WO2020258778A1 - 月尘静电储能发电装置 - Google Patents

月尘静电储能发电装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020258778A1
WO2020258778A1 PCT/CN2019/127254 CN2019127254W WO2020258778A1 WO 2020258778 A1 WO2020258778 A1 WO 2020258778A1 CN 2019127254 W CN2019127254 W CN 2019127254W WO 2020258778 A1 WO2020258778 A1 WO 2020258778A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
moon
capacitor
dust
shell
power generation
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PCT/CN2019/127254
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
谢和平
莫思特
李碧雄
高明忠
李存宝
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Shenzhen University
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Shenzhen University
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Publication of WO2020258778A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020258778A1/zh
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H02N1/00—Electrostatic generators or motors using a solid moving electrostatic charge carrier
    • H02N1/06—Influence generators
    • H02N1/08—Influence generators with conductive charge carrier, i.e. capacitor machines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of moon dust electrostatic power generation, in particular to a moon dust electrostatic energy storage power generation device.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a lunar dust electrostatic energy storage and power generation device, which aims to solve the problem that the existing technology of solar cells and small radioisotope thermoelectric power generation is difficult to provide sufficient energy supply for lunar exploration activities. problem.
  • Moondust electrostatic energy storage power generation device including:
  • the moon dust charge collector (30) includes a housing (310) and a center of gravity conversion mechanism vertically arranged inside the housing (310) for rotating the housing; and
  • a support (10), the support includes a first support (110), a second support (120); the moon dust charge collector (30) is arranged on the first support (110) and the second support ( 120) and rotatably connected with the first bracket (110) and the second bracket (120); the first bracket (110) and the second bracket (120) have a thermal expansion coefficient of less than 10 ⁇ 10 -6 / °C insulation material production;
  • a switch assembly (50), the switch assembly (50) is arranged between the first bracket (110) and the capacitor (20) for connecting the electrode mechanism (40) and the capacitor (20) On or off
  • the first bracket (110), the second bracket (120), the dust charge cleaning mechanism (60), the third telescopic member (510), and the capacitor (20) are respectively installed on the lunar soil support bracket, and the lunar soil support bracket is installed On the surface of the moon
  • the gravity center conversion mechanism includes:
  • a weight (323) is connected to one end of the outer tube (321); the inner tube (322) is sleeved in the outer tube (321) at the end where the outer tube is connected to the weight; the outer tube and the inner tube have the same axis, and The inner tube and the outer tube are straight, passing through the center of the shell;
  • the other end of the outer tube (321) and the other end of the inner tube (322) are respectively fixedly arranged on the casing (310).
  • the electrode mechanism (40) includes a ball positive electrode mechanism (410) and a ball negative electrode mechanism (420);
  • the ball anode mechanism (410) includes: a contact (411), an elastic member (412) fixedly connected to the contact (411); and
  • the ball negative electrode mechanism (420) includes: a contact (411), and an elastic member (412) fixedly connected to the contact (411); and
  • a second telescopic element (421) for telescoping the contact is arranged on the side of the first bracket (110) away from the moon dust charge collector (30) ;
  • the contacts (411) of the ball anode mechanism (410) and the ball cathode mechanism (420) are fixed to the metal shell by a fixedly connected elastic member (412); the contacts (411), the elastic member (412),
  • the metal shell (414) is a metal material with a thermal expansion coefficient of less than 15 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C.
  • the elastic member (412) is elastic, and the contact (411) is close to the elastic member (412) with a tail bolt (415). 415) is used to prevent the contact (411) from being ejected from the metal casing (414) by the elastic member (412); the contacts (411), the elastic member (412), and the metal casing (414) are short-circuited;
  • the first telescopic element (413) and the second telescopic element (421) are made of materials with a thermal expansion coefficient greater than 50 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C.
  • the switch assembly (50) includes a third telescopic member (510) and a strobe switch (520) fixed at one end of the third telescopic member (510);
  • the third telescopic element (510) is made of a material with a thermal expansion coefficient greater than 50 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C, and is insulated from the gate switch (520) and the lunar soil support bracket;
  • the gate switch (520) is made of metal material, And short-circuit the metal shell (414) of the ball positive mechanism (410) with the capacitor positive electrode (210) of the capacitor (20) on the moon and day, and connect the metal shell (414) of the ball negative mechanism (420) with the capacitor (20) on the moon and night.
  • Capacitor negative electrode (220) is short-circuited; the time of the day and night changes, the metal shell (414) of the positive electrode mechanism (410) is disconnected from the capacitor positive electrode (210) of the capacitor (20), and the metal of the negative electrode mechanism (420) The case (414) is disconnected from the capacitor negative electrode (220) of the capacitor (20).
  • the lunar dust electrostatic energy storage power generation device further includes a dust charge cleaning mechanism (60), and the dust charge cleaning mechanism (60) includes a cleaning control assembly (610) and a cleaning component (620);
  • the cleaning control assembly (610) includes: a cleaning control rod (611), and a parallel gear (612) is arranged at one end of the cleaning control rod; and
  • the cleaning component (620) includes: a metal brush (622) with a cleaning spherical surface (621) arranged on the cleaning spherical surface and a ground wire (623) for grounding; the cleaning component (620) is arranged on the On the lifting plate (613); the cleaning spherical surface (621) material is the same as the lunar dust charge collector (30) shell (310);
  • the lifting plate (613) has an oval shape.
  • the first telescopic element (413) is L-shaped, one end of the L-shaped first telescopic element is fixed on the first bracket (110), and the other end Fixed on the metal shell (414).
  • the second telescopic member (412) is L-shaped, one end of the L-shaped second telescopic member is fixed on the first bracket (110), and the other end Fixed on the metal shell (414).
  • the length of the outer tube (321) is equal to the length of the inner tube (322), and is made of the same material with a thermal expansion coefficient greater than 50 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C,
  • the surface is insulated, and the weight of the outer tube (321) is the same as the weight of the inner tube (322).
  • the moon dust charge collector (30) shell (310) is a hollow metal sphere with a thermal expansion coefficient smaller than 15 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C;
  • the weight (323) moves between the center of the shell (310) and the intersection of the inner tube (322) and the shell (310), so that the center of gravity of the moon dust charge collector (30) moves to the shell (310) ball
  • the heavy hammer (323) moves between the spherical center of the outer shell (310) and the intersection of the outer tube (321) and the outer shell (310), making the moon
  • the center of gravity of the dust charge collector (30) moves between the center of the shell (310) and the intersection of the outer tube (321) and the shell (310); at the changing time of the moon and night, the weight (323) moves through the shell ( 310) Ball center.
  • the moon dust electrostatic energy storage power generation device wherein:
  • ⁇ ds is the positive charge density on the surface of the moon and day;
  • R is the radius of the shell (310) of the moon dust charge collector (30);
  • ⁇ d the dielectric constant of the moon and day dust;
  • ⁇ ns is the negative charge density on the surface of the moon on the moon night;
  • R is the radius of the moon dust charge collector (30);
  • ⁇ n is the dielectric constant of the moon dust at night;
  • C is the capacitance value of the capacitor (20).
  • the moon dust electrostatic energy storage power generation device provided by the present invention utilizes the charging characteristics of the moon dust on the moon and the change law of the charge charged by the moon dust to generate electricity.
  • the provided power generation device has simple structure, convenient installation and maintenance, and power generation High efficiency, passive sensing and control. At the same time, the power generation device is not affected by the moon, day and night, and can continuously generate electricity. Thus, the existing power generation technology is difficult to provide sufficient energy supply for lunar exploration activities.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a preferred embodiment of a moon dust electrostatic energy storage power generation device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the center of gravity conversion mechanism in the moon dust electrostatic energy storage power generation device shown in FIG. 1 of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the ball anode mechanism.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the ball negative electrode mechanism.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic structural diagram of the cleaning control assembly in the first state.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of the cleaning control assembly in the second state.
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of the cleaning control assembly in the third state.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the cleaning control component.
  • Figure 9a is a schematic diagram of the structure of the moon dust electrostatic energy storage power generation device with a DC load in the embodiment.
  • Figure 9b is a schematic diagram of the structure of the moondust electrostatic energy storage power generation device with an AC load.
  • 10 Support; 110: First support; 120: Second support; 20: Capacitor; 210: Capacitor positive pole; 220: Capacitor negative pole; 30: Moon dust charge collector; 310: Shell; 321: Outer tube; 322: Inner Tube; 323: heavy hammer; 40: electrode mechanism; 410; ball anode mechanism; 411: contact; 412: elastic member; 413: first telescopic member; 414: metal shell; 415: tail bolt; 420: ball cathode Mechanism; 421: second telescopic element; 50: switch assembly; 510: third telescopic element; 520: strobe switch; 60: dust charge cleaning mechanism; 610: cleaning control assembly; 611: cleaning lever; 612: parallel gear 613: lifting plate; 614: circular gear; 620: cleaning parts; 621: cleaning spherical surface; 622: metal brush; 623: grounding wire.
  • the present invention provides a moon dust electrostatic energy storage power generation device.
  • the present invention will be described in further detail below. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described here are only used to explain the present invention, but not to limit the present invention.
  • the moondust electrostatic energy storage and power generation device includes: a support 10, the support 10 includes a first support 110, a second support 120; a capacitor 20, and a moondust charge collector 30, so
  • the moon dust charge collector 30 includes a housing 310 and a center of gravity conversion mechanism 320 (not shown in the figure) vertically arranged inside the housing 310 for rotating the housing 310; an electrode mechanism 40, the electrode mechanism 40 is arranged on the first support 110 for contacting or separating with the moon dust charge collector 30; the first support 110 is arranged between the moon dust charge collector 30 and the capacitor 20;
  • the switch assembly 50 is arranged between the first bracket 110 and the capacitor 20, and is used to connect or disconnect the electrode mechanism 40 and the capacitor 20; when the electrode mechanism 40 When contacting the moon dust charge collector 30 and connecting the electrode mechanism 40 with the capacitor 20 through the switch assembly 50, the moon dust charge is introduced into the capacitor 20, and the moon dust electrostatic energy storage
  • the power generation device stores electrical energy.
  • first support 110, the second support 120, and the capacitor 20 are respectively mounted on the lunar support support, which is mounted on the surface of the moon.
  • the first support 110 and the second support 120 are made of an insulating material with a thermal expansion coefficient of less than 10 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C, for example, a ceramic material.
  • the main body of the moon dust charge collector 30 is a uniform metal sphere, and the center of gravity of the metal sphere is at the center of the sphere.
  • the types of metals used in the metal spherical surface include, but are not limited to, platinum, gold, copper, aluminum, stainless steel, aluminum alloy, and the like.
  • the moon and day it is mainly affected by solar radiation.
  • the photoelectric effect of moon dust and photons produces negatively charged photoelectrons.
  • the moon dust obtains corresponding positive charges, so that a layer of positive electric potential is formed above the surface of the moon.
  • the moon surface forms a plasma sheath with a negative potential.
  • the invention collects the static charge carried in the moon dust and stores the collected charge in a capacitor for power generation. It solves the problem that the existing power generation technology is difficult to provide sufficient energy supply for lunar exploration activities.
  • the center of gravity conversion mechanism 320 includes: an outer tube 321, an inner tube 322 sleeved with one end of the outer tube; and one end of the outer tube 321 Connect the weight 323; the inner tube 322 is sleeved in the outer tube 321 at the end of the outer tube connected to the weight; the outer tube and the inner tube have the same axis; the other end of the outer tube 321 and the other end of the inner tube 322 They are fixed on the housing 310 respectively.
  • the center of gravity conversion mechanism 320 includes two metal tubes (inner tube 322 and outer tube 321) and a weight 323, the two metal tubes are connected together by a sleeve connection, and the weight 323 is fixed.
  • the outer tube 321 On one end of the outer tube 321 sleeved, the outer tube 321 can move up and down along the outer side wall of the inner tube 322.
  • the gravity center conversion mechanism passes through the center of the metal sphere and is vertically arranged inside the metal sphere.
  • the other end (non-sleeve end) of the outer tube and the other end (non-sleeve end) of the inner tube can be welded to the inside of the metal sphere by means such as welding.
  • the lengths of the inner tube and the outer tube are equal, and the weights of the inner tube and the outer tube are the same.
  • the purpose is to keep the overall center of gravity at the center of the sphere. When the weight is set, the weight is considered The overall center of gravity shifts from the center of the ball to the side of the center of gravity.
  • the material used for the inner tube 322 and the outer tube 321 is a material with high strength and a large coefficient of thermal expansion.
  • it may be a bakelite material.
  • the material used for the heavy hammer is a metal with a higher density, such as lead.
  • the working process of the center of gravity conversion mechanism is that in the moon and day, the weight 323 moves between the center of the shell 310 and the intersection of the inner tube 322 and the shell 310, so that the center of gravity of the moon dust charge collector 30 moves to the center of the shell 310 and the inner Between the intersection of the tube 322 and the housing 310; on a moonlit night, the weight 323 moves between the center of the housing 310 and the intersection of the outer tube 321 and the housing 310, so that the center of gravity of the moondust charge collector 30 moves to the center of the housing 310 and the outer tube Between the point of intersection between 321 and the housing 310; at the time when the moon and night change, the weight 323 moves through the center of the housing 310 to deflect the charge collector 30.
  • the electrode mechanism 40 includes a ball anode mechanism 410 and a ball cathode mechanism 420;
  • the ball anode mechanism 410 includes: a contact 411, which passes through a tail pin 415 is an elastic member 412 fixedly connected to the contact 411; a first telescopic member 413 used to stretch the contact 411, a metal shell 414, and the metal shell 414 has a thermal expansion coefficient of less than 15 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C
  • the metal material can be gold, stainless steel, platinum, etc.; the end bolt 415 is used to prevent the contact 411 from being ejected from the metal shell 414 by the elastic member 412; the contact 411, the elastic member 412, and the metal The shells 414 are short-circuited.
  • the elastic member 412 may be a spring, an elastic metal ring, etc.; the first telescopic member 413 is made of a metal material with a large thermal expansion coefficient, such as a material with a thermal expansion coefficient greater than 50 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C.
  • the first telescopic member 413 is arranged on the side of the first support 110 close to the moon dust charge collector 30, that is, the extension direction of the first telescopic member 413 is toward the center of the moon dust charge collector 30.
  • the length of the first telescopic element absorbing heat becomes longer, it stretches the spring so that the contacts contact the moon dust charge collector and make close contact.
  • the first telescopic member shortens, separating the contact from the moon dust charge collector.
  • the first telescopic element 413 may be L-shaped, one end of the L-shaped first telescopic element is fixed on the first bracket 110 and the other end is fixed on the contact 411.
  • the L-shaped first telescopic element and the contact are located on the same side of the first bracket.
  • the ball negative mechanism 420 includes: a contact 411, an elastic member 412 fixedly connected to the contact 411 through a tail bolt 415; Two telescopic members 421 and a metal shell 414; the second telescopic member 421 is arranged on the side of the first support 110 away from the moon dust charge collector 30.
  • the second telescopic element 421 is made of a material with a thermal expansion coefficient greater than 50 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C. Materials with thermal expansion coefficient greater than 50 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C can be bakelite;
  • the second telescopic element 421 When the temperature rises, the length of the second telescopic element 421 becomes longer, which stretches the spring to make the contact leave the moon dust charge collector; when the temperature drops, the second telescopic element 421 shortens, making the contact The head is in close contact with the moondust charge collector.
  • the second telescopic element 421 may be L-shaped, one end of the L-shaped second telescopic element is fixed on the first bracket 110 and the other end is fixed on the contact 411.
  • the L-shaped second telescopic element and the contact are respectively located on two sides of the first bracket.
  • the contacts, elastic parts, first telescopic part and second telescopic part involved in the ball positive electrode mechanism and the ball negative electrode mechanism provided that the performance requirements are met, the materials and shapes can be the same It can also be different, and there is no restriction here.
  • the switch assembly 50 includes a third telescopic element 510 and a gate switch 520 fixed at one end of the third telescopic element 510, and the third telescopic element 510 Made of materials with a coefficient of thermal expansion greater than 50 ⁇ 10 -6 /°C.
  • the strobe switch 520 is made of metal material.
  • the extension or contraction of the third telescopic member drives the gate switch provided thereon to move up and down, and the electrode mechanism 40 is selectively turned on or off.
  • the moon dust electrostatic energy storage power generation device further includes: a dust charge cleaning mechanism 60, the dust charge cleaning mechanism 60 includes, a cleaning control A component 610 (not shown in the figure) and a cleaning component 620; the cleaning control component 610 includes: a cleaning control rod 611, one end of which is close to the cleaning control rod is provided with a parallel gear 612; and a lifting plate 613, the lifting plate A circular gear 614 meshing with the parallel gear is provided on it.
  • the cleaning component is arranged on the lifting plate 613, and the movement of the cleaning component is driven by the movement of the lifting plate.
  • the cleaning component 620 has an appearance of a cubic shape, and its length and width are slightly larger than twice the radius of the shell 310 and its height is slightly larger than the radius of the shell 310; on the side facing the shell 310, it is a cleaning spherical surface 621 with the same radius as the shell 310. , Concave inward; the cleaning spherical surface 621 is provided with a metal brush 622; the metal brush 622 is short-circuited with the metal spherical surface, and a ground wire 623 short-circuits the metal spherical surface to the deep surface of the moon.
  • the cleaning control rod parallel gear 612 drives the circular gear 614 of the lifting plate to rotate to -90 degrees, so that the lifting plate 613
  • the long axis is horizontal and the support height is the lowest.
  • the ambient temperature drops to the lowest, and the cleaning lever 611 shrinks to the shortest.
  • the cleaning lever parallel gear 612 drives the lifting plate circular gear 614 to rotate to 90 degrees, so that the long axis of the lifting plate 613 is horizontal. ,
  • the support height is the lowest.
  • the dust charge cleaning device is the lowest, and the metal ball is separated from the dust charge cleaning device for charge collection.
  • the collected charge is calculated using the following formula:
  • the positive electrode potential of the capacitor 20 is V p , and its calculation formula is:
  • ⁇ ds is the surface positive charge density of the moon and day;
  • R is the radius of the shell 310 of the moon dust charge collector 30;
  • ⁇ d the dielectric constant of the moon and day moon dust;
  • ⁇ ns is the negative charge density on the surface of the moon on the moon night;
  • R is the 30 radius of the moon dust charge collector;
  • ⁇ n is the dielectric constant of the moon dust at night;
  • C is the capacitance value of the capacitor 20.
  • the dust charge cleaning device When the moon and night alternate, the dust charge cleaning device is the highest, the metal ball is turned over, and the metal ball contacts the dust charge cleaning device to perform dust charge cleaning.
  • the moon dust charge collector 30 is erected between the first support 110 and the second support 120, and the dust charge cleaning mechanism 60 is arranged on the moon dust charge collector 30 (metal ball).
  • the spherical positive electrode mechanism and the spherical negative electrode mechanism are fixedly arranged on the first bracket 110 sequentially from top to bottom.
  • the upper end of the third telescopic member (the telescopic rod) is provided with a strobe switch, and the strobe switch is located at The capacitor 20 (ultra-large capacitor) between the ball positive electrode mechanism and the ball negative electrode mechanism, and the installation height of the positive electrode 210 and the negative electrode 220 of the capacitor is the same as the height of the ball positive electrode mechanism and the ball negative electrode mechanism.
  • the positive pole of the capacitor is turned on or off by the strobe switch.
  • the method of connecting or disconnecting the ball negative electrode mechanism and the negative electrode of the capacitor is the same as that of the positive electrode of the capacitor.
  • the DC load is connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the capacitor through a wire.
  • the weight 323 moves between the center of the outer shell 310 and the intersection of the inner tube 322 and the outer shell 310, so that the center of gravity of the moon dust charge collector 30 moves to the center of the outer shell 310 and the inner tube 322 and outer shell.
  • the telescopic part on the ball positive mechanism stretches, and the spring is stretched to make the contact closely contact the surface of the metal ball.
  • the strobe switch is connected to the spherical positive mechanism and the positive electrode of the capacitor due to the expansion of the telescopic rod at its lower part.
  • the positive charge on the surface of the metal ball flows into the positive electrode of the capacitor.
  • the dust cleaning mechanism is at the lowest end, and the dust charge cleaning mechanism is not in contact with the metal ball.
  • the ambient temperature gradually decreases from high, and the outer tube of the center of gravity conversion mechanism inside the metal ball is shortened.
  • the weight 323 moves between the center of the shell 310 and the intersection of the outer tube 321 and the shell 310, causing the moon dust to charge
  • the center of gravity of the collector 30 moves between the center of the shell 310 and the intersection of the outer tube 321 and the shell 310.
  • the metal ball rotates, the telescopic member on the ball positive electrode mechanism is shortened, and the contact is separated from the surface of the metal ball.
  • the strobe switch is separated from the spherical positive electrode mechanism and the positive electrode of the capacitor due to the shortening of the telescopic rod at its lower part.
  • the dust cleaning mechanism is shortened to the middle position due to the cleaning control rod, the dust charge cleaning device is the highest, the metal ball is turned over, and the metal ball contacts the dust charge cleaning device to perform dust charge cleaning.
  • the ambient temperature drops to the lowest level, the telescopic parts on the ball negative mechanism are shortened, so that the contacts are in close contact with the surface of the metal ball, and the strobe switch is shortened due to the lower telescopic rod, so that it is connected with the ball negative mechanism and capacitor
  • the negative electrode is connected, and the negative charge on the surface of the metal ball flows into the negative electrode of the capacitor.
  • the positive and negative charges are collected in the capacitor, and the wire, switch and DC load form a circuit loop to output electric energy.
  • the moon dust electrostatic energy storage power generation device may also carry an AC load.
  • the power generation process is the same as the DC load, so I won't repeat it here.
  • the moondust electrostatic energy storage and power generation device cooperates with a capacitor through a moondust charge collector.
  • the positive charge in the moondust is introduced into the positive electrode of the capacitor.
  • the negative charge in the moon dust is introduced into the negative electrode of the capacitor.
  • the part of the moon dust charge collector is cleaned by the dust charge cleaning device. The above process is cycled alternately. When enough charge is collected in the capacitor, the capacitor can be powered by the load to realize power generation the goal of.
  • the moon dust electrostatic energy storage power generation device utilizeds the charging characteristics of the moon dust on the moon and the change law of the charge of the moon dust to generate electricity
  • the provided power generation device has simple structure, convenient installation and maintenance, and power generation High efficiency, passive sensing and control, and continuous power generation.
  • the electrostatic energy storage and power generation device provided by the present invention solves the problem that the existing power generation technology is difficult to provide sufficient energy supply for lunar exploration activities.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Cleaning In General (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明公开一种月尘静电储能发电装置，包括：电容器(20)，月尘电荷收集器(30)，该月尘电荷收集器(30)包括，壳体(310)以及竖直设置在所述壳体(310)内部用于使壳体转动的重心变换机构；支架(10)，所述支架包括第一支架(110)、第二支架(120)；所述月尘电荷收集器(30)设置在所述第一支架(110)与所述第二支架(120)之间；电极机构(40)，开关组件(50)；当所述电极机构(40)与所述月尘电荷收集器(30)接触，并通过所述开关组件(50)将所述电极机构(40)与所述电容器(20)接通时，月尘电荷导入所述电容器(20)中，所述月尘静电储能发电装置存储电能。该月尘静电储能发电装置，具有结构简单，发电效率高、能够持续发电的特点。

Description

月尘静电储能发电装置 技术领域
本发明涉及月尘静电发电技术领域，尤其涉及月尘静电储能发电装置。
背景技术
随着科技的进步，人类对外太空的探索力度越来越大。目前，人类的探月工程中的能源供应主要依靠太阳能电池以及小型放射性同位素温差发电技术，仅仅依靠太阳能电池或小型放射性同位素温差发电将难以为月夜探月活动尤其是月球基地提供充足的能源供应。
因此，现有技术还有待于改进和发展。
发明内容
鉴于上述现有技术的不足，本发明的目的在于提供一种月尘静电储能发电装置，旨在解决现有依靠太阳能电池和小型放射性同位素温差发电技术难以为探月活动提供充足的能源供应的问题。
本发明的技术方案如下：
月尘静电储能发电装置，其中，包括：
电容器(20)，以及
月尘电荷收集器(30)，包括壳体(310)以及竖直设置在所述壳体(310)内部用于使壳体转动的重心变换机构；以及
支架(10)，所述支架包括第一支架(110)、第二支架(120)；所述月尘电荷收集器(30)设置在所述第一支架(110)与所述第二支架(120)之间，且与所述第一支架(110)、所述第二支架(120)转动连接；第一支架(110)、第二支架(120)由热膨胀系数小于10×10 -6/℃的绝缘材料制作；
电极机构(40)，用于与所述月尘电荷收集器(30)接触或分离，所述电极机构(40)设置在所述第一支架(110)上；所述第一支架(110)设置在所述月尘电荷收集器(30)与 所述电容器(20)之间；
开关组件(50)，所述开关组件(50)设置在所述第一支架(110)与所述电容器(20)之间，用于将所述电极机构(40)与所述电容器(20)接通或断开；
第一支架(110)、第二支架(120)、灰尘电荷清洗机构(60)，第三伸缩件(510)、电容器(20)分别安装在月壤支撑支架上，所述月壤支撑支架安装在月球表面；
在月昼，当球正极机构(410)与外壳(310)短路连接，且所述开关组件(50)将所述球正极机构(410)与所述电容器正极(210)短路连接时，月尘正电荷电荷导入所述电容器(20)正极，在月夜，球负极机构(420)与外壳(310)短路连接，且所述开关组件(50)将所述球负极机构(420)与所述电容器负极(220)短路连接时，月尘正电荷电荷导入所述电容器(20)负极，所述月尘静电储能发电装置储存电能。
所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其中，所述重心变换机构包括：
外管(321)，与所述外管的一端套接的内管(322)；以及
设置在所述外管(321)一端连接重锤(323)；所述内管(322)在外管连接重锤的一端套接在外管(321)内；外管与内管轴心相同,且内管与外管呈直线，穿过外壳球心；
所述外管(321)的另一端及所述内管(322)的另一端分别固定设置在所述壳体(310)上。
所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其中，所述电极机构(40)包括球正极机构(410)以及球负极机构(420)；
所述球正极机构(410)包括：触头(411)，与所述触头(411)固定连接的弹性件(412)；以及
用于使所述触头伸缩的第一伸缩件(413)，所述第一伸缩件(413)设置在所述第一支架(110)靠近所述月尘电荷收集器(30)的一侧；
所述球负极机构(420)包括：触头(411)，与所述触头(411)固定连接的弹性件(412)；以及
用于使所述触头伸缩的第二伸缩件(421)，所述第二伸缩件(421)设置在所述第一支架(110)远离所述月尘电荷收集器(30)的一侧；
所述球正极机构(410)和所述球负极机构(420)的触头(411)由固定连接的弹性件(412)固定到金属外壳上；触头(411)、弹性件(412)、金属外壳(414)为热膨胀系数小于15×10 -6/℃的金属材料，弹性件(412)具有弹性，触头(411)靠近弹性件(412)有尾端栓(415)尾端栓(415)用于防止触头(411)被弹性件(412)弹出金属外壳(414)；触头(411)、弹性件(412)、金属外壳(414)之间短路连接；
第一伸缩件(413)和第二伸缩件(421)由热膨胀系数大于50×10 -6/℃的材料制作。
所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其中，所述开关组件(50)包括第三伸缩件(510)以及固定在所述第三伸缩件(510)一端的选通开关(520)；所述第三伸缩件(510)由热膨胀系数大于50×10 -6/℃的材料制作，与选通开关(520)和月壤支撑支架绝缘；所述选通开关(520)由金属材料构成，并在月昼将球正极机构(410)的金属外壳(414)与电容器(20)的电容器正极(210)短路连接，在月夜将球负极机构(420)的金属外壳(414)与电容器(20)的电容器负极(220)短路连接；月昼和月夜变更的时间，正极机构(410)的金属外壳(414)与电容器(20)的电容器正极(210)断开，负极机构(420)的金属外壳(414)与电容器(20)的电容器负极(220)断开。
所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其中，还包括灰尘电荷清洗机构(60)，所述灰尘电荷清洗机构(60)包括清洗控制组件(610)以及清洗部件(620)；
所述清洗控制组件(610)包括：清洗控制杆(611)，靠近所述清洗控制杆的一端设置有平行齿轮(612)；以及
升降盘(613)，所述升降盘(613)上设置有与所述平行齿轮(612)相啮合的圆形齿轮(614)；
所述清洗部件(620)包括：清洗球面(621)设置在所述清洗球面上的金属毛刷(622)以及用于接地的接地导线(623)；所述清洗部件(620)设置在所述升降盘上(613)；清洗球面(621)材料与月尘电荷收集器(30)外壳(310)相同；
所述升降盘(613)为椭圆形。
所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其中，所述第一伸缩件(413)为L形，所述L形第一伸缩件的一端固定在所述第一支架(110)上，另一端固定在所述金属外壳(414)上。
所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其中，所述第二伸缩件(412)为L形，所述L形第二伸缩件的一端固定在所述第一支架(110)上，另一端固定在所述金属外壳(414)上。
所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其中，所述外管(321)的长度与所述内管(322)的长度相等，由热膨胀系数大于50×10 -6/℃的相同材料制作，表面做绝缘处理，所述外管(321)的重量与所述内管(322)的重量相同。
所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其中，月尘电荷收集器(30)外壳(310)为热膨胀系数较小于15×10 -6/℃的空心金属球面；
在月昼，重锤(323)移向外壳(310)球心与内管(322)与外壳(310)交点之间，使得月尘电荷收集器(30)的重心移向外壳(310)球心与内管(322)与外壳(310)交点之间；在月夜，重锤(323)移向外壳(310)球心与外管(321)与外壳(310)交点之间，使得使得月尘电荷收集器(30)的重心移向外壳(310)球心与外管(321)与外壳(310)交点之间；在月昼和月夜变更的时间，重锤(323)移过外壳(310)球心。
所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其中，
所述电容器(20)的正极电位V p计算公式如下：
Figure PCTCN2019127254-appb-000001
其中，ρ ds为月昼月球表面正电荷密度；R为月尘电荷收集器(30)的外壳(310)半径；ε d：月昼月尘介电常数；
所述电容器(20)的负极电位V n计算公式如下：
Figure PCTCN2019127254-appb-000002
其中，ρ ns为月夜月球表面负电荷密度；R为月尘电荷收集器(30)半径；ε n为夜间月尘介电常数；
所述电容器(20)储存能量W计算公式如下：
Figure PCTCN2019127254-appb-000003
其中，C为电容器(20)的电容值。
有益效果：本发明提供的月尘静电储能发电装置，利用月球上月尘带电的特性以及月尘所带电荷的变化规律进行发电，所提供的发电装置具有结构简单，安装、维护方便，发电效率高，传感与控制采用无源方式。同时该发电装置不受月昼和月夜的影响，能够持续的进行发电。从而很好地解决了现有发电技术难以为探月活动提供充足的能源供应问题。
附图说明
图1为本发明月尘静电储能发电装置较佳实施例的结构示意图。
图2为本发明图1所示的月尘静电储能发电装置中重心变换机构的结构示意图。
图3是球正极机构的结构示意图。
图4是球负极机构的结构示意图。
图5是清洗控制组件第一状态结构示意图。
图6是清洗控制组件第二状态结构示意图。
图7是清洗控制组件第三状态结构示意图。
图8是清洗控部件结构示意图。
图9a是实施例中月尘静电储能发电装置带直流负载的结构示意图。
图9b是月尘静电储能发电装置带交流负载的结构示意图。
10：支架；110：第一支架；120：第二支架；20：电容器；210：电容器正极；220：电容器负极；30：月尘电荷收集器；310：外壳；321：外管；322：内管；323：重锤；40：电极机构；410；球正极机构；411：触头；412：弹性件；413：第一伸缩件；414：金属外壳；415：尾端栓；420：球负极 机构；421：第二伸缩件；50：开关组件；510：第三伸缩件；520：选通开关；60：灰尘电荷清洗机构；610：清洗控制组件；611：清洗控制杆；612：平行齿轮；613：升降盘；614：圆形齿轮；620：清洗部件；621：清洗球面；622：金属毛刷；623：接地导线。
具体实施方式
本发明提供一种月尘静电储能发电装置，为使本发明的目的、技术方案及效果更加清楚、明确，以下对本发明进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。
请参阅图1-2，本发明提供的月尘静电储能发电装置包括：支架10，所述支架10包括第一支架110、第二支架120；电容器20，以及月尘电荷收集器30，所述月尘电荷收集器30包括壳体310以及竖直设置在所述壳体310内部用于使壳体310转动的重心变换机构320(图中未示出)；电极机构40，所述电极机构40设置在所述第一支架110上，用于与所述月尘电荷收集器30接触或分离；所述第一支架110设置在所述月尘电荷收集器30与所述电容器20之间；开关组件50，所述开关组件50设置在所述第一支架110与所述电容器20之间，用于将所述电极机构40与所述电容器20接通或断开；当所述电极机构40与所述月尘电荷收集器30接触，并通过所述开关组件50将所述电极机构40与所述电容器20接通时，月尘电荷导入所述电容器20中，所述月尘静电储能发电装置储存电能。
其中，第一支架110、第二支架120、电容器20分别安装在月壤支撑支架上，所述月壤支撑支架安装在月球表面。所述第一支架110、第二支架120由热膨胀系数小于10×10 -6/℃的绝缘材料制作，例如由陶瓷材料制作。
所述月尘电荷收集器30的主体为一个均匀的金属球面，所述金属球面的重心在球心处。所述金属球面所用金属的种类包括但不限于，铂金，金，铜，铝，不锈钢，铝合金等。
具体来说，在月昼，主要受太阳辐射作用，月尘与光子作用发生光电效应向外发射带负电的光电子，月尘得到相应的正电荷，从而使月球表面上方形成一层电势 为正的光电子鞘层；在月夜，由于没有太阳辐射，月球受太阳风的等离子体流的作用，由于电子的热运动速度远远大于离子的热运动速度，电子更容易被月球表面的月尘吸收，从而使月表形成一层电势为负的等离子体鞘层。
本发明通过将月尘中所带的静电荷进行收集，并将所收集到的电荷存储到电容器中用于发电。很好地解决了现有发电技术难以为探月活动提供充足的能源供应问题。
在一种优选的实施方式中，如图2所示，所述重心变换机构320包括：外管321，与所述外管的一端套接的内管322；以及设置在所述外管321一端连接重锤323；所述内管322在外管连接重锤的一端套接在外管321内；外管与内管轴心相同；所述外管321的另一端及所述内管322的另一端分别固定设置在所述壳体310上。
具体来说，所述重心变换机构320包括两根金属管(内管322、外管321)及重锤323，所述两根金属管通过套接的方式连接在一起，所述重锤323固定在所述外管321套接一端上，所述外管321可以沿所述内管322的外侧壁上下移动。所述重心变换机构经过所述金属球面的球心并竖直设置在所述金属球面的内部。所述外管的另外一端(非套接端)以及所述内管的另一端(非套接端)可以通过诸如焊接的方式焊接在金属球面的内部。所述内管以及外管的长度是相等的，所述内管与所述外管的重量是相同的，目的是保持整体的重心还位于球心处，当设置重锤后，考虑到重锤的重量，整体的重心由球心偏向重心一侧。
进一步，所述内管322、外管321所用的材料是强度高、热膨胀系数大的材料、作为举例其可以是胶木材料。所述重锤所用材料为密度较高的金属，比如铅。
所述重心变换机构工作过程为，在月昼，重锤323移向外壳310球心与内管322与外壳310交点之间，使得月尘电荷收集器30的重心移向外壳310球心与内管322与外壳310交点之间；在月夜，重锤323移向外壳310球心与外管321与外壳310交点之间，使得月尘电荷收集器30的重心移向外壳310球心与外管321与外壳310交点之间；在月昼和月夜变更的时间，重锤323移过外壳310球心，使电荷收集器30发生偏转。
在一种优选的实施方式中，如图1、图3所示，所述电极机构40包括球正极机 构410以及球负极机构420；所述球正极机构410包括：触头411，通过尾端栓415与所述触头411固定连接的弹性件412；用于使所述触头411伸缩的第一伸缩件413，金属外壳414，所述金属外壳414由热膨胀系数小于15×10 -6/℃的金属材料制作而成，所述金属材料可以是金、不锈钢或铂金等；所述尾端栓415用于防止触头411被弹性件412弹出金属外壳414；触头411、弹性件412、金属外壳414之间短路连接。
所述弹性件412可以是弹簧、弹性金属圈等；所述第一伸缩件413由热膨胀系数较大的金属材料制成，如由热膨胀系数大于50×10 -6/℃的材料制作。所述第一伸缩件413设置在所述第一支架110靠近所述月尘电荷收集器30的一侧，即所述第一伸缩件413的伸展方向向着月尘电荷收集器30的球心。当第一伸缩件吸收热量长度变长时，其对弹簧进行拉伸，使触头接触月尘电荷收集器并紧密接触。当温度降低时，所述第一伸缩件缩短，使触头与月尘电荷收集器分离。作为举例，所述第一伸缩件413可以是L形，所述L形第一伸缩件的一端固定在所述第一支架110上，另一端固定在所述触头411上。所述L形第一伸缩件与所述触头位于第一支架的同一侧。
如图1、图4所示，所述球负极机构420包括：触头411，通过尾端栓415与所述触头411固定连接的弹性件412；用于使所述触头411伸缩的第二伸缩件421以及金属外壳414；所述第二伸缩件421设置在所述第一支架110远离所述月尘电荷收集器30的一侧。所述第二伸缩件421由热膨胀系数大于50×10 -6/℃的材料制作。热膨胀系数大于50×10 -6/℃的材料可以选择胶木材料；
所述第二伸缩件421在温度升高时，长度变长，其对弹簧进行拉伸，使触头离开月尘电荷收集器；当温度降低时，所述第二伸缩件421缩短，使触头与月尘电荷收集器接触并紧密接触。作为举例，所述第二伸缩件421可以是L形，所述L形第二伸缩件的一端固定在所述第一支架110上，另一端固定在所述触头411上。所述L形第二伸缩件与所述触头分别位于第一支架的两侧。
需要说明的是，所述球正极机构以及球负极机构中所涉及的触头、弹性件以及第一伸缩件、第二伸缩件，在满足性能要求的前提下，所述的材质、形状可以相同也可以不相同，在此不做限制。
在一种优选的实施方式中，如图1所示，所述开关组件50包括第三伸缩件510以及固定在所述第三伸缩件510一端的选通开关520，所述第三伸缩件510由热膨胀系数大于50×10 -6/℃的材料制作。所述选通开关520由金属材料构成，在月昼，当球正极机构410与外壳310短路连接，且所述开关组件50将所述球正极机构410与所述电容器正极210短路连接时，月尘正电荷电荷导入所述电容器20正极；在月夜，球负极机构420与外壳310短路连接，且所述开关组件50将所述球负极机构420与所述电容器负极220短路连接时，月尘正电荷电荷导入所述电容器20负极，所述月尘静电储能发电装置储存电能。
即通过第三伸缩件的伸长或缩短带动其上设置的选通开关上下运动，选择性的接通或断开电极机构40。
在一种优选的实施方式中，如图1、图5-8所示，所述的月尘静电储能发电装置还包括：灰尘电荷清洗机构60，所述灰尘电荷清洗机构60包括，清洗控制组件610(图中未示出)以及清洗部件620；所述清洗控制组件610包括：清洗控制杆611，靠近所述清洗控制杆的一端设置有平行齿轮612；以及升降盘613，所述升降盘上设置有与所述平行齿轮相啮合的圆形齿轮614。所述清洗部件设置在所述升降盘613上，通过升降盘的运动带动清洗部件的运动。所述清洗部件620外观为一个立方体形状，其长度和宽度略大于外壳310半径的两倍其高度略大于外壳310的半径；在朝向外壳310的一面，是个半径与外壳310半径相同的清洗球面621，向内凹；清洗球面621上设置有金属毛刷622；金属毛刷622与金属球面短路，并有接地导线623将金属球面短路连接到月球地表深处。
具体来说，如图5所示，月昼时，环境温度升高，清洗控制杆611长度伸长，清洗控制杆平行齿轮612带动升降盘圆形齿轮614旋转至-90度，使得升降盘613长轴呈水平状态，支撑高度最低。
如图6所示，月昼与月夜交替时，环境温度由高降低，清洗控制杆611缩短到中间位置，清洗控制杆平行齿轮612带动升降盘圆形齿轮614旋转至0度，使得升降盘613长轴呈垂直状态，支撑高度最高。
如图7所示，月夜时，环境温度降到最低，清洗控制杆611缩至最短，清洗控 制杆平行齿轮612带动升降盘圆形齿轮614旋转至90度，使得升降盘613长轴呈水平状态，支撑高度最最低。
在月昼和月夜时，灰尘电荷清洗装置最低，金属球与灰尘电荷清洗装置脱离，进行电荷采集。所采集到的电荷采用如下公式计算得出：
所述电容器20的正极电位为V p，其计算公式为：
Figure PCTCN2019127254-appb-000004
其中，ρ ds为月昼月球表面正电荷密度；R为月尘电荷收集器30的外壳310半径；ε d：月昼月尘介电常数；
所述电容器(20)的负极电位V n计算公式如下：
Figure PCTCN2019127254-appb-000005
其中，ρ ns为月夜月球表面负电荷密度；R为月尘电荷收集器30半径；ε n为夜间月尘介电常数；
利用所计算出来的正极电位V p与负极电位V n，从而可计算出电容器所储存能量
Figure PCTCN2019127254-appb-000006
其中，C为电容器20的电容值。
在月昼和月夜交替时，灰尘电荷清洗装置最高，金属球翻转，金属球与灰尘电荷清洗装置接触，进行灰尘电荷清洗。
下面通过具体的实施例对本发明所提供的月尘静电储能发电装置进行进一步的解释。
如图9a所示，月尘电荷收集器30架设在所述第一支架110和第二支架120之间，所述灰尘电荷清洗机构60设置在所述月尘电荷收集器30(金属球)的下半部分，球形正极机构与球形负极机构从上至下依次固定设置在所述第一支架110上，所述第三伸缩件(伸缩杆)上端设置有选通开关，所述选通开关位于所述球正极机构、球负极机构之间电容器20(超大电容器)，所述电容器的正极210、负极220 的设置高度与所述球正极机构与球负极机构的高度相同，所述球正极机构与所电容器上的正极是通过所述选通开关接通或断开的。所述球负极机构与电容器的负极接通或断开的方式与电容器的正极相同。所述直流负载通过导线与所述电容器的正极、负极相连接。
月昼时，环境温度升高，重锤323移向外壳310球心与内管322与外壳310交点之间，使得月尘电荷收集器30的重心移向外壳310球心与内管322与外壳310交点之间。球正极机构上的伸缩件伸长，拉伸弹簧，使触头与所述金属球表面紧密接触，选通开关因其下部的伸缩杆伸长，从而使其与球形正极机构、电容器正极连接，金属球表面的正电荷流入到电容器的正极。此时灰尘清洗机构位于最低端，灰尘电荷清洗机构与金属球不接触。
月昼月夜交替时，环境温度由高逐渐降低，金属球内部的重心变换机构的外管缩短，重锤323移向外壳310球心与外管321与外壳310交点之间，使得使得月尘电荷收集器30的重心移向外壳310球心与外管321与外壳310交点之间。金属球发生转动，球正极机构上的伸缩件缩短，使触头与所述金属球表面分离，选通开关因其下部的伸缩杆缩短，从而使其与球形正极机构、电容器正极脱离。此时灰尘清洗机构由于清洗控制杆缩短至中间位置，灰尘电荷清洗装置最高，金属球翻转，金属球与灰尘电荷清洗装置接触，进行灰尘电荷清洗。
月夜时，环境温度降至最低，球负极机构上的伸缩件缩短，使触头与所述金属球表面紧密接触，选通开关因其下部的伸缩杆缩短，从而使其与球负极机构、电容器负极连接，金属球表面的负电荷流入到电容器的负极。
电容器中收集到正、负电荷，同过所述导线、开关以及直流负载构成电路回路输出电能。
如图9b所示，所述月尘静电储能发电装置也可以带交流负载。发电过程同直流负载，在此不再赘述。
综上所述，本发明提供的月尘静电储能发电装置，通过月尘电荷收集器与电容器进行配合，月昼时，将月尘中的正电荷导入到电容器的正极中，当月夜时，将月尘中的负电荷导入到电容器的负极中。在月昼月夜转变过程中，利用灰尘电荷清洗 装置将月尘电荷收集器位于其中的部分进行清理，上述过程循环交替，当电容器中收集足够多的电荷后，电容器可以带负载供电，进而实现发电的目的。由于本发明所提供的月尘静电储能发电装置，利用了月球上月尘带电的特性以及月尘所带电荷的变化规律进行发电，所提供的发电装置具有结构简单，安装、维护方便，发电效率高，传感与控制采用无源方式、能够持续发电的特点。本发明所提供的利月尘静电储能发电装置，很好地解决了现有发电技术难以为探月活动提供充足的能源供应问题。
应当理解的是，本发明的应用不限于上述的举例，对本领域普通技术人员来说，可以根据上述说明加以改进或变换，所有这些改进和变换都应属于本发明所附权利要求的保护范围。

Claims (10)

  1. 月尘静电储能发电装置，其特征在于，包括：
    电容器(20)，以及
    月尘电荷收集器(30)，包括壳体(310)以及竖直设置在所述壳体(310)内部用于使壳体转动的重心变换机构；以及
    支架(10)，所述支架包括第一支架(110)、第二支架(120)；所述月尘电荷收集器(30)设置在所述第一支架(110)与所述第二支架(120)之间，且与所述第一支架(110)、所述第二支架(120)转动连接；第一支架(110)、第二支架(120)由热膨胀系数小于10×10 -6/℃的绝缘材料制作；
    电极机构(40)，用于与所述月尘电荷收集器(30)接触或分离，所述电极机构(40)设置在所述第一支架(110)上；所述第一支架(110)设置在所述月尘电荷收集器(30)与所述电容器(20)之间；
    开关组件(50)，所述开关组件(50)设置在所述第一支架(110)与所述电容器(20)之间，用于将所述电极机构(40)与所述电容器(20)接通或断开；
    第一支架(110)、第二支架(120)、灰尘电荷清洗机构(60)，第三伸缩件(510)、电容器(20)分别安装在月壤支撑支架上，所述月壤支撑支架安装在月球表面；
    在月昼，当球正极机构(410)与外壳(310)短路连接，且所述开关组件(50)将所述球正极机构(410)与所述电容器正极(210)短路连接时，月尘正电荷电荷导入所述电容器(20)正极，在月夜，球负极机构(420)与外壳(310)短路连接，且所述开关组件(50)将所述球负极机构(420)与所述电容器负极(220)短路连接时，月尘正电荷电荷导入所述电容器(20)负极，所述月尘静电储能发电装置储存电能。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其特征在于，所述重心变换机构包括：
    外管(321)，与所述外管的一端套接的内管(322)；以及
    设置在所述外管(321)一端连接重锤(323)；所述内管(322)在外管连接重锤的一端套接在外管(321)内；外管与内管轴心相同，且内管与外管呈直线，穿过外壳球心；
    所述外管(321)的另一端及所述内管(322)的另一端分别固定设置在所述壳体(310)上。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其特征在于，所述电极机构(40)包括球正极机构(410)以及球负极机构(420)；
    所述球正极机构(410)包括：触头(411)，与所述触头(411)固定连接的弹性件(412)；以及
    用于使所述触头伸缩的第一伸缩件(413)，所述第一伸缩件(413)设置在所述第一支架(110)靠近所述月尘电荷收集器(30)的一侧；
    所述球负极机构(420)包括：触头(411)，与所述触头(411)固定连接的弹性件(412)；以及
    用于使所述触头伸缩的第二伸缩件(421)，所述第二伸缩件(421)设置在所述第一支架(110)远离所述月尘电荷收集器(30)的一侧；
    所述球正极机构(410)和所述球负极机构(420)的触头(411)由固定连接的弹性件(412)固定到金属外壳上；触头(411)、弹性件(412)、金属外壳(414)为热膨胀系数小于15×10 -6/℃的金属材料，弹性件(412)具有弹性，触头(411)靠近弹性件(412)有尾端栓(415)尾端栓(415)用于防止触头(411)被弹性件(412)弹出金属外壳(414)；触头(411)、弹性件(412)、金属外壳(414)之间短路连接；
    第一伸缩件(413)和第二伸缩件(421)由热膨胀系数大于50×10 -6/℃的材料制作。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其特征在于，所述开关组件(50)包括第三伸缩件(510)以及固定在所述第三伸缩件(510)一端的选通开关(520)；所述第三伸缩件(510)由热膨胀系数大于50×10 -6/℃的材料制作，与选通开关(520)和月壤支撑支架绝缘；所述选通开关(520)由金属材料构成，并在月昼将球正极机构(410)的金属外壳(414)与电容器(20)的电容器正极(210)短路连接，在月夜将球负极机构(420)的金属外壳(414)与电容器(20)的电容器负极(220)短路连接；月昼和月夜变更的时间，正极机构(410)的金属外壳(414)与电容器(20)的电容器正极(210)断开，负极机构(420)的金属外壳(414)与电容器(20)的电容器负极(220)断开。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其特征在于，还包括灰尘电荷清洗机构(60)，所述灰尘电荷清洗机构(60)包括清洗控制组件(610)以及清洗部件(620)；
    所述清洗控制组件(610)包括：清洗控制杆(611)，靠近所述清洗控制杆的一端设置有平行齿轮(612)；以及
    升降盘(613)，所述升降盘(613)上设置有与所述平行齿轮(612)相啮合的圆形齿轮(614)；
    所述清洗部件(620)包括：清洗球面(621)设置在所述清洗球面上的金属毛刷(622)以及用于接地的接地导线(623)；所述清洗部件(620)设置在所述升降盘(613)上；清洗球面(621)材料与月尘电荷收集器(30)外壳(310)相同；
    所述升降盘(613)为椭圆形。
  6. 根据权利要求3所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其特征在于，所述第一伸缩件(413)为L形，所述L形第一伸缩件的一端固定在所述第一支架(110)上，另一端固定在所述金属外壳(414)上。
  7. 根据权利要求3所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其特征在于，所述第二伸缩件(421)为L形，所述L形第二伸缩件的一端固定在所述第一支架(110)上，另一端固定在所金属外壳(414)上。
  8. 根据权利要求2所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其特征在于，所述外管(321)的长度与所述内管(322)的长度相等，由热膨胀系数大于50×10 -6/℃的相同材料制作，表面做绝缘处理，所述外管(321)的重量与所述内管(322)的重量相同。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其特征在于，月尘电荷收集器(30)外壳(310)为热膨胀系数小于15×10 -6/℃的空心金属球面；
    在月昼，重锤(323)移向外壳(310)球心与内管(322)与外壳(310)交点之间，使得月尘电荷收集器(30)的重心移向外壳(310)球心与内管(322)与外壳(310)交点之间；在月夜，重锤(323)移向外壳(310)球心与外管(321)与外壳(310)交点之间，使得使得月尘电荷收集器(30)的重心移向外壳(310)球心与外管(321)与外壳(310)交点之间；在月昼和月夜变更的时间，重锤(323)移过外壳(310)球心。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的月尘静电储能发电装置，其特征在于，
    所述电容器(20)的正极电位V p计算公式如下：
    Figure PCTCN2019127254-appb-100001
    其中，ρ ds为月昼月球表面正电荷密度；R为月尘电荷收集器(30)的外壳(310)半径；ε d：月昼月尘介电常数；
    所述电容器(20)的负极电位V n计算公式如下：
    Figure PCTCN2019127254-appb-100002
    其中，ρ ns为月夜月球表面负电荷密度；R为月尘电荷收集器(30)半径；ε n为夜间月尘介电常数；
    所述电容器(20)储存能量W计算公式如下：
    Figure PCTCN2019127254-appb-100003
    其中，C为电容器(20)的电容值。
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CN120557817A (zh) * 2025-07-30 2025-08-29 同济大学 一种月球栖息地装配式月热恒温系统

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