBUS), Bovine coronavirus (strain OK-0514-3), Bovine coronavirus (strain Ontario), Bovine coronavirus (STRAIN QUEBEC), Bovine coronavirus (STRAIN VACCINE), Bovine enteric coronavirus (strain 98TXSF- 110-ENT), Canine respiratory coronavirus, Chicken enteric coronavirus, Human coronavirus OC43, Murine hepatitis virus, Murine coronavirus (strain DVIM), Murine hepatitis virus (strain A59), Murine hepatitis virus (strain JHM), Murine hepatitis virus (strain S), Murine hepatitis virus strain 1, Murine hepatitis virus strain 2, Murine hepatitis virus strain 3, Murine hepatitis virus strain 4, Murine hepatitis virus strain ML-11, Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (strain 67N), Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (strain IAF- 404), Puffinosis virus Rat coronavirus, Rat coronavirus (strain 681), Rat coronavirus (strain NJ), Rat sialodacryoadenitis coronavirus, Turkey coronavirus Turkey coronavirus (strain Indiana), Turkey coronavirus (strain Minnesota), Turkey coronavirus (strain NC95), Avian infectious bronchitis virus, Avian infectious bronchitis virus (STRAIN 6/82), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain Arkansas 99), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain Beaudette CK), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain Beaudette M42), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain Beaudette US), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain Beaudette), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain D1466), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain D274), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain D3896), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain D41), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain DE072), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain GRAY), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain H120), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain H52), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain KB8523), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain M41), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain PORTUGAL/322/82), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain SAIB20), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain UK/123/82), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain UK/142/86), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain UK/167/84), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain UK/183/66), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain UK/68/84), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain V18/91), Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain Vic S), Avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus, SARS coronavirus, SARS coronavirus, Beijing ZY- 2003, SARS coronavirus BJ01, SARS coronavirus BJ02, SARS coronavirus BJ03, SARS coronavirus BJ04, SARS coronavirus CUHK-SulO, SARS coronavirus CUHK-W1, SARS coronavirus Frankfurt 1, SARS coronavirus GZ01, SARS coronavirus HKU-39849, SARS coronavirus Hong Kong ZY-2003, SARS coronavirus Hong Kong/03/2003, SARS coronavirus HSR 1, SARS coronavirus Sin2500, SARS coronavirus Sin2677, SARS coronavirus Sin2679, SARS coronavirus Sin2748, SARS coronavirus Sin2774, SARS coronavirus Taiwan, SARS coronavirus Taiwan JC-2003, SARS coronavirus Taiwan TCI, SARS coronavirus Taiwan TC2, SARS coronavirus Tor2, SARS coronavirus TW1, SARS coronavirus TWC, SARS coronavirus Urbani, SARS coronavirus Vietnam, SARS coronavirus ZJ-HZ01, SARS coronavirus ZJ01, unclassified coronaviruses, Bovine respiratory coronavirus (strain 98TXSF-110- LUN), Human enteric coronavirus 4408, Enteric coronavirus, Equine coronavirus, and Equine coronavirus NC99.

[0039] The term "Lower Limit of Quantification" refers to the lowest concentration of a substance of analyte (e.g., a viral titer) that can be reliably quantified by a particular assay within a stated confidence limit.

[0040] The terms "subject," "host," or "subject," are used interchangeably and refer to a human infected with coronavirus, including subjects previously infected with coronavirus in whom virus has cleared.

[0041] The term "pharmaceutical composition" is meant to encompass a composition suitable for administration to a subject. In general, a "pharmaceutical composition" is sterile, and preferably free of contaminants that are capable of eliciting an undesirable response within the subject (e.g., the compound(s) in the pharmaceutical composition is pharmaceutical grade). Pharmaceutical compositions can be designed for administration to subjects or subjects in need thereof via a number of different routes of administration including oral, intravenous, buccal, rectal, parenteral, intraperitoneal, intradermal, intratracheal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, inhalational, and the like. [0042] A "sustained reduction" of coronavirus viral load means a reduction of viral load (e.g., a decrease of at least 0.5 logio copies/ml of coronavirus in a sample, a decrease of at least 1 logio copies/ml of coronavirus in a sample, a decrease of at least 1.5 logio copies/ml of coronavirus in a sample, at least 2.0 logio copies/ml of coronavirus in a sample or at least 2.5 logio copies/ml of coronavirus in a sample, or a decrease in coronavirus to undetectable levels) for a period time (e.g.,

1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, longer, forever or until a subsequent coronavirus infection). The sustained reduction may be a period of time during which the course of treatment is still ongoing or a period of time after the course of treatment is finished.

[0043] The term "therapeutically effective amount" as used herein refers to that amount of an embodiment of the agent (e.g., a compound, inhibitory agent, or drug) being administered that will treat to some extent a disease, disorder, or condition, e.g., relieve one or more of the symptoms of the disease, i.e., infection, being treated, and/or that amount that will prevent, to some extent, one or more of the symptoms of the disease, i.e., infection, that the subject being treated has or is at risk of developing.

[0044] The terms "treatment," "treating," and "treat" are defined as acting upon a disease, disorder, or condition with an agent to reduce or ameliorate the pharmacologic and/or physiologic effects of the disease, disorder, or condition and/or its symptoms. "Treatment," as used herein, covers any treatment of a disease in a human subject, and includes: (a) reducing the risk of occurrence of the disease in a subject determined to be predisposed to the disease but not yet diagnosed as infected with the disease, (b) impeding the development of the disease, and/or (c) relieving the disease, e.g., causing regression of the disease and/or relieving one or more disease symptoms. "Treatment" is also meant to encompass delivery of an inhibiting agent to provide a pharmacologic effect, even in the absence of a disease or condition. For example, "treatment" encompasses delivery of an agent that provides for enhanced or desirable effects in the subject (e.g., reduction of viral load, reduction of disease symptoms, etc.).

[0045] The terms "undetectable" or "below the level of detection" or "BLD", as used with reference to coronavirus RNA levels, means that no coronavirus RNA copies can be detected by the assay methodology employed. In some embodiments, the assay is quantitative RT-PCR.

[0046] The term "durable virologic response" or "DVR" as used herein refers to post-treatment response in a subject of coronavirus RNA below the limit of quantitation (BLQ) within one or more weeks after the end of treatment, or from between 2 - 12 weeks of ending treatment from between 12 and 24 weeks after ending treatment, from 1 day to 2-weeks; or from 12 - 48 weeks after ending treatment.

II. METHODS OF TREATMENT

[0047] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of treating Coronavirus infection by administering interferon lambda therapy to a coronavirus-infected subject. In some embodiments, a pegylated form of interferon lambda (e.g., pegylated interferon lambda-la) is administered. In some embodiments, subjects receiving interferon lambda therapy (e.g., pegylated interferon lambda therapy) are also treated with an antiviral nucleoside or nucleotide analog (e.g., an anti-HBV nucleotide or nucleoside analog). In some embodiments, subjects receiving interferon lambda therapy (e.g., pegylated interferon lambda therapy) are not administered an antiviral nucleoside or nucleotide analog therapy.

Interferon Lambda

[0048] Interferons are polypeptides that inhibit viral replication and cellular proliferation and modulate immune response. Interferons are produced as part of the innate immune response to viral infections, driving the induction of a broad array of host of genes with antiviral, anti proliferative and immuno-regulatory properties. Based on the type of receptor through which they signal, human interferons have been classified into three major types (Types I, II, and III). Both Type I and Type III IFNs signal through the JAK-STAT pathway to drive ISG induction with comparable antiviral activity, however their systemic effects differ markedly due to the use of distinct receptors with different tissue distributions. All type I IFNs bind to a specific cell surface receptor complex known as the IFN-alpha receptor (IFNAR) that consists of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 chains. The type I interferons present in humans are IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-epsilon, and IFN-omega. The type I IFN receptor is highly expressed on all cells in the body. Type II IFNs bind to IFN-gamma receptor (IFNGR) that consists of IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 chains. The type II interferon in humans is IFN-gamma. The type III interferon group includes three IFN-lambda molecules called IFN-lambdal, IFN-lambda2, and IFN- Iambda3 (also called IL29, IL28A, and IL28B, respectively). These IFNs signal through a receptor complex consisting of IL10R2 (also called CRF2-4) and IFNLR1 (also called CRF2-12). Type III IFNs exert a similar antiviral state to IFN-alpha and IFN-beta but use a distinct receptor complex with high expression levels limited to epithelial cells in the lung, liver, and intestine as well as very limited expression in hematopoietic and central nervous system cells. 5ee Syedbasha M & Egli A, "Interferon Lambda: Modulating Immunity in Infectious Diseases," Front. Immunol. 2017; 8:119, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00119. The more limited receptor expression profile can result in fewer systemic side effects. For example, interferon-lambda has been found to control respiratory viral infections in mice without the risk of promoting cytokine storm syndrome, as has been seen with Type I interferon treatment.

[0049] The term "interferon-lambda" or "IFN-l" as used herein includes naturally occurring IFN- l; synthetic IFN-l; derivatized IFN-l (e.g., PEGylated IFN-l, glycosylated IFN-l, and the like); and analogs of naturally occurring or synthetic IFN-l. In some embodiments, an IFN-l is a derivative of IFN-l that is derivatized (e.g., chemically modified relative to the naturally occurring peptide) to alter certain properties such as serum half-life. As such, the term "IFN-l" includes IFN-l derivatized with polyethylene glycol ("PEGylated IFN-l"), and the like. PEGylated IFN-l (e.g., PEGylated IFN-A-la), and methods for making same, is discussed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,927,040, 7,038,032, 7,135,170, 7,157,559, and 8,980,245; and PCT publication Nos. WO 2005/097165, WO 2007/012033, WO 2007/013944 and WO 2007/041713; all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, the IFN-l is an IFN-l as disclosed in PCT/US2017/018466, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the pegylated IFN-A-la has the structure described in US 7,157,559, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. IFN-l has been found to be effective for acute respiratory disease due to the high expression of the IFN-l receptor in lung epithelia.

[0050] As described in this disclosure, IFN-l is effective as a therapeutic treatment of a SARS- CoV-2 infection including in patients with COVID-19. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the effectiveness of IFN-l is due to the high expression of the IFN-l receptor in the lungs, intestine, and liver. This is consistent with the intestinal and hepatic involvement documented in patients with COVID-19. In some embodiments, this therapeutic treatment provides the benefit of reduced incidence of or the symptoms (intensity or kind) of cytokine storm syndrome in patients with COVID-19. This is consistent with the lack of the lambda receptor on hematopoietic cells. See Zhang W et al., "Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes," Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2020; 9(l):386-389. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1729071.

[0051] In some embodiments, an interferon for use in a therapeutic method as described herein is a pegylated IFN-Al (e.g., pegylated IFN-A-la), pegylated IFN-A-2, or pegylated IFN-A-3. In some embodiments, the interferon is pegylated IFN-Al (e.g., pegylated IFN-A-la).

[0052] In some embodiments, pegylated IFN-Al has the amino acid sequence shown below (lines show intrachain disulfide bonds) [SEQ ID NO:l]:

Subject Population [0053] In some embodiments, a subject to be treated with interferon lambda therapy as described herein is a subject having a Coronavirus infection, an acute Coronavirus infection, or a long term (persistent) Coronavirus infection. In some cases, the subject to be treated is identified as having a Coronavirus infection by a positive coronavirus antibody (Ab) test and/or detectable coronavirus RNA by qRT-PCR. In some instances, the molecular or antibody-based testing is performed using point-of-care (POC) testing, such as, e.g., Abbott ID NOW™ and/or Assure^® COVID- 19 IgG/lgM Rapid Test Device. In some embodiments, the subject to be treated has a Coronavirus infection of at least 1 month documented by a positive coronavirus Ab test, and/or detectable coronavirus RNA by qRT-PCR. In some embodiments, a subject to be treated with a therapeutic method described herein is a subject having an acute Coronavirus infection, one that is newly diagnosed or otherwise believed not to have existed in the subject for more than one week.

Diagnosis of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and/or COVID-19 is described herein.

[0054] In some embodiments, a subject to be treated has a positive test for coronavirus infection. In some embodiments, the Coronavirus infection is an infection of a subject with SARS- CoV-2 or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, the viral load is detectable. In some embodiments, the viral load is at least 10² coronavirus RNA copies per mL of sample (e.g., throat swabs, nasopharyngeal-swab, sputum or tracheal aspirate, urine fecal, and blood samples). In some embodiments, the viral load is at least 10² lU/mL of sample, e.g., at least 10³ coronavirus RNA copies per mL or at least 10³ lU/mL sample, at least 10⁴ coronavirus RNA copies per mL or at least 10⁴ lU/mL sample, at least 10^s coronavirus RNA copies per mL or at least 10^s lU/mL sample, at least 10⁶ coronavirus RNA copies per mL or at least 10⁶ lU/mL sample, at least 10⁷ coronavirus RNA copies per mL or at least 10⁷ lU/mL sample, or at least 10^s coronavirus RNA copies per mL or at least 10^s lU/mL sample. In some embodiments, coronavirus viral load is measured using serum samples from the subject. In some embodiments, coronavirus viral load is measured using plasma samples from the subject. In some embodiments, viral load is measured by quantitative RT-PCR. qRT-PCR assays for quantification of coronavirus RNA in sample are known in the art, e.g., as described above. In some embodiments, a subject to be treated has a baseline viral load that is up to about 10⁴ coronavirus RNA copies per mL sample or up to about 10⁴ lU/mL sample. In some embodiments, a subject to be treated has a baseline viral load that is up to about 10^s coronavirus RNA copies per mL sample or up to about 10^s lU/mL sample. In some embodiments, a subject to be treated has a baseline viral load that is up to about 10⁶ coronavirus RNA copies per mL sample or up to about 10⁶ lU/mL sample. [0055] In some embodiments, coronavirus viral load is measured using samples from the subject. In some embodiments, coronavirus viral load is measured using a serum or plasma sample from the subject. In some embodiments, viral load is measured by quantitative RT-PCR. qRT-PCR assays for quantification of coronavirus RNA in samples are known in the art, e.g., as described herein. In some instances, the sample from the subject is a respiratory sample, including but not limited to a nasopharyngeal aspirate or wash, an oropharyngeal aspirate or wash, a nasopharyngeal swab, an oropharyngeal swab, a broncheoalveolar lavage, a tracheal aspirate, and/or sputum. [0056] In some embodiments, a subject to be treated exhibits one or more symptoms of coronavirus infection, e.g., fever, cough, shortness of breath. In some instances, the subject exhibits one or more of leukopenia, leukocytosis, lymphopenia, elevated alanine aminotransferase, and/or elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels.

[0057] In some embodiments, the subject exhibits a DNA sequence variation, such as a a single nucleotide polymorphism. In some cases, for example, the subject may exhibit a single nucleotide polymorphism near the interleukin 28B (IL28B) gene. In some instances, this single nucleotide polymorphism is strongly associated with response to treatment. In some cases, the single nucleotide polymorphism corresponds to an mRNA transcript that codes for interferon lambda 4 (IFNL4). 5ee Prokunina-Olsson L et al., "A variant upstream of IFNL3 (IL28B) creating a new interferon gene IFNL4 is associated with impaired clearance of hepatitis C virus," Nat. Genet., Feb 2013; 45(2):164-71. doi:10.1038/ng.2521.

[0058] In some embodiments, the subject to be treated will not have had any of the following: treatment with interferons (IFNs) immunomodulators and/or immunosuppressive or B-cell depleting medications within 12 months before screening; previous use of Interferon Lambda; history or evidence of any intolerance or hypersensitivity to IFNs; respiratory infection requiring invasive or non-invasive ventilatory support (bipap or intubation and mechanical ventilation); participation in a clinical trial with use of any investigational drug within 30 days before screening; or history of any of the following diseases or conditions: advanced or decompensated liver disease (presence or history of bleeding varices, ascites, encephalopathy or hepato-renal syndrome); immunologically mediated disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, severe psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus) that requires more than intermittent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications for management or that requires use of systemic corticosteroids in the 6 months before screening (inhaled asthma medications are allowed); retinal disorder or clinically relevant ophthalmic disorder; or any malignancy within 5 years before screening.

[0059] In some embodiment, the subject to be treated may have had one or more of the following: a superficial dermatologic malignancy (e.g., squamous cell or basal cell skin cancer treated with curative intent); cardiomyopathy, significant ischemic cardiac or cerebrovascular disease (including history of angina, myocardial infarction, or interventional procedure for coronary artery disease), or cardiac rhythm disorder; chronic pulmonary disease (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) associated with functional impairment; pancreatitis; severe or uncontrolled psychiatric disorder; active seizure disorder defined by either an untreated seizure disorder or continued seizure activity within the preceding year despite treatment with anti-seizure medication; bone marrow or solid organ transplantation; or any of the following abnormal laboratory test in the 12 months prior to enrollment: platelet count <90,000 cells/mm³; white blood cell (WBC) count <3,000 cells/mm³; absolute neutrophil count (ANC) <1,500 cells/mm³; hemoglobin <11 g/dL for women and <12 g/dL for men; estimated creatinine clearance (CrCI) < 50 mL/min by Cockroft-Gault formulation; ALT and/or ALT levels > 10 times the upper limit of normal; bilirubin level > 2.5 mg/dL unless due to Gilbert's syndrome; serum albumin level <3.5 g/dL; or an international normalized ratio (INR) >1.5 (except patients maintained on anticoagulant medications)

Interferon Lambda Dosing Regimens

[0060] In some embodiments, interferon lambda therapy comprises administering to the subject interferon lambda (e.g., pegylated interferon lambda-la) at a dose of 180 micrograms (meg) per week, 120 meg per week, 110 meg per week, 100 meg per week, 90 meg per week, 80 meg per week, 120 - 70 meg per week, 200 - 120 meg per week, or 170 - 130 meg per week. In some embodiments, interferon lambda is administered at a dose of 180 meg QW. In some embodiments, interferon lambda is administered at a dose of 90 meg two times per week. In some embodiments, interferon lambda is administered at a dose of 90 meg every 3 - 4 days. In some embodiments, interferon lambda is administered at a dose of 80 meg two times per week. In some embodiments, interferon lambda is administered at a dose of 80 meg every 3 - 4 days. In some embodiments, interferon lambda is administered at a dose of 100 - 70 meg two time per week. In some embodiments, interferon lambda is administered at a dose of 100 - 70 meg every 3 - 4 days. In some embodiments, interferon lambda is administered at a dose of 120 meg QW. In some embodiments, interferon lambda is administered at a dose of 80 meg QW.

[0061] In some embodiments, a subject being treated for Coronavirus infection receives an adjustment in the dosing regimen of the interferon lambda therapy during the course of treatment. In some embodiments, the subject receives a dose reduction of interferon lambda, in that one or more later doses is a lower dose than one or more earlier doses. In some embodiments, a dose is reduced if the subject exhibits unacceptable side effects. In some embodiments, a subject may receive multiple dose reductions during the course of treatment with interferon lambda.

[0062] In some embodiments, the dosage administered to the subject is not reduced before 2 weeks of treatment at the first dosage (e.g., at a first dosage of 180 meg QW), or before 3 week, or 2 weeks, or 3 weeks, or 4 weeks, or 5 weeks, or 6 weeks, or 7 weeks of treatment at the first dosage. In some embodiments, the dosage administered to the subject is not reduced before 9-12 weeks of treatment at the first dosage (e.g., at a first dosage of 180 meg QW).

[0063] The interferon lambda therapy may comprise administering to the subject interferon lambda at differing doses between two or more treatment periods. In some embodiments, the interferon lambda therapy comprises administering to the subject interferon lambda at a dose of 180 micrograms per week for a first treatment period followed by administering to the subject interferon lambda at a dose of 120 micrograms per week for a second treatment period. In some embodiments, the length of time for the first treatment period is the same as the length of time for the second treatment period. In some embodiments, the first treatment period and the second treatment period are different lengths of time. In some embodiments, the first treatment period (i.e., interferon lambda at a dose of 180 meg per week) is longer than the second treatment period (i.e., interferon lambda at a dose of 120 meg per week). In some embodiments, the second treatment period (i.e., interferon lambda at a dose of 120 meg per week) is longer than the first treatment period (i.e., interferon lambda at a dose of 180 meg per week). In some embodiments, the interferon lambda therapy further comprises administering to the subject interferon lambda at a dose of 110 - 80 micrograms per week for a third treatment period. In some embodiments, the length of time for the third treatment period is the same as the length of time for the first and/or second treatment period. In some embodiments, the third treatment period and the first and/or second treatment period are different lengths of time. In some embodiments, the third treatment period (i.e., interferon lambda at a dose of 110 - 80 meg per week) is longer than the first and/or second treatment period. In some embodiments, the third treatment period (i.e., interferon lambda at a dose of 80 meg per week) is shorter than the first and/or second treatment period. [0064] In some embodiments, the interferon lambda therapy comprises administering interferon lambda at a dose of 120 micrograms per week for a first treatment period followed by administering interferon lambda at a dose of 110 - 80 micrograms per week for a second treatment period. In some embodiments, the length of time for the first treatment period is the same as the length of time for the second treatment period. In some embodiments, the first treatment period and the second treatment period are different lengths of time. In some embodiments, the first treatment period (i.e., interferon lambda at a dose of 120 meg per week) is longer than the second treatment period (i.e., interferon lambda at a dose of 80 meg per week). In some embodiments, the second treatment period (i.e., interferon lambda at a dose of 80 meg per week) is longer than the first treatment period (i.e., interferon lambda at a dose of 120 meg per week).

[0065] In some embodiments, the interferon lambda therapy comprises administering interferon lambda at a first dose of 180 micrograms QW for a first treatment period, at a second dose of 170 - 120 micrograms QW for a second treatment period, and at a third dose of 110 - 80 micrograms QW for a third treatment period. In some embodiments, the first treatment period has a duration of at least 8 weeks, or from 1 - 8 weeks, or from 1 - 12 weeks. In some embodiments, the first treatment period has a duration of 8 - 12 weeks.

[0066] In some embodiments, the interferon lambda therapy comprises administering interferon lambda at a first dose of 160 - 180 micrograms per week for a first treatment period, at a second dose of 170 - 120 micrograms per week for a second treatment period, and at a third dose of 110 - 60 micrograms per week for a third treatment period. In some embodiments, the first treatment period has a duration of at least 8 weeks, or from 1 - 8 weeks, or from 1 - 12 weeks. In some embodiments, the first treatment period has a duration of 8 - 12 weeks. Doses may be given in multiple dose per week with the number of micrograms equaling the weekly dose.

[0067] In some embodiments, a treatment period (e.g., a first treatment period, second treatment period, and/or third treatment period) is at least 1 week in duration, e.g., at least 2, 3, 4 weeks or longer. In some embodiments, a treatment period (e.g., a first treatment period, second treatment period, and/or third treatment period) is at least 2 weeks in duration, e.g., at least 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 weeks, or longer. In some embodiments, a treatment period is at least 8 weeks in duration. In some embodiments, a treatment period is up to about 4 weeks in duration, or up to about 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, or 48 weeks in duration. In some embodiments, a treatment period is up to about 8 weeks in duration. In some embodiments, a treatment period is up to about 12 weeks in duration.

[0068] For a subject receiving a dose reduction, in some embodiments, a treatment period at a first dose is paused or stopped prior to starting a subsequent treatment period at a second lower dose. For example, in some embodiments, a first treatment period (e.g., at a dose of 180 meg per week) is paused or stopped for a period of at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks or longer prior to starting a second treatment period (e.g., at a dose of 120 meg per week).

[0069] In some embodiments, a subject is administered a first dose of 180 micrograms QW for at least 8 weeks before there is a dose reduction. In some embodiments, a subject is administered a first dose of 180 micrograms QW for at least 8-12 weeks before there is a dose reduction.

[0070] In some embodiments, if the subject has an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of between > to 500/mm³ and < 750/mm³, or between > to 400/mm³ and < 650/mm³, or between > to 400/mm³ and < 850/mm³, the subject will begin the second treatment period.

[0071] In some embodiments, if the subject has an ANC of < 500/mm³, dosing of the subject will stop until the subject has an ANC of > 1000/mm³ and then dosing will be resumed for a second treatment period. In another embodiment, if the subject has an ANC of < 400/mm³, dosing of the subject will stop until the subject has an ANC of > 750/mm³ and then dosing will be resumed for a second treatment period.

[0072] In some embodiments, if the subject has a platelet level of <50,000 then subject will begin the second treatment period or if a subject has a platelet level of <25,000 then subject will discontinue treatment.

[0073] In some embodiments, if the subject has a total bilirubin (TBILI) > 2.5 x upper limit of the normal range (ULN) and direct bilirubin (DB) > 3 x ULN, dosing of the subject will stop until the subject has a TBILI <1.5 x ULN and then dosing will resume for a second treatment period. [0074] In some embodiments, if the subject has a TBILI > 3 x ULN and DB > 3 x ULN, dosing of the subject will be interrupted until the TBILI <1.5 x ULN and then dosing will resume for a second treatment period.

[0075] In some embodiments, if the subject has an ALT (or AST) > 20 x ULN and TBILI and/or international normalized ratio (INR) < Grade 2, dosing of the subject will be interrupted until the ALT/AST <10XULN and then dosing will resume for a second treatment period. In some embodiments, if the subject has an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (or aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) > 20 x ULN and TBILI and/or INR < Grade 2 for a second time, dosing of the subject will be interrupted and then dosing will resume for a second treatment period.

[0076] In some embodiments, if the subject has an ALT (or AST) > 15 - 20 x ULN and TBILI and/or INR < Grade 2, dosing of the subject will be interrupted dosing until the ALT/AST <10XULN and then dosing will resume for a second treatment period; or if the subject has an ANC of ALT (or AST) > 15 - 20 x ULN and TBILI and/or INR < Grade 2 for a second time, dosing of the subject will interrupt dosing until the ALT/AST <10XULN and then dosing will resume for a second treatment period.

[0077] In some embodiments, the dose resumption after an interruption or stopping is resumed one week, two weeks, three weeks or four weeks after the interruption on stopping.

[0078] In some embodiments, if the subject has an ALT (or AST) > 15 x ULN and TBILI and/or INR < Grade 2, dosing of the subject will be interrupted until the ALT/AST <10XULN and then dosing will resume for a second treatment period. In some embodiments, if the subject has an ANC of ALT (or AST) > 15 x ULN and TBILI and/or INR < Grade 2 for a second time, dosing of the subject will be interrupted and then dosing will resume for a second treatment period.

[0079] In some embodiments, if the subject has an ALT (or AST) > 5xULN and TBILI and/or INR > Grade 2, treatment of the subject will terminate.

[0080] In some embodiments, if the subject has an ALT (or AST) > lOxULN and TBILI and/or INR > Grade 3, treatment of the subject will terminate.

[0081] In some embodiments, if the subject experiences an adverse event > Grade 3, dosing of the subject will stop until the event resolves or is < a Grade 1 and the dosing will resume for a second treatment period.

[0082] In some embodiments, if the subject experiences a second adverse event of > Grade 3, dosing of the subject will be interrupted and then resume dosing for a third treatment period.

[0083] In some embodiments, if a subject has a creatinine clearance level of < 50 mL/min, treatment of the subject is discontinued. [0084] In certain embodiments, subjects with a 4x increase in baseline GGT, ALT/AST or alkaline phosphatases or > Bill 1.5 mg/dL, direct Bilirubin >0.6 (if Gilbert Syndrome is present) during any treatment period, may be prescribed ursodeoxycholic acid for "liver protection".

[0085] In certain embodiments, the subject is also administered remdesivir, chloroquine, tenofovir, entecavir, protease inhibitors (lopinavir/ritonavir) for treatment of the coronavirus.

[0086] In certain embodiments, the subject is also administered annexin-5, anti-PS monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies, bavituximab, and/or bind to viral glucocorticoid response elements (GREs), retinazone and RU486 or derivatives, cell entry inhibitors, uncoating inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, transcription inhibitors, antisense translation inhibitors, ribozyme translation inhibitors, prein processing and targeting inhibitors, protease inhibitors, assembly inhibitors, release phase inhibitors, immunosystem modulators and vaccines, including, but not limited to Abacavir, Ziagen, Trizivir, Kivexa/Epzicom, Aciclovir, Acyclovir, Adefovir, Amantadine, Amprenavir, Ampligen, Arbidol, Atazanavir, Atripla, Balavir, Cidofovir, Combivir, Dolutegravir, Darunavir, Delavirdine, Didanosine, Docosanol, Edoxudine, Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, Enfuvirtide, Entecavir, Ecoliever, Famciclovir, Fomivirsen, Fosamprenavir, Foscarnet, Fosfonet, Ganciclovir, Ibacitabine, Imunovir, Idoxuridine, Imiquimod, Indinavir, Inosine, Integrase inhibitor, Interferon type III, Interferon type II, Interferon type I, Interferon, Lamivudine, Lopinavir, Loviride, Maraviroc, Moroxydine, Methisazone, Nelfinavir, Nevirapine, Nexavir, Nucleoside analogues, Novir, Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), Peginterferon alfa-2a, Penciclovir, Peramivir, Pleconaril, Podophyllotoxin, Protease inhibitor, Raltegravir, Reverse transcriptase inhibitor, Ribavirin, Rimantadine, Ritonavir, Pyramidine, Saquinavir, Sofosbuvir, Stavudine, Synergistic enhancer, Tea tree oil, Telaprevir, Tenofovir, Tenofovir disoproxil, Tipranavir, Trifluridine, Trizivir, Tromantadine, Truvada, Valaciclovir, Valganciclovir, Vicriviroc, Vidarabine, Viramidine, Zalcitabine, Zanamivir, Zidovudine, and combinations thereof.

Duration of Treatment and Treatment Endpoints

[0087] Subjects may receive interferon lambda therapy for a predetermined time, an indefinite time, or until an endpoint is reached. Treatment may be continued for at least two to three weeks, or from one to 12 weeks. In some embodiments, therapy is administered weekly for at least 30 days, at least 60 days, at least 90 days, at least 120 days, at least 150 days, or at least 180 days. In some embodiments, weekly treatment is continued for at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 7 months, at least 8 months, at least 9 months, at least 10 months, at least 11 months, at least one year, at least 15 months, at least 18 months, or at least 2 years. In some embodiments, therapy is for at least 6 weeks, 12 weeks, 18 weeks, 24 weeks, 30 weeks, 36 weeks, 42 weeks, 48 weeks, 60 weeks, 72 weeks, 84 weeks, or 96 weeks. In other embodiments, treatment is continued for the rest of the subject's life or until administration is no longer effective in maintaining the virus at a sufficiently low level to provide meaningful therapeutic benefit.

[0088] In accordance with the methods herein, some subjects with COVID-19 infection will respond to therapy as described herein by clearing virus to undetectable levels. In some embodiments, for subjects in which coronavirus RNA levels are below the level of detection, treatment is suspended unless and until the coronavirus levels return to detectable levels. Other subjects will experience a reduction in viral load and improvement of symptoms but will not clear the virus to undetectable levels but may remain on therapy for a defined period of time or so long as it provides therapeutic benefit.

[0089] In some embodiments, treatment with interferon lambda therapy results in a reduction of coronavirus viral load in the subject of at least 1.5 loglO coronavirus RNA copies/mL serum when measured after 48 weeks of treatment. In some embodiments, treatment with interferon lambda therapy results in a reduction of coronavirus viral load in the subject of at least 2.0 loglO coronavirus RNA copies/mL serum when measured after 48 weeks of treatment. In some embodiments, treatment with interferon lambda therapy results in a reduction of coronavirus viral load in the subject of at least 2.5 loglO coronavirus RNA copies/mL serum when measured after 48 weeks of treatment.

[0090] In some embodiments, treatment with interferon lambda therapy results in a sustained reduction of coronavirus viral load (e.g., a decrease of at least 1.5 loglO coronavirus RNA lU/mL serum, at least 2.0 loglO coronavirus RNA copies/mL serum or at least 2.5 loglO coronavirus RNA lU/mL serum, or a decrease in coronavirus RNA to undetectable levels) that is sustained for a period of time (e.g., 1 month, 3 months, 6 months) while the course of treatment is still ongoing.

[0091] In some embodiments, treatment with interferon lambda therapy results in a sustained reduction of coronavirus viral load, e.g., reduction of coronavirus viral load, that is sustained for a period of time (e.g., 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year or longer) or until re-infection occurs or forever, after the course of treatment is finished.

[0092] As used herein, duration of viral shedding may be, for example, determined by RT-PCR negativity. The duration of viral shedding may be determined, for example, by clinical improvement 02 status. In some embodiments, the rate or amount of viral shedding is determined by RT-PCR negativity or measurement of a reduced amount of virus (e.g., a reduced viral load).

[0093] In some embodiments, treatment with inteferon lambda therapy results in the production of antibodies against SAR-CoV-2 in the subject. In some embodiments, treatment with inteferon lambda therapy increases the quantity of SAR-CoV-2 antibodies in the subject. [0094] In certain embodiments, the subjects have mild disease, and non-hospitalized; have mild to moderate disease, and non-hospitalized; have mild to moderate disease and are hospitalized; have mild to moderate disease, are hospitalized and requiring supportive 0₂; exposed to SARS-CoV-2 with no symptoms. For example, the subject may receive a dose of 120 or 180 meg weekly subcutaneous injection of interferon lambda.

[0095] In certain embodiments, the subjects have mild to moderate disease, are hospitalized and will be administered one or two doses of 120 or 180 meg weekly subcutaneous injection of interferon lambda. In these embodiments, RT-PCR may be used to test for viral load on one or more of the days following administration (e.g., at days 7 and 14 after administration). Subjects receiving one or two administrations of interferon lambda may exhibits lower viral loads than those patients with similar disease status at initiation of treatment that received only supportive care.

[0096] In one embodiment, the subject with mild to moderate disease receives one or two administrations of lambda. In this embodiment, the subject may exhibit a lower level or duration of viral shedding (i.e. as compared to non-treated patients).

[0097] In one embodiment, subjects that are hospitalized and require supportive oxygen, are administered two doses of interferon lambda, such doses being administered a week apart. In this embodiment, the subject may demonstrate a clinical improvement in oxygen status (for example measured on an ordinal scale) as compared to subjects with similar disease status at initiation of treatment only receiving standard of care.

[0098] In one embodiment, subjects with mild to moderate disease and either non-hospitalized or hospitalized, receive two (2) doses of 120 or 180 meg weekly subcutaneous injection of interferon lambda. In this embodiment, the subjects may have a lower rate of viral shedding as measured by RT-PCR negativity on one or more of the days following administration (e.g., at Day 7 and/or Day 14). [0099] In some aspects, this disclosure provides a method of preventing an infection with SARS- CoV-2 in non-hospitalized subjects. According to one embodiment, two (2) doses of 120 or 180 meg weekly subcutaneous injection of interferon lambda are administered to the subject.

[0100] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of preventing an infection with SARS- CoV-2 in subjects who have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2. In one embodiment, the subject receives one interferon lambda 180 meg subcutaneous injection. In one embodiment, the subject then receives an RT-PCR test for viral load to determine if infection has happened. In one embodiment, subjects have lower conversion rate to infection than those that do not receive a lambda injection.

In one embodiment, the subject is a subject that has had exposure with no confirmed infection. The subject has a decrease in conversion as compared to a subject that was exposed, had no treatment and resulted in a confirmed infection (control group). [0101] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method of treating an infection with SARS- CoV-2 in subjects having a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. In one embodiment, the subject has confirmed mild COVID-19 infection with uncomplicated disease. In one embodiment, the subject is administered interferon lambda 180 meg subcutaneous injection per week for two weeks. In one embodiment the subject is administered a single interferon lambda 180 meg subcutaneous injection. [0102] In one embodiment, interferon lambda 180 meg is administered to a subject, wherein the subject has one or more of the following, as compared to a control: a reduced duration of viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 virus, a reduction in the duration of symptoms; and a reduction in the rate of hospitalization following administration (e.g., reduced hospitalization between Day 1 and Day 28 of treatment). In one embodiment, the subject has mild COVID-19. In one embodiment, the subject has mild to moderate COVID-19.

Antiviral Co-Therapy

[0103] In some embodiments, a subject who is administered interferon lambda therapy according to the present disclosure may also be treated with one or more other antiviral agents, and other agents.

[0104] In some embodiments, a subject who is administered interferon lambda therapy is treated with an antiviral agent that is used for the treatment of other viruses.

[0105] In some embodiments, interferon lambda can be formulated into a preparation for injection by dissolving, suspending or emulsifying the interferon lambda in an aqueous or nonaqueous solvent, such as vegetable or other similar oils, synthetic aliphatic acid glycerides, esters of higher aliphatic acids or propylene glycol; and if desired, with conventional additives such as solubilizers, isotonic agents, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, stabilizers and preservatives. Unit dosage forms for injection or intravenous administration may comprise in a composition as a solution in sterile water, normal saline or another pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Appropriate amounts of the active pharmaceutical ingredient for unit dose forms of interferon lambda are provided herein.

[0106] In some embodiments, interferon lambda (e.g., an interferon lambda 1 such as interferon lambda la) or an analog thereof is formulated and/or administered and/or modified as described in any of U.S. Patent Nos. 6,927,040, 7,038,032, 7,135,170, 7,157,559, and 8,980,245, US 2009/0326204, US 2010/0222266, US 2011/0172170, and US 2012/0036590, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

[0107] As used below, any reference to a series of embodiments is to be understood as a reference to each of those embodiments disjunctively (e.g., "Embodiments 1-4" is to be understood as "Embodiments 1, 2, 3, or A"). [0108] Embodiment 1 is a method of treating a coronavirus infection in a subject, the method comprising subcutaneously administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon lambda-la until one or more of: a sustained reduction of coronavirus viral load is reached, a decrease in coronavirus RNAto undetectable levels is reached, a decrease in a rate or an amount of viral shedding is reached, or an improvement in the subject's symptoms is reached. [0109] Embodiment 2 is the method of embodiment(s) 1, wherein the pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered for at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, from 1 - 12 weeks, from 2 - 12 weeks, or from between 3 weeks and 24 weeks.

[0110] Embodiment 3 is the method of embodiment(s) 1 or 2, wherein the pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered at a dose of 180 micrograms once a week, 90 micrograms twice per week, 80 micrograms twice per week, or 180 micrograms per week.

[0111] Embodiment 4 is the method of embodiment(s) 1 or 2, wherein the pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered at a dose of 120 micrograms once a week, 60 micrograms twice per week, 70 micrograms twice per week, or 120 micrograms per week.

[0112] Embodiment 5 is the method of embodiment(s) 1 or 2, wherein the method comprises administering (i) 160 - 180 micrograms pegylated interferon lambda-la per week for a first treatment period, and then 150 - 170 micrograms per week for a second treatment period; or (ii)

180 micrograms per week for a first treatment period, and then between 170 - 120 micrograms per week for a second treatment period, wherein the doses for each of (i) and (ii) may be divided into more than one dose per week.

[0113] Embodiment 6 is the method of embodiment(s) 1 or 2, wherein the method comprises administering the pegylated interferon lambda-la at a dose of 120 micrograms per week for a first treatment period, and then at a dose of 80 micrograms per week for a second treatment period; or at a dose of 180 - 120 micrograms per week for a first treatment period and then at a dose of 120 - 80 micrograms per week for a second treatment period, wherein the doses may be divided into more than one dose per week.

[0114] Embodiment 7 is the method of embodiment(s) 5 or 6, wherein the first treatment period is longer than the second treatment period, or the second treatment period is longer than the first treatment period, or first treatment period and the second treatment period are the same length of time.

[0115] Embodiment 8 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 5 to 7, wherein the first treatment period has a duration of at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 6 weeks, or at least 8 weeks. [0116] Embodiment 9 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 8, wherein treatment results in a reduction of coronavirus viral load in the subject of at least 2.0 loglO coronavirus RNA lU/mL serum.

[0117] Embodiment 10 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 9, wherein treatment results in an improvement in the subject's symptoms.

[0118] Embodiment 11 is the method of embodiment(s) 1 to 10, wherein the improvement in a subject's symptoms include a reduction in fever, feeling less tired, a decrease in coughs, less or no shortness of breath, decreased feeling of aches and pains, and less or no diarrhea.

[0119] Embodiment 12 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 11, wherein treatment results in a coronavirus viral load that is below the level of detection.

[0120] Embodiment 13 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 12, wherein the method further comprises administering to the subject an antiviral.

[0121] Embodiment 14 is the method of embodiment(s) 13, wherein the antiviral comprises one or more of remdesivir, chloroquine, tenofovir, entecavir, protease inhibitors (lopinavir/ritonavir). [0122] Embodiment 15 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 14, wherein prior to treatment, the subject has a baseline viral load of up to about 10⁴ coronavirus RNA copies per mL sample.

[0123] Embodiment 16 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 15, wherein a durable virologic response (DVR) is seen in the subject after administration.

[0124] Embodiment 17 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 16, where the subject has one or more of the following symptoms: pneumonia, fever, cough, shortness of breath, and muscle ache. Other symptoms my include confusion, headache and sore throat.

[0125] Embodiment 18 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 17, wherein the coronavirus is a zoonotic virus.

[0126] Embodiment 19 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 18, wherein the pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered during an early phase of the coronavirus infection, and wherein the treatment shortens the duration of the coronavirus infection and prevents development of respiratory complications.

[0127] Embodiment 20 is the method of embodiment(s) 19, wherein the early phase of the coronavirus infection comprises one or more of: days 1 - 10 after initial viral load is determined, prior to experiencing respiratory symptoms that require hospitalization; a period when the subject is experiencing mild to moderate respiratory symptoms; a period when the subject is asymptomatic; or a period when the subject displays mild symptoms of respiratory infection with no respiratory distress. [0128] Embodiment 21 is the method of embodiment(s) 20, wherein the mild symptoms of respiratory infection with no respiratory distress comprises a temperature <39.0 degrees C, respiratory rate < 25, 0₂% Sat > 95% in room air or with supplemental oxygen through nasal cannula, or P/F ratio > 150.

[0129] Embodiment 22 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 21, wherein the subject has not demonstrated one or more of the following abnormal laboratory test in the 12 months prior to administration: platelet count <90,000 cells/mm3; white blood cell (WBC) count <3,000 cells/mm3; absolute neutrophil count (ANC) <1,500 cells/mm3; hemoglobin <11 g/dL for women and <12 g/dL for men; estimated creatinine clearance (CrCI) < 50 mL/min by Cockroft-Gault formulation; ALT and/or ALT levels > 10 times the upper limit of normal; bilirubin level > 2.5 mg/dL unless due to Gilbert's syndrome; serum albumin level <3.5 g/dL; or international normalized ratio (INR) >1.5 (except patients maintained on anticoagulant medications).

[0130] Embodiment 23 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 22, wherein the rate or amount of viral shedding is determined by RT-PCR negativity or a measurement of a reduced amount of virus.

[0131] Embodiment 24 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 23, wherein an improvement in symptoms is determined by clinical improvement 02 status.

[0132] Embodiment 25 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 24, wherein the subject is a mild, non-hospitalized subject; a mild to moderate, non-hospitalized subject; a mild to moderate, hospitalized subject; a mild to moderate, hospitalized and requiring supportive 02 subject; or an exposed subject with no symptoms.

[0133] Embodiment 26 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 25, wherein the pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered at a dose of 120 or 180 meg weekly.

[0134] Embodiment 27 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 26, wherein the subject is a mild to moderate, hospitalized subject, and wherein the pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered as one or two doses of 120 or 180 meg weekly.

[0135] Embodiment 28 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 27, wherein RT-PCR is used to test for viral load at days 7 and 14 of treatment, and wherein the subject exhibits lower viral loads at days 7 and 14 than a patient with a similar disease status at initiation of treatment that received only standard supportive care.

[0136] Embodiment 29 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 28, wherein the subject is a mild to moderate subject, and wherein the subject exhibits a decreased rate or amount of viral shedding. [0137] Embodiment 30 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 29, wherein the subject is a mild to moderate, hospitalized subject requiring supportive oxygen, and wherein the subject demonstrates clinical improvement in oxygen status (ordinal scale) as compared to a patient with similar disease status at initiation of treatment that only received standard supportive care.

[0138] Embodiment 31 is the method of embodiment 30, wherein the subject is administered two doses of interferon lambda one week apart.

[0139] Embodiment 32 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 31, wherein the subject has mild to moderate disease, is non-hospitalized or hospitalized, wherein the pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered at a dose of 120 or 180 meg twice weekly, and wherein the subject exhibits a lower rate of viral shedding as measured by RT-PCR negativity following first administration of treatment (e.g., a first dose of interferon lambda; e.g., by Day 7 and/or Day 14 of treatment).

[0140] Embodiment 33 is a method of preventing or reducing the incidence of infection in a subject with SARS-CoV-2, the method comprising administering to the subject interferon lambda by subcutaneous injection in a dose of 120 or 180 meg weekly or biweekly, wherein the subject is RT- PCR negative a first dose of interferon lambda (e.g., by Day 7 and/or Day 14 of treatment).

[0141] Embodiment 34 is the method of embodiment(s) 33, wherein the subject has a lower RT- PCR level of SARS-CoV-2 than a subject receiving standard supportive care.

[0142] Embodiment 35 is a method of preventing or reducing the incidence of a SARS-CoV-2 infection in a subject exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the method comprising administering to the subject 180 meg of interferon lambda as a subcutaneous injection, wherein the subject exhibits a lower viral load at day 7 after the injection than a subject with similar disease status at initiation of treatment receiving standard supportive care.

[0143] Embodiment 36 is the method of embodiment(s) 35, wherein the subject exhibits a lower conversion rate to infection than a patient with similar disease status at initiation of treatment that was not administered interferon lambda.

[0144] Embodiment 37 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 35 to 36, wherein the subject has had exposure to SARS-CoV-2 with no confirmed infection.

[0145] Embodiment 38 is a method of treating a subject having a SARS-CoV-2 infection or having been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the method comprising administering to the subject interferon lambda at a dose of 180 meg, wherein the subject has one or more of the following, as compared to a control: a reduced duration of viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 virus, a reduction in the duration of symptoms, or a reduction in the rate of hospitalization following first administration of treatment (e.g., a first dose of interferon lambda; e.g., between Day 1 and Day 28 of treatment). [0146] Embodiment 39 is the method of embodiment 38, wherein the interferon lambda is administered subcutaneously.

[0147] Embodiment 40 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 38 to 39, wherein the interferon lambda is interferon lambda-la. [0148] Embodiment 41 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 38 to 40, wherein the interferon lambda is pegylated interferon lambda.

[0149] Embodiment 42 is the method of any of embodiments(s) 38 to 41, wherein the rate of hospitalization includes visits to an emergency room.

[0150] Embodiment 43 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 42, wherein the subject has a viral load equal to or greater than 6 logio copies/mL

[0151] Embodiment 44 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 1 to 43, wherein the subject has a viral load of from about 6 logio lU/mL to about 11 logio lll/mL

[0152] Embodiment 45 a method of treating a coronavirus infection in a subject, the method comprising subcutaneously administering to the subject from 120 meg to 180 meg of interferon lambda, wherein the subject has a viral load greater than or equal to 10⁶ SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies/mL or greater than or equal to 6 logio lU/mL

[0153] Embodiment 46 is the method of embodiment 45, wherein the interferon lambda is administered at a dose of 120 meg or 180 meg, and wherein the subject exhibits a lower rate of viral shedding as measured by viral load negativity at Day 7, Day 14, and/or Day 28 of treatment as compared to at the initiation of treatment.

[0154] Embodiment 47 is the method of embodiment(s) 45-46, wherein the subject has a viral load of from about 6 logio lU/mL to about 11 logio lU/mL

[0155] Embodiment 48 is the method of embodiment 1 or embodiment 45, wherein the time to shedding cessation is faster in a seropositive subject relative to a seronegative subject at baseline. [0156] Embodiment 49 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 45-48, wherein the subject has a greater decline in SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load decline from baseline at Day 5 of treatment, as compared to a control.

[0157] Embodiment 50 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 45-49, wherein the subject is about 4.1-fold or 95% more likely to clear virus by Day 7 of treatment, as compared to a control. [0158] Embodiment 51 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 44-50, wherein the subject has a viral load greater than or equal to 6 logio lU/mL, and wherein the subject is viral negative by Day 7 of treatment.

[0159] Embodiment 52 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 44-51, wherein the subject clears the virus by Day 7 of treatment. [0160] Embodiment 53 is the method of any of embodiment(s) 44-52, wherein the interferon lambda is pegylated interferon lambda-la.

EXAMPLES

[0161] The following examples are provided to illustrate, but not to limit, the claimed invention. Example 1. Clinical Study Protocol for Treating Coronavirus Subjects with Pegylated Interferon

Lambda

[0162] The incubation period is estimated at ~5 days (95% confidence interval, 4 to 7 days). Frequently reported signs and symptoms include fever (83-98%), cough (76%-82%), and myalgia or fatigue (11-44%) at illness onset. Sore throat has also been reported in some patients early in the clinical course. Less commonly reported symptoms include sputum production, headache, hemoptysis, and diarrhea. The fever course among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection is not fully understood; it may be prolonged and intermittent. Asymptomatic infection has been described in one child with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and chest computed tomography (CT) abnormalities. [0163] Risk factors for severe illness may include for older patients and those with chronic medical conditions may be at higher risk for severe illness. Nearly all reported cases have occurred in adults (median age 59 years). In one study of 425 patients with pneumonia and confirmed SARS- CoV-2 infection, 57% were male. Approximately one-third to one-half of reported patients had underlying medical comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. [0164] This example describes a clinical study protocol for evaluating the safety, tolerability, and pharmacodynamics of pegylated interferon lambda monotherapy in subjects with chronic Coronavirus infection.

Protocol Synopsis

Example 2. Detection Methods of Coronavirus

[0165] One method to detect SARS-CoV-2 is by using the Real-Time RT-PCR Panel for Detection 2019-Novel Coronavirus, by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Respiratory Viruses Branch, Division of Viral Diseases. The publication of this method is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0166] Primers and Probes that may be used to detect SARS-CoV-2 are described below. For example, Table 1 provides exemplary primer sequences, which are identified herein as SEQ ID NOs: 2-13 (from top row to bottom row).

Table 1. SARS-CoV-2 Real-Time rRT-PCR Panel Primers and Probes

TaqMan^® probes are labeled at the 5'-end with the reporter molecule 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM) and with the quencher, Black Hole Quencher 1 (BHQ-1) (Biosearch Technologies, Inc., Novato, CA) at the 3'-end.

Diagnostic Testing of 2019-nCoV (SARS-CoV-2) [0167] Currently, confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection (referred to below as 2019-nCoV infection) is performed at CDC using the CDC real-time RT-PCR assay for 2019-nCoV on respiratory specimens (which can include nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal aspirates or washes, nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs, broncheoalveolar lavage, tracheal aspirates, or sputum) and serum. Information on specimen collection, handling, and storage is available at: Real-Time RT- PCR Panel for Detection 2019-Novel Coronavirus. After initial confirmation of 2019-nCoV infection, additional testing of clinical specimens can help inform clinical management, including discharge planning.

Laboratory and Radiographic Findings: 2019-nCoV (SARS-CoV-2)

[0168] The most common laboratory abnormalities reported among hospitalized patients with 2019-nCoV include pneumonia on admission, leukopenia (9-25%), leukocytosis (24-30%), lymphopenia (63%), and elevated alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels (37%). Most patients had normal serum levels of procalcitonin on admission. Chest CT images have shown bilateral involvement in most patients. Multiple areas of consolidation and ground glass opacities are typical findings reported to date. [0169] 2019-nCoV RNA has been detected from upper and lower respiratory tract specimens, and the virus has been isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The duration of shedding of 2019- nCoV RNA in the upper and lower respiratory tracts is not yet known but may be several weeks or longer, which has been observed in cases of MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV infection.

Example 3. Clinical Trial [0170] Subjects infected with SARS-CoV-2 will be evaluated for the safety and tolerability of treatment with subcutaneous (S.C.) injections of interferon lambda at doses of 120 or 180 meg. Subjects will be compared to standard supportive care (control arm) of patients infected with SARS- CoV-2. The study will be a randomized, open label, 2 arm, pilot trial of interferon lambda 180 meg administered S.C once weekly, for up to two weeks (2 injections at most), in addition to standard supportive care, compared to standard supportive care of up to 2 weeks, in a population of SARS- CoV-2 infected patients.

[0171] Patients will be randomized according to 1:1 ratio to one of the trial arms: interferon lambda 180 meg S.C (intervention arm), or standard care (control arm). Up to 40 patients will be included, each with proven COVID-19 infection by PCR and diagnosed with mild to moderate respiratory symptoms.

[0172] Following initial diagnosis of COVID-19, patients will be admitted to a hospital (Day 0). Upon admission, patients will be randomized according to 1:1 ratio to one of the trial arms and receive either interferon lambda 180 meg S.C (intervention arm) or standard of care (control arm). Patients' vital signs (temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate per minute, breath rate per minute and oxygen saturation), will be monitored according to standard of care (SoC). Symptom questionnaires will be collected from patients as well as adverse events (AEs) assessment and recording of the need for supportive respiratory measures (SRM) once daily during the period of hospitalization.

[0173] Efficacy of interferon lambda will be assessed by PCR analysis for COVID-19 (Fluxergy, Irvine, CA) from respiratory secretions obtained by nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs, collected consecutively at day 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 following initial diagnosis or until patients are discharged following achievement of two consecutive PCR negative tests for COVID-19. Safety and tolerability of interferon lambda will be assessed by adverse event (AE) monitoring, vital signs assessment and clinical laboratory tests (complete blood count (CBC), and extended chemistry panel).

[0174] Patients will include: Female and male patients over the age of 18; confirmed COVID-19 infection by PCR analysis; hospitalized; and displaying mild to moderate symptoms of respiratory infection, including temperature <39.0 degrees C, respiratory rate < 25, 02 % Sat > 95% in room air or with supplemental oxygen through nasal cannula, P/F ratio > 150).

[0175] Patients will be excluded if they have had: treatment with interferons (IFNs) immunomodulators and/or immunosuppressive or B-cell depleting medications within 12 months before screening; previous use of Interferon Lambda; history or evidence of any intolerance or hypersensitivity to IFNs; respiratory infection requiring invasive or non-invasive ventilatory support (bipap or intubation and mechanical ventilation); participation in a clinical trial with use of any investigational drug within 30 days before screening; or history of any of the following diseases or conditions: advanced or decompensated liver disease (presence or history of bleeding varices, ascites, encephalopathy or hepato-renal syndrome); immunologically mediated disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, severe psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus) that requires more than intermittent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications for management or that requires use of systemic corticosteroids in the 6 months before screening (inhaled asthma medications are allowed); retinal disorder or clinically relevant ophthalmic disorder; any malignancy within 5 years before screening.

[0176] Exceptions are superficial dermatologic malignancies (e.g., squamous cell or basal cell skin cancer treated with curative intent); cardiomyopathy, significant ischemic cardiac or cerebrovascular disease (including history of angina, myocardial infarction, or interventional procedure for coronary artery disease), or cardiac rhythm disorder; chronic pulmonary disease (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) associated with functional impairment; pancreatitis; severe or uncontrolled psychiatric disorder; active seizure disorder defined by either an untreated seizure disorder or continued seizure activity within the preceding year despite treatment with anti-seizure medication; bone marrow or solid organ transplantation; or any of the following abnormal laboratory test in the 12 months prior to enrollment: platelet count <90,000 cells/mm³; white blood cell (WBC) count <3,000 cells/mm³; absolute neutrophil count (ANC) <1,500 cells/mm³; hemoglobin <11 g/dL for women and <12 g/dL for men; estimated creatinine clearance (CrCI) < 50 mL/min by Cockroft-Gault formulation; ALT and/or ALT levels > 10 times the upper limit of normal; bilirubin level > 2.5 mg/dL unless due to Gilbert's syndrome; serum albumin level <3.5 g/dL; international normalized ratio (INR) >1.5 (except patients maintained on anticoagulant medications).

[0177] Efficacy endpoints include: the duration of viral shedding in days since initial diagnosis, as determined by RT-PCR to COVID-19; comparison of time to clinical recovery (TTCR) between interferon lambda and standard care arms; TTCR is defined as the time (in hours) from initiation of trial treatment (interferon lambda or standard care) until normalization of fever, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation, and alleviation of cough, sustained for at least 72 hours; normalization and alleviation criteria: fever - <36.9 °C -axilla or, <37.2 °C oral, respiratory rate <24/minute in room air, oxygen saturation >94% in room air, cough - mild or absent on a patient reported scale of severe, moderate, mild, absent; comparison of the frequency of requirement for non-invasive or mechanical ventilation between the two treatment arms; comparison of the length of hospital stay between the two treatment arm; comparison of estimated p/f ratio for day of discharge between the study arms; comparison of all-cause mortality at 28 days between the two treatment arms; comparison of the proportion of patients reaching undetectable SARS-CoV-2 levels in respiratory secretions at days 7, 14 and 21 from diagnosis, between the two treatment arms; comparison of the duration of symptoms and signs of respiratory infection associated with COVID-19 between the two treatment arms; comparison of the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in respiratory secretions using a semi-quantitative method between the two treatment arms. [0178] Other endpoints include, for example, the rate of treatment-emergent and treatment- related severe adverse events (SAEs); rate of AEs leading to early discontinuation of trial treatment in patients receiving interferon lambda; comparison of the rate of treatment-emergent changes in clinical laboratory (CBC, liver panel), between the two treatment arms; comparison of the rate of treatment-emergent changes in vital signs and physical examination results between the two treatment arms; and/or usage of concomitant medications during the trial.

[0179] The treatment with interferon lambda during early phases of COVID-19 infection shortens the duration of infection and prevents development of respiratory complications.

Example 4. In vitro and animal analyses

[0180] As shown in FIG. 1, primary human airway epithelial cells (donor DD0640p2) were pretreated with interferon lambda in basolateral media for ~24 hr prior to infection. The cells were then infected with 2019-nCoV/USA-WAl/2020 at an MOI 0.5 for 2 hr and washed three times in PBS. After 48 hr, the apical surface was washed with 200 mI to collect secreted virus. Titer was determined via plaque assay in Vero E6 cells. The positive control was 1 mM Remdesivir. This demonstrates the efficacy of interferon lambda for reducing viral load in infected cells.

[0181] Interferon lambda is a type III interferon whose receptors are largely limited to epithelial cells, including the lungs, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. Treatment with interferons has been employed as pan-viral treatment for several viral infections, including trials for the treatment of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV infections. Pegylated interferon lambda-1 (peg-IFN-lI) has been used to treat hepatitis delta virus infection and is studied to treat COVID-19 infection. It was assessed whether peg-IFN-lI would initiate an antiviral program capable of inhibiting productive infection of primary human airway epithelial (HAE) cell cultures by SARS-CoV-2. Pretreatment of HAE with peg- IFN-lI provided a potent dose dependent reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infectious virus production, as shown in FIG. 2A.

[0182] To determine if this in vitro antiviral effect would translate to in vivo efficacy, prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy studies in BALB/c mice were performed. Peg-IFN-lI (2pg) was subcutaneously administered 18hr prior or 12hr after infection with 10^s pfu SARS-CoV-2 MA. Both prophylactic and therapeutic administration of peg-IFN-lI significantly diminished SARS-CoV-2 MA replication in the lung as shown in FIG. 2B. Peg-IFN-lI did not alter viral titer in the nasal turbinates as shown in FIG. 2C. This demonstrates that peg-IFN-lI exerts potent antiviral activity against SARS- CoV-2 in vitro and can diminish virus replication in vivo when given therapeutically.

[0183] Pegylated-IFN-lI treatment in vitro. Peg-interferon Lambda-la was distributed into prefilled syringes, 0.18 mg/syringe (0.4 mg/mL). Primary human airway epithelium cell cultures (HAEs) were grown. Human tracheobronchial epithelial cells were obtained from airway specimens resected from patients undergoing surgery. Primary cells were expanded to generate passage 1 cells and passage 2 cells were plated at a density of 250,000 cells per well supports. HAEs were generated by differentiation at an air-liquid interface for 6 to 8 weeks to form well-differentiated, polarized cultures that resembled in vivo pseudostratified mucociliary epithelium. HAEs were treated with a range of peg-IFN-lI doses basolaterally for 24 hrs prior to infection. 1 mM remdesivir was used as a positive control. Cultures were infected at an MOI of 0.5 for 2 hours. Inoculum was removed and culture was washed three times with PBS. At 48 hrs post infection, apical washes were taken to measure viral replication via plaque assays as described above.

[0184] Pegylated-IFN-lI treatment in vivo. Mice were subcutaneously treated with a single 2ug dose of peg-IFN-lI prophylactically at 18 hrs prior to infection, therapeutically at 12hrs post infection, or PBS vehicle treated, and infected with 10^s plaque forming units (PFU) of SARS-CoV-2 MA intranasally under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia. Body weight was monitored daily. On day 2 post infection, mice were euthanized by isoflurane overdose and tissue samples were harvested for titer analysis as described above.

Example 5. First Trial Results

[0185] Using the methods and criteria described above in Examples 1-3, a first trial was performed. In the first trial, 120 participants were enrolled; 70 (58.3%) were male, 75 (62.5%) identified as Latinx, and the median duration of symptoms prior to randomization was 5 days. Sixty participants were randomly assigned to receive 180 meg pegylated interferon lambda-la, and 60 participants were assigned to receive a placebo. At enrollment, 49 (40.8%) participants were SARS- CoV-2 IgG seropositive; seropositive participants had a significantly lower viral load at enrollment compared with seronegative (logio viral load 2.0 vs. 4.4). Subjects viral samples were taken by oral pharyngeal swabs. The median time to cessation of viral shedding was 7 days in both arms (hazard ratio [HR] for duration of shedding 0.81 comparing Lambda vs. placebo; 95% confidence interval [Cl] 0.56 to 1.19; p = 0.29). No difference in time to resolution of symptoms was observed comparing interferon lambda vs. placebo (HR 0.94; 95% Cl 0.64 to 1.39; p = 0.76). Two serious adverse events were reported in each arm. Liver transaminase elevations were more common in the interferon lambda vs. placebo arm (15/60 vs 5/60; p = 0.027).

[0186] In this study, a single dose of subcutaneous pegylated interferon lambda-la compared to placebo was well tolerated, but neither shortened the duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding nor improved symptoms.

[0187] It was observed that the time to shedding cessation was faster in seropositive subjects (p=0.03). Interferon lambda appeared to hasten shedding cessation among those who were seropositive at baseline and delayed shedding cessation relative to placebo among those who were seronegative at baseline. In the setting of an effective immune response, interferon lambda may augment viral clearance, whereas in the absence of an immune response, lambda protects cells from virus-mediated apoptotic cell lysis.

Example 6. Second Trial Results [0188] Using the methods and criteria described above in Examples 1-3, a second trial was performed to assess interferon lambda for immediate antiviral therapy at diagnosis in COVID-19 infections. The second trial included a randomized trial of pegylated interferon lambda in outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19 infection.

[0189] Of 364 individuals approached for the second trial, 105 did not meet inclusion/exclusion criteria and 199 eligible individuals declined to participate as shown in FIG. 9. All 60 randomized individuals received an injection, with one individual lost to follow-up after Day 3. The median age was 46 years (IQR 32-54), 35 (58%) were male and 31 (52%) were Caucasian. Eleven (19%) participants were asymptomatic and the mean time from symptom onset to randomization was 4.5+1.7 days. The median baseline SARS-CoV-2 RNA level was 6.71 (IQR 1.3-8.0) log copies/mL with 10 (33%) individuals in the placebo group and 5 (17%) in the peginterferon-lambda group having undetectable viral load on the day of randomization. Other baseline characteristics were similar between groups (Table 2).

Table 2: Baseline Characteristics

Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease

[0190] Thirty participants were randomly assigned to receive 180 meg pegylated interferon lambda-la, and 30 participants were assigned to receive a saline placebo. Patients were followed for 14 days. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected. The baseline SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the interferon lambda group was 6.2 logio lU/mL and was 4.9 logio lU/mL in the placebo group. In the interferon lambda group (19 subjects) and placebo (16 subjects) groups, there were a total of 35 subjects with viral loads great or equal to 6 logio lU/mL. In the interferon lambda group, all subjects were below the level of shedding infectious virus at day 7, had more rapidly cleared the virus than the placebo group, and had a higher probability of clearing the virus at day 7 than the placebo group. [0191] The primary efficacy outcome was the proportion of individuals with a negative MT swab for SARS-CoV-2 at Day 7. The primary safety outcome was the incidence of treatment-emergent severe adverse events by Day 14. Secondary outcomes included: time to SARS-CoV-2 undetectability, change in quantitative SARS-CoV-2 RNA over time, anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positivity, the incidence and severity (mild/moderate/severe) of adverse events (AEs), and the proportion hospitalized by Day 14. Detailed directed and open-ended symptoms were assessed serially. Because of overlap between symptoms of COVID-19 and potential peginterferon-lambda AEs, symptoms were recorded and AEs were considered any symptom outside of the directed symptom assessment. Laboratory AE severity was graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 5.0. An independent Data and Safety Monitoring Committee (DSMC) reviewed safety data after 10, 20 and 30 patients completed 7 days of post-treatment follow-up. After review, the DSMC advised the study team whether to continue enrolment.

[0192] The decline in SARS-CoV-2 RNA was significantly greater in the peginterferon-lambda group than in the placebo group (p=0.04), as shown in FIGS. 3A-3F, with a similar effect observed when restricted to those with detectable virus at baseline as shown in FIGS. 3G-3H. The baseline SARS-CoV-2 RNA level, which was higher in the peginterferon lambda group, was associated with the probability of clearance by Day 7 (OR 0.6995%CI 0.51-0.87, p=0.001). By Day 3, the viral load decline was 0.82 log copies/mL greater in the peginterferon-lambda group (p=0.14). By Day 5, the viral load decline was 1.67 log copies/mL greater in in the peginterferon-lambda group, and by Day 7 (p=0.013), the viral load decline was 2.42 log copies/mL greater in the peginterferon-lambda group

(p=0.004). At Day 14, the difference in the viral load decline was 1.77 log copies/mL greater in the peginterferon-lambda group. In absolute terms, by Day 7 the viral level decreased by 5.5 log copies/mL in the peginterferon-lambda group, compared to 3.1 log copies/mL in the placebo group. At Day 14, the difference in viral decline was 1.77 log copies/mL greater in the peginterferon- lambda-treated group (p=0.048), as shown in FIG. 5B. The difference in viral load decline between groups was greatest in those with baseline viral load at or above 10E6 copies/mL, with a decline by Day 7 of 7.17 log copies/mL with peginterferon-lambda compared to 4.92 log copies/mL (p=0.004). [0193] Overall, by Day 7, 24/30 (80%) in the peginterferon-lambda group were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA compared to 19/30 (63%) in the placebo arm (p=0.15), as shown in FIG. 5A. However, after adjusting for baseline viral load, peginterferon-lambda treatment was significantly associated with clearance by Day 7 (OR=4.1295% Cl 1.15-16.7, p=0.029), as summarized in Table 3.

Table 3: Adjusted effect of treatment on response at Day 7, overall, and in subgroup with viral load

³10E6 copies/mL at baseline

[0194] The odds of viral clearance by Day 7 with peginterferon-lambda treatment compared to placebo increased with every log increase in baseline viral load as shown in FIG. 4. For those with baseline RNA above 10⁶ copies/mL (58% of study population), the proportion undetectable at Day 7 in the peginterferon-lambda group was 15 of 19 (79%), compared to 6 of 16 (38%) in the placebo group (OR 6.2595% Cl 1.49-31.1, p=0.012) as shown in FIG. 5B, translating to a median time to viral clearance of 7 (95% Cl 6.2-7.8) days with peginterferon-lambda treatment compared to 10 (95% Cl 7.8-12.2) days with placebo (p=0.038) as shown in FIG. 6. The mean log decline in SARS-CoV-2 RNA was greater with peginterferon-lambda than placebo from Day 3 onwards, with more pronounced differences seen in those with a high baseline viral load. The median time to clearance of SARS-CoV- 2 RNA was 7 days in the peginterferon-lambda group compared to 10 days in the placebo group, amongst those with a high baseline viral load. In those with high baseline viral load, 3 of 4 participants in the peginterferon-lambda group with detectable virus at Day 7 had levels below 10⁴ copies/mL and 1 had 5.9E5 copies/mL Of the 11 participants who remained positive at Day 7 in the placebo group, the viral load was above 10^s copies/mL in 6 and above 10⁶ copies/mL in 1 individual. [0195] In contrast, in those with baseline viral load below 10⁶ copies/mL at baseline, 9 of 11 (82%) in the peginterferon-lambda arm and 13 of 14 (93%) in the placebo arm were undetectable at Day 7 (OR 0.35, 95%CI 0.01-4.15, p=0.40), as shown in FIG. 5C. Clearance was rapid in these subjects with no clear difference between those treated with peginterferon-lambda or placebo. It is notable that 25% of participants had undetectable viral loads by the time of study entry despite having a positive nasopharyngeal swab at the time of initial testing. Peginterferon-lambda was well-tolerated with a similar side effect profile to placebo. Treatment led to a higher rate of transient aminotransferase elevations, as has been previously reported, but was not associated with any other notable laboratory adverse events. There was a trend toward clinical improvement with peginterferon therapy with fewer emergency room visits (1 vs 4) and more rapid improvement in respiratory symptoms (p=0.06) compared to placebo.

[0196] No baseline covariates modified the association between baseline viral load and treatment assignment with clearance by Day 7, as summarized in Table 3. Participants who were asymptomatic were more likely to have baseline viral loads below 10⁶ copies/mL than those with symptoms (91% vs 27%, p<0.001). At randomization, 5/51 (9.7%) participants with available samples were seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies, of whom 4 had undetectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Antibody positivity increased in both groups over time as shown in FIG. 5D. The presence of antibodies at any time point was associated with a corresponding lower viral load.

[0197] Participants with low viral loads also had milder symptoms at baseline with symptoms improving over time in both groups. Interferon lambda was well-tolerated with few adverse events, which included minimal elevations of transaminases which self-resolved.

[0198] Symptoms were grouped into 7 categories and reported as absent/mild/moderate or severe, as shown in Table 4. Respiratory and fever-syndrome symptoms were most common in both groups, as shown in FIG. 7A. Documented temperature above 38 °C was rare but only reported beyond Day 2 in the peginterferon-lambda group as shown in FIG. 7B. Overall, most symptoms in both groups were mild and there was no difference in frequency or severity of any of the 7 symptom categories between treatment groups as summarized in Table 5. A symptom was graded as severe on 20 occasions by 7 patients in the peginterferon-lambda group and on 30 occasions by 7 patients in the placebo group. Symptoms improved in both groups over time, as shown in Table 5 and FIG. 7A. Participants with baseline viral loads above 10E6 copies/mL had higher symptom scores in all categories, except skin symptoms, than those with low baseline viral loads, as summarized in Table 5.

[0199] Laboratory AEs were mild and similar between groups. Aminotransferases were elevated at baseline in 3 (11%) participants in both groups and increased mildly, moreso in the peginterferon- lambda group, however only two individuals met the threshold of Grade 3 elevation, one in each arm. No other grade 3 or 4 laboratory AEs were reported, as summarized in Table 6. There were no elevations in direct or total bilirubin with the observed aminotransferase increases. Hemoglobin, white blood count and platelets were similar between groups with no episodes of myelosuppression in either group. D-dimers were elevated in both groups at baseline but declined over time only in the peginterferon-lambda group (Day 7: placebo 841 ug/L vs peginterferon-lambda 437 ug/L, p=0.02). Other inflammatory markers including ferritin and C-reactive protein were elevated at baseline in both groups and changed minimally over time, as shown in FIG. 8C. [0200] AEs outside of the directed symptom categories occurred in one participant in the placebo arm (rectal bleeding) and in two in the peginterferon-lambda arm (confusion, pneumonia), all deemed unrelated to treatment. One serious adverse event was reported in each group. A participant in the placebo group was hospitalized on Day 1 post-injection with progressive shortness of breath attributed to worsening COVID-19. One participant in the peginterferon-lambda group was admitted to hospital on Day 14 with dyspnea and found to have a pulmonary embolism necessitating anticoagulation. No deaths occurred in either group.

Table 4: Categorization of daily symptoms that were assessed and whether they were likely due to

COVID-19 or peginterferon lambda

Symptom Category Symptom COVID-19 Interferon

Fever Syndrome Fever X X

Chills X X

Rigors X X

Fatigue X X

Respiratory Cough X

Sore Throat X

Shortness of breath X

Chest pain X

Runny nose X

Conjunctivitis X

Gastrointestinal Abdominal pain X

Nausea X

Vomiting X

Diarrhea X

Musculoskeletal Muscle Pain X

Skin Rash X

Itch X

Injection Site Reaction X

Mood Depressed Mood X X

Neurologic Loss of smell X

Loss of taste X

Change in color of fingers/toes_ X

Table 5: Association between intervention and symptom progression by viral load

*The interaction between treatment group and days to symptom improvement were not statistically significant for any group or symptoms type.

Table 6: Summary of Adverse Events (AEs) and Severe Adverse Events (SAEs) by treatment group

*Total number of patients that reported severe symptoms throughout the study. Some patients reported multiple symptoms.

[0201] Treatment with a single dose of peginterferon-lambda accelerated the viral load decline and, after controlling for baseline viral load, reduced the time to viral clearance in outpatients with COVID-19. The treatment effect was most apparent in those with high baseline viral loads. Peginterferon-lambda was well tolerated with similar symptoms reported to those treated with placebo.

[0202] Results for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing are routinely reported dichotomously as positive or negative without viral load quantification. The current standard of reporting cycle threshold (Ct) values is only semi-quantitative, and therefore assays or even runs cannot be reliably compared. Quantification is useful clinically as higher viral levels have been correlated with greater severity of COVID-19 and the level of virus correlates with infectivity. As people clear the virus, they may have persistently very low levels of RNA detected at very high Ct values (>33), which are not infectious.

[0203] Although the second trial found that, after controlling for baseline viral load, the odds of clearance were greater in all study participants with peginterferon-lambda than with placebo, the effect of peginterferon-lambda was most evident when baseline viral loads were above 10⁶ copies/mL While the specific threshold for transmissible virus is unknown, using a standard infectivity assay, Bullard and colleagues reported that at Ct values above 24, corresponding to approximately 6-7 log copies/mL, infectious virus could not be detected. See Bullard et al., "Predicting infectious SARS-CoV-2 from diagnostic samples," Clin. Infect. Dis., May 2020 (doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa638). It was observed that in individuals with low levels of virus, irrespective of their assigned group, spontaneous clearance occurred rapidly and near-universally by Day 7. Similarly, a recent evaluation of the REGN-COV2 monoclonal antibody cocktail demonstrated that individuals with the highest baseline viral loads exhibited the largest reduction in SARS-CoV-2 RNA with treatment, while those with detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at baseline had low viral loads and did not benefit from therapy. See "Regeneron's REGN-COV2 Antibody Cocktail Reduced Viral Levels and Improved Symptoms in Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients," Press Release, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sept. 29, 2020, available at https://investor.regeneron.com/news- releases/news-release-details/regenerons-regn-cov2-antibody-cocktail-reduced-viral-levels-and. [0204] In the placebo group with high baseline viral load, 10 of 16 (63%) participants had detectable virus at Day 7, with 6 of 10 (60%) continuing to exceed 10^s copies/mL, raising concern of persistent shedding of competent virus. In contrast, only 4 of 19 (21%) participants who received peginterferon-lambda had detectable virus at Day 7, all with viral loads below 10⁶ copies/mL If this effect is confirmed in larger studies, a strategy of reserving treatment for those with high viral loads (>10⁶ copies/mL) may shorten the required period of isolation with a reduced likelihood of transmission for all infected individuals. While quantitative testing could likely be introduced wherever quantitative PCR is used for diagnosis and may have an added benefit by predicting those at risk of a severe clinical course, it is currently not widely available. Given the tolerability of a single dose of peginterferon-lambda, it may be reasonable to consider treatment irrespective of baseline viral load, as a simple, universal approach. Alternatively, a qualitative assay, ideally a point-of-care test, could be titrated to achieve an analytical sensitivity of approximately 10⁶ copies/mL allowing for immediate risk stratification and determination of the need for treatment. Indeed, this could likely already be achieved using currently available rapid antigen tests, which demonstrate detection sensitivities in the range of 10-50,000 copies/mL, safely below the infectious threshold but avoiding those with extremely low viral loads who are unlikely to require any intervention.

[0205] Peginterferon-lambda was well tolerated with no safety concerns identified. Because the side effects of peginterferon-lambda may overlap with COVID-19 symptoms, it is difficult to distinguish whether AEs were related to treatment or persistent infectious symptoms. With detailed serial symptom assessment, it was found that symptoms improved in both treatment groups over time without obvious differences. Notably, among those who were asymptomatic at baseline, there was no difference in AEs between the treatment and placebo groups. Mild, reversible transaminase elevations were seen more frequently in the peginterferon-lambda group, which have been reported previously with this agent. Intriguingly, D-dimer levels fell with peginterferon-lambda treatment, which may be relevant given the association of high levels with more severe disease and increased all-cause mortality. The side effect profile and absence of hematological toxicity is in keeping with the better tolerability of Type III interferons compared to Type I interferons, such as IFN-alpha/IFN- beta. Treatment with interferon lambda may be particularly attractive given reports that impaired interferon production and the presence of autoantibodies to interferon alpha are associated with severe COVID-19. See Bastard et al., "Auto-antibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life- threatening COVID-19," Science, Sept. 2020 (doi:10.1126/science. abd4585); Zhang et al., "Inborn errors of type I IFN immunity in patients with life-threatening COVID-19," Science, Sept. 2020 (doi:10.1126/ science. abd4570); Hadjadj et al., "Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients," Science, Aug. 2020 (doi:10.1126/science. abc6027). Additional benefits include the broad activity of interferon lambda against multiple respiratory pathogens, including influenza, the very high barrier to resistance of interferon lambda, and the availability a long-acting formulation that permits a single subcutaneous injection.

[0206] Considerations for the study of the second trial: The sample size was small, but clearance rates in those with high viral loads were in line with the power calculations. Based on viral load and antibody data at the baseline visit, several participants were likely clearing or had cleared the virus, an observation reported in other COVID-19 outpatient studies. The benefit of treatment was mainly observed in the group with a high baseline viral load, requiring the introduction of quantitative assays or calibrated qualitative tests for COVID-19 diagnosis and risk stratification to operationalize its use. However, even those with low viral loads could be treated given the safety profile. A high proportion of potentially eligible individuals declined to participate in the study, likely based on the listed AE profile, which reflected weekly injections for a year for treatment of hepatitis B and C infections. Importantly, the enrolled population was diverse, with individuals born in 25 different countries.

Example 7. Third Trial Results

[0207] A third trial will be performed using the methods and criteria described below.

Table 7: Third Trial Protocol

1. Consent Process

[0208] Where feasible, individuals at the COVID-19 assessment centers or emergency departments will be offered evaluation using the ID NOW POC COVID-19 test and provided with information about the study. Those testing positive by ID NOW will be offered immediate evaluation for eligibility and enrolment. Where POC testing in the assessment centre or emergency room is not available, individuals will be given written information about the study and provided information to contact study staff by email or telephone if they are interested in study participation. The study will also be advertised on social media with contact information of the study team. Providers caring for patients with COVID-19 may also refer patients to the study after obtaining verbal consent to share contact information with the study team. Those with a positive POC test or referred to the study with confirmed positive results will be screened by study staff for other inclusion/exclusion criteria and will be provided a consent form in person or electronically for review. In addition to the consent to the trial, participants will be offered an additional optional consent for genetic testing (see, infra, Ex. 7, Section 9) and a second optional consent for collection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells ("PBMCs") at participating sites (see, infra, Ex. 7, Section 10). The study coordinator will read the consent form verbatim while the patient reads along. When the patient consents, the study coordinator will sign his/her copy of the document, and this will be witnessed and signed by an impartial witness. This document will stay in the patient's study file. Upon coming to the clinic, the study team will provide the patient a paper copy to keep and not return to the study team. Those with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 and who meet all inclusion/exclusion criteria and have signed consent will be randomized (see, infra, Ex. 7, Section 7).

2. Enrollment and Randomization

[0209] Those who test positive and remain symptomatic (to be called morning of visit for confirmation of persistent symptoms if no POC test is available in the assessment centre) will be invited to attend the outpatient clinic for completion of screening, enrolment and randomization (see, infra, Ex. 7, Section 7). Potential participants will be screened by phone for factors associated with severe COVD-19 (age>55 years, diabetes/hypertension/obesity, severe symptoms including documented fever and/or respiratory symptoms and/or myalgias). Consenting individuals will undergo a medical history evaluation, including current medication use, and complete a symptom survey to be recorded on a baseline case report form Women of childbearing potential will take a urine pregnancy test to confirm eligibility. Female participants who are concerned they may be pregnant will not be enrolled even if the test is negative (in case it is too early for a positive result). Female and male subjects will be advised to use appropriate measures to avoid pregnancy during the week following administration of peginterferon lambda and for at least 3 months after the dose of peginterferon lambda.

[0210] Vital signs, including blood pressure, temperature, pulse, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation in ambient air will be recorded. The eligibility checklist will be reviewed by a site sub investigator ("sub-l)/principal investigator ("PI") and if deemed to be necessary, a history and physical examination will be performed by the sub-l/PI. Potential participants meeting all inclusion and no exclusion criteria will be offered study enrolment. Eligible participants will have a POC COVID-19 test performed, a provider-collected NP swab for viral load quantification and will have blood drawn for routine laboratory (CBC, creatinine, liver profile) and inflammatory markers (LDH, ferritin, D-Dimers, c-reactive protein, creatine kinase), a research sample for plasma to be stored for future use, as well as optional blood for genetic and PBMC sub-studies (at participating sites) for those who consent. The genetic and/or PBMC sample will replace the research plasma sample, as plasma can be used after PBMC isolation or preparation for extraction of genetic material. Patients will also be instructed on self-collection of mid-turbinate nasal swab and will self-swab witnessed by the study staff.

[0211] Eligible patients included in the study will be assigned to one of the 2 treatment arms according to a standard computer-generated randomization schedule 1:1 in blocks of 4, stratified by POC test result (positive or negative). Numbered opaque envelopes with treatment arm allocation for randomized subjects will be stored at the outpatient site. Upon instruction to randomize from the PI or designate sub-1, the coordinator will open the envelope to reveal the treatment allocation. The study ID, month and year of birth and initials will be recorded on the randomization form as a unique identifier and emailed/faxed to the TCLD. The treatment codes will be maintained by the trial statistician in a password-protected file which cannot be accessed by other study personnel or subjects. In future study materials and analyses, the subject will be referred to only by the study identification number.

3. Study Interventions

[0212] Subjects randomized to the peginterferon lambda arm will receive a single SC injection in the lower abdomen of peginterferon lambda 180 meg, and subjects randomized to placebo will receive a single SC injection in the lower abdomen of saline (and this will count as Day 0 of the study for the Schedule of Events shown in FIG. 9). After the injection, participants will be observed for 10 minutes to ensure there are no immediate complications from the medication. After 10 minutes of observation, participants will be discharged. Participants will be provided with additional swabs for mid-turbinate nasal swabs to be collected by self-collection as well as a sealable cooler for home swab storage until collection. The coordinator will confirm contact information for the participant with the number of an emergency contact as well, and the participants will be provided with the contact information to reach the study team. A detailed schedule for follow-up and a symptom assessments will be provided to the participant. If participants do not own a digital thermometer or oximeter, they will be given one by the study team.

[0213] After discharge, participants will follow the standard-of-care advice given to all individuals with COVID-19 at the Assessment Centre/ER. Participants will return home and remain in home isolation for at minimum 10 days from symptom onset according to current local Public Health recommendations. The exception to home isolation will be for study visits, as permitted by Public Health (for example, people with COVID-19 may attend medical appointments provided proper precautions are taken including wearing a mask at all times).

[0214] Participants will be contacted at a pre-specified time on multiple check days (proposed: days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 28) by a study coordinator by phone/videoconference to review the symptom questionnaire and AE survey, concomitant medications, and to record the digital oral temperature and oxygen saturation. During the virtual visit, results will be recorded onto case report forms by the study coordinator and entered into the secure REDCap electronic case report form (eCRF) database. Participants will collect a mid-turbinate nasal swab after speaking to the study coordinator and, wherever possible, collection will be observed by the study coordinator using videoconferencing. On subsequent days, mid-turbinate nasal swabs will be self-collected without observation unless requested by the participant. The viral media with the swab will be stored in a plastic container inside a cooler that will be provided to the participant and stored until collection.

[0215] On Days 1-6, and 8-13, a self-collected mid-turbinate nasal swab will be taken and stored as above.

[0216] On Day 3, the self-collected mid-turbinate nasal swabs from Days 1, 2 and 3 will be retrieved by courier.

[0217] On Day 7, the participant will attend the outpatient clinic and a provider-collected NP swab and self-collected mid-turbinate nasal swab will be obtained. The Day 4, 5, and 6 mid-turbinate swabs will be retrieved at this visit. Blood will be drawn for routine laboratory and inflammatory markers, a research sample to be stored for future use and additional samples for those who consented to PBMC collection.

[0218] On Day 10, the self-collected mid-turbinate nasal swabs from Days 8, 9, and 10 will be retrieved by courier.

[0219] On Day 14 and/or Day 28, the participant will return to the outpatient clinic and a provider-collected nasopharyngeal swab and a self-collected mid-turbinate nasal swab will be obtained. The Day 11, 12, and 13 swabs will be retrieved at this visit. Blood will be drawn for routine laboratory and inflammatory markers, a research sample to be stored for future use and additional samples for those who consented to PBMC collection.

[0220] On Day 90+ (up to one year), participants will return to the outpatient clinic for a provider-collected NP swab, a final blood draw and to complete the symptom survey. Those who consent to Day 90 PBMC collection (even if they did not consent to PBMC collection during the treatment phase of the study) will have these additional tubes drawn. Up to 8 tubes of blood will be collected. [0221] For participants who cannot travel to the clinic, the option of home visits by the study team will be discussed for the Day 7, 14 , and/or 28 visits (see, infra, Ex. 7, Section 5). Home visits will not be offered for the Day 90 visit.

4. Mid-turbinate Swab Collection

[0222] The rationale for self-collection of mid-turbinate nasal swabs is to allow for more frequent sampling to determine the time of viral clearance and quantitative viral kinetics. Self-collection of mid turbinate nasal swabs has been validated and was performed in the prior in studies of peginterferon- lambda for COVID-19. Understanding how quickly individuals clear SARS-CoV-2 is very important for determining when people could potentially end their self-isolation. In addition, viral kinetics using quantitative PCR may provide insights into the mechanisms of clearance, as has been successfully done with other viral infections. A previous study done by our group has shown that mid-turbinate nasal swabs can be reliably self-collected with only marginally lower sensitivity (69/71, 91% concordance) for influenza, rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus detection than standard nasopharyngeal swab.

[0223] Participants will be instructed and observed at the first visit on the collection of mid turbinate nasal swabs and if possible, the first self-collection sample will be observed by the coordinator during the videoconferencing visit. Participants will be given written instructions on how to store the swabs. After putting the swab into the viral culture media, the swab will be placed into two clear biohazard bags inside the provided sealed cooler. A courier will retrieve the Day 1, 2 and 3 swabs on Day 3 and similarly on Day 10, the Days 8, 9 and 10 samples will be retrieved. At the Day 7 and 14 clinic visits, the participant will bring in samples 4, 5 and 6 (for Day 7) and 11, 12 and 13 (Day 14). To do so, they will place the cooler into 2 provided clear biohazard bags and bring the bags to the clinic. Upon receipt of the bags in the clinic, the outer bag will be decontaminated and then the specimens will be taken or sent to Toronto General Hospital for storage at -80°C in the laboratory of the PI.

5. Home Visits

[0224] For participants unable to travel to clinic visits, home visits by study staff will be provided as an alternative, provided participants live within a 30-minute drive of the site from which they were recruited and are agreeable to having study staff visit their home. Procedures/precautions will be taken to ensure staff safety. For home visits, the study coordinator will drive to the participant home at an agreed up pre-specified time. Upon arrival, the coordinator will call the participant as notification. The coordinator will don personal protective equipment (mask, gown, gloves and face shield) and enter the home to carry out the study visit. Upon completion of the study visit, the coordinator will doff personal protective equipment and place it in a clear plastic bag. It will then be transported back to the hospital/clinic for appropriate disposal.

6. Household Contacts

[0225] For participants with household contacts, the coordinator will ask the participant at each contact to report a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 with the date of symptom onset in any household contacts. Participants will also record diagnosis of COVID-19 in household contacts in their symptom diaries. Participants will be contacted at Day 28 to specifically ask if any household contacts have been diagnosed with COVID-19 and the date of symptom onset. For the purpose of analysis, any confirmed COVID-19 diagnoses in household contacts within 3 days of study enrolment will be considered to be present prior to the study and will not count in assessment of incident infections.

7. Clinic Visits

[0226] Safety procedures will be followed to ensure that clinic visits are carried out safely minimizing exposure to the public and study staff. Upon arrival, the participant will call the study coordinator from the car. The coordinator will advise the participant when to come into the clinic. For participants who are unable to drive to clinic visits, a chauffeur will be arranged by the study team.

8. Safety Assessment

[0227] Blood work will be collected prior to the peginterferon lambda injection but will not be used to determine eligibility. Hepatotoxicity has been noted in studies of peginterferon lambda in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Transaminase elevations were reported, and hepatic decompensation has been reported but only in people with a prior history of decompensation prior to dosing. The study team has extensive experience managing patients with underlying liver disease (3 investigators are hepatologists) and multiple investigators have experience with peginterferon lambda use as well. If baseline laboratory results are suggestive of cirrhosis (unlikely), patients will be informed of this and followed carefully for signs of hepatic decompensation (ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, variceal hemorrhage) during follow-up, with prompt referral to the hospital should these signs/symptoms occur.

[0228] The most relevant other concern would be unrecognized renal impairment. Dosing advice is unclear for patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 50 mL/min. Participants found to have a reduced eGFR (<50 mL/min) after dosing will be advised of the test result and the need for follow-up. The consequences of dosing during renal impairment are not well understood but may lead to increased concentrations of systemic interferon lambda. Participants will be followed virtually frequently with in-person visits at day 7 and 14 with repeat blood tests on those days. Those with unexpected renal impairment will be followed according to the standard follow-up in the protocol, however, additional investigations may be performed at the discretion of the treating physician.

9. Optional Consent: Genetic Testing

[0229] A genome-wide association study (GWAS) performed on people treated with interferon- alpha therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) near the interleukin 28B (IL28B) gene that was strongly associated with response to treatment. See Ge D et al., "Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance," Nature, Sep 2009; 461(7262):399-401. doi:10.1038/nature08309. Subsequent studies confirmed the association and found that this SNP was also associated with spontaneous HCV clearance. See Thomas DL et al., "Genetic variation in IL28B and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus,"

Nature, Oct 2009; 461(7265):798-801. doi:10.1038/nature08463. Although the originally identified SNP was in a non-coding region, a later study identified a novel mRNA transcript induced by viral infection in hepatocytes. The transcript codes for a novel Type III interferon called interferon lambda 4 (IFNL4). See Prokunina-Olsson L et al., "A variant upstream of IFNL3 (IL28B) creating a new interferon gene IFNL4 is associated with impaired clearance of hepatitis C virus," Nat. Genet., Feb 2013; 45(2):164-71. doi:10.1038/ng.2521. A deletion in the IFNL4 gene prevents production of a functional protein. The lack of the functional IFNL4 is associated with HCV treatment response to interferon-based therapy and with spontaneous HCV clearance. In contrast, production of functional IFNL4 is associated with non-response to interferon-based therapy for HCV. The prevalence of the IFNL4 mutation varies by ethnicity, with 80% of East Asians producing no functional IFNL4 whereas approximately 75% of Africans produce the functional protein. The difference in prevalence explains the bulk of the difference in HCV treatment response by ethnicity. It is unknown whether the IFNL4 genotype affects response to interferon lambda treatment and/or the natural course of COVID-19. Currently no other genes have been identified that modify the course or response to treatment of COVID-19.

[0230] Study participants will be asked to sign an optional consent giving permission to study genetic associations between disease outcome and treatment response during COVID-19 infection. Participants who agree to genetic testing will have a tube of whole blood taken on Day 0 for DNA extraction and storage. The IFNL4 genotype will be determined in all consenting participants and DNA will be stored for future analysis in case other relevant genes are identified. 10. Optional Consent: Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell

[0231] To evaluate SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses, a subset (~30%) of participants will be asked to consent to provide additional blood for peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) isolation. Those who agree will have 5 ACD (acid citrate dextrose) tubes collected on Day 0, 7 and 14. The magnitude and change in SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses will be evaluated using standard interferon-gamma ELISPOT assays to over-lapping peptides of SARS-CoV-2. Participants will be asked to consent to provide additional blood for PBMC isolation at Day 90+ post-dosing (up to 1-year post-dosing). Provision of blood for the Day 90+ PBMCs will be requested of all participants irrespective of whether they agreed to PBMC collection during the course of treatment. The rationale for the late PBMC collection is to assess the degree of T cell immunity and antibodies targeting SARS-CoV2 and to determine whether the PBMC responses are influenced by peginterferon lambda treatment.

11. Optional Consents: Antibody Testing

[0232] The presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 will be assessed at Days 0, 7, 14, 28 and 90+. Although the clinical significance of the presence of IgM/lgG antibodies is not fully understood, the presence and quantity of anti-COVID-19 antibodies on day 14 of the study to day 90+ visits will be compared; including assessing whether the administration of peginterferon lambda may affect the emergence or quantity of antibody. In addition to collecting plasma, the utility of collecting blood by finger-prick onto a dried blood spot card will be assessed. The sample would be eluted from the card and will also be analyzed on one of the Health Canada approved platforms. Dried blood spots have been widely used in resource-limited countries for the presence of hepatitis B, C and HIV antibodies, and several countries are also implementing this collection method for seroprevalence studies of COVID-19. However, to date, there are few head-to-head comparisons of venipuncture to finger- prick collection for COVID-19 antibodies; and the ability to collect by both methods in this study will provide data as to whether this method is feasible and comparable to testing from plasma.

12. Study Withdrawal

[0233] An investigator may advise a participant to withdraw from the study if there are concerns for participant safety. Data from participants who discontinue for safety will still be collected unless the participant withdraws consent. Participants who discontinue prematurely before assessment of the primary endpoint will be counted as treatment failures for analysis. Participants who discontinue prematurely due to safety concerns will not be replaced.

[0234] Participants may withdraw from the study at any time. The reason for withdrawal must be documented. Participants who discontinue prematurely will be included in the analysis of results (as appropriate) and may be replaced in the enrollment. If agreeable, participants who choose to discontinue the study prematurely, will be asked to have a final study visit to document final virologic results. Participants may decline the final study visit at the time of withdrawal.

13. Data Analysis

[0235] The assessment of endpoints— safety, clinical and virological efficacy— will be determined by study staff blinded to the treatment assignment of the participant. Descriptive statistics will be used to summarize demographic and clinical baseline characteristics of enrolled participants. Continuous variables will be summarized with mean, median, SD, quartiles, and minimum and maximum values, as appropriate. Categorical variables will be summarized using counts and proportions. For the primary clinical endpoint, the association of peginterferon-lambda with ER/hospitalization will be evaluated by logistic regression as univariate analysis and as bivariate analysis controlling for baseline viral load. The primary virological outcome will be assessed with a log rank test comparing the two survival curves of SARS-CoV-2 RNA negativity over the first 14 days. Once Day 14 information has been collected for the last participant, the study will be unblinded and the data will be made available for analysis to allow for prompt dissemination of the results. Day 28 information will still be collected thereafter for the remaining participants, but this only pertains to outcomes of potential home transmission so will not influence the primary or key secondary outcomes. RNA negativity for determination of the primary virological endpoint will require two consecutive negative specimens but will be counted as occurring on the first of the two negatives. Participants who die before reaching RNA negativity will be counted as never reaching negativity. Participants who withdraw from the study prior to reaching RNA negativity will be counted as never reaching negativity for the ITT analysis. For the secondary endpoint of incident infection in household contacts, infections with symptom onset within 3 days of study enrollment will be deemed to have occurred prior to study enrollment and thus not counted as post-study enrolment incident infections.

[0236] A secondary analysis will be performed on the modified ITT population, including anyone who took a dose of peginterferon lambda or placebo. Factors associated with severity of disease and clinical course will be evaluated by uni- and multivariable logistic regression. Secondary endpoints will be described and analysed depending on the outcome with chi-2 test for proportions, log-rank test for time to event and repeated measurement modelling for multiple outcomes per patient over time. Viral kinetics will be determined using quantitative SARS-CoV-2 RNA and correlated with inflammatory and cytokine profiles. If feasible, quantitative results will be plotted to develop a model of peginterferon lambda activity against SARS-CoV-2. A complete statistical analysis plan will be created prior to data analysis. 14. Symptoms and AE/SAE Reporting

[0237] Symptoms will be collected by phone/videoconference or by self (depending on the study day). Participants will be asked about specific symptoms known to be common in COVID-19 or to be reported with interferon use. Symptoms will be rated as: none, mild, moderate or severe. They will also be asked about their overall state of health and an open-ended question about additional symptoms and again rate them by severity and change over time. The following symptoms will be specifically explored:

• Shortness of breath

• Cough

• Chest pain

• Fever

• Chills

• Stuffy/runny nose

• Loss of smell

• Loss of taste

• Fatigue/weakness

• Headache

• Nausea

• Loss of appetite

• Vomiting

• Diarrhea

• Muscle pain/aches

• Injection site reaction

[0238] An adverse event (AE) is any adverse change from the participant's baseline (pre treatment) condition, including intercurrent illness which occurs during the course of the trial, after the consent form has been signed, whether the event is considered related to treatment or not. The Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events CTCAE v 5.0 will be used for grading severity of AEs.

[0239] A serious adverse event (SAE) is any adverse event that at any dose:

• results in death (grade 5 event)

• is life-threatening (grade 4 event)

• requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization

• results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity

• is a congenital anomaly/birth defect [0240] Unexpected adverse events are those which are not consistent in either nature or severity with information contained in the investigator brochure or product monograph.

[0241] Adverse events considered related to protocol treatment are those for which a relationship to the protocol agent cannot reasonably be ruled out.

[0242] All serious adverse events which are unexpected and related to protocol treatment must be considered reportable, and therefore be reported in an expedited manner.

[0243] Medical and scientific judgment will be exercised in deciding whether expedited reporting is appropriate in other situations such as important medical events that may not be immediately life threatening or result in death or hospitalization but may jeopardize the patient or may require intervention to prevent one of the events listed above. These should also be considered serious.

[0244] All SAEs meeting the above criteria must be reported to the sponsor site to either the PI or the TCLD research coordinator in an expedited fashion. SAEs should be reported to the sponsor within 24 hours. In many instances, complete clinical information may not be available. Whatever information is available on the SAE should be provided to the sponsor within 24 hours. As new information becomes available, it should be forwarded to the sponsor. Each site will report unexpected AEs or SAEs to their REB as per their local site regulations.

[0245] A serious adverse event, which is unexpected and is related, will require expedited reporting to the appropriate oversight committees or entities, as per local site regulations.

[0246] In conclusion, this is the first antiviral therapy to show benefit among outpatients with COVID-19. Peginterferon-lambda accelerated viral clearance, particularly in those with a high viral load at baseline. This treatment has the potential to avert clinical deterioration, shorten the duration of infectiousness and limit time required in isolation.

[0247] According to various embodiments of this disclosure, additional information relating to diagnostic criteria, viral load, medical history, and relevance to disease severity can be found in:

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[0248] All publications and patents cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference and are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited.

[0249] It should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by certain aspects, embodiments, and optional features, modification, improvement and variation of such aspects, embodiments, and optional features can be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications, improvements and variations are considered to be within the scope of this disclosure.

[0250] The inventions have been described broadly and generically herein. Each of the narrower species and subgeneric groupings falling within the generic disclosure also form part of the invention. In addition, where features or aspects of the invention are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method of treating a coronavirus infection in a subject, the method comprising subcutaneously administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of pegylated interferon lambda-la until one or more of: a sustained reduction of coronavirus viral load is reached, a decrease in coronavirus RNA to undetectable levels is reached, a decrease in a rate or an amount of viral shedding is reached, or an improvement in the subject's symptoms is reached.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered for at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, from 1 - 12 weeks, from 2 - 12 weeks, or from between 3 weeks and 24 weeks.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered at a dose of 180 micrograms once a week, 90 micrograms twice per week, 80 micrograms twice per week, or 180 micrograms per week.

4. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered at a dose of 120 micrograms once a week, 60 micrograms twice per week, 70 micrograms twice per week, or 120 micrograms per week.

5. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the method comprises administering (i) 160 - 180 micrograms pegylated interferon lambda-la per week for a first treatment period, and then 150 - 170 micrograms per week for a second treatment period; or (ii) 180 micrograms per week for a first treatment period, and then between 170 - 120 micrograms per week for a second treatment period, wherein doses administered for each of (i) and (ii) may be divided into more than one dose per week.

6. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the method comprises administering the pegylated interferon lambda-la at a dose of 120 micrograms per week for a first treatment period, and then at a dose of 80 micrograms per week for a second treatment period; or at a dose of 180 - 120 micrograms per week for a first treatment period and then at a dose of 120 - 80 micrograms per week for a second treatment period, wherein the doses may be divided into more than one dose per week.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein the first treatment period is longer than the second treatment period, or the second treatment period is longer than the first treatment period, or first treatment period and the second treatment period are the same length of time.

8. The method of claim 5, wherein the first treatment period has a duration of at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 6 weeks, or at least 8 weeks.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein treatment results in a reduction of coronavirus viral load in the subject of at least 2.0 logio coronavirus RNA lU/mL serum.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein treatment results in an improvement in the subject's symptoms.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the improvement in a subject's symptoms include a reduction in fever, feeling less tired, a decrease in coughs, less or no shortness of breath, decreased feeling of aches and pains, and less or no diarrhea.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein treatment results in a coronavirus viral load that is below the level of detection.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises administering to the subject an antiviral.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the antiviral comprises one or more of remdesivir, chloroquine, tenofovir, entecavir, protease inhibitors (lopinavir/ritonavir).

15. The method of claim 1, wherein prior to treatment, the subject has a baseline viral load of up to about 10⁴ coronavirus RNA copies per mL sample.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein a durable virologic response (DVR) is seen in the subject after administration.

17. The method of claim 1, where the subject has one or more of the following symptoms: pneumonia, fever, cough, shortness of breath, and muscle ache.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein the coronavirus is a zoonotic virus.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein the pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered during an early phase of the coronavirus infection, and wherein the method shortens the duration of the coronavirus infection and prevents development of respiratory complications.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the early phase of the coronavirus infection comprises one or more of: days 1 - 10 after initial viral load is determined, prior to experiencing respiratory symptoms that require hospitalization; a period when the subject is experiencing mild to moderate respiratory symptoms; a period when the subject is asymptomatic; or a period when the subject displays mild symptoms of respiratory infection with no respiratory distress.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the mild symptoms of respiratory infection with no respiratory distress comprises a temperature <39.0 degrees C, respiratory rate < 25, 02% Sat > 95% in room air or with supplemental oxygen through nasal cannula, or P/F ratio > 150.

22. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject has not demonstrated one or more of the following abnormal laboratory test in the 12 months prior to administration: platelet count <90,000 cells/mm3; white blood cell (WBC) count <3,000 cells/mm3; absolute neutrophil count (ANC) <1,500 cells/mm3; hemoglobin <11 g/dL for women and <12 g/dL for men; estimated creatinine clearance (CrCI) < 50 mL/min by Cockroft-Gault formulation; ALT and/or ALT levels > 10 times the upper limit of normal; bilirubin level > 2.5 mg/dL unless due to Gilbert's syndrome; serum albumin level <3.5 g/dL; or international normalized ratio (INR) >1.5 (except patients maintained on anticoagulant medications).

23. The method of claim 1, wherein the rate or amount of viral shedding is determined by RT-PCR negativity or a measurement of a reduced amount of virus.

24. The method of claim 1, wherein an improvement in symptoms is determined by clinical improvement 02 status.

25. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a mild, non-hospitalized subject; a mild to moderate, non-hospitalized subject; a mild to moderate, hospitalized subject; a mild to moderate, hospitalized and requiring supportive 02 subject; or an exposed subject with no symptoms.

26. The method of claim 1, wherein the pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered at a dose of 120 or 180 meg weekly.

27. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a mild to moderate, hospitalized subject, and wherein the pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered as one or two doses of 120 or 180 meg weekly.

28. The method of claim 1, wherein RT-PCR is used to test for viral load at days 7 and 14 of treatment, and wherein the subject exhibits lower viral loads at days 7 and 14 than a patient with similar disease status at initiation of treatment that received only standard supportive care.

29. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a mild to moderate subject, and wherein the subject exhibits a decreased rate or amount of viral shedding.

30. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a mild to moderate, hospitalized subject requiring supportive 02, and wherein the subject demonstrates clinical improvement in oxygen status (ordinal scale) as compared to a patient with similar disease status at initiation of treatment that only received standard supportive care.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein the subject is administered two doses of interferon lambda one week apart.

32. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject has mild to moderate disease and is non-hospitalized or hospitalized, wherein the pegylated interferon lambda-la is administered at a dose of 120 or 180 meg twice weekly, and wherein the subject exhibits a lower rate of viral shedding as measured by RT-PCR negativity at Day 7 and/or Day 14 of treatment.

33. A method of preventing or reducing incidence of infection of a subject with SARS-CoV-2, the method comprising administering to the subject interferon lambda by subcutaneous injection in a dose of 120 or 180 meg weekly or biweekly, wherein the subject is RT- PCR negative at Day 14 after a first dose of interferon lambda.

34. The method of claim 33, wherein the subject has a lower RT-PCR level of SARS-CoV-2 than a subject receiving standard supportive care.

35. A method of preventing or reducing incidence of a SARS-CoV-2 infection in a subject exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the method comprising administering to the subject 180 meg of interferon lambda as a subcutaneous injection, wherein the subject exhibits a lower viral load at day 7 after the injection than a subject with similar disease status at initiation of treatment receiving standard supportive care.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the subject exhibits a lower conversion rate to infection than a patient with similar disease status at initiation of treatment that was not administered interferon lambda.

37. The method of claim 35 or 36, wherein the subject has had exposure to SARS- CoV-2 with no confirmed infection.

38. A method of treating a subject having a SARS-CoV-2 infection or having been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the method comprising administering to the subject interferon lambda at a dose of 180 meg, wherein the subject has one or more of the following, as compared to a control: a reduced duration of viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 virus, a reduction in the duration of symptoms, or a reduction in the rate of hospitalization between Day 1 and Day 28 of treatment.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein the interferon lambda is administered subcutaneously.

40. The method of claim 38 or 39, wherein the interferon lambda is interferon lambda-la.

41. The method of claim 38, wherein the interferon lambda is pegylated interferon lambda.

42. The method of claim 38, wherein the rate of hospitalization includes visits to an emergency room.

43. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject has a viral load equal to or greater than 6 logio copies/mL

44. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject has a viral load of from about 6 logio lU/mL to about 11 logio lll/mL

45. A method of treating a coronavirus infection in a subject, the method comprising subcutaneously administering to the subject from 120 meg to 180 meg of interferon lambda, wherein the subject has a viral load greater than or equal to 10⁶ SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies/mL or greater than or equal to 6 logio lll/mL

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the interferon lambda is administered at a dose of 120 meg or 180 meg, and wherein the subject exhibits a lower rate of viral shedding as measured by viral load negativity at Day 7, Day 14 and/or Day 28 of treatment as compared to at the initiation of treatment.

47. The method of claim 45 or claim 46, wherein the subject has a viral load of from about 6 logio lU/mL to about 11 logio lll/mL

48. The method of claim 1 or claim 45, wherein the time to shedding cessation is faster in a seropositive subject relative to a seronegative subject at baseline.

49. The method of claim 45, wherein the subject has a greater decline in SARS-

CoV-2 RNA viral load decline from baseline at Day 5 of treatment, as compared to a control.

50. The method of claim 46, wherein the subject is about 4.1-fold or 95% more likely to clear virus by Day 7 of treatment, as compared to a control.

51. The method of claim 46, wherein the subject has a viral load greater than or equal to 6 logio lU/mL, and wherein the subject is viral negative by Day 7 of treatment.

52. The method of claim 46, wherein the subject clears the virus by Day 7 of treatment.

53. The method of claim 46, wherein the interferon lambda is pegylated interferon lambda-la.