WO2021133718A1 - Multi-port power converter - Google Patents
Multi-port power converter Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021133718A1 WO2021133718A1 PCT/US2020/066349 US2020066349W WO2021133718A1 WO 2021133718 A1 WO2021133718 A1 WO 2021133718A1 US 2020066349 W US2020066349 W US 2020066349W WO 2021133718 A1 WO2021133718 A1 WO 2021133718A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- energy storage
- power
- convertor
- output
- storage system
- Prior art date
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- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005381 potential energy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002828 fuel tank Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
- H02M1/007—Plural converter units in cascade
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0083—Converters characterised by their input or output configuration
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/007—Arrangements for selectively connecting the load or loads to one or several among a plurality of power lines or power sources
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
- H02J3/32—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
- H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
- H02J7/0048—Detection of remaining charge capacity or state of charge [SOC]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
- H02J7/345—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
- H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
- H02M3/33573—Full-bridge at primary side of an isolation transformer
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
- H02M3/33576—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
- H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
- H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
- H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
- H02J2300/30—The power source being a fuel cell
Definitions
- RESs Renewable energy sources
- RESs are increasingly important in electrical grids and transportation systems to reduce or stabilize greenhouse gas emissions and concentrations, and to limit the effects of climate change.
- RESs are advantageous to the climate, there are a number of known disadvantages with renewable and hybrid power systems.
- RESs for example, can operate intermittently. RESs, therefore, are often applied in combination with energy storage systems (ESSs).
- ESSs energy storage systems
- Multi-port convertors that combine RESs and ESSs, therefore, are known in the art for use in applications such as residential photovoltaic systems, satellites, and electric vehicles.
- a topology for a typical prior art multi -port convertor is illustrated in Fig. 5.
- the prior art multi-port convertor includes 3 separate input ports which can be connected to different power supply sources, including an AC power grid, photovoltaic, and fuel cell, and which is then processed separately.
- the power is converted to DC using known technology.
- the DC power from all ports is then converted to AC pulses using inverter technology, here illustrated as an H-bridge inverter circuit.
- each individual stage is then fed to a transformer, each transformer having a primary winding and two secondary windings.
- the output of each secondary winding is rectified through a half bridge converter.
- the output of a first secondary winding from each input is fed to a battery storage system, and the output of a second secondary winding is connected through a switch to either supply output directly to an output line or to a super capacitor.
- the switches and relays are driven by individual controllers associated with the circuit (not shown). Although three specific power supply inputs are illustrated here, any number of inputs can be used, and the input power supplies can be many different kinds.
- topologies for multi-port convertors are therefore available and known in the art, these topologies suffer from disadvantages, particularly when applied in applications such as traction in electrical vehicles and aerospace applications.
- these prior art topologies require a large number of components and can therefore also be fairly large in size, and/or limited in range when applied to motive vehicles.
- these prior art devices are also expensive, and suffer from slow response times.
- response times are further limited due to the need for communications and coordination between the controllers
- the prior art does not include any multiport system that combines photovoltaic (PV), electrical grid, and fuel cell (FC) sources with a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) while also providing galvanic isolation and performance monitoring.
- PV photovoltaic
- FC fuel cell
- HESS hybrid energy storage system
- the disclosure is directed to multi-port converters suitable for use in applications, including, but not limited to, solar, smart buildings, and traction applications, such as electric vehicles (EV) and aerospace.
- the disclosed topology includes a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that provides a faster dynamic response to load changes than prior art systems, and enables either downsizing of the main energy storage system (ESS) to increase the life of the main ESS (e.g. energy battery), or retaining the same size ESS and increasing the range or life of the power source.
- ESS main energy storage system
- the disclosed system can advantageously result in lower investment and maintenance costs.
- the multi-port convertor can also advantageously provide an extra path for inputs to directly feed the load by bypassing the HESS.
- the disclosed system provides a unique combination of ESSs which can include different charge and discharge response characteristics.
- the ESS can include a battery and a supercapacitor.
- the potential energy in the battery is stored in a chemical form, while the potential energy of the supercapacitor is stored in an electric field.
- the chemical storage of the battery has greater energy density, and therefore is capable of storing more energy per weight than a supercapacitor.
- Discharging of the battery can be slower than discharging a supercapacitor because of a latency associated with the chemical reaction to transfer the chemical energy into electrical energy.
- a supercapacitor is storing the electrical energy directly, and can discharge and charge faster than a battery.
- a multiport convertor in one aspect of the disclosure, includes a direct current (DC) processing circuit including an inverter for converting input power to an alternating current (AC) pulse train; a plurality of power sources, at least one of the plurality of power sources being a renewable energy power source, the plurality of power sources being selectively connectable to an input of the DC processing circuit; and a high frequency transformer having a single primary winding and at least first and second secondary windings, the high frequency transformer connected to receive the AC pulse train.
- a first and a second rectifier circuit can be selectively connected to the first and second windings, respectively.
- a first energy storage system is selectively connected to an output of the first rectifier circuit, and a second energy storage system is selectively connected to an output of the second rectifier circuit.
- a load output is selectively connected to one of the first energy storage system, the second energy storage system, or an output of at least one of the first and second rectifier circuits.
- a controller is programmed to monitor a power level of each of the plurality of input power sources, a state of charge of the first and second energy storage systems, and a demand at the load output; based on the monitored power level, selectively connect at least one of the plurality of input power sources to the DC processing; based on the state of charge of each of the first energy storage system, selectively connect the first energy storage system to the first rectifier circuit to charge the first energy storage system; based on the state of charge of the second energy storage system, selectively connect the second energy storage system to the second rectifier circuit to charge the second energy storage system; and based on the monitored demand of the load, selectively switch an output of the first energy storage system and/or the second energy storage system, or an output of at least one of the first and second rectifiers, to the load output, wherein power is supplied to the load output by at least one of the first and second energy storage systems or directly from one of the first and second rectifiers.
- the power sources of the multi-port convertor can include an AC power grid and a rectifier circuit for rectifying the AC power to DC.
- the multi-port convertor can also include a fuel cell and a boost circuit operated in a continuous current mode.
- the plurality of power sources can include a photovoltaic power supply and a flyback convertor, which can provide galvanic isolation for the photovoltaic.
- One of the input ports can also be connected to a charger.
- the multiport first and second energy storage systems can comprise an energy battery, a power battery and/or a super capacitor. One or both of the first and second energy storage systems can further connected to a boost circuit. One of the first and second energy storage systems can be a primary energy storage system that is connected to the output load in a normal mode of operation. The other of the first and second energy storage systems can be a secondary energy storage system, and the controller can be programmed to connect the secondary energy storage system to the output load to supply the demand when monitoring detects a surge in the demand at the output load.
- the controller of the multi-port convertor can be programmed to provide power to the output load from at least one of the first and second rectifiers when the state of charge of the first and second energy systems is insufficient to supply the demand at the output load.
- the controller can also be programmed to monitor environmental conditions, such as temperature levels, and to determine available output power based on the environmental conditions.
- the multiport controller can be programmed to simultaneously supply current from at least one of the first and second energy storage systems while charging the other of the first and second energy storage systems.
- the controller can be programmed to simultaneously supply power to the load from at least one of the first and second energy storage systems and directly from an output of at least one of the first and second rectifier circuits.
- the controller can be programmed to provide power to the load output from at least one of the first energy storage system, the second energy storage system, and at least one of the first and second rectifier circuits.
- the controller can be programmed to selectively switch power to the load output solely from one of the first and second rectifier circuits.
- the first and second energy storage systems can be selected to have different charge and discharge characteristics.
- the turns ratio between the primary winding and the first and second secondary windings can be selected to boost the voltage level from the input to match a requirement of each of the first and second energy storage systems.
- the turns ratio between the primary winding and the first and second secondary windings can also be selected to provide corresponding first and second voltage levels, the first voltage level for charging the first and second energy storage systems, and the second level for supplying voltage to the load output.
- Fig. l is a block schematic illustrating a multi-port converter topology constructed in accordance with the disclosure
- FIG. 2 is a detailed schematic illustrating a multi-port converter topology constructed in accordance with the disclosure
- FIG. 3 A is a partial schematic illustrating a first input port of Fig 2;
- Fig, 3B is a partial schematic illustrating a second input port of Fig 2;
- Fig. 3C is a partial schematic illustrating a third input port of Fig 2;
- Fig. 3D is a partial schematic illustrating a bridge portion of the circuit of Fig. 2;
- FIG. 3E is a partial schematic illustrating the HESS portion of Fig. 2;
- Fig. 4A is a block diagram illustrating a processor connected to monitor the inputs and outputs of the circuit of Fig. 2;
- Fig. 4B is a flow chart illustrating control of the switches of Fig. 2 and corresponding calculations performed by processor 50;
- FIG. 5 is a schematic of a prior art multi-port convertor
- Fig. 6A illustrates a first mode of operation of the HESS in which power is supplied to the output from a battery
- Fig. 6B illustrates a second mode of operation in which additional power is provided by a supercapacitor
- Fig. 6C illustrates a third mode of operation in which power from the inputs is directed to the output to compensate for the additional load
- Fig 6D illustrates a fourth mode of operation in which current is provided from a half bridge convertor 30 to a supercapacitor while a battery feeds a load;
- Fig. 6E illustrates a fifth mode of operation in which a battery is no longer functional, and power is provided directly from the half bridge to the load.
- Fig. 1 a block schematic illustrating a multi-port convertor topology constructed in accordance with the disclosure is shown.
- the illustrated multi-port converter consists of a plurality of input ports which can be connected to a variety of input power supplies.
- the first input can be, for example, connected to an alternating current (AC) power supply such as the electrical power grid through a rectifier or a battery charger converting the input power to direct current (DC).
- the second port illustrated here is connected to a diesel generator, again through a rectifier converting the input power to DC.
- AC alternating current
- DC direct current
- a plurality of additional inputs can be connected to other types of power supplied including, for example, a fuel cell (FC) unit, or a photovoltaic system (PV), as discussed more fully below.
- the received DC power can be processed in a first step, and then submitted to a high frequency transformer which galvanically isolates the inputs from additional processing and the output ports.
- output from the high frequency transformer can be transmitted to the HESS, or fed directly to a load.
- the HESS topology can include an energy battery, a supercapacitor, a combination of an energy battery and a supercapacitor (SC), or other suitable storage and load leveling elements.
- the SC can be, for example, activated by a controller in case of sudden changes to compensate the load current’s surplus and reduce the stress on the battery.
- Other switches can be employed to selectively switch power supplies in and out of the circuit, and to control the path of power through the circuit.
- the illustrated multi-port converter 10 consists of three input ports. From left to right, the first input 12 can be connected to an AC power supply or electrical power grid through a rectifier or a battery charger (illustrated here as a fuel tank). This input will be referred to as a charger below to simplify the description.
- the second port 14 is connected to a fuel cell (FC) unit.
- the third input 16 is connected to a photovoltaic system (PV).
- PV photovoltaic system
- Other power supplies, such as rectified standalone AC power supplies and standalone DC power supplies can also be used.
- HESS includes a combination of an energy-type storage system and a power-type storage system, here illustrated as an energy battery 20 and a supercapacitor (SC) 22 which both can provide power to output 46, which can be, for example, a DC busbar.
- SC 22 can be activated to compensate the load current’s surplus and reduce the stress on the battery 20.
- at least two different paths, controlled by switching elements, are provided to charge the battery and the SC separately. As described above, harvested power from the input ports can also reach the output 46 without going through the HESS.
- Harvested power can, for example, be directed to the output 46, bypassing the HESS when there is a malfunction in the battery or other HESS components.
- Switching elements can also be used to provide additional energy to the load. For example, if the load requires more energy than the battery is presently providing, a controller 50 (Fig. 4A) can switch the supercapacitor 22 into the circuit to provide additional power, as described below. [0035]
- SISO single-input single-output
- MIMO multi-input multi-output
- This feature leads to a faster response from the converter to load changes while minimizing the chance of errors in communication, which can be beneficial in applications such as smart buildings where the cyber security can be important.
- the other feature of this converter is that the number of inputs, outputs, and ESSs can be increased and selectively switched into and out of the system
- Figures 3A - 3C illustrate input ports which, as described above, can be directly connected to a power supply, charger or electric grid. Where the input power supply is an AC power supply, a rectifier can be used. The power supplies attached at the input ports can be used to charge the HESS, or directly feed the load.
- a power supply is an AC power supply
- a rectifier can be used.
- the power supplies attached at the input ports can be used to charge the HESS, or directly feed the load.
- a first input port 12 to the convertor is shown.
- the input port 12 is connected to the electric grid, providing an AC power supply which is rectified to provide a DC power input to the bridge described below with reference to Fig. 3D.
- a second input port 14 which is connected to a fuel cell (FC) is illustrated.
- a unidirectional boost converter 24 that operates in the continuous current mode (CCM) is connected to the FC to provide a smooth current draw from the FC.
- the switch 25 in the boost converter 24 can be an SiC MOSFET switch which can reduce the size of the inductor which leads to a higher power density for this converter.
- An input path control switch 36 which can be, for example, a normally open contact driven by a relay, can switch the fuel cell 14 in or out of the circuit by a controller (not shown).
- a third input 16 which connects to photovoltaic sources or solar arrays (PV) is shown.
- the PV source is connected to a flyback convertor 26, including MOSFET switch 27, which includes a transformer that provides a galvanic isolation between the PV arrays and the rest of the MPC and protects the remainder of the MPC from leakage current from the PV arrays.
- the flyback converter 26 enables changing the duty ratio of the gate pulse of the MOSFET to increase or decrease the output voltage of the PV.
- the flyback converter 26 increases the power density by reducing the size of the isolation transformer, and other passive components, including inductors and capacitors.
- HESS/output is shown, including the DC power processing circuitry and HF transformer 18.
- harvested power is stored in a primary DC-link capacitor 29 and an H-bridge converter 28 is used as an inverter to convert the DC output to a pulse train, which is supplied to the primary side of the high frequency (HF) transformer 18.
- GaN switches can be used in the H-bridge to enable increasing the frequency and reducing the size of HF transformer.
- the HF transformer 18 has one primary winding and two secondary windings, and provides galvanic isolation between the input ports and HESS/output. The galvanic isolation prevents faults at the inputs from affecting the HESS and outputs and vice versa.
- the turns ratio of the transformer winding can boost the voltage level from the input to match the requirements of the HESS and outputs.
- the secondary outputs can also provide two different voltage levels for charging ESSs and directly feeding the output 46.
- the secondary outputs are each rectified by employing a corresponding half-bridge
- GaN switched converter 30, 31 GaN switched converter 30, 31.
- one of the secondary windings is used to charge the power battery 20 when battery charging path control switch 38 is activated, discussed with reference to Fig. 3E below, while the other secondary winding can either directly feed the load or charge the SC 22, dependent on the position of the super capacitor path control switch 40 and output path control switch 44.
- the maximum frequency of the inverter 28 can be determined based on the thermal limit of HF transformer 18.
- Fig. 2 and Figure 3E illustrate the HESS part of this MIMO converter.
- the HESS topology includes an energy battery 20 and a SC 22, where the SC 22 is used to compensate sudden incremental changes in the load’s current.
- the energy battery 20 feeds the load in normal operation, and when the load’s current increases outside of a normal operation range, the SC 22 injects additional current to the load.
- the SC 22 can provide a faster response when a proportional integral (PI) controller is used for its control feedback loop.
- PI proportional integral
- the energy battery 20 and the SC 22 are connected to the output through corresponding separate boost converters 32 and 34.
- the voltage level of the SC 22 can be nearly twice the voltage level of the energy battery 20, which is close to the output voltage.
- the boost converter 32 connected to the energy battery 20 operates under discontinuous current mode (DCM) which enables the energy battery 20 to follow the load’s rate of change. DCM operation eliminates the effect of the right half-plane zero which provides faster response to changes and also prevents the converter from entering an unstable mode.
- the boost converter 34 employed to transfer the power from SC to the load operates under continuous current mode (CCM) because the SC is a current source.
- CCM continuous current mode
- the circuit includes a controller or processor 50 that is programmed to monitor input and output power levels, and the status of the storage elements in the circuit.
- the processor 50 can monitor current, voltage, and power levels of the inputs (photovoltaic 16, fuel cell 14, and charger 12; block 52), the status of the HESS (state of charge of the battery 20 and voltage of the super capacitor 22; block 54), and the load demand power at the output 46; block 56.
- the processor 50 controls the switches in each of the boost converters 24, 32, and 34, the flyback converter 25, the H-bridge inverter 28, the half-bridge switched converters 30, 31, and path control switches 36, 38, 40, 42, and 44 which can be, for example, contacts controlled by switches including relays (block 58).
- a flow chart illustrating control of the switches and corresponding calculations by processor 50 is provided in Fig. 4B.
- the processor 50 monitors outputs 56, including the demand at the load, as well as inputs 52, including available power at the inputs 14, 16, and 18. To assure proper operation of energy sources such as PV and FC devices, the processor 50 may also monitor environmental factors such as temperatures, and fuel levels.
- the processor further monitors the status 54 of energy storage elements, including a battery storage state of charge, and a voltage at the SC. Again, environmental factors such as temperatures may also be monitored. Based on the monitored parameters, the status of the switches in the circuit are evaluated to determine a path for power flow. Typically, the power flow path is through the battery 20, but the SC 22 or other energy sources can be used to compensate if there is a sudden increase in demand, or if the battery 20 is no longer functional. Energy from the inputs can also be used to charge the ESS's in the HESS. Decisions regarding which inputs and sources are used can be made by calculating the produced and demand powers, as well as states of charge. Reference signals are then produced, and gate signals for switches are generated. The controller 50 also assures that output voltages of the active ports 12, 14, and 16 are substantially equal, within 5% or less. These steps are described more fully below.
- a signal is provided to the calculation block 108, which performs calculations of available power, as illustrated by calculation block 108.
- Health of the input sources may also be analyzed by evaluating input power supplies such as fuel levels, and environmental conditions, such as temperature. These factors will vary depending on the type of power sources that are used to provide input power. Look-up tables and other stored data may be used to provide information about connected power sources, predetermined operation limits, or other data to minimize calculation times.
- the processor 50 also compares the state of charge of the battery 20 to predetermined limits (block 110) and, when the state of charge is not within predetermined limits, battery charging path control switch 38 is activated (block 114) to switch the half bridge circuit 31, enabling charging of the battery 20.
- a signal is provided to calculation block 108, enabling calculation of the battery power.
- the voltage on the super capacitor 22 is also compared to predetermined limits (block 112). If the super capacitor 22 is not within the limits, super capacitor path control switch 40 and output path control switch 44 are activated to connect the super capacitor 22 to the half bridge 30 (block 116), enabling charging of the super capacitor 22.
- a signal is provided to calculation block 108, providing available power to the SC 22. Environmental factors may also be taken into account when evaluating the status of the battery 20 and SC 22.
- the processor 50 can also monitor the voltage and current draw at the output 46 of the circuit, calculate the power draw (block 120), and provide a signal to the calculation block 108 for calculating the difference between battery 20 and SC 22 power and the demand of the load at output 46. If there is a sudden increase in current draw at the load (block 122), and the voltage of the super capacitor 22 is within the predetermined limits (block 112), super capacitor output path control switch 42 is activated, connecting the boost converter 34 to the super capacitor 22 and the super capacitor to the output 46, and a PWM signal is generated driving the switch 35 in boost converter 34 (block 126), providing power from the SC 22 to the output 46.
- the status of each of the switches 38, 40, 42 and 44 can be analyzed to determine whether to generate a PWM signal for each of the switches in the half bridge converters 30 and 31 (block 128).
- the calculation block 108 calculates the power levels of the FC 14, the PV 16, the power needed to charge the battery, the available power at the battery 20 and SC 22, and the difference between the power at the battery 20 and the SC 22.
- the processor evaluates whether the power required by the load at the output 46 of the circuit is greater than the power produced by battery 20 and the power at super capacitor 22 (block 130). If not, the inverter 28 is turned off by deactivating the inverter switches (block 132). If the power required by the load exceeds the power produced by battery 20 and the power at super capacitor 22, the processor drives the switches in the inverter 28 (block 134).
- Block 128 When the inverter is active, a signal is provided to block 128 to drive the half bridge circuits 30 and 31 (block 128), and a signal is provided to comparator 136, which generates a PWM signal to drive the switch 25 in the boost converter 24 when the power of the FC 14 is greater than the power of the PV 16, and the switch 27 in the flyback converter 26 when the power of the PV 16 exceeds the power of the FC14.
- the system can identify which of the sources PV 16 and FC 14 should feed the load or charge the HESS.
- the controller can elect to use the FC 14 to provide power when the power on the PV is low due to low light conditions.
- Block 108 provides a PWM signal to switch 33 in the boost convertor 32 corresponding to the battery 20 connecting the battery 20 to the load whenever the load is demanding current. Switch 33 is deactivated when the load is disconnected, and the battery 20 is being charged.
- Fig. 6A - 6E illustrate five common modes of operation of the HESS.
- the HESS typically operates in the mode of Fig. 6A.
- power is supplied to the output 46 from battery 20.
- additional power can be provided by the SC 22, by activating the switch 42, as illustrated in Fig. 6B.
- the SC 22 compensates for the load’s surplus current. If the load requires higher current for longer than SC 22 can provide the supply, the HESS is switched to the mode illustrated in Fig. 6C.
- switch 44 is activated, and power rectified from inputs 12, 14, and 16 can be directed to the output 46, such that the inputs compensate for the additional load.
- the mode illustrated in Fig 6D can be activated.
- the position of switch 44 is changed to provide current from the half bridge convertor 30 to the SC 22.
- the SC 22 is charged while battery 20 keeps feeding the load 46.
- the position of switch 44 can be adjusted to provide power directly from the half bridge 30 to the load 46, as illustrated in Fig. 6E.
- This mode may be entered, for example, when the SOC of the battery 20 is below a limit that prohibits this ESS from feeding the load 46, or a fault in the battery 20 or associated circuitry disconnects the battery 20 from the rest of the MPC the system.
- five specific modes are illustrated here, various other modes of operation can also be used including, for example, a mode in which the battery 20 is charged, and a mode in which both the battery 20 and SC 22 are charged.
- first input 12 Vi
- second input port 14 V2
- third input port 16 V3
- V out V m3 (3)
- Di - D9 are the duty cycle of the corresponding switches Si - S9, corresponding to switches 25, 27, and each of the switches in the H-bridge converter 28 and half bridge switched convertor 30.
- Ni and N2 represent the turns at the primary and secondary of the transformer in flyback convertor 26, respectively, N3 represented the turns at the primary side of the HF transformer 18, and N4 and N5 represent the turns in the respective secondary windings of the HF transformer 18.
- the circuit described above provides significant improvements over the prior art conventional technology described with reference to Fig. 5.
- the MPC is suitable for use with a wide range of DC sources, and is flexible for variable sources such as fuel cells.
- the HESS and outputs provide a level of immunity against faults in the inputs and vice versa.
- a direct path can be provided from the inputs to the outputs through galvanic isolation.
- the charged battery 20 can typically feed the load continuously, while the SC 22 can compensate for surge conditions.
- Various loads can be connected to the output, either directly or through convertors. Additionally, the circuit described above significantly reduces the number of components as compared to the prior art circuit, as illustrated in Table 1 below:
- the multipurpose HESS described above empowers the MPC to have a main battery system 10 - 30% smaller as compared to prior art devices, depending on the system/application and the load profile. Furthermore, the presence of a secondary ESS, such as the SC 22 described above, increases the life of the primary ESS, battery 20, by reducing the stresses caused by dynamic loads. The described system also provides a path for inputs to bypass the ESSs in case of a fault or an overload.
- HESS including a battery and a supercapacitor
- various types of energy and power storage elements including various types of batteries and capacitors, can be used to provide the HESS. Any combination of energy storage systems can be used.
- the HESS is particularly advantageous when the characteristics of the energy storage systems are different.
- different characteristics refer to the capabilities of the ESSs in storage vs releasing the stored energy.
- the former type are referred to as energy batteries and the latter are called power batteries.
- This concept is not binary, and there are various ESSs in the middle of that spectrum which can be used in this HESS topology as well.
- the system can, for example, combine an energy battery with a power battery, and in more general terms, an energy-type storage with power-type storage.
- the type and the number of inputs in the proposed topology are exemplary, and can be changed or expanded. Therefore, different energy sources can be applied in addition to or instead of a charger/grid, FC, or PV described above. Also, if an application requires more or less input power, the number of input ports can increased or decreased, depending on the application.
- the proposed MPC can feed any type of load, including, for example, a DC bus bar, a DC load, or by using an inverter, an AC load, or the grid.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
Abstract
Description
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EP20905515.1A EP4082107A4 (en) | 2019-12-23 | 2020-12-21 | Multi-port power converter |
US17/788,460 US11929664B2 (en) | 2019-12-23 | 2020-12-21 | Multi-port power converter |
BR112022012326A BR112022012326A2 (en) | 2019-12-23 | 2020-12-21 | MULTIPORT POWER CONVERTER |
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US201962952679P | 2019-12-23 | 2019-12-23 | |
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EP (1) | EP4082107A4 (en) |
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GR1010381B (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2023-01-17 | Ευτυχιος Γεωργιου Κουτρουλης | Smart multi-power electronic dc-to-ac converter |
CN116683488A (en) * | 2023-05-30 | 2023-09-01 | 西南交通大学 | Control strategy of three-port bidirectional DC/DC converter structure |
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KR102379157B1 (en) * | 2020-11-04 | 2022-03-25 | 한국항공우주연구원 | Integrated dc/dc and ac/dc converter system |
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- 2020-12-21 BR BR112022012326A patent/BR112022012326A2/en unknown
- 2020-12-21 WO PCT/US2020/066349 patent/WO2021133718A1/en unknown
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GR1010381B (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2023-01-17 | Ευτυχιος Γεωργιου Κουτρουλης | Smart multi-power electronic dc-to-ac converter |
EP4346051A1 (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2024-04-03 | Technical University Of Crete | Smart electronic dc to ac power converter with multiple energy sources |
CN116683488A (en) * | 2023-05-30 | 2023-09-01 | 西南交通大学 | Control strategy of three-port bidirectional DC/DC converter structure |
CN116683488B (en) * | 2023-05-30 | 2024-03-01 | 西南交通大学 | Control strategy of three-port bidirectional DC/DC converter structure |
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US11929664B2 (en) | 2024-03-12 |
US20230023934A1 (en) | 2023-01-26 |
BR112022012326A2 (en) | 2022-09-06 |
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