WO2021059728A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質、及び非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質、及び非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021059728A1 WO2021059728A1 PCT/JP2020/028827 JP2020028827W WO2021059728A1 WO 2021059728 A1 WO2021059728 A1 WO 2021059728A1 JP 2020028827 W JP2020028827 W JP 2020028827W WO 2021059728 A1 WO2021059728 A1 WO 2021059728A1
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- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- composite oxide
- aqueous electrolyte
- active material
- secondary battery
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- -1 lithium transition metal Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000004931 aggregating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 38
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
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- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
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- 229910018071 Li 2 O 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- IZJSTXINDUKPRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum lead Chemical compound [Al].[Pb] IZJSTXINDUKPRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PQVSTLUFSYVLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl n-ethoxycarbonylcarbamate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)NC(=O)OCC PQVSTLUFSYVLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 230000010220 ion permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
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- HEPLMSKRHVKCAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Pb] HEPLMSKRHVKCAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium hydroxide monohydrate Substances [Li+].O.[OH-] GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940040692 lithium hydroxide monohydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C01G53/66—Nickelates containing alkaline earth metals, e.g. SrNiO3, SrNiO2
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
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- C01P2004/82—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases
- C01P2004/84—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases one phase coated with the other
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
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Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and a positive electrode active material containing a lithium transition metal composite oxide having a particularly high Ni content, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the active material.
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a positive electrode active material containing a lithium transition metal composite oxide having a particularly high Ni content, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the active material.
- water electrolyte secondary batteries Regarding water electrolyte secondary batteries.
- Patent Document 1 the general formula Li x Ni y Co z M m O 2 (where, M is an element selected Ba, Sr, from B, 0.9 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.1,0 It is composed of a lithium transition metal composite oxide represented by .5 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.95, 0.05 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.5, 0.0005 ⁇ m ⁇ 0.02), and has a BET specific surface area value of 0.
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a thickness of 8 m 2 / g or less is disclosed.
- Patent Document 2 has an ⁇ -NaFeO 2 structure and contains one or more selected from the group consisting of Mn, Ni, and Co as a transition metal element, and is a lithium transition metal composite oxide.
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which an alkaline earth metal and W are present on the particle surface is disclosed.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 still have room for improvement in charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery which is one aspect of the present disclosure, contains a lithium transition metal composite oxide having a layered structure and containing at least Ni, Al, and Ca, and the lithium transition metal composite oxide.
- the content of Ni is 85 to 95 mol% with respect to the total number of moles of metal elements excluding Li
- the content of Al is 8 mol% or less with respect to the total number of moles of metal elements excluding Li.
- the Ca content is 2 mol% or less with respect to the total number of moles of metal elements other than Li, and the proportion of metal elements other than Li present in the Li layer is contained in the composite oxide. It is 0.6 to 2.0 mol% with respect to the total number of moles of metal elements excluding Li.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a positive electrode containing the positive electrode active material, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the present disclosure is a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery containing a lithium transition metal composite oxide having a high Ni content, and is a positive electrode active material that contributes to improvement of the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the battery. Can be provided. Further, the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the positive electrode active material according to the present disclosure is excellent in charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery which is an example of the embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the positive electrode active material of Example 3.
- a lithium transition metal composite oxide having a high Ni content is used as the positive electrode active material of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, so that charging and discharging are performed. If repeated, the layered structure of the composite oxide will collapse and the battery capacity will decrease. Further, since the composite oxide has high activity on the particle surface and the structure on the particle surface is more unstable, erosion of the layered structure is particularly likely to proceed from the particle surface.
- the present inventors added a predetermined amount of Ca in addition to a predetermined amount of Al to the lithium transition metal composite oxide to remove a part of Li in the Li layer. It has been found that the cycle characteristics are specifically improved by substituting with other metal elements.
- the manifestation of this effect is that the structure of the Li layer is stabilized by substituting other metal elements in the Li layer, the transition metal layer is stabilized by Al substitution in the transition metal layer, and the structure of the particle surface is modified by the addition of Ca.
- the main factor is that it is stabilized and erosion from the particle surface is suppressed. That is, it is considered that the stabilization of the Li layer, the stabilization of the transition metal layer, and the stabilization of the particle surface structure produced a specific synergistic effect, which led to a significant improvement in the cycle characteristics.
- a cylindrical battery in which the wound electrode body 14 is housed in a bottomed cylindrical outer can 16 will be illustrated, but the outer body is not limited to the cylindrical outer can, for example, a square outer can. It may be an exterior body made of a laminated sheet including a metal layer and a resin layer. Further, the electrode body may be a laminated electrode body in which a plurality of positive electrodes and a plurality of negative electrodes are alternately laminated via a separator.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 which is an example of the embodiment.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 includes a wound electrode body 14, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and an outer can 16 for accommodating the electrode body 14 and the electrolyte.
- the electrode body 14 has a positive electrode 11, a negative electrode 12, and a separator 13, and has a wound structure in which the positive electrode 11 and the negative electrode 12 are spirally wound via the separator 13.
- the outer can 16 is a bottomed cylindrical metal container having an opening on one side in the axial direction, and the opening of the outer can 16 is closed by a sealing body 17.
- the battery sealing body 17 side is on the top and the bottom side of the outer can 16 is on the bottom.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous solvent for example, esters, ethers, nitriles, amides, and a mixed solvent of two or more of these are used.
- the non-aqueous solvent may contain a halogen substituent in which at least a part of hydrogen in these solvents is substituted with a halogen atom such as fluorine.
- the electrolyte salt for example, a lithium salt such as LiPF 6 is used.
- the electrolyte is not limited to the liquid electrolyte, and may be a solid electrolyte using a gel polymer or the like.
- the positive electrode 11, the negative electrode 12, and the separator 13 constituting the electrode body 14 are all strip-shaped long bodies, and are alternately laminated in the radial direction of the electrode body 14 by being wound in a spiral shape.
- the negative electrode 12 is formed to have a size one size larger than that of the positive electrode 11 in order to prevent the precipitation of lithium. That is, the negative electrode 12 is formed longer than the positive electrode 11 in the longitudinal direction and the width direction (short direction).
- the two separators 13 are formed to have a size at least one size larger than that of the positive electrode 11, and are arranged so as to sandwich the positive electrode 11, for example.
- the electrode body 14 has a positive electrode lead 20 connected to the positive electrode 11 by welding or the like, and a negative electrode lead 21 connected to the negative electrode 12 by welding or the like.
- Insulating plates 18 and 19 are arranged above and below the electrode body 14, respectively.
- the positive electrode lead 20 extends to the sealing body 17 side through the through hole of the insulating plate 18, and the negative electrode lead 21 extends to the bottom side of the outer can 16 through the outside of the insulating plate 19.
- the positive electrode lead 20 is connected to the lower surface of the internal terminal plate 23 of the sealing body 17 by welding or the like, and the cap 27, which is the top plate of the sealing body 17 electrically connected to the internal terminal plate 23, serves as the positive electrode terminal.
- the negative electrode lead 21 is connected to the inner surface of the bottom of the outer can 16 by welding or the like, and the outer can 16 serves as a negative electrode terminal.
- a gasket 28 is provided between the outer can 16 and the sealing body 17 to ensure the airtightness inside the battery.
- the outer can 16 is formed with a grooved portion 22 that supports the sealing body 17, with a part of the side surface portion protruding inward.
- the grooved portion 22 is preferably formed in an annular shape along the circumferential direction of the outer can 16, and the sealing body 17 is supported on the upper surface thereof.
- the sealing body 17 is fixed to the upper part of the outer can 16 by the grooved portion 22 and the opening end portion of the outer can 16 crimped to the sealing body 17.
- the sealing body 17 has a structure in which an internal terminal plate 23, a lower valve body 24, an insulating member 25, an upper valve body 26, and a cap 27 are laminated in this order from the electrode body 14 side.
- Each member constituting the sealing body 17 has, for example, a disk shape or a ring shape, and each member except the insulating member 25 is electrically connected to each other.
- the lower valve body 24 and the upper valve body 26 are connected at their respective central portions, and an insulating member 25 is interposed between the respective peripheral portions.
- the positive electrode 11, the negative electrode 12, and the separator 13 constituting the electrode body 14 will be described in detail, and in particular, the positive electrode active material constituting the positive electrode 11 will be described in detail.
- the positive electrode 11 has a positive electrode core body and a positive electrode mixture layer provided on the surface of the positive electrode core body.
- a metal foil stable in the potential range of the positive electrode 11 such as aluminum, a film in which the metal is arranged on the surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode mixture layer contains a positive electrode active material, a binder, and a conductive material, and is preferably provided on both sides of the positive electrode core body excluding the portion to which the positive electrode lead 20 is connected.
- a positive electrode mixture slurry containing a positive electrode active material, a binder, a conductive material, and the like is applied to the surface of a positive electrode core, the coating film is dried, and then compressed to form a positive electrode mixture layer. It can be manufactured by forming it on both sides of the core body.
- Examples of the conductive material contained in the positive electrode mixture layer include carbon materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, and graphite.
- Examples of the binder contained in the positive electrode mixture layer include fluororesins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimide, acrylic resin, and polyolefins. These resins may be used in combination with cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or salts thereof, polyethylene oxide (PEO) and the like.
- the positive electrode active material has a layered structure and contains a lithium transition metal composite oxide containing at least Ni, Al, and Ca. Ca exists, for example, as a compound on the particle surface or layered structure of the composite oxide.
- the lithium transition metal composite oxide will be referred to as “composite oxide (Z)”.
- the composite oxide (Z) has, for example, a layered structure belonging to the space group R-3m or a layered structure belonging to the space group C2 / m.
- the positive electrode active material may contain the composite oxide (Z) as a main component and may be substantially composed of only the composite oxide (Z).
- the positive electrode active material may contain a composite oxide other than the composite oxide (Z) or other compounds as long as the object of the present disclosure is not impaired.
- the composite oxide (Z) is, for example, a secondary particle formed by aggregating a plurality of primary particles.
- the particle size of the primary particles is generally 0.05 ⁇ m to 1 ⁇ m.
- the volume-based median diameter (D50) of the composite oxide (Z) is, for example, 3 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, preferably 5 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m. D50 means a particle size in which the cumulative frequency is 50% from the smallest particle size in the volume-based particle size distribution, and is also called a median diameter.
- the particle size distribution of the composite oxide (Z) can be measured using water as a dispersion medium using a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring device (for example, MT3000II manufactured by Microtrac Bell Co., Ltd.).
- the composite oxide (Z) contains 85 to 95 mol% of Ni with respect to the total number of moles of metal elements excluding Li.
- Ni content By setting the Ni content to 85 mol% or more, a battery having a high energy density can be obtained.
- the Ni content exceeds 95 mol% the Al and Ca contents become too small, the stability of the layered structure of the composite oxide (Z) cannot be ensured, and the erosion of the particle surface cannot be suppressed.
- the lower limit of the Ni content may be 90 mol% with respect to the total number of moles of the metal element excluding Li.
- the content of the elements constituting the composite oxide (Z) is determined by an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometer (ICP-AES), an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX), or the like. Can be measured by ICP-AES, an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX), or the like. Can be measured by ICP-AES), an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX), or the like. Can be measured by ICP-AES, an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX), or the like. Can be measured by ICP-AES, an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX), or the like. Can be measured by ICP-AES, an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), an energy
- the content of Ni is 85 to 95 mol% or more with respect to the total number of moles of metal elements excluding Li, as described above.
- the Al content is 8 mol% or less with respect to the total number of moles of metal elements excluding Li.
- the Al content may be 7 mol% or less, or 6 mol% or less.
- the lower limit of the Al content is preferably 1 mol%, more preferably 2 mol%.
- An example of a suitable range of Al content is 2 to 6 mol%, or 3 to 5 mol%.
- the Ca content in the composite oxide (Z) is 2 mol% or less, preferably 1.7 mol% or less, and particularly preferably 1.5 mol% or less, based on the total number of moles of the metal elements excluding Li. Is. Ca is considered to have an effect of modifying the particle surface of the composite oxide (Z) and suppressing erosion of the particle surface. Therefore, if Ca is contained in the composite oxide (Z), the cycle characteristics of the battery are improved, but the Ca content is preferably 0.05 mol% or more. In this case, the effect of improving the cycle characteristics becomes more remarkable. On the other hand, when the Ca content exceeds 2 mol%, the resistance increases and the charge capacity decreases.
- Ca is preferably present on the particle surface of the composite oxide (Z) and its vicinity, for example, in a region near the surface within 30 nm from the particle surface. Since the composite oxide (Z) is generally a secondary particle formed by aggregating a plurality of primary particles, Ca is a surface of the primary particles including the surface of the secondary particles and a surface of the secondary particles rather than the central portion of the primary particles. It is preferably present in high concentration near the surface. That is, Ca is unevenly distributed on and near the surface of the primary particles of the composite oxide (Z), and the content of Ca per unit volume is higher on the surface than on the inside of the primary particles. The distribution of Ca in the composite oxide (Z) can be analyzed by TEM-EDX or the like.
- the composite oxide (Z) is selected from Co, Mn, Fe, Ti, Si, Nb, Zr, Mo, and Zn in an amount of 15 mol% or less based on the total number of moles of the metal element excluding Li. It preferably contains at least one metal element. Above all, it is preferable to contain at least one of Co and Mn.
- the composite oxide (Z) may contain at least one of Co and Mn, and may contain at least one metal element selected from Fe, Ti, Si, Nb, Zr, Mo, and Zn. ..
- the content of Co is preferably 10 mol% or less with respect to the total number of moles of the metal element excluding Li. Since Co is expensive, it is preferable to reduce the amount of Co used.
- the composite oxide (Z) may contain 5 mol% or less of Co with respect to the total number of moles of the metal element excluding Li, or may contain substantially no Co. "Substantially free of Co” means a case where Co is not contained at all and a case where Co is mixed as an impurity (a case where Co is mixed in an amount that cannot be accurately quantified).
- the Mn content is preferably 10 mol% or less with respect to the total number of moles of the metal element excluding Li.
- the composite oxide (Z) has a layered crystal structure in which Li layers and transition metal layers are alternately stacked.
- the Li layer of the composite oxide (Z) contains a metal element other than Li.
- the ratio of the metal element other than Li present in the Li layer is 0.6 to 2.0 mol%, preferably 0.6 to 2.0 mol%, based on the total number of moles of the metal element other than Li contained in the composite oxide (Z). It is 0.7 to 1.9%, more preferably 0.8 to 1.8%.
- the Li layer of the composite oxide (Z) contains a metal element other than Li in the above ratio
- the structure of the Li layer is stabilized and the cycle characteristics are improved in a state where Li ions are extracted during charging. ..
- the above ratio is less than 0.6 mol% or exceeds 2.0 mol%, the effect of improving the cycle characteristics cannot be obtained.
- the metal element other than Li in the Li layer is considered to be mainly Ni, but may contain other metal elements.
- the proportion of metal elements other than Li present in the Li layer can be obtained from the Rietveld analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by the X-ray diffraction measurement of the composite oxide (Z).
- the composite oxide (Z) has a crystallite size S of 400 to 400, which is calculated by Scherrer equation from the half width of the diffraction peak on the (104) plane of the X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by the X-ray diffraction measurement. It is preferably 800 ⁇ .
- the crystallite size S of the composite oxide (Z) is smaller than 400 ⁇ , the crystallinity may be lowered and the cycle characteristics may be deteriorated as compared with the case where the above range is satisfied.
- the crystallite size S exceeds 800 ⁇ , the diffusibility of Li may be deteriorated and the output characteristics of the battery may be deteriorated as compared with the case where the above range is satisfied.
- the lattice constant a indicating the a-axis length of the crystal structure based on the analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern is 2.870 ⁇ ⁇ a ⁇ 2.877 ⁇
- the lattice constant c indicating the c-axis length c. Is preferably 14.18 ⁇ ⁇ c ⁇ 14.21 ⁇ .
- the lattice constant a When the lattice constant a is less than 2.870 ⁇ , the interatomic distance in the crystal structure is narrower and the structure becomes unstable as compared with the case where the above range is satisfied, and the reaction resistance of the battery may increase. On the other hand, when the lattice constant a exceeds 2.877 ⁇ , the interatomic distance in the crystal structure is wide and the structure becomes unstable, and the output characteristics of the battery may be deteriorated as compared with the case where the above range is satisfied. Further, when the lattice constant c is less than 14.18 ⁇ , the interatomic distance in the crystal structure is narrow and the structure becomes unstable, and the reaction resistance of the battery may be higher than when the above range is satisfied. is there. On the other hand, when the lattice constant c exceeds 14.21 ⁇ , the interatomic distance in the crystal structure becomes wide and the structure becomes unstable, and the output characteristics of the battery may be deteriorated as compared with the case where the above range is satisfied.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the composite oxide (Z) does not have a peak derived from calcium oxide (CaO).
- the X-ray diffraction pattern can be obtained by the X-ray diffraction measurement shown in Examples described later. If CaO is contained to the extent that it can be detected by X-ray diffraction measurement, the charge / discharge capacity may decrease.
- the method for producing the composite oxide (Z) is, for example, a first step of obtaining a metal composite oxide containing Ni, Al, and an arbitrary metal element, a metal composite oxide obtained in the first step, and a lithium compound.
- a second step of mixing the metal compound with the calcium compound to obtain a mixture, and a third step of calcining the mixture are provided.
- the ratio of metal elements other than Li in the Li layer having a layered structure of the finally obtained composite oxide (Z) controls, for example, the mixing ratio of the raw materials in the second step, the firing temperature and time in the third step, and the like. It is adjusted by.
- the first step for example, while stirring a solution of a metal salt containing Ni, Al, and an arbitrary metal element (Co, Mn, Fe, etc.), an alkaline solution such as sodium hydroxide is added dropwise, and the pH is set to the alkaline side.
- a metal composite hydroxide containing Ni, Al, and an arbitrary metal element is precipitated (co-precipitated).
- the metal composite hydroxide is calcined to obtain a metal composite oxide containing Ni, Al, and any metal element.
- the firing temperature is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 300 ° C. to 600 ° C.
- a mixture of the metal composite oxide obtained in the first step, a lithium compound, and a calcium compound is obtained.
- the lithium compound include Li 2 CO 3 , LiOH, Li 2 O 2 , Li 2 O, LiNO 3 , LiNO 2 , Li 2 SO 4 , LiOH ⁇ H 2 O, LiH, LiF and the like.
- the calcium compound include Ca (OH) 2 , CaO, CaCO 3 , CaSO 4 , Ca (NO 3 ) 2 and the like.
- the mixing ratio of the metal composite oxide and the lithium compound obtained in the first step is such that, for example, the molar ratio of the metal element excluding Li: Li is in the range of 1: 0.98 to 1: 1.1. It is preferable to be adjusted.
- the mixture obtained in the second step is calcined at a predetermined temperature and time to obtain a composite oxide (Z).
- the third step is, for example, a first firing step of firing at a first temperature rising rate of 450 ° C. to 680 ° C. under an oxygen stream, and an oxygen stream of the fired product obtained by the first firing step.
- a multi-step firing step including a second firing step of firing at a second heating rate to a second set temperature of more than 680 ° C and 800 ° C or less.
- the firing is performed, for example, in an oxygen stream having an oxygen concentration of 60% or more, and the flow rate of the oxygen stream is 0.2 mL / min to 4 mL / min per 10 cm 3 of the firing furnace, and 0.3 L / min or more per 1 kg of the mixture. To do.
- the first temperature rising rate is set to one or more patterns in the range of 1.5 ° C./min to 5.5 ° C./min, and the second temperature rising rate is slower than the first temperature rising rate and is 0.1.
- One or more patterns are set in the range of ° C./min to 3.5 ° C./min.
- the proportion of metal elements other than Li present in the Li layer is adjusted to 0.6 to 2.0 mol%. Can be done.
- the holding time of the first set temperature in the first firing step is preferably 5 hours or less, more preferably 3 hours or less.
- the holding time of the first set temperature is the time for maintaining the first set temperature after reaching the first set temperature.
- the holding time of the second set temperature in the second firing step is preferably 1 to 10 hours, more preferably 1 to 5 hours.
- the holding time of the second set temperature is the time for maintaining the second set temperature after reaching the second set temperature.
- the negative electrode 12 has a negative electrode core body and a negative electrode mixture layer provided on the surface of the negative electrode core body.
- a metal foil stable in the potential range of the negative electrode 12 such as copper, a film in which the metal is arranged on the surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the negative electrode mixture layer contains a negative electrode active material and a binder, and is preferably provided on both sides of the negative electrode core body excluding the portion to which the negative electrode lead 21 is connected, for example.
- a negative electrode mixture slurry containing a negative electrode active material, a binder, and the like is applied to the surface of the negative electrode core, the coating film is dried, and then compressed to form a negative electrode mixture layer of the negative electrode core. It can be produced by forming it on both sides.
- the negative electrode mixture layer contains, for example, a carbon-based active material that reversibly occludes and releases lithium ions as a negative electrode active material.
- Suitable carbon-based active materials are natural graphite such as scaly graphite, massive graphite, earthy graphite, and graphite such as artificial graphite such as massive artificial graphite (MAG) and graphitized mesophase carbon microbeads (MCMB).
- a Si-based active material composed of at least one of Si and a Si-containing compound may be used, or a carbon-based active material and a Si-based active material may be used in combination.
- the binder contained in the negative electrode mixture layer fluororesin, PAN, polyimide, acrylic resin, polyolefin or the like can be used as in the case of the positive electrode 11, but styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is used. Is preferable.
- the negative electrode mixture layer preferably further contains CMC or a salt thereof, polyacrylic acid (PAA) or a salt thereof, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and the like. Above all, it is preferable to use SBR in combination with CMC or a salt thereof, PAA or a salt thereof.
- a porous sheet having ion permeability and insulating property is used as the separator 13.
- the porous sheet include a microporous thin film, a woven fabric, and a non-woven fabric.
- polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, cellulose and the like are suitable.
- the separator 13 may have either a single-layer structure or a laminated structure. A heat-resistant layer or the like may be formed on the surface of the separator.
- Example 1 [Synthesis of lithium transition metal composite oxide (positive electrode active material)]
- the content of Ca is 1.0 with respect to the total amount of Ni, Co, Al, and Fe of the metal composite oxide represented by the general formula Ni 0.87 Co 0.06 Al 0.03 Fe 0.04 O 2.
- the metal composite oxide and calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH) 2 ) are mixed so as to be mol%, and the total amount of Ni, Co, Al, Fe, and Ca and the molar ratio of Li are 1: 1.
- 02 become as lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH ⁇ H 2 O) were mixed.
- the mixture is calcined from room temperature to 650 ° C.
- the above lithium transition metal composite oxide was used as the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material, acetylene black, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) are mixed at a solid content mass ratio of 95: 3: 2, an appropriate amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is added, and then this is kneaded.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- To prepare a positive electrode mixture slurry The positive electrode mixture slurry is applied to both sides of the positive electrode core made of aluminum foil, the coating film is dried, and then the coating film is rolled using a roller and cut to a predetermined electrode size to form the positive electrode core. A positive electrode having a positive electrode mixture layer formed on both sides was obtained. An exposed portion where the surface of the positive electrode core was exposed was provided on a part of the positive electrode.
- Lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPF 6
- EC ethylene carbonate
- MEC methyl ethyl carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared by dissolving at a concentration of 1.2 mol / liter.
- test cell non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery
- An aluminum lead is attached to the exposed portion of the positive electrode, and a nickel lead is attached to a lithium metal foil as a negative electrode.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode are spirally wound via a polyolefin separator, and then press-molded in the radial direction to form a flat shape.
- a wound electrode body was produced. This electrode body was housed in an exterior body made of an aluminum laminated sheet, and after injecting the non-aqueous electrolytic solution, the opening of the exterior body was sealed to obtain a test cell.
- the ratio of metal elements other than Li in the Li layer was evaluated by the following method.
- the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the above test cells were evaluated by the following methods. The evaluation results are shown in Table 2 (the same applies to Examples and Comparative Examples described later).
- Table 2 also shows the metal elements other than Li constituting the lithium transition metal composite oxide and their contents [(the number of moles of each metal element / the total number of moles of the metal element excluding Li) ⁇ 100]. Shown.
- the proportion of metal elements other than Li present in the Li layer can be obtained from the Rietveld analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by the X-ray diffraction measurement of the lithium transition metal composite oxide.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern is obtained by a powder X-ray diffraction method under the following conditions using a powder X-ray diffractometer (manufactured by Rigaku Co., Ltd., trade name "RINT-TTR", radiation source Cu-K ⁇ ).
- Capacity retention rate (%) (30th cycle discharge capacity ⁇ 1st cycle discharge capacity) x 100 ⁇ Examples 2 to 9>
- the raw materials used and the raw material compounding ratio were changed to synthesize the lithium transition metal composite oxide having the composition shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 ascending under an oxygen stream at a flow rate of 10 L / min per 1 kg of the mixture. After firing from room temperature to 650 ° C. at a temperature rate of 2.0 ° C./min, firing from 650 ° C. to 720 ° C. at a heating rate of 1 ° C./min. After firing from room temperature to 670 ° C. at ° C./min, firing from 670 ° C. to 720 ° C.
- Example 7 After firing from room temperature to 650 ° C, firing was performed from 650 ° C to 750 ° C at a heating rate of 1 ° C / min. In Examples 7, 8 and 9, the heating rate was 2.0 ° C / min. Test cells were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that after firing from room temperature to 650 ° C. in min and then firing from 650 ° C. to 700 ° C. at a heating rate of 0.5 ° C./min. Evaluation was performed.
- Powder X-ray diffraction measurement was performed on the lithium transition metal composite oxide (positive electrode active material) of Examples and Comparative Examples under the above-mentioned conditions to obtain an X-ray diffraction pattern. From all the X-ray diffraction patterns of Examples and Comparative Examples, diffraction lines showing a layered structure were confirmed, and no CaO peak was confirmed. As an example, the X-ray diffraction pattern of the positive electrode active material of Example 3 is shown in FIG. Further, from the X-ray diffraction patterns of each Example and each Comparative Example, the ratio of metal elements other than Li, the lattice constant a, the lattice constant c, and the crystallite size S were obtained. The results are summarized in Table 1.
- Rechargeable battery 11 Positive electrode 12 Negative electrode 13 Separator 14 Electrode body 16 Exterior can 17 Sealing body 18, 19 Insulating plate 20 Positive electrode lead 21 Negative electrode lead 22 Grooving part 23 Internal terminal plate 24 Lower valve body 25 Insulating member 26 Upper valve body 27 Cap 28 gasket
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Abstract
Description
正極11は、正極芯体と、正極芯体の表面に設けられた正極合材層とを有する。正極芯体には、アルミニウムなどの正極11の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。正極合材層は、正極活物質、結着材、及び導電材を含み、正極リード20が接続される部分を除く正極芯体の両面に設けられることが好ましい。正極11は、例えば正極芯体の表面に正極活物質、結着材、及び導電材等を含む正極合材スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧縮して正極合材層を正極芯体の両面に形成することにより作製できる。
上式において、λはX線の波長、Bは(104)面の回折ピークの半値幅、θは回折角(rad)、KはScherrer定数である。本実施形態においてKは0.9とする。なお、複合酸化物(Z)のX線回折パターンを取得するためのX線回折測定法の詳細については後述する。
負極12は、負極芯体と、負極芯体の表面に設けられた負極合材層とを有する。負極芯体には、銅などの負極12の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。負極合材層は、負極活物質及び結着材を含み、例えば負極リード21が接続される部分を除く負極芯体の両面に設けられることが好ましい。負極12は、例えば負極芯体の表面に負極活物質、及び結着材等を含む負極合材スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧縮して負極合材層を負極芯体の両面に形成することにより作製できる。
セパレータ13には、イオン透過性及び絶縁性を有する多孔性シートが用いられる。多孔性シートの具体例としては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布等が挙げられる。セパレータ13の材質としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィン、セルロースなどが好適である。セパレータ13は、単層構造、積層構造のいずれであってもよい。セパレータの表面には、耐熱層などが形成されていてもよい。
以下、実施例により本開示をさらに説明するが、本開示はこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。
[リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物(正極活物質)の合成]
一般式Ni0.87Co0.06Al0.03Fe0.04O2で表される金属複合酸化物のNi、Co、Al、及びFeの総量に対してCaの含有量が1.0モル%となるように、金属複合酸化物と水酸化カルシウム(Ca(OH)2)を混合し、さらにNi、Co、Al、Fe、及びCaの総量と、Liのモル比が1:1.02となるように水酸化リチウム一水和物(LiOH・H2O)を混合した。当該混合物を酸素濃度95%の酸素気流下(混合物1kgあたり5L/minの流量)、昇温速度2.0℃/minで、室温から650℃まで焼成した後、昇温速度1℃/minで、650℃から780℃まで焼成した。この焼成物を水洗により不純物を除去し、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を得た。ICP-AESにより、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物の組成を分析した結果、Li0.99Ni0.86Co0.06Al0.03Fe0.04Ca0.01O2であった。
正極活物質として、上記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を用いた。正極活物質と、アセチレンブラックと、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)を、95:3:2の固形分質量比で混合し、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を適量加えた後、これを混練して正極合材スラリーを調製した。当該正極合材スラリーをアルミニウム箔からなる正極芯体の両面に塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、ローラーを用いて塗膜を圧延し、所定の電極サイズに切断して、正極芯体の両面に正極合材層が形成された正極を得た。なお、正極の一部に正極芯体の表面が露出した露出部を設けた。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)と、メチルエチルカーボネート(MEC)と、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)を、3:3:4の体積比で混合した混合溶媒に対して、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を1.2モル/リットルの濃度で溶解させて非水電解液を調製した。
上記正極の露出部にアルミニウムリードを、負極としてリチウム金属箔にニッケルリードをそれぞれ取り付け、ポリオレフィン製のセパレータを介して正極と負極を渦巻き状に巻回した後、径方向にプレス成形して扁平状の巻回型電極体を作製した。この電極体をアルミラミネートシートで構成される外装体内に収容し、上記非水電解液を注入した後、外装体の開口部を封止して試験セルを得た。
Li層に存在するLi以外の金属元素の割合は、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物のX線回折測定により得られるX線回折パターンのリートベルト解析から求められる。X線回折パターンは、粉末X線回折装置(株式会社リガク製、商品名「RINT-TTR」、線源Cu-Kα)を用いて、以下の条件による粉末X線回折法によって得られる。
スキャン速度:4°/min
解析範囲:30-120°
バックグラウンド:B-スプライン
プロファイル関数:分割型擬Voigt関数
束縛条件:Li(3a)+Ni(3a)=1
Ni(3a)+Ni(3b)=y(yは各々のNi含有割合)
ICSD No.:98-009-4814
また、X線回折パターンのリートベルト解析には、リートベルト解析ソフトであるPDXL2(株式会社リガク製)が使用される。
上記試験セルを、25℃の温度環境下、0.2Itの定電流で電池電圧が4.2Vになるまで定電流充電を行い、4.2Vで電流値が1/100Itになるまで定電圧充電を行った。その後、0.2Itの定電流で電池電圧が2.5Vになるまで定電流放電を行った。この充放電サイクルを30サイクル繰り返した。サイクル試験の1サイクル目の放電容量と、30サイクル目の放電容量を求め、下記式により容量維持率を算出した。
<実施例2~9>
使用する原料、及び原料配合比を変更して、表1に示す組成のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を合成したこと、実施例3においては、混合物1kgあたり10L/minの流量の酸素気流下、昇温速度2.0℃/minで、室温から650℃まで焼成した後、昇温速度1℃/minで、650℃から720℃まで焼成したこと、実施例4においては、昇温速度3.0℃/minで、室温から670℃まで焼成した後、昇温速度1℃/minで、670℃から720℃まで焼成したこと、実施例5においては、昇温速度2.0℃/minで、室温から650℃まで焼成した後、昇温速度1℃/minで、650℃から750℃まで焼成したこと、実施例7、実施例8及び実施例9においては、昇温速度2.0℃/minで、室温から650℃まで焼成した後、昇温速度0.5℃/minで、650℃から700℃まで焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして試験セルをそれぞれ作製し、その評価を行った。
使用する原料、及び原料配合比を変更して、表1に示す組成のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を合成したこと、比較例4及び比較例5においては、昇温速度3.0℃/minで、室温から650℃まで焼成した後、昇温速度1℃/minで、650℃から720℃まで焼成したこと、比較例6及び比較例7においては、昇温速度2.0℃/minで、室温から650℃まで焼成した後、昇温速度0.5℃/minで、650℃から700℃まで焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして試験セルをそれぞれ作製し、その評価を行った。
11 正極
12 負極
13 セパレータ
14 電極体
16 外装缶
17 封口体
18,19 絶縁板
20 正極リード
21 負極リード
22 溝入部
23 内部端子板
24 下弁体
25 絶縁部材
26 上弁体
27 キャップ
28 ガスケット
Claims (7)
- 層状構造を有する、少なくともNi、Al、及びCaを含有するリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を含み、
前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物において、
Niの含有量は、Liを除く金属元素の総モル数に対して85~95モル%であり、
Alの含有量は、Liを除く金属元素の総モル数に対して8モル%以下であり、
Caの含有量は、Liを除く金属元素の総モル数に対して2モル%以下であり、
Li層に存在するLi以外の金属元素の割合は、当該複合酸化物に含有されるLiを除く金属元素の総モル数に対して0.6~2.0モル%である、非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、Liを除く金属元素の総モル数に対して15モル%以下の量で、Co、Mn、Fe、Ti、Si、Nb、Zr、Mo、及びZnから選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素を含有する、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、複数の一次粒子が凝集してなる二次粒子であって、Caは、前記一次粒子の中心部よりも、前記二次粒子の表面を含む前記一次粒子の表面及び表面近傍に高濃度で存在する、請求項1又は2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、X線回折測定により得られるX線回折パターンの(104)面の回折ピークの半値幅からシェラーの式により算出される結晶子サイズが400~800Åである、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物は、結晶構造のa軸長を示す格子定数aが2.870Å≦a≦2.877Åであり、c軸長を示す格子定数cが14.18Å≦c≦14.21Åである、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物のX線回折測定により得られるX線回折パターンに、CaOに由来するピークが存在しない、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質を含む正極と、
負極と、
非水電解質と、
を備えた、非水電解質二次電池。
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