WO2020154696A1 - Anucleate cell-derived vaccines - Google Patents

Anucleate cell-derived vaccines Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020154696A1
WO2020154696A1 PCT/US2020/015098 US2020015098W WO2020154696A1 WO 2020154696 A1 WO2020154696 A1 WO 2020154696A1 US 2020015098 W US2020015098 W US 2020015098W WO 2020154696 A1 WO2020154696 A1 WO 2020154696A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
anucleate cell
cell
antigen
anucleate
derived vesicle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2020/015098
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Armon R. Sharei
Howard Bernstein
Jonathan B. Gilbert
Finola MOORE
Devin Bridgen
Luke CASSEREAU
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SQZ Biotechnologies Co
Original Assignee
SQZ Biotechnologies Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by SQZ Biotechnologies Co filed Critical SQZ Biotechnologies Co
Priority to JP2021542385A priority Critical patent/JP2022523027A/ja
Priority to CN202080023790.9A priority patent/CN113614237A/zh
Priority to CA3127665A priority patent/CA3127665A1/en
Priority to EP20710333.4A priority patent/EP3914722A1/en
Priority to AU2020212601A priority patent/AU2020212601A1/en
Priority to US17/425,709 priority patent/US20220105166A1/en
Priority to KR1020217026565A priority patent/KR20210121106A/ko
Publication of WO2020154696A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020154696A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to JP2024208036A priority patent/JP2025023108A/ja
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates generally to methods for stimulating an immune response or methods of treating cancer, infectious diseases or viral-associated disease by delivering an anucleate cell-derived vesicle to an individual, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicles are loaded with an antigen and/or adjuvant.
  • the antigen and/or adjuvant is delivered to an anucleate cell by passing a cell suspension through a cell-deforming constriction.
  • red blood cells as a carrier is difficult due to challenges associated with manipulation of red blood cells to associate antigenic material given that red blood cells are irregularly shaped (biconcave), anucleate, and transcriptionally inactive. As a result, standard transfection techniques do not work. To overcome these challenges, methods of using red blood cells as a carrier for triggering an immune response have focused on conjugating materials to the surface of erythrocytes. See, e.g., Lorentz et al., Sci. Adv, l:el5001122015; Grimm et al., Sci Rep, 5, 2015; and Kontos et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 110, 2013.
  • references that describe methods of using microfluidic constrictions to deliver compounds to cells include WO2013059343, WO2015023982, WO2016070136,
  • the invention provides methods for delivering an antigen into an anucleate cell-derived vesicle, the method comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input (e.g., parent) anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the input anucleate cell further comprises an adjuvant.
  • the invention provides methods for delivering an adjuvant into an anucleate cell-derived vesicle, the method comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • input anucleate cell further comprises an antigen.
  • the invention provides methods for delivering an antigen and an adjuvant into an anucleate cell-derived vesicle, the method comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the invention provides methods for stimulating an immune response to an antigen in an individual, the method comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell- deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the method further comprises administering an adjuvant systemically to the individual.
  • the adjuvant is administered systemically before, after or at the same time as the anucleate cell derived vesicle.
  • the input anucleate cell comprises an adjuvant.
  • the invention provides methods for stimulating an immune response to an antigen in an individual, the method comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and an adjuvant, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived
  • the invention provides methods for treating a disease in an individual, comprising administering to the individual an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising a disease-associated antigen, wherein an immune response against the antigen ameliorates conditions of the disease, and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the disease- associated antigen is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucle
  • the invention provides methods for preventing a disease in an individual, comprising administering to the individual an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising a disease-associated antigen, wherein an immune response against the antigen prevents development of the disease, and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the disease-associated antigen is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell- derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the invention provides methods for vaccinating an individual against an antigen, comprising administering to the individual an anucleate cell- derived vesicle comprising the antigen, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the method further comprises administering an adjuvant systemically to the individual.
  • the adjuvant is administered systemically before, after or at the same time as the anucleate cell derived vesicle.
  • the input anucleate cell comprises an adjuvant.
  • the invention provides methods for treating a disease in an individual, comprising administering to the individual an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising a disease-associated antigen and an adjuvant, wherein an immune response against the antigen ameliorates conditions of the disease, and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the disease-associated antigen and the adjuvant is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell- deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and an adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and
  • the invention provides methods for preventing a disease in an individual, comprising administering to the individual an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising a disease-associated antigen and an adjuvant, wherein an immune response against the antigen prevents development of the disease, and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising a disease-associated antigen and an adjuvant is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and an adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adj
  • the invention provides methods for vaccinating an individual against an antigen, comprising administering to the individual an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and an adjuvant, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and an adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell- derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the invention provides methods for treating a disease in an individual, wherein an immune response against a disease-associated antigen ameliorates conditions of the disease, the method comprising a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen; and c) administering the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen to the individual.
  • the invention provides methods for preventing a disease in an individual, wherein an immune response against a disease-associated antigen prevents development of the disease, the method comprising a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell- deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen; and c) administering the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen to the individual.
  • the invention provides methods for vaccinating an individual against an antigen, the method comprising, a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen; and c)
  • the method further comprises administering an extravesicular adjuvant systemically to the individual.
  • the extravesicular adjuvant is administered before, after or at the same time as the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the input anucleate cell comprises an adjuvant.
  • the invention provides methods for treating a disease in an individual, wherein an immune response against a disease-associated antigen ameliorates conditions of the disease, the method comprising a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the disease-associated antigen and an adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell- derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant; and c) administering the anucleate cell- derived ve
  • the invention provides methods for preventing a disease in an individual, wherein an immune response against a disease-associated antigen prevents development of the disease, the method comprising a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell- deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and an adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant; and c) administering the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen
  • the invention provides methods for vaccinating an individual against an antigen, the method comprising, a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and an adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant; and c) administering the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant to the individual.
  • the method further comprises administering an extravesicular adjuvant systemically to the individual.
  • the extravesicular adjuvant is administered before, after or at the same time as the anucleate cell derived vesicle.
  • the disease is cancer, an infectious disease or a viral-associated disease.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is autologous to the individual.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is allogeneic to the individual.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is in a pharmaceutical formulation.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is administered systemically.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is administered intravenously, intraarterially, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intraperitoneally.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is administered to the individual in combination with a therapeutic agent.
  • the therapeutic agent is administered before, after or at the same time as the anucleate cell- derived vesicle.
  • the therapeutic agent is an immune checkpoint inhibitor and/or a cytokine.
  • the cytokine is one or more of IFN-a, IFN-g, IL-2, IL- 10, or IL-15.
  • the immune checkpoint inhibitor is targeted to any one of PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG3, TIGIT, VISTA, TIM1, B7-H4 (VTCN1) and BTLA.
  • the therapeutic agent is a bispecific agent; for example, a bispecific agent comprising a cytokine component and a targeting component.
  • the bispecific agent comprises a targeting component and a trap for a molecule such as TGFb.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is administered to the individual in combination with a chemotherapy or a radiation therapy.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is administered to the individual in combination with one or more agents that improve antigen presentation (e.g., CD40 or Ox40L), improve T cell proliferation, and/or improve tumor microenvironments (e.g., ICOS).
  • agents that improve antigen presentation e.g., CD40 or Ox40L
  • T cell proliferation e.g., T cell proliferation
  • tumor microenvironments e.g., ICOS
  • the antigen is capable of being processed into an MHC class I-restricted peptide and/or an MHC class II-restricted peptide.
  • the antigen is a CD-1 restricted antigen.
  • the antigen is a disease-associated antigen.
  • the antigen is a tumor antigen.
  • the antigen is derived from a lysate.
  • the lysate is a tumor lysate.
  • the antigen is a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen or a fungal antigen.
  • the antigen is a microorganism.
  • the antigen is a polypeptide. In some embodiments, the antigen is a lipid antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen is a carbohydrate antigen. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid encoding the antigen is delivered to the cell. In some embodiments, the antigen is a modified antigen. In some embodiments, the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a polypeptide. In some embodiments, the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a targeting peptide. In some embodiments, the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a lipid. In some embodiments, the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a nanoparticle.
  • a nucleic acid encoding the antigen is delivered to the cell.
  • a plurality of antigens is delivered to the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the adjuvant is a CpG ODN, IFN-a, STING agonists, RIG-I agonists, poly I:C, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with polylysine and carboxymethylcellulose (HILTONOL®), imiquimod, resiquimod, and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  • the adjuvant is low molecular weight poly I:C.
  • the input anucleate cell is a red blood cell.
  • the red blood cell is an erythrocyte.
  • the red blood cell is a reticulocyte.
  • the input anucleate cell is a platelet.
  • the input anucleate cell is a mammalian cell.
  • the input anucleate cell is a monkey, mouse, dog, cat, horse, rat, sheep, goat, pig, or rabbit cell.
  • the input anucleate cell is a human cell.
  • the constriction is contained within a microfluidic channel.
  • the microfluidic channel comprises a plurality of constrictions.
  • the plurality of constrictions is arranged in series and/or in parallel.
  • the constriction is between a plurality of micropillars; between a plurality of micropillars configured in an array; or between one or more movable plates.
  • the constriction is a pore or contained within a pore.
  • the pore is contained in a surface.
  • the surface is a filter.
  • the surface is a membrane.
  • the constriction size is a function of the diameter of the input anucleate cell in suspension. In some embodiments, the constriction size is about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, or about 70% of the diameter of the input anucleate cell in suspension. In some embodiments, the constriction has a width of about 0.25 ⁇ m to about 4 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the constriction has a width of about 4 ⁇ m, about 3.5 ⁇ m, about 3 ⁇ m, about 2.5 ⁇ m, about 2 ⁇ m, about 1.5 ⁇ m, about 1 ⁇ m, about 0.5 ⁇ m, or about 0.25 ⁇ m.
  • the constriction has a width of about 2.2 ⁇ m.
  • the input anucleate cells are passed through the constriction under a pressure ranging from about 10 psi to about 90 psi.
  • said cell suspension is contacted with the antigen before, concurrently, or after passing through the constriction.
  • the invention provides an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle; thereby generating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen.
  • the input anucleate cell comprises an adjuvant.
  • the invention provides an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an adjuvant, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the adjuvant is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing
  • the input anucleate cell comprises an antigen.
  • the invention provides an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and an adjuvant, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell- derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell- derived vesicle; thereby generating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is a red blood cell-derived vesicle or a platelet-derived vesicle.
  • the red blood cell-derived vesicle is an erythrocyte-derived vesicle, or a reticulocyte-derived vesicle.
  • the antigen is capable of being processed into an MHC class I-restricted peptide and/or an MHC class II- restricted peptide.
  • the antigen is a CD-1 restricted antigen.
  • the antigen is a disease-associated antigen.
  • the antigen is a tumor antigen.
  • the antigen is derived from a lysate.
  • the lysate is a tumor lysate.
  • the antigen is a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen or a fungal antigen.
  • the antigen is a microorganism.
  • the antigen is a polypeptide.
  • the antigen is a lipid antigen.
  • the antigen is a carbohydrate antigen.
  • a nucleic acid encoding the antigen is delivered to the cell.
  • the antigen is a modified antigen.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a polypeptide.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a targeting peptide.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a lipid.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a tumor lysate.
  • the antigen is a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen or a fungal antigen.
  • the antigen is a microorganism.
  • the antigen is a polypeptide.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a nanoparticle.
  • a plurality of antigens is delivered to the anucleate cell- derived vesicle.
  • the adjuvant is a CpG ODN, IFN-a, STING agonists, RIG-I agonists, poly I:C, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with polylysine and carboxymethylcellulose (HILTONOL®), imiquimod, resiquimod and/or LPS.
  • the adjuvant is low molecular weight poly I:C.
  • the input anucleate cell is a red blood cell.
  • the input anucleate cell is an erythrocyte.
  • the input anucleate cell is a reticulocyte.
  • the input anucleate cell is a platelet.
  • the input anucleate cell is a mammalian cell.
  • the input anucleate cell is a monkey, mouse, dog, cat, horse, rat, sheep, goat, pig, or rabbit cell.
  • the input anucleate cell is a human cell.
  • the half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle following administration to a mammal is decreased compared to a half-life of the input anucleate cell following administration to the mammal.
  • the hemoglobin content of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is decreased compared to the hemoglobin content of the input anucleate cell.
  • ATP production of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is decreased compared to ATP production of the input anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle exhibits a spherical morphology.
  • the input anucleate cell is an erythrocyte and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has a reduced biconcave shape compared to the input anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is a red blood cell ghost.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared by the process have greater than about 1.5 fold more phosphatidylserine on its surface compared to the input anucleate cell. In some embodiments, a population profile of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared by the process exhibits higher average phosphatidylserine levels on the surface compared to the input anucleate cells. In some embodiments, at least 50% of the population profile of anucleate cell- derived vesicles prepared by the process exhibits higher phosphatidylserine levels on the surface compared to the input anucleate cells.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle exhibits enhanced uptake in a tissue or cell compared to the input anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell- derived vesicle exhibits enhanced uptake in phagocytic cells and/or antigen presenting cells compared to the input anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is modified to enhance uptake in a tissue or cell compared to an unmodified anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is modified to enhance uptake in phagocytic cells and/or antigen presenting cells compared to an unmodified anucleate cell- derived vesicle.
  • the phagocytic cells and/or antigen presenting cells comprise one or more of a dendritic cell or macrophage.
  • the tissue or cell comprises one or more of liver or spleen.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises CD47 on its surface.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is not (a) heat processed, (b) chemically treated, and/or (c) subjected to hypotonic or hypertonic conditions during the preparation of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles.
  • the osmolarity of the cell suspension is maintained throughout the process. In some embodiments, the osmolarity of the cell suspension is maintained between 200 mOsm and 400 mOsm throughout the process.
  • the constriction is contained within a microfluidic channel.
  • the microfluidic channel comprises a plurality of constrictions.
  • the plurality of constrictions is arranged in series and/or in parallel.
  • the constriction is between a plurality of micropillars; between a plurality of micropillars configured in an array; or between one or more movable plates.
  • the constriction is a pore or contained within a pore.
  • the pore is contained in a surface.
  • the surface is a membrane.
  • the constriction size is a function of the diameter of the input anucleate cell in suspension. In some embodiments, the constriction size is about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, or about 70% of the diameter of the input anucleate cell in suspension. In some embodiments, the constriction has a width of about 0.25 ⁇ m to about 4 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the constriction has a width of about 4 ⁇ m, 3.5 ⁇ m, about 3 ⁇ m, about 2.5 ⁇ m, about 2 ⁇ m, about 1.5 ⁇ m, about 1 ⁇ m, about 0.5 ⁇ m, or about 0.25 ⁇ m.
  • the constriction has a width of about 2.2 ⁇ m.
  • the input anucleate cells are passed through the constriction under a pressure ranging from about 10 psi to about 90 psi.
  • said cell suspension is contacted with the antigen before, concurrently, or after passing through the constriction.
  • the invention provides compositions comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles as described herein.
  • the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the invention provides methods for generating an anucleate cell- derived vesicle comprising an antigen, the method comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen.
  • the input anucleate cell comprises an adjuvant.
  • the invention provides methods for generating an anucleate cell- derived vesicle comprising an adjuvant, the method comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the adjuvant.
  • the input anucleate cell comprises an antigen.
  • the invention provides methods for generating an anucleate cell- derived vesicle comprising an antigen and an adjuvant, the method comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is a red blood cell-derived vesicle or a platelet derived vesicle.
  • the red blood cell-derived vesicle is an erythrocyte-derived vesicle or a reticulocyte-derived vesicle.
  • the antigen is capable of being processed into an MHC class I-restricted peptide and/or an MHC class II-restricted peptide.
  • the antigen is a CD-1 restricted antigen.
  • the antigen is a disease-associated antigen.
  • the antigen is a tumor antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen is derived from a lysate. In some embodiments, the lysate is a tumor lysate. In some embodiments, the antigen is a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen or a fungal antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen is a microorganism. In some embodiments, the antigen is a polypeptide. In some embodiments, the antigen is a lipid antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen is a carbohydrate antigen. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid encoding the antigen is delivered to the cell. In some embodiments, the antigen is a modified antigen.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a polypeptide. In some embodiments, the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a targeting peptide. In some embodiments, the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a lipid. In some embodiments, the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a carbohydrate. In some embodiments, the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a nanoparticle. In some embodiments, a plurality of antigens is delivered to the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the adjuvant is a CpG ODN, IFN-a, STING agonists, RIG-I agonists, poly I:C, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with polylysine and carboxymethylcellulose
  • the adjuvant is a low molecular weight poly I:C.
  • the input anucleate cell is a red blood cell.
  • the input anucleate cell is an erythrocyte.
  • the input anucleate cell is a reticulocyte.
  • the input anucleate cell is a platelet.
  • the input anucleate cell is a mammalian cell.
  • the input anucleate cell is a monkey, mouse, dog, cat, horse, rat, sheep, goat, pig, or rabbit cell.
  • the input anucleate cell is a human cell.
  • the half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle following administration to a mammal is decreased compared to a half-life of the input anucleate cell following administration to the mammal.
  • the hemoglobin content of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is decreased compared to the hemoglobin content of the input anucleate cell.
  • ATP production of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is decreased compared to ATP production of the input anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle exhibits a spherical morphology.
  • the input anucleate cell is an erythrocyte and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has a reduced biconcave shape compared to the input anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is a red blood cell ghost.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared by the process have greater than about 1.5 fold more phosphatidylserine on its surface compared to the input anucleate cell. In some embodiments, a population profile of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared by the process exhibits higher average phosphatidylserine levels on the surface compared to the input anucleate cells. In some embodiments, at least 50% of the population profile of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared by the process exhibits higher
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle exhibits enhanced uptake in a tissue or cell compared to the input anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle exhibits enhanced uptake in phagocytic cells and/or antigen presenting cells compared to the input anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is modified to enhance uptake in a tissue or cell compared to the input anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is modified to enhance uptake in phagocytic cells and/or antigen presenting cells compared to an unmodified anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the phagocytic cells and/or antigen presenting cells comprise one or more of a dendritic cell or macrophage.
  • the tissue or cell comprises one or more of liver or spleen.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises CD47 on its surface.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is not (a) heat processed, (b) chemically treated, and/or (c) subjected to hypotonic or hypertonic conditions during the preparation of the anucleate cell- derived vesicles.
  • the osmolarity of the cell suspension is maintained throughout the process. In some embodiments, the osmolarity of the cell suspension is maintained between about 200 mOsm and about 400 mOsm throughout the process.
  • the constriction is contained within a microfluidic channel.
  • the microfluidic channel comprises a plurality of constrictions.
  • the plurality of constrictions is arranged in series and/or in parallel.
  • the constriction is between a plurality of micropillars; between a plurality of micropillars configured in an array; or between one or more movable plates.
  • the constriction is a pore or contained within a pore.
  • the pore is contained in a surface.
  • the surface is a filter.
  • the surface is a membrane.
  • the constriction size is a function of the diameter of the input anucleate cell in suspension. In some embodiments, the constriction size is about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, or about 70% of the diameter of the input anucleate cell in suspension. In some embodiments, the constriction has a width of about 0.25 ⁇ m to about 4 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the constriction has a width of about 4 ⁇ m, 3.5 ⁇ m, about 3 ⁇ m, about 2.5 ⁇ m, about 2 ⁇ m, about 1.5 ⁇ m , about 1 ⁇ m, about 0.5 ⁇ m, or about 0.25 ⁇ m.
  • the constriction has a width of about 2.2 ⁇ m.
  • the input anucleate cells are passed through the constriction under a pressure ranging from about 10 psi to about 90 psi.
  • said cell suspension is contacted with the antigen before, concurrently, or after passing through the constriction.
  • an anucleate cell-derived vesicle prepared from a parent anucleate cell, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle having one or more of the following properties: (a) a circulating half-life in a mammal is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) spherical morphology, (d) increased surface phosphatidylserine levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, or (e) reduced ATP production compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the circulating half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle in a mammal is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the circulating half-life in the mammal is decreased by more than about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99% compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the parent anucleate cell is a human cell and wherein the circulating half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is less than about 1 minute, about 2 minutes, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 1 hour, about 6 hours, about 12 hours, about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 10 days, about 25 days, about 50 days, about 75 days, about 100 days, about 120 days.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has increased surface phosphatidylserine levels compared to the parent anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared by the process has greater than about 1.5 fold more phosphatidylserine on its surface compared to the parent anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 99%, about 100% or more than about 100% more phosphatidylserine on its surface compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has reduced ATP production compared to the parent anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle produces ATP at less than about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, or about 50% the level of ATP produced by the parent anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle does not produce ATP.
  • the parent anucleate cell was not (a) heat processed, (b) chemically treated, and/or (c) subjected to hypotonic or hypertonic conditions during the preparation of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles.
  • osmolarity was maintained during preparation of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle from the parent anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the osmolarity was maintained between about 200 mOsm and about 600 mOsm. In some embodiments, the osmolarity was maintained between about 200 mOsm and about 400 mOsm.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle was prepared by a process comprising: passing a suspension comprising the input parent anucleate cells through a cell deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input parent anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the anucleate cell large enough for a payload to pass through; thereby producing an anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises an antigen and/or a tolerogenic factor.
  • the present disclosure provides, in another aspect, a composition comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from parent anucleate cells, the composition having one or more of the following properties: (a) greater than about 20% of the anucleate cell- derived vesicles in the composition have a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have spherical morphology, (d) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition are RBC ghosts, (e) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition vesicles in the composition have higher levels of phosphatidylserine
  • the parent anucleate cell used to prepare the composition is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the parent anucleate cell used to prepare the
  • composition is a human cell.
  • parent anucleate cell used to prepare the composition is a red blood cell or a platelet.
  • the red blood cell is an erythrocyte or a reticulocyte.
  • the circulating half-life of 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition in a mammal is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell or the average of the population of the parent anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the circulating half-life of 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition in the mammal is decreased by more than about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80% or about 90% compared to the parent anucleate cell or the average of the population of the parent anucleate cell.
  • the parent anucleate cell used to prepare the composition is a red blood cell and wherein the hemoglobin levels of 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition are decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell or the average of the population of the parent anucleate cell.
  • the hemoglobin levels of 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle are decreased by at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 99% or about 100% compared to the parent anucleate cell or the average of the population of the parent anucleate cell.
  • the hemoglobin levels of 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition are about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, or about 50% the level of hemoglobin in the parent anucleate cell or the average of the population of the parent anucleate cell.
  • the parent anucleate cell used to prepare the composition is an erythrocyte and wherein greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition are spherical in morphology. In some embodiments, the parent anucleate cell used to prepare the composition is an erythrocyte and wherein greater than 20% of the anucleate cell- derived vesicles in the composition have a reduced biconcave shape compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the parent anucleate cell used to prepare the composition is a red blood cell or an erythrocyte and wherein greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition are red blood cell ghosts.
  • the parent anucleate cell used to prepare the composition was not (a) heat processed, (b) chemically treated, and/or (c) subjected to hypotonic or hypertonic conditions during the preparation of the compositions.
  • osmolarity was maintained during preparation of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles from the parent anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the osmolarity was maintained between about 200 mOsm and about 600 mOsm. In some embodiments, the osmolarity was maintained between about 200 mOsm and about 400 mOsm.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles of the composition comprise an antigen. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicles of the composition comprise an adjuvant. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicles of the composition comprise an antigen and a tolerogenic factor.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles of the composition were prepared by a process comprising: (a) passing a cell suspension comprising the input parent anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input parent anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input parent anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and (b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle; thereby producing an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles of the composition were prepared by a process comprising: (a) passing a cell suspension comprising the input parent anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input parent anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input parent anucleate cell large enough for the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and (b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle; thereby producing an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an adjuvant.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles of the composition comprises an antigen and an adjuvant
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles of the composition were prepared by a process comprising: (a) passing a cell suspension comprising the input parent anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input parent anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input parent anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and (b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle; thereby producing an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and/or an adjuvant
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle of the composition comprises an antigen and a tolerogenic factor, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicles of the
  • compositions were prepared by a process comprising: (a) passing a cell suspension comprising the input parent anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input parent anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input parent anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and the tolerogenic factor to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and (b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the tolerogenic factor for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the tolerogenic factor to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle; thereby producing an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and/or an tolerogenic factor.
  • the constriction used to prepare the composition is contained within a microfluidic channel.
  • the microfluidic channel used to prepare the composition comprises a plurality of constrictions.
  • the plurality of constrictions are arranged in series and/or in parallel.
  • the constriction used to prepare the composition is between a plurality of micropillars, between a plurality of micropillars configured in an array, or between one or more movable plates.
  • the constriction used to prepare the composition is a pore or contained within a pore.
  • the pore used to prepare the composition is contained in a surface.
  • the surface used to prepare the composition is a filter.
  • the surface used to prepare the composition is a membrane.
  • the constriction size used to prepare the composition is about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, or about 70% of the cell diameter. In some embodiments, the constriction used to prepare the composition has a width of about 0.25 ⁇ m to about 4 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the constriction used to prepare the composition has a width of about 4 ⁇ m, 3.5 ⁇ m, about 3 ⁇ m, about 2.5 ⁇ m, about 2 ⁇ m, about 1.5 ⁇ m, about 1 ⁇ m, about 0.5 ⁇ m, or about 0.25 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the constriction used to prepare the
  • composition has a width of about 2.2 ⁇ m.
  • the input parent anucleate cells used to prepare the composition are passed through the constriction under a pressure ranging from about 10 psi to about 150 psi.
  • the cell suspension used to prepare the composition is contacted with the antigen before, concurrently, or after passing through the constriction.
  • the antigen of the composition is capable of being processed into an MHC class I-restricted peptide and/or an MHC class II-restricted peptide.
  • the antigen is a disease-associated antigen.
  • the antigen is a tumor antigen.
  • the antigen is derived from a lysate.
  • the lysate is a transplant lysate. In some embodiments, the lysate is a tumor lysate. In some embodiments, the antigen is a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen or a fungal antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen is a microorganism. In some embodiments, the antigen is a polypeptide. In some embodiments, the antigen is a lipid antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen is a carbohydrate antigen. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid encoding the antigen is delivered to the cell.
  • the antigen of the composition is a modified antigen.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a polypeptide.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a targeting peptide.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a lipid.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle of the composition comprises a plurality of antigens, wherein the plurality of antigens is delivered to the anucleate cell.
  • the adjuvant of the composition is a CpG ODN, IFN-a, STING agonists, RIG-I agonists, poly I:C, imiquimod, resiquimod, and/or LPS.
  • the composition is a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present disclosure provides, in another aspect, a method of making a composition comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from parent anucleate cells, the composition having one or more of the following properties: (a) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell- derived vesicles in the composition have decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have spherical morphology, (d) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition are RBC ghosts, (e) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have
  • the constriction used in the methods of making described herein is contained within a microfluidic channel.
  • the microfluidic channel used in the methods of making described herein comprises a plurality of constrictions.
  • the plurality of constrictions used in the methods of making described herein are arranged in series and/or in parallel.
  • the constriction used in the methods of making described herein is between a plurality of micropillars, between a plurality of micropillars configured in an array, or between one or more movable plates.
  • the constriction used in the methods of making described herein is a pore or contained within a pore.
  • the pore used in the methods of making described herein is contained in a surface.
  • the surface used in the methods of making described herein is a filter.
  • the surface used in the methods of making described herein is a membrane.
  • the constriction size used in the methods of making described herein is about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, or about 70% of the cell diameter.
  • the constriction used in the methods of making described herein has a width of about 0.25 ⁇ m to about 4 ⁇ m.
  • the cell suspension used in the methods of making described herein is contacted with a payload before, concurrently, or after passing through the constriction such that the payload enters the cell.
  • the payload used in the methods of making described herein is a therapeutic payload.
  • the payload is a polypeptide, a nucleic acid, a lipid, a carbohydrate a small molecule, a complex, or a nanoparticle.
  • the payload is an antigen and/or an adjuvant.
  • the payload is an antigen and/or a tolerogenic factor.
  • the present disclosure provides, in another aspect, a method for treating a disease or disorder in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising administering a anucleate cell- derived vesicle described herein.
  • the present disclosure provides, in another aspect, a method for treating a disease or disorder in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising administering a composition described herein.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles used in the methods for treating described herein comprise a therapeutic payload.
  • the individual has cancer and wherein the payload comprises an antigen.
  • the individual has cancer and wherein the payload comprises an antigen and an adjuvant.
  • the antigen is a tumor antigen.
  • the individual has an infectious disease or a viral-associated disease and wherein the payload comprises an antigen. In some embodiments, the individual has an infectious disease or a viral- associated disease and wherein the payload comprises an antigen and an adjuvant. In some embodiments, the antigen is a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen or a fungal antigen. In some embodiments, the individual has an autoimmune disease and wherein the payload comprises an antigen. In some embodiments, the individual has an autoimmune disease and wherein the payload comprises an antigen and/or a tolerogenic factor.
  • the present disclosure provides, in another aspect, a method for preventing a disease or disorder in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising administering a anucleate cell-derived vesicle described herein.
  • the present disclosure provides, in another aspect, a method for preventing a disease or disorder in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising administering a composition described herein.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles used in the methods for preventing described herein comprise an antigen.
  • the individual has cancer and wherein the payload comprises an antigen and an adjuvant.
  • the disease or disorder is cancer and the antigen is a tumor antigen.
  • the individual has an infectious disease and wherein the payload comprises an antigen. In some embodiments, the individual has an infectious disease and wherein the payload comprises an antigen and an adjuvant In some embodiments, the antigen is a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen or a fungal antigen.
  • FIG.1A shows the percentage of antigen-specific T cells as measured by tetramer staining for each condition.
  • FIG.1B shows the percentage of IFN-g positive cells as measured by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) for each condition after re-stimulation with OVA epitope SIINFEKL (circular dots). Stimulation with anti-CD28 alone (without SIINFEKL) is used as a negative control (square dots), while unspecific stimulation by PMA/Ionomycin is used as a positive control (triangular dots).
  • FIG.1C shows the amounts of IFN-g in each cell as measured by the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of each cell in ICS for each condition.
  • FIG. 1D shows the percentage of IL-2 positive cells as measured by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) for each condition after re-stimulation with OVA epitope SIINFEKL (circular dots).
  • FIG.1E shows the amounts of IL-2 in each cell as measured by the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of each cell in ICS for each condition.
  • FIG.2A shows the percentage of antigen-specific T cells as measured by tetramer staining for each condition.
  • FIG.2B shows the percentage of IFN-g positive cells as measured by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) for each condition after re-stimulation with OVA epitope SIINFEKL (circular dots).
  • FIG.2C shows the percentage of IL-2 positive cells as measured by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) for each condition after re-stimulation with OVA epitope SIINFEKL (circular dots).
  • FIG.3A shows the percentage of antigen-specific T cells as measured by tetramer staining for each condition.
  • FIG.3B shows the percentage of IFN-g positive cells as measured by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) for each condition after re-stimulation with OVA epitope SIINFEKL (circular dots).
  • ICS intracellular cytokine staining
  • FIG.3C shows the percentage of IL-2 positive cells as measured by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) for each condition after re-stimulation with OVA epitope SIINFEKL (circular dots).
  • ICS intracellular cytokine staining
  • FIG.3B and 3C Stimulation with anti-CD28 alone (without SIINFEKL) is used as a negative control (square dots), while unspecific stimulation by PMA/Ionomycin is used as a positive control (triangular dots).
  • FIG.4 shows lactate levels of red blood cellderived vesicles that has been processed by constriction mediated delivery (SQZ) versus the unprocessed input red blood cells .
  • FIG.5A shows the images from brightfield microscopy, fluorescent microscopy for CellTrace Violet staining (CT) as well as fluorescent microscopy for FITC labeled Dextran (D- FITC), for untreated RBCs (Untrtd), RBCs incubated with D-FITC (No SQZ), as well as RBC- derived vesicles with D-FITC loaded using SQZ (SQZ).
  • FIG.5B shows the levels of phosphatidylserine staining for untreated RBCs (Untrt), RBCs incubated with D-FITC (No SQZ), as well as RBC-derived vesicles with D-FITC loaded using SQZ (SQZ).
  • FIG.6A shows the representative schematics of an experiment to determine the circulating half-life of anucleate cell-derived vesicles generated by SQZ-processing.
  • FIG.6B shows the circulating levels of the separately labeled RBCs and SQZ-loaded RBC-derived vesicles over time.
  • FIG. 6C shows the forward and side scatter in the flow plot of the mixture of RBCs and SQZ-loaded RBC-derived vesicles that were injected into mice.
  • FIGs.8A and 8B show the loss of hemoglobin (hemolysis) as quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of 2 hemoglobin peptide, respectively, in RBCs incubated with B9-23 (Endo Control) and RBC-derived vesicles that were SQZ-loaded with B9-23 (SQZ).
  • FIG.11A shows the organs involved in internalization of SQZ-processed RBC-derived vesicles.
  • FIG.11B shows the cell types within liver and spleen that are involved in
  • FIG.12A shows the proliferation of OVA-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation induced by RBC-derived vesicles SQZ-loaded with OVA and Poly I:C.
  • FIG.12B shows the
  • FIG.13 shows the endogenous CD8+ T cell response upon ex vivo SIINFEKL re- simulation for mice administered with induced by RBC-derived vesicles SQZ-loaded with (i) Poly I:C only, (ii) OVA only, or (iii) OVA and Poly I:C.
  • FIG.15 shows the quantification of E7-specific CD8+ T cells for mice treated with different priming and boosting dosing regimens of RBC-derived vesicles SQZ-loaded with E7 and Poly I:C.
  • FIGs.16A and 16B show the effect of prophylactic administration of RBC-derived vesicles SQZ-loaded with E7 and Poly I:C on the tumor growth and survival respectively in a murine model receiving E7-positive tumor.
  • FIGs.17A and 17B show the effect of therapeutic administration of RBC-derived vesicles SQZ-loaded with E7 and Poly I:C at different dosages on the tumor growth and survival respectively in a murine model carrying E7-positive tumor.
  • FIGs.18A and 18B show the effect of therapeutic administration of RBC-derived vesicles SQZ-loaded with E7 and Poly I:C with different dosing regimens on the tumor growth and survival respectively in a murine model carrying E7-positive tumor.
  • FIGs.19A-19D show the antigen-specific immune response induced by RBC-derived vesicles SQZ-loaded with E7 and Poly I:C, specifically the recruitment of CD8+ T cells into an E7 positive tumor (FIG. 19A), the percentage of CD8+ T cells within the tumor that is specific to E7 (FIG.19B), the ratio of E7-specific CD8+ T cells versus regulatory T cells in the tumor (FIG.19C), and correlation of E7-specific CD8+ T cells versus tumor weight (FIG.19D), when a murine model carrying a E7-positive tumor was administered with RBC-derived vesicles SQZ- loaded with E7 and Poly I:C.
  • FIGs.20A-20C show the ghost formation, the efficiency of payload delivery, and the surface phosphatidylserine levels respectively when human RBC-derived vesicles were generated by SQZ-processing in the presence of E7-SLP (payload).
  • FIG. 22 shows the IFN-g production and secretion by CMV antigen-specific CD8+ T cells when co-cultured with human RBC-derived vesicles loaded with CMV antigen, and exogenous adjuvant.
  • FIGs.23A-23C show the efficiency of payload delivery, the ghost formation, and the surface phosphatidylserine levels in ghost and non-ghost populations, respectively, when murine RBC-derived vesicles were generated by SQZ-processing.
  • FIG.24A shows the representative schematics of an experiment to determine if in vivo antigen-dependent tolerance to a viral capsid is induced by anucleate cell-derived vesicles with SQZ-loaded antigen.
  • FIG.24B shows the percentage of IFN-g positive cells as measured by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) in splenocytes of na ⁇ ve mice, mice treated with RBC incubated with SNYNKSVNV (Peptide), or mice treated with SNYNKSVNV-loaded RBC- derived vesicles (SQZ).
  • FIG.24C shows the luciferase levels in serum for mice in Peptide group and SQZ group over the course of 43 days.
  • FIG.25A shows the representative schematics of an experiment to determine if in vivo antigen-dependent tolerance to an antibody is induced by anucleate cell-derived vesicles with SQZ-loaded antigen.
  • FIG.25B shows the levels of circulating rat IgG2b in serum for control mice, mice injected with free rat IgG2b, and mice injected with RBC-derived vesicles SQZ- loaded with rat IgG2b (SQZ) on Day 20, as determined by ELISA.
  • FIG.25C shows the levels of circulating rat IgG2b in serum for mice in control, free rat IgG2b, and SQZ group on Day 76.
  • FIG.26A shows the representative schematics of an experiment to determine if in vivo antigen-dependent tolerance to B9-23 is induced by anucleate cell-derived vesicles with SQZ- loaded antigen.
  • FIG.26B shows the percentage of IFN-g or IL-2 positive cells as measured by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) after re-stimulation with AAV-NL virus in splenocytes of control mice, mice treated with HEL-loaded RBC-derived vesicles (SQZ HEL), or mice treated Ins B9-23-loaded RBC-derived vesicles (SQZ FAM).
  • ICS intracellular cytokine staining
  • FIG.26C shows the representative schematics of an experiment to determine if in vivo antigen-dependent tolerance to 1040-p31 is induced by anucleate cell-derived vesicles with SQZ-loaded antigen.
  • FIG.26D shows the levels of serum blood glucose measured in control mice and mice treated with 1040-31-loaded RBC- derived vesicles (SQZ).
  • FIG.26E shows the disease onset for control mice and SQZ mice, as determined from serum blood glucose measurements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • the present application provides anucleate cells, including anucleate cell-derived vesicles (such as those prepared from an input anucleate cell), and compositions thereof, wherein the anucleate cells and/or anucleate cell-derived vesicles are loaded and/or admixed with one or more of an antigen, adjuvant, or therapeutic agent.
  • the present application also provides methods of generating anucleate cell-derived vesicles via constriction-mediated delivery (SQZ) described herein and methods of use thereof.
  • the present application further provides methods of stimulating an immune response and of treating and/or preventing diseases in individuals using anucleate cell-derived vesicles generated via constriction-mediated delivery (SQZ) described herein.
  • the disclosure of the present application is based, at least in part, on the finding that input anucleate cells can be processed by constriction-mediated delivery (SQZ) to generate anucleate cell-derived vesicles.
  • the disclosure of the present application is also based, at least in part, on the finding that anucleate cell-derived vesicles with antigen(s) and/or adjuvant(s) (whether or not encapsulated within the anucleate cell-derived vesicle) can induce an in vivo antigen-specific immune response.
  • the invention provides methods for delivering an antigen and/or an adjuvant into an anucleate cell-derived vesicle, the method comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and/or adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell- derived vesicle with the antigen and/or the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and/or adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to methods for stimulating an immune response to an antigen in an individual, the method comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell- deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the perturbed input anucleate cell with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • an adjuvant is also delivered to the anucleate cell-derived
  • the invention provides an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and/or an adjuvant, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and/or adjuvant is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and/or adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell- derived vesicle with the antigen and/or adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and/or adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle; thereby generating the anucleate cell-derived ve
  • the invention provides methods for generating an anucleate cell- derived vesicle comprising an antigen and/or an adjuvant, the method comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and/or adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and/or adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and/or adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and/or adjuvant.
  • the present application provides anucleate cell-derived vesicles (such as those prepared from a parent anucleate cell), and compositions thereof, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicles are loaded with a payload, such as any one or more of an antigen, adjuvant, or tolerogenic factor.
  • a payload such as any one or more of an antigen, adjuvant, or tolerogenic factor.
  • the present application also provides methods of making compositions of anucleate cell-derived vesicles described herein and methods of use thereof.
  • compositions comprising anucleate cell-derived vesicles comprising a payload, such as an antigen(s) and/or adjuvant(s), can induce an in vivo antigen-specific immune response.
  • compositions comprising anucleate cell-derived vesicles loaded with an antigen(s) and/or an adjuvant(s) can induce a greater in vivo antigen-specific immune response.
  • the disclosure of the present application is based, at least in part, on the finding that the in vivo antigen-specific immune response can be modulated based on: the adjuvant of the composition; the amount of payload, such as an antigen, encapsulated in an anucleate cell- derived vesicle; and/or the dosing strategy used for administration of the composition
  • compositions comprising anucleate cell-derived vesicles comprising anucleate cell-derived vesicles.
  • the disclosure of the present application is also based, at least in part, on the finding that a composition comprising a plurality of anucleate cell- derived vesicles can be actively tuned to generate anucleate cell-derived vesicles, such as a population of anucleate cell-derived vesicles, within the composition having one or more select properties.
  • Generation of a composition of anucleate cell-derived vesicles having desired amounts and/or properties of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle therein is achieved, e.g., by adjusting one or more of the preparation parameters when the anucleate cell-derived vesicles are prepared from parent anucleate cells.
  • anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from a parent anucleate cell having one or more of the following properties: (a) a circulating half-life in a mammal is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) spherical morphology, (d) increased surface phosphatidylserine levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, or (e) reduced ATP production compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • compositions comprising a plurality of any anucleate cell-derived vesicles described herein.
  • the composition has one or more of the following properties: (a) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have spherical morphology, (d) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition are RBC ghosts, (e) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have higher levels of phosphatidylserine, or (f) greater than 20% of the anu
  • compositions comprising a plurality of any anucleate cells admixed with an adjuvant, as described herein.
  • a composition disclosed herein e.g., a method of making a composition comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from parent anucleate cells, the composition having one or more of the following properties: (a) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have spherical morphology, (d) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition are RBC ghosts, (e) greater than 20% of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have higher levels of
  • the method for use is a method for treating a disease or disorder an individual in need thereof, the method comprising administering any of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles described herein. In some embodiments, the method for use is a method for preventing a disease or disorder an individual in need thereof, the method comprising administering any of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles described herein. Definitions
  • anucleate cell refers to a cell lacking a nucleus.
  • Such cells can include, but are not limited to, platelets, red blood cells (RBCs) such as erythrocytes and reticulocytes.
  • RBCs red blood cells
  • Reticulocytes are immature (e.g., not yet biconcave) red blood cells, typically comprising about 1% of the red blood cells in the human body. Reticulocytes are also anucleate.
  • the systems and methods described herein are used the treatment and/or processing of enriched (e.g., comprising a greater percentage of the total cellular population than would be found in nature), purified, or isolated (e.g., from their natural environment, in substantially pure or homogeneous form) populations of anucleate cells (e.g., RBCs,
  • reticulocytes and/or platelets.
  • the systems and methods described herein are used for the treatment and/or processing of whole blood containing RBCs (e.g., erythrocytes or reticulocytes), platelets as well as other blood cells. Purification or enrichment of these cell types is accomplished using known methods such as density gradient systems (e.g., Ficoll-Hypaque), fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), magnetic cell sorting, or in vitro differentiation of erythroblasts and erythroid precursors.
  • density gradient systems e.g., Ficoll-Hypaque
  • FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting
  • magnetic cell sorting or in vitro differentiation of erythroblasts and erythroid precursors.
  • vesicle refers to a structure comprising liquid enclosed by a lipid bilayer.
  • the lipid bilayer is sourced from naturally existing lipid composition.
  • the lipid bilayer can be sourced from a cellular membrane.
  • vesicles can be derived from various kinds of entities, such as cells. In such examples, a vesicle can retain molecules (such as intracellular proteins or membrane
  • a vesicle derived from a red blood cell may contain any number of intracellular proteins that were in the red blood cell and/or membrane components of the red blood cell.
  • a vesicle can contain any number of molecules intracellularly in addition to the desired payload.
  • a payload refers to the material that is being delivered into, such as loaded in, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle (e.g., an RBC-derived vesicle).
  • a payload may refer to a protein, a small molecule, a nucleic acid (e.g., RNA and/or DNA), a lipid, a carbohydrate, a macromolecule, a vitamin, a polymer, fluorescent dyes and fluorophores, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, nanoparticles, and steroids.
  • the payload may refer to a protein or small molecule drug.
  • the payload may comprise one or more compounds.
  • pore refers to an opening, including without limitation, a hole, tear, cavity, aperture, break, gap, or perforation within a material.
  • the term refers to a pore within a surface of the present disclosure.
  • a pore can refer to a pore in a cell membrane.
  • membrane refers to a selective barrier or sheet containing pores.
  • the term includes a pliable sheet-like structure that acts as a boundary or lining.
  • the term refers to a surface or filter containing pores. This term is distinct from the term“cell membrane”.
  • filter refers to a porous article that allows selective passage through the pores. In some examples the term refers to a surface or membrane containing pores.
  • heterologous as it relates to nucleic acid sequences such as coding sequences and control sequences, denotes sequences that are not normally joined together, and/or are not normally associated with a particular cell.
  • a“heterologous” region of a nucleic acid construct or a vector is a segment of nucleic acid within or attached to another nucleic acid molecule that is not found in association with the other molecule in nature.
  • a heterologous region of a nucleic acid construct could include a coding sequence flanked by sequences not found in association with the coding sequence in nature.
  • Another example of a heterologous coding sequence is a construct where the coding sequence itself is not found in nature (e.g., synthetic sequences having codons different from the native gene).
  • a cell transformed with a construct which is not normally present in the cell would be considered heterologous for purposes of this invention.
  • Allelic variation or naturally occurring mutational events do not give rise to heterologous DNA, as used herein.
  • heterologous as it relates to amino acid sequences such as peptide sequences and polypeptide sequences, denotes sequences that are not normally joined together, and/or are not normally associated with a particular cell.
  • a“heterologous” region of a peptide sequence is a segment of amino acids within or attached to another amino acid molecule that is not found in association with the other molecule in nature.
  • a heterologous region of a peptide construct could include the amino acid sequence of the peptide flanked by sequences not found in association with the amino acid sequence of the peptide in nature.
  • heterologous peptide sequence is a construct where the peptide sequence itself is not found in nature (e.g., synthetic sequences having amino acids different as coded from the native gene).
  • a cell transformed with a vector that expresses an amino acid construct which is not normally present in the cell would be considered heterologous for purposes of this invention.
  • Allelic variation or naturally occurring mutational events do not give rise to heterologous peptides, as used herein.
  • exogenous when used in reference to an agent, such as an antigen or an adjuvant, with relation to a cell refers to an agent delivered from the extracellular space (that is, from outside the cell).
  • the cell may or may not have the agent already present, and may or may not produce the agent after the exogenous agent has been delivered.
  • homologous refers to a molecule which is derived from the same organism. In some examples the term refers to a nucleic acid or protein which is normally found or expressed within the given organism.
  • beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: alleviating one or more symptoms resulting from the disease, diminishing the extent of the disease, stabilizing the disease (e.g., preventing or delaying the worsening of the disease), preventing or delaying the spread (e.g., metastasis) of the disease, preventing or delaying the recurrence of the disease, delay or slowing the progression of the disease, ameliorating the disease state, providing a remission (partial or total) of the disease, decreasing the dose of one or more other medications required to treat the disease, delaying the progression of the disease, increasing or improving the quality of life, increasing weight gain, and/or prolonging survival.
  • treatment is a reduction of pathological consequence of cancer (such as, for example, tumor volume).
  • the methods of the invention contemplate any one or more of these aspects of
  • modulate may refer to the act of changing, altering, varying, or otherwise modifying the presence, or an activity of, a particular target.
  • modulating an immune response may refer to any act leading to changing, altering, varying, or otherwise modifying an immune response.
  • modulating the expression of a nucleic acid may include, but not limited to a change in the transcription of a nucleic acid, a change in mRNA abundance (e.g., increasing mRNA transcription), a corresponding change in degradation of mRNA, a change in mRNA translation, and so forth.
  • the term“inhibit” may refer to the act of blocking, reducing, eliminating, or otherwise antagonizing the presence, or an activity of, a particular target.
  • Inhibition may refer to partial inhibition or complete inhibition.
  • inhibiting an immune response may refer to any act leading to a blockade, reduction, elimination, or any other antagonism of an immune response.
  • inhibition of the expression of a nucleic acid may include, but not limited to reduction in the transcription of a nucleic acid, reduction of mRNA abundance (e.g., silencing mRNA transcription), degradation of mRNA, inhibition of mRNA translation, gene editing and so forth.
  • inhibition of the expression of a protein may include, but not be limited to, reduction in the transcription of a nucleic acid encoding the protein, reduction in the stability of mRNA encoding the protein, inhibition of translation of the protein, reduction in stability of the protein, and so forth.
  • the term“suppress” may refer to the act of decreasing, reducing, prohibiting, limiting, lessening, or otherwise diminishing the presence, or an activity of, a particular target. Suppression may refer to partial suppression or complete suppression. For example, suppressing an immune response may refer to any act leading to decreasing, reducing, prohibiting, limiting, lessening, or otherwise diminishing an immune response. In other examples, suppression of the expression of a nucleic acid may include, but not limited to reduction in the transcription of a nucleic acid, reduction of mRNA abundance (e.g., silencing mRNA transcription), degradation of mRNA, inhibition of mRNA translation, and so forth.
  • suppression of the expression of a protein may include, but not be limited to, reduction in the transcription of a nucleic acid encoding the protein, reduction in the stability of mRNA encoding the protein, inhibition of translation of the protein, reduction in stability of the protein, and so forth.
  • the term“enhance” may refer to the act of improving, boosting, heightening, or otherwise increasing the presence, or an activity of, a particular target.
  • enhancing an immune response may refer to any act leading to improving, boosting, heightening, or otherwise increasing an immune response.
  • enhancing the expression of a nucleic acid may include, but not limited to increase in the transcription of a nucleic acid, increase in mRNA abundance (e.g., increasing mRNA transcription), decrease in degradation of mRNA, increase in mRNA translation, and so forth.
  • enhancing the expression of a protein may include, but not be limited to, increase in the transcription of a nucleic acid encoding the protein, increase in the stability of mRNA encoding the protein, increase in translation of the protein, increase in the stability of the protein, and so forth.
  • the term“induce” may refer to the act of initiating, prompting, stimulating, establishing, or otherwise producing a result.
  • inducing an immune response may refer to any act leading to initiating, prompting, stimulating, establishing, or otherwise producing a desired immune response.
  • inducing the expression of a nucleic acid may include, but not limited to initiation of the transcription of a nucleic acid, initiation of mRNA translation, and so forth.
  • inducing the expression of a protein may include, but not be limited to, increase in the transcription of a nucleic acid encoding the protein, increase in the stability of mRNA encoding the protein, increase in translation of the protein, increase in the stability of the protein, and so forth.
  • polynucleotide or“nucleic acid” as used herein refers to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, including ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides.
  • this term includes, but is not limited to, single-, double- or multi-stranded DNA or RNA, genomic DNA, cDNA, DNA-RNA hybrids, or a polymer comprising purine and pyrimidine bases, or other natural, chemically or biochemically modified, non-natural, or derivatized nucleotide bases.
  • the backbone of the polynucleotide can comprise sugars and phosphate groups (as may typically be found in RNA or DNA), or modified or substituted sugar or phosphate groups.
  • the backbone of the polynucleotide can comprise repeating units, such as N-(2-aminoethyl)- glycine, linked by peptide bonds (i.e., peptide nucleic acid).
  • the backbone of the polynucleotide can comprise a polymer of synthetic subunits such as phosphoramidates and thus can be an oligodeoxynucleoside phosphoramidate (P-NH2) or a mixed phosphoramidate- phosphodiester oligomer.
  • a double-stranded polynucleotide can be obtained from the single stranded polynucleotide product of chemical synthesis either by synthesizing the complementary strand and annealing the strands under appropriate conditions, or by
  • polypeptide and“protein” are used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues, and are not limited to a minimum length. Therefore as used herein, polypeptide includes short peptides. Such polymers of amino acid residues may contain natural or non-natural amino acid residues, and include, but are not limited to, peptides, oligopeptides, dimers, trimers, and multimers of amino acid residues. Both full-length proteins and fragments thereof are encompassed by the definition. The terms also include post-translational
  • polypeptide for example, glycosylation, sialylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and the like. Furthermore, for purposes of the present invention, a
  • polypeptide refers to a protein which includes modifications, such as deletions, additions, and substitutions (generally conservative in nature), to the native sequence, as long as the protein maintains the desired activity. These modifications may be deliberate, as through site-directed mutagenesis, or may be accidental, such as through mutations of hosts which produce the proteins or errors due to PCR amplification.
  • the term“adjuvant” refers to a substance which modulates and/or engenders an immune response. Generally, the adjuvant is administered in conjunction with an antigen to effect enhancement of an immune response to the antigen as compared to antigen alone. Various adjuvants are described herein.
  • CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and“CpG ODN” refer to DNA molecules containing a dinucleotide of cytosine and guanine separated by a phosphate (also referred to herein as a“CpG” dinucleotide, or“CpG”).
  • the CpG ODNs of the present disclosure contain at least one unmethylated CpG dinucleotide. That is, the cytosine in the CpG dinucleotide is not methylated (i.e., is not 5-methylcytosine).
  • CpG ODNs may have a partial or complete phosphorothioate (PS) backbone.
  • PS phosphorothioate
  • pharmaceutically acceptable or“pharmacologically compatible” is meant a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, e.g., the material may be incorporated into a pharmaceutical composition administered to a patient without causing any significant undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the composition in which it is contained.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients have preferably met the required standards of toxicological and manufacturing testing and/or are included on the Inactive Ingredient Guide prepared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
  • microfluidic systems refers to systems in which low volumes (e.g., m ⁇ L, nL, pL, fL) of fluids are processed to achieve the discrete treatment of small volumes of liquids.
  • low volumes e.g., m ⁇ L, nL, pL, fL
  • Certain implementations described herein include multiplexing, automation, and high throughput screening.
  • the fluids e.g., a buffer, a solution, a payload-containing solution, or a cell suspension
  • the fluids e.g., a buffer, a solution, a payload-containing solution, or a cell suspension
  • microfluidic systems are used to apply mechanical constriction to a cell suspended in a buffer, inducing perturbations in the cell (e.g., holes) that allow a payload or compound to enter the cytosol of the cell.
  • a“constriction” may refer to a portion of a microfluidic channel defined by an entrance portion, a centerpoint, and an exit portion, wherein the centerpoint is defined by a width, a length, and a depth.
  • a constriction may refer to a pore or may be a portion of a pore.
  • the pore may be contained on a surface (e.g., a filter and/or membrane).
  • the constriction has a width between about 2 mm and about 4 mm. In further aspects, the constriction has a width of about 3.9 mm or less. In further aspects, the constriction has a width of about 3.9 mm or less.In further aspects, the constriction has a width of about 2.2 mm. In certain embodiments, the constriction is configured such that a single cell passes through the constriction at a time.
  • length of constriction refers to the length of the microfluidic channel at the centerpoint. In certain aspects of the invention, the length of the constriction is about 30 mm or less. In some embodiments, the length of the constriction is between about 10 mm and about 30 mm. In certain embodiments, the length of the constriction is between about 10 mm and about 20 mm. For example, the length of the constriction may be about any of 11 mm, 12 mm, 13 mm, 14 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, or 25 mm including all integers, decimals, and fractions between about 10 mm and about 30 mm.
  • the length of the constriction can vary to increase the length of time a cell is under constriction (e.g., greater lengths result in longer constrictions times at a given flow rate).
  • the length of the constriction can vary to decrease the length of time a cell is under constriction (e.g., shorter lengths result in shorter constriction times at a given flow rate).
  • depth of constriction refers to the depth of the microfluidic channel at the centerpoint.
  • the depth of constriction can be adjusted to provide a tighter constriction and thereby enhance delivery, similar to adjustments of the constriction width.
  • the depth of the constriction is between about 1 mm and about 1 mm, including all integers, decimals, and fractions between about 1 mm and about 1 mm. In some embodiments, the depth is about 20 mm. In some embodiments the depth is uniform throughout the channel. In certain embodiments, the depth is decreased at the point of constriction to result in a greater constriction of the cell. In some embodiments, the depth is increased at the point of constriction to result in a lesser constriction of the cell. In some embodiment, the depth of the constriction is greater than the width of the constriction. In certain embodiments, the depth of constriction is less than the width of the constriction. In some embodiments, the depth of constriction and the width of the constriction are equal.
  • the dimensions of the microfluidic device are denoted by length of constriction, width of constriction, and number of constrictions in series.
  • a microfluidic device with a constriction length of 30 mm, a width of 5 mm, and 5 constrictions in series is represented herein as 30 x 5 x 5 (L x W x # of constrictions).
  • the entrance portion may comprise a“constriction angle” that can vary to increase or decrease how quickly the diameter of the channel decreases towards the centerpoint of the constriction.
  • the constriction angle can vary to minimize clogging of the microfluidic system while cells are passing therethrough.
  • the constriction angle may be between 1 and 140 degrees.
  • the constriction angle may be between 1 and 90 degrees.
  • the exit portion may also comprise an angle to reduce the likelihood of turbulence/eddies that can result in non-laminar flow.
  • the angle of the exit portion may be between 1 and 140 degrees. In certain embodiments, the angle of the exit portion may be between 1 and 90 degrees.
  • the cross-section of the microfluidic channel, the entrance portion, the centerpoint, and the exit portion may vary.
  • various cross-sections include circular, elliptical, an elongated slit, square, hexagonal, or triangular cross-sections.
  • the velocity at which the anucleate cells (e.g., RBCs) pass through the microfluidic channels described herein can also be varied to control delivery of the delivery material to the cells.
  • adjusting the velocity of the cells through the microfluidic channel can vary the amount of time that a deforming force is applied to the cells, and can vary how rapidly the deforming force is applied to the cell.
  • adjusting the velocity of the cells through the microfluidic channel can vary the amount of time that a pressure is applied to the cells, and can vary how rapidly the pressure is applied to the cell.
  • the cells can pass through the microfluidic system at a rate of at least 0.1 mm/s.
  • the cells can pass through the microfluidic system at a rate between 0.1 mm/s and 5 m/s, including all integers and decimals therein. In still further embodiments, the cells can pass through the microfluidic system at a rate between 10 mm/s and 500 mm/s, including all integers and decimals therein. In some embodiments, the cells can pass through the system at a rate greater than 5 m/s.
  • Cells are moved (e.g., pushed) through the constriction by application of pressure.
  • said pressure is applied by a cell driver.
  • a cell driver is a device or component that applies a pressure or force to the buffer or solution in order to drive a cell through a constriction.
  • a pressure can be applied by a cell driver at the inlet.
  • a vacuum pressure can be applied by a cell driver at the outlet.
  • the cell driver is adapted to supply a pressure about 10 to about 150 psi, such as about 10 to about 90 psi.
  • the cell driver is adapted to apply a pressure of 120 psi.
  • the cell driver is selected from a group consisting of a pressure pump, a gas cylinder, a compressor, a vacuum pump, a syringe pump, a peristaltic pump, a pipette, a piston, a capillary actor, a human heart, human muscle, gravity, a microfluidic pumps, and a syringe.
  • Modifications to the pressure applied by the cell driver also affect the velocity at which the cells pass through the microfluidic channel (e.g., increases in the amount of pressure will result in increased cell velocities).
  • a cell e.g., an anucleate cell
  • its membrane is perturbed causing temporary disruptions in the membrane and resulting in the uptake of the payload that is present in the surrounding medium.
  • these temporary disruptions are referred to as“perturbations.”
  • Perturbations created by the methods described herein are breaches in a cell that allow material from outside the cell to move into the cell.
  • Non-limiting examples of perturbations include a hole, a tear, a cavity, an aperture, a pore, a break, a gap, or a perforation.
  • the perturbations e.g., pores or holes
  • the perturbations are not formed as a result of assembly of protein subunits to form a multimeric pore structure such as that created by complement or bacterial hemolysins.
  • a method for delivering an antigen into an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle further comprises an adjuvant.
  • the input anucleate cell further comprises an adjuvant.
  • a method for delivering an adjuvant into an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle further comprises an antigen.
  • the input anucleate cell further comprises an antigen.
  • a method for delivering an antigen and an adjuvant into an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • a method for stimulating an immune response to an antigen in an individual comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen, wherein the anucleate cell- derived vesicle comprising the antigen is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the method further comprises administering an adjuvant systemically to the individual.
  • the systemic adjuvant is administered before, after or at the same time as the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the input anucleate cell comprises an adjuvant.
  • the systemic adjuvant is an extracellular adjuvant.
  • the systemic adjuvant is an extravesicular adjuvant.
  • the method of stimulating an immune response to the antigen in the individual enhances a pre-existing immune response to the antigen.
  • a method for stimulating an immune response to an antigen in an individual comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and an adjuvant, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell- derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived ve
  • the method further comprises administering an adjuvant systemically to the individual.
  • the systemic adjuvant is administered before, after or at the same time as the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the input anucleate cell comprises an adjuvant.
  • the systemic adjuvant is an extracellular adjuvant.
  • the systemic adjuvant is an extravesicular adjuvant.
  • the method of stimulating a pre-existing immune response to the antigen in the individual enhances an immune response to the antigen.
  • a method for treating a disease in an individual comprising administering to the individual an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising a disease-associated antigen, wherein an immune response against the antigen ameliorates conditions of the disease, and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the disease- associated antigen is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • a method for preventing a disease in an individual comprising administering to the individual an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising a disease-associated antigen, wherein an immune response against the antigen prevents development of the disease, and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the disease-associated antigen is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell- derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • a method for vaccinating an individual against an antigen comprising administering to the individual an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the method further comprises administering an adjuvant systemically to the individual.
  • administering an adjuvant systemically to the individual.
  • the systemic adjuvant is administered before, after or at the same time as the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the input anucleate cell comprises an adjuvant.
  • the systemic adjuvant is an extracellular adjuvant. In some embodiment, the systemic adjuvant is an extravesicular adjuvant.
  • a method for treating a disease in an individual comprising administering to the individual an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising a disease-associated antigen and an adjuvant, wherein an immune response against the antigen ameliorates conditions of the disease, and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the disease-associated antigen and the adjuvant is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and an adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the anti
  • a method for preventing a disease in an individual comprising administering to the individual an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising a disease-associated antigen and an adjuvant, wherein an immune response against the antigen prevents development of the disease, and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the disease-associated antigen and the adjuvant is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and an adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the
  • a method for vaccinating an individual against an antigen comprising administering to the individual an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and an adjuvant, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and an adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell- derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived ve
  • a method for treating a disease in an individual wherein an immune response against a disease-associated antigen ameliorates conditions of the disease, the method comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen; and c) administering the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen to the individual.
  • a method for preventing a disease in an individual wherein an immune response against a disease-associated antigen prevents development of the disease, the method comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen; and c) administering the anucleate cell-derived vesicle to the individual.
  • a method for vaccinating an individual against an antigen comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen; and c) administering the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen to the individual.
  • the method further comprises administering an adjuvant systemically to the individual.
  • the systemic adjuvant is administered before, after or at the same time as the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the input anucleate cell comprises an adjuvant.
  • the systemic adjuvant is an extracellular adjuvant.
  • the systemic adjuvant is an extravesicular adjuvant.
  • a method for treating a disease in an individual, wherein an immune response against a disease-associated antigen ameliorates conditions of the disease comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the disease-associated antigen and an adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant; and c) administering the anucleate cell-derived
  • a method for preventing a disease in an individual, wherein an immune response against a disease-associated antigen prevents development of the disease comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and an adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell- derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant; and c) administering the anucleate cell-derived ve
  • a method for vaccinating an individual against an antigen comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and an adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell- derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant; and c) administering the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant to the individual.
  • the disease is cancer, an infectious disease or a viral-associated disease.
  • the cancer comprises one or more of head and neck, cervical, uterine, rectal, penile, ovarian, testicular, bone, soft tissue, skin (melanoma), gastric, intestinal, colon, prostate, breast, esophageal, liver, lung, pancreatic, brain, or blood cancers.
  • the infectious disease or the viral-associated disease is associated with one or more of HPV, EBV, HIV, HBV, RSV, or KSHV.
  • the disease-associated antigen is an HPV antigen or an HPV- associated antigen.
  • the HPV antigen is an HPV-16 or an HPV-18 antigen. In some embodiments, the HPV antigen is an HPV E6 antigen or an HPV E7 antigen. In some embodiments, the HPV-associated disease is an HPV-associated cancer. In some embodiments, the HPV-associated cancer is cervical cancer, anal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, penile cancer, skin cancer or head and neck cancer. In some embodiments, the HPV-associated disease is an HPV-associated infectious disease. In some embodiments, the HPV-associated diseases can include common warts, plantar warts, flat warts, anogenital warts, anal lesions, epidermodysplasia, focal epithelial hyperplasia, mouth
  • the disease-associated antigen is an EBV antigen or an EBV-associated antigen.
  • the EBV antigen or EBV- associated antigen is one or more of EBNA-1, EBNA-2, EBNA-3A, EBNA-3B, EBNA-3C, EBNA-LP, LMP-1, LMP-2A, LMP-2B or EBER.
  • the viral associated disease is an EBV-associated disease.
  • the EBV-associated disease is multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • the disease-associated antigen is a human CMV (HCMV) antigen or an HCMV-associated antigen.
  • the antigen is derived from any of strains Merlin, Toledo, Davis, Esp, Kerr, Smith, TB40E, TB40F, AD169 or Towne HCMV.
  • the HIV-associated disease are opportunistic infections, which may include but are not limited to: candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, esophagus, or lungs; invasive cervical cancer; coccidioidomycosis; cryptococcosis; chronic intestinal cryptosporidiosis, Cytomegalovirus diseases; HIV-related encephalopathy; HSV-related chronic ulcers or bronchitis, pneumonitis, or esophagitis; histoplasmosis; chronic intestinal isosporiasis; Kaposi’s sarcoma; lymphoma; tuberculosis; Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC); Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP); recurrent pneumonia; progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; recurrent Salmonella septicemia; Toxoplasmosis of brain; and wasting syndrome due to HIV.
  • opportunistic infections which may include but are not limited to: candid
  • an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and/or an adjuvant, generated by passing an input anucleate cell through a constriction to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle such that the antigen and/or adjuvant enters the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, to the individual.
  • the input anucleate cell is an autologous cell.
  • the input anucleate cell is isolated from an individual (e.g., a patient), processed according to the methods disclosed, and the resulting anucleate cell-derived vesicle is introduced back into the same individual.
  • a pool of input anucleate cells from multiple individuals is processed according to the methods disclosed, and a pool of anucleate cell-derived vesicles is introduced into the first individual (e.g., the patient).
  • the input anucleate cell is isolated from an individual, processed according to the disclosed methods, and the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is introduced into a different individual.
  • a population of input anucleate cells is isolated from an individual (the patient) or a different individual, passed through the constriction to achieve delivery of an antigen and/or an adjuvant, and then a population of anucleate cell-derived vesicles is re-infused into the patient to augment a therapeutic response.
  • the duration of time between any two consecutive administrations of the cell is at least about 1 day (such at least about any of 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 1 year, or longer, including any ranges between these values).
  • the input anucleate cell is isolated from an individual, processed according to the methods disclosed, and the resulting anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and/or an adjuvant is introduced back into the same individual (e.g. the patient) .
  • an input anucleate cell is isolated from a universal blood donor (e.g. an O- blood donor) and then stored and/or frozen for later constriction-mediated delivery.
  • a universal blood donor e.g. an O- blood donor
  • an antigen is isolated from an individual and delivered to an input anucleate cell isolated from a universal donor.
  • an input anucleate cell is isolated from a blood donor and then stored and/or frozen for later constriction mediated delivery (SQZ).
  • SQZ later constriction mediated delivery
  • an antigen is isolated from an individual and delivered to an input anucleate cell isolated from a blood donor.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and/or the adjuvant is introduced into an individual.
  • the individual has a matched blood type to the blood donor.
  • the individual has a mismatched blood type to the blood donor.
  • the method of prevention comprises multiple (such as any of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more) steps of administering the anucleate cell-derived vesicles as described herein to the individual.
  • multiple steps of administering the anucleate cell-derived vesicles as described herein to the individual For example, in some embodiments, there is provided a method of vaccinating an individual against an antigen by administering an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and/or an adjuvant, generated by passing an input anucleate cell through a
  • an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and/or an adjuvant, generated by passing an input anucleate cell through a constriction to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle such that the antigen and/or adjuvant enters the anucleate cell- derived vesicle, to the individual.
  • the input anucleate cell is an autologous cell.
  • the input anucleate cell is isolated from an individual (e.g., a patient), processed according to the methods disclosed, and the resulting anucleate cell-derived vesicle is introduced back into the same individual.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is autologous to the individual.
  • the input anucleate cell is an allogeneic cell.
  • the anucleate cell is isolated from a different individual (e.g., the donor), processed according to the methods disclosed, and the resulting anucleate cell-derived vesicle is introduced into the first individual (e.g., the patient).
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is allogeneic to the individual.
  • a pool of input anucleate cells from multiple individuals is processed according to the methods disclosed, and a pool of anucleate cell-derived vesicles is introduced into the first individual (e.g., the patient).
  • the input anucleate cell is isolated from an individual, processed according to the disclosed methods, and the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is introduced into a different individual.
  • a population of input anucleate cells is isolated from an individual (the patient) or a different individual, passed through the constriction to achieve delivery of an antigen and/or an adjuvant, and then a population of anucleate cell-derived vesicles is re-infused into the patient to induce a prophylactic response.
  • the vaccination comprises multiple (such as any of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more) steps of administering the anucleate cell-derived vesicles as described herein to the individual.
  • a method of vaccinating an individual against an antigen by administering an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and/or an adjuvant, generated by passing an input anucleate cell through a constriction to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle such that the antigen and/or adjuvant enters the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, to the individual 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more times.
  • the duration of time between any two consecutive administrations of the cell is at least about 1 day (such at least about any of 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 1 year, or longer, including any ranges between these values).
  • the device may be implanted in a vascular lumen, e.g., an in-line stent in an artery or vein.
  • the methods are used as part of a bedside system for ex vivo treatment of patient cells and immediate reintroduction of the cells into the patient. Such methods could be employed as a means of enhancing and/or stimulating an immune response in an individual.
  • the method can be implemented in a typical hospital laboratory with a minimally trained technician.
  • a patient operated treatment system can be used.
  • the method is implemented using an in- line blood treatment system, in which blood is directly diverted from a patient, passed through the constriction, resulting in formation of vesicles derived from anucleate cells in the blood and delivery of antigen and/or adjuvant to the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in blood, and directly transfused back into the patient after treatment.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is in a pharmaceutical formulation.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is administered systemically.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is administered intravenously, intraarterially, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intraperitoneally.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is administered to the individual in combination with a therapeutic agent.
  • the therapeutic agent is administered before, after or at the same time as the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the immune checkpoint inhibitor is targeted to any one of PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG3, TIGIT, VISTA, TIM1, B7-H4 (VTCN1) and BTLA.
  • the therapeutic agent is a bispecific agent; for example, a bispecific agent comprising a cytokine component and a targeting component.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is administered to the individual in combination with a chemotherapy or a radiation therapy.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is administered to the individual in combination with one or more agents that improve antigen presentation, improve T cell proliferation, and/or improve tumor microenvironments.
  • the input anucleate cell is a mammalian cell.
  • Anucleate cells lack a nucleus.
  • the anucleate cell is a monkey, mouse, dog, cat, horse, rat, sheep, goat, pig, or rabbit cell.
  • the anucleate cell is a human cell.
  • the anucleate cell is a non-mammalian cell.
  • the anucleate cell is a chicken, frog, insect, fish, or nematode cell.
  • the anucleate cell is a red blood cell.
  • Red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave discs with cytoplasm rich in the oxygen-carrier biomolecule hemoglobin.
  • RBCs serve as the primary means for oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal throughout the human body. RBCs can stay in circulation for up to 120 days, after which they are removed from the body via clearance in the liver and spleen.
  • the anucleate cell is a precursor to RBCs.
  • the anucleate cell is a reticulocyte. Reticulocytes are anucleate immature (not yet biconcave) red blood cells and typically comprise about 1 % of the red blood cells in the human body.
  • Mature red blood cells are also referred to as erythrocytes.
  • the anucleate cell is an erythrocyte.
  • the anucleate cell is a platelet. Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are a component of blood whose function involves blood clotting. Platelets are biconvex discoid (lens-shaped) structures 2–3 ⁇ m in diameter.
  • presentation of antigen in an immunogenic environment enhances an immune response to the antigen and/or stimulates an immune response to the antigen.
  • Antigens derived from apoptotic bodies such as anucleate cell-derived vesicles, which can be cleared in the immunogenic environment of the liver and spleen, may stimulate and/or enhance an immune response to the antigens via activation of T cells.
  • the immune response is antigen-specific.
  • Anucleate cell-derived vesicles such as red blood cell-derived vesicles have a limited life span and are unable to self-repair, causing eryptosis, a process analogous to apoptosis, that leads to subsequent removal of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles from the bloodstream.
  • the antigen may be released upon eryptosis of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles within the immunogenic environment, where it is subsequently engulfed, processed, and presented by an antigen-presenting cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen is phagocytosed by an antigen-presenting cell, and the antigen is subsequently processed and presented by the antigen-presenting cell. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen is phagocytosed by a resident macrophage, and the antigen is subsequently processed and presented by the resident macrophage.
  • the antigen contained in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is subsequently presented.
  • presentation of the antigen in an immunogenic environment stimulates an immune response to the antigen.
  • the antigen is processed in an immunogenic environment.
  • the immune response is antigen-specific.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises an adjuvant.
  • the adjuvant generates or promotes an immunogenic environment, wherein presentation of an antigen in said immunogenic environment stimulates an immune response to the antigen.
  • the immune stimulation is multi-specific, including stimulation of an immune response to a plurality of antigens.
  • the method comprises passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a constriction, wherein said constriction deforms the input anucleate cell thereby causing a perturbation of the input anucleate cell to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle such that an antigen and/or an adjuvant enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the antigen is presented in an immunogenic environment.
  • the adjuvant generates or promotes an immunogenic environment, wherein presentation of the antigen in the immunogenic
  • the environment stimulates an immune response to the antigen.
  • the antigen is processed in an immunogenic environment.
  • the immune stimulation is antigen-specific.
  • the immune stimulation is multi-specific, including stimulation of an immune response to a plurality of antigens.
  • the method comprises passing a first cell suspension comprising a first input anucleate cell through a constriction, wherein said constriction deforms the cell thereby causing a perturbation of the first input anucleate cell such that an antigen enters a vesicle derived from perturbing the first input anucleate cell, passing a second cell suspension comprising a second input anucleate cell through a constriction, wherein said constriction deforms the second input anucleate cell thereby causing a perturbation of the second input anucleate cell such that an adjuvant enters a vesicle derived from perturbing the second input anucleate cell, and introducing a vesicle derived from the first input anucleate cell and a vesicle derived from the second input anucleate cell into the individual, thereby stimulating an immune response to the antigen. Therefore, in some embodiments, the vesicle derived from the first input anucleate cell and a ve
  • the antigen is presented in an immunogenic environment.
  • the adjuvant generates or promotes an immunogenic environment, wherein presentation of the antigen in the immunogenic environment stimulates an immune response to the antigen.
  • the antigen is processed in an immunogenic environment.
  • the vesicle derived from the first input anucleate cell and the vesicle derived from the second input anucleate cell are introduced simultaneously.
  • the vesicle derived from the first input anucleate cell and the vesicle derived from the second input anucleate cell are introduced sequentially.
  • the vesicle derived from the first input anucleate cell is introduced to the individual before introduction of the vesicle derived from the second input anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the vesicle derived from the first input anucleate cell is introduced to the individual more than any of about 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, or 24 hours before introduction of the vesicle derived from the second input anucleate cell.
  • the vesicle derived from the first input anucleate cell is introduced to the individual more than any of about 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, or 7 days before introduction of the vesicle derived from the second input anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the vesicle derived from the second input anucleate cell is introduced to the individual before introduction of the vesicle derived from the first input anucleate cell.
  • the vesicle derived from the second input anucleate cell is introduced to the individual more than any of about 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, or 24 hours before introduction of the vesicle derived from the first input anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the vesicle derived from the second input anucleate cell is introduced to the individual more than any of about 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, or 7 days before introduction of the vesicle derived from the first input anucleate cell.
  • the immune stimulation is antigen-specific. In some embodiments, the immune stimulation is multi-specific, including stimulation of an immune response to a plurality of antigens.
  • the stimulated and/or enhanced immune response comprises an increased T cell response.
  • an increased T cell response may include, without limitation, increased T cell activation or proliferation, increased T cell survival, or increased cell functionality.
  • the increased T cell response comprises increased T cell activation.
  • the increased T cell response comprises increased T cell survival.
  • the increased T cell response comprises increased T cell proliferation.
  • the increased T cell response comprises increased T cell functionality.
  • increased T cell functionality can include, without limitation, modulated cytokine secretion, increased T cell migration to sites of inflammation, and increased T cell cytotoxic activity.
  • the stimulated and/or enhanced immune response comprises increased inflammatory cytokine production and/or secretion, and/or decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine production and/or secretion.
  • the stimulated and/or enhanced immune response comprises increased production and/or secretion of one or more inflammatory cytokines selected from interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-12, and IL- 18, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon gamma (IFN-g), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF).
  • IL-1 interleukin-1
  • IL-2 interleukin-2
  • IL-12 interferon gamma
  • GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
  • the stimulated and/or enhanced immune response comprises decreased production and/or secretion of one or more anti-inflammatory cytokines selected from IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-35, IFN-a and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b).
  • the stimulated and/or enhanced immune response comprises a change in T cell phenotype.
  • the T cell state may change from a regulatory (Treg) or anti-inflammatory phenotype to a pro-inflammatory phenotype.
  • the stimulated and/or enhanced immune response suppresses non-specific activation of a T cell, which otherwise may subsequently lead to cell death.
  • the stimulated and/or enhanced immune response comprises a suppressed Treg response.
  • the stimulated and/or enhanced immune response comprises an increased B cell response.
  • the increased B cell response comprises increased antibody production.
  • the present application provides anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from a parent anucleate cell, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle having one or more of the following properties: (a) a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) spherical morphology, (d) increased surface phosphatidylserine levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, or (e) reduced ATP production compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle; thereby generating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen.
  • the input anucleate cell comprises an adjuvant.
  • an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an adjuvant
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the adjuvant is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle; thereby generating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the adjuvant.
  • the input anucleate cell comprises an antigen.
  • an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and an adjuvant
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and b) incubating the anucleate cell- derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle; thereby generating the anucleate cell- derived vesicle comprising
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is a red blood cell-derived vesicle or a platelet-derived vesicle. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is an erythrocyte-derived vesicle or a reticulocyte-derived vesicle
  • the input or parent anucleate cell is a mammalian cell.
  • Anucleate cells lack a nucleus.
  • the input anucleate cell is a monkey, mouse, dog, cat, horse, rat, sheep, goat, pig, or rabbit cell.
  • the input anucleate cell is a human cell.
  • the input anucleate cell is a non-mammalian cell.
  • the input anucleate cell is a chicken, frog, insect, fish, or nematode cell.
  • the input anucleate cell is an erythrocyte. In some embodiments, the input anucleate cell is a red blood cell. In some embodiments, the input anucleate cell is a precursor to red blood cells. In some embodiments, the input anucleate cell is a reticulocyte. In some embodiments, the input anucleate cell is a platelet.
  • presentation of antigen in an immunogenic environment enhances an immune response to the antigen or induces an immune response to the antigen.
  • Antigens derived from eryptotic bodies such as anucleate cell-derived vesicles, which can be cleared in the immunogenic environment of the liver and spleen, may stimulate and/or enhance an immune response to the antigens via activation of T cells.
  • the immune response is antigen-specific.
  • Anucleate cell-derived vesicles such as RBC-derived vesicles have a limited life span and are unable to self-repair, causing eryptosis, a process analogous to apoptosis, that leads to removal of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle from the bloodstream.
  • the antigen may be released upon eryptosis of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles within the immunogenic environment, where it is subsequently engulfed, processed, and presented by an antigen-presenting cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle containing the antigen is phagocytosed by an antigen-presenting cell, such as a macrophage, and the antigen is subsequently processed and presented by the antigen-presenting cell.
  • the antigen-presenting cell is a resident macrophage.
  • the input or parent anucleate cell is a red blood cell.
  • the input or parent anucleate cell is a platelet.
  • the red blood cell is an erythrocyte.
  • the red blood cell is a reticulocyte.
  • the circulating half-life of an anucleate cell-derived vesicle in a mammal is decreased compared to an input or parent anucleate cell.
  • Methods for measuring the half-life of a cell such as an anucleate cell, e.g., red blood cell, or an anucleate cell-derived vesicle are known in the art. See, e.g., Franco, R. S., Transfus Med Hemother, 39, 2012.
  • the method for measuring the half-life of an anucleate cell or an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises a cohort labeling technique or a random labeling technique.
  • the method for measuring the half-life of an anucleate cell or an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises labeling, reinfusing the cell or vesicle, and measuring the disappearance upon reinfusion.
  • the method for measuring the half-life of an anucleate cell or an anucleate cell-derived vesicle encompassed in the present application comprises measuring the half-life of an appropriate reference control(s), such as a control comprising an input or parent anucleate cell or a population of input or parent anucleate cells.
  • the circulating half-life in the mammal is decreased by more than about 50%, such as more than about any of 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.9% as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the circulating half-life in the mammal is decreased by about 50% to about 99.9%, such as any of about 70% to about 99.9%, about 85% to about 99.9%, or about 95% to about 99.9%, as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the circulating half-life in the mammal is decreased by about any of 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.9%, as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the circulating half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is less than about any of 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, or 10 days.
  • the circulating half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is about any of 0.5 minute, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 6 minutes, 7 minutes, 8 minutes, 9 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 10 days, 20 days, 30 days, 40 days, 50 days, 60 days, 70 days, 80 days, 90 days, or 100 days.
  • the input or parent anucleate cell is a human cell and wherein the circulating half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is less than about any of 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, or 10 days.
  • the input or parent anucleate cell is a human cell and wherein the circulating half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is less than about any of 0.5 minute, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 6 minutes, 7 minutes, 8 minutes, 9 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 10 days, 20 days, 30 days, 40 days, 50 days, 60 days, 70 days, 80 days, 90 days, or 100 days.
  • the input or parent anucleate cell is a red blood cell, wherein the hemoglobin level in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is decreased compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • Methods of measuring the hemoglobin level of a cell such as an anucleate cell, e.g., red blood cell, or an anucleate cell-derived vesicle, e.g., a red blood cell-derived vesicle, is known in the art. See, e.g., Chaudhary, R., J Blood Med, 8, 2017.
  • the method comprises measuring a metabolic precursor or product to determine the turnover of hemoglobin.
  • the method comprises measuring one or more hemoglobin-derived (Hb) peptides.
  • the method for measuring the hemoglobin level of an anucleate cell or an anucleate cell-derived vesicle encompassed in the present application comprises measuring the levels of hemoglobin of an appropriate reference control(s), such as a control comprising an input or parent anucleate cell or a population of input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell is characterized by loss, such as a reduction in the level, of an intracellular component compared to a parent anucleate cell.
  • the hemoglobin level in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is decreased by at least about any of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.9%, , as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the hemoglobin level in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is decreased by about 50% to about 99.9%, such as any of about 70% to about 99.9%, about 85% to about 99.9%, or about 95% to about 99.9%, as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the hemoglobin level in the anucleate cell- derived vesicle is decreased by about any of 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.9%, as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is devoid of hemoglobin.
  • the hemoglobin level in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is about any of 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% of the hemoglobin level in the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the level of one or more Hb peptides in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is decreased by about 50% to about 99.9%, such as any of about 70% to about 99.9%, about 85% to about 99.9%, or about 95% to about 99.9%, as compared to the input anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the level of one or more Hb peptides in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is decreased by about any of 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.9%, as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the input or parent anucleate cell is an erythrocyte and wherein the morphology of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is modulated from that of the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • Morphology concerns the classification of, e.g., the shape, structure, geometry, intensity, form, smoothness, roughness, circularity, volume, surface area, and/or size of a cell or a cell-derived vesicle.
  • Methods for determining (such as measuring) morphology are known in the art. See, e.g., Boutros et al., Cell, 163, 2015; Girasole, M.
  • the method for determining morphology comprises high-content imaging.
  • the morphology of the cell can be assessed by staining with Hoechst dye followed by automated high-content image analysis.
  • the morphology can be determined through a shift in the forward and side scatter plots from flow cytometry.
  • the input or parent anucleate cell is an erythrocyte and wherein the anucleate cell- derived vesicle is spherical in morphology. In some embodiments, the input or parent anucleate cell is an erythrocyte and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has a reduced biconcave shape compared to the input or parent anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the method for measuring morphology of an anucleate cell or an anucleate cell-derived vesicle encompassed in the present application comprises measuring the morphology of an appropriate reference control(s), such as a control comprising an input or parent anucleate cell or a population of input or parent anucleate cell.
  • an appropriate reference control(s) such as a control comprising an input or parent anucleate cell or a population of input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the input or parent anucleate cell is an erythrocyte and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has a reduced biconcave shape, such as reduced by more than about any of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% 95%,96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.9% as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is characterized by spherical morphology, including a substantially spherical morphology. In some embodiments, the spherical morphology of an anucleate cell-derived vesicle is assessed qualitatively. In some embodiments, the spherical morphology of an anucleate cell-derived vesicle is assessed quantitatively.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has a reduced surface area to volume ratio, such as reduced by more than about any of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the variation between each diameter measurement of a plurality of diameter measurements of an anucleate cell-derived vesicle is less than about 50%, such as less than about any of 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10% or 5%, wherein the plurality of diameter measurements comprises at least two diameter measurements that measure the diameter at different points of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the smallest dimension, such as diameter, of an anucleate cell- derived vesicle in suspension is about 5 mm to about 7.25 mm, such as any of about 6 mm to about 7 mm, or about 6.25 mm to about 6.75 mm. In some embodiments, the smallest dimension, such as diameter, of an anucleate cell-derived vesicle in suspension is at least about 5 mm, such as at least about any of 5.25 mm, 5.5 mm, 5.75 mm, 6 mm, 6.25 mm, 6.5 mm, 6.75 mm, 7 mm, or 7.25 mm.
  • the largest dimension, such as diameter, of an anucleate cell- derived vesicle in suspension is about 5 mm to about 7.25 mm, such as any of about 6 mm to about 7 mm, or about 6.25 mm to about 6.75 mm. In some embodiments, the largest dimension, such as diameter, of an anucleate cell-derived vesicle in suspension is no greater than about 7.25 mm, such as no greater than about any of 7 mm, 6.75 mm, 6.5 mm, 6.25 mm, 6 mm, 5.75 mm, 5.5 mm, 5.25 mm, or 5 mm.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle exhibits one or more of the following properties: (a) a circulating half-life in a mammal is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) spherical morphology, (d) increased surface phosphatidylserine levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, or (e) reduced ATP production compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the input or parent anucleate cell is a red blood cell or an erythrocyte and the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is a red blood cell ghost (RBC ghost).
  • RBC ghost red blood cell ghost
  • the anucleate cell is characterized by acquisition, such as an increase in the level, of a property compared to an input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has increased surface phosphatidylserine levels compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • Phosphatidylserine exposure on the outer cell membrane is a hallmark of apoptosis and is recognized by receptors on phagocytes in a manner that promotes engulfment.
  • phosphatidylserine level (such as surface phosphatidylserine level) of a cell, such as an anucleate cell, e.g., red blood cell, or an anucleate cell-derived vesicle are known in the art. See, e.g., Morita, S., et al., J Lipid Res, 53, 2012; Kay, J. G. et al., Sensors (Basel), 11, 2011; and Fabisiak JP et al., Methods Mol Biol, 1105, 2014.
  • the method for measuring the phosphatidylserine level of an anucleate cell or an anucleate cell-derived vesicle encompassed in the present application comprises measuring the phosphatidylserine level of an appropriate reference control(s), such as a control comprising an input or parent anucleate cell or a population of input or parent anucleate cell.
  • an appropriate reference control(s) such as a control comprising an input or parent anucleate cell or a population of input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared by the process have greater than about 1.5 fold more, such as greater than about any of 2 fold more, 2.5 fold more, 3 fold more, 3.5 fold more, 4 fold more, 4.5 fold more, 5 fold more, 10 fold more, 15 fold more, 20 fold more, or 25 fold more phosphatidylserine on its surface compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles have greater than about 1.5 fold more, such as greater than about any of 2 fold more, 2.5 fold more, 3 fold more, 3.5 fold more, 4 fold more, 4.5 fold more, 5 fold more, 10 fold more, 15 fold more, 20 fold more, or 25 fold more phosphatidylserine on its surface as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle prepared by the process has greater than about 1.5 fold more, such as greater than about any of 2 fold more, 2.5 fold more, 3 fold more, 3.5 fold more, 4 fold more, 4.5 fold more, 5 fold more, 10 fold more, 15 fold more, 20 fold more, or 25 fold more, phosphatidylserine on its surface per unit volume compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles have greater than about 1.5 fold more, such as greater than about any of 2 fold more, 2.5 fold more, 3 fold more, 3.5 fold more, 4 fold more, 4.5 fold more, 5 fold more, 10 fold more, 15 fold more, 20 fold more, or 25 fold more, phosphatidylserine per unit volume on its surface as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle prepared by the process has have greater than about 1.5 fold more, such as greater than about any of 2 fold more, 2.5 fold more, 3 fold more, 3.5 fold more, 4 fold more, 4.5 fold more, 5 fold more, 10 fold more, 15 fold more, 20 fold more, or 25 fold more, phosphatidylserine on its surface per unit surface area compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles have greater than about 1.5 fold more, such as greater than about any of 2 fold more, 2.5 fold more, 3 fold more, 3.5 fold more, 4 fold more, 4.5 fold more, 5 fold more, 10 fold more, 15 fold more, 20 fold more, or 25 fold more, phosphatidylserine per unit surface area on its surface as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle prepared by the process has have greater than about 1.5 fold more, such as greater than about any of 2 fold more, 2.5 fold more, 3 fold more, 3.5 fold more, 4 fold more, 4.5 fold more, 5 fold more, 10 fold more, 15 fold more, 20 fold more, or 25 fold more, phosphatidylserine on its surface per unit of membrane phospholipid compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles have greater than about 1.5 fold more, such as greater than about any of 2 fold more, 2.5 fold more, 3 fold more, 3.5 fold more, 4 fold more, 4.5 fold more, 5 fold more, 10 fold more, 15 fold more, 20 fold more, or 25 fold more, phosphatidylserine per unit of membrane phospholipid on its surface as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has about any of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, or 200% or more phosphatidylserine on its surface as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has about 50% to about 200% more, such as any of about 50% to about 100%, about 100% to about 200%, or about 75% to about 125% more phosphatidylserine on its surface, as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has about any of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, or 200% or more phosphatidylserine on its surface per unit volume as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell- derived vesicle has about 50% to about 200% more, such as any of about 50% to about 100%, about 100% to about 200%, or about 75% to about 125% more phosphatidylserine on its surface per unit volume, as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has about any of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, or 200% or more phosphatidylserine on its surface per unit surface area as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell- derived vesicle has about 50% to about 200% more, such as any of about 50% to about 100%, about 100% to about 200%, or about 75% to about 125% more phosphatidylserine on its surface per unit surface area, as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has about any of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, or 200% or more phosphatidylserine on its surface per unit of membrane phospholipid as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has about 50% to about 200% more, such as any of about 50% to about 100%, about 100% to about 200%, or about 75% to about 125% more phosphatidylserine on its surface per unit of membrane phospholipid, as compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • more than any of 5%, 10% , 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99.5% of total membrane phosphatidylserine are localized on the external membrane leaflet in the anucleate cell-derived vesicles. In some embodiments, more than 50% of total membrane phosphatidylserine are localized on the external membrane leaflet in the anucleate cell-derived vesicles.
  • a population profile of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared by the process exhibits higher average phosphatidylserine levels on the surface compared to the input or parent anucleate cells.
  • a population profile of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared by the process exhibits about any of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, or 200% higher average phosphatidylserine levels on the surface compared to the input or parent anucleate cells.
  • a population profile of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared by the process exhibits about any of 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 2.5 fold, 3 fold, 3.5 fold, 4 fold, 4.5 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 15 fold, 20 fold, 25 fold, 50 fold, or 100 fold higher average
  • phosphatidylserine levels on the surface compared to the input or parent anucleate cells are compared to the input or parent anucleate cells.
  • At least any one of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% of the population profile of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared by the process exhibits higher phosphatidylserine levels on the surface compared to the input or parent anucleate cells. In some embodiments, at least 50% of the population profile of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared by the process exhibits higher phosphatidylserine levels on the surface compared to the input or parent anucleate cells.
  • the half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle can be further modified.
  • the half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is increased by the further modification.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle may be modified to increase the time the anucleate cell-derived vesicle circulates in the blood stream before clearance in the liver and spleen.
  • the half-life of the anucleate cell- derived vesicle is further decreased by the modification.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle may be modified to decrease the time the anucleate cell circulates in the blood stream before clearance in the liver and spleen.
  • an altered ratio of phospholipids, on the surface of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle decreases the half-life of the anucleate cell- derived vesicle.
  • an increased ratio of phosphatidylserine to other phospholipids on the surface of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle decreases the half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the presence of phosphatidylserine on the surface of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle can be further increased to decrease the half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, such as by using any method known in the art for increasing surface phosphatidylserine (See, Hamidi et al., J. Control. Release, 2007, 118(2): 145-60).
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is incubated with lipids or phospholipids prior to delivery to an individual.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is treated by chemicals such as bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate or other cross-linking agents, prior to delivery to an individual.
  • the surface phosphatidylserine of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle can be decreased to increase the half-life of the anucleate cell- derived vesicle.
  • Flippases are enzymes that transport phospholipids from the external surface to the cytosolic surface in the plasma membrane.
  • the anucleate cell- derived vesicle is treated with flippase prior to delivery to an individual.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is treated with an enzyme that cleaves phosphatidylserines prior to delivery to an individual.
  • phosphatidylserine is phosphatidylserine carboxylase.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has reduced ATP production compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell- derived vesicle has reduced ATP production, or levels of intracellular ATP, over time.
  • Methods of measuring the ATP (such as reduced ATP production, or levels of intracellular ATP, over time) of a cell such as an anucleate cell, e.g., red blood cell, or an anucleate cell-derived vesicle are known in the art. See, e.g., Morciano, G. et al., Nat Protoc, 12, 2017.
  • the ATP production is measured via a surrogate or a marker, such as lactate production.
  • the method for measuring ATP production of an anucleate cell or an anucleate cell-derived vesicle encompassed in the present application comprises measuring the ATP production of an appropriate reference control(s), such as a control comprising an input or parent anucleate cell or a population of input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the method for measuring ATP production which allow for comparisons of ATP production between a sample and a control, comprises measuring ATP production of the sample and the control under similar conditions.
  • the method for measuring ATP production or intracellular ATP levels of an anucleate cell-derived vesicle encompassed in the present application comprises measuring the ATP production or intracellular ATP level of anucleate cell-derived vesicles of a population of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles at a first time and a second time, wherein the first time is before the second time, and comparing the results from the first time and the second time.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle produces ATP at less than about any of 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% of the level of ATP produced by the input or parent anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle does not produce ATP. [0254] In some embodiments, ATP production is determined by a lactate assay.
  • the level of glycolysis can be indirectly measured over time by monitoring the level of lactate production using a fluorescent enzymatic assay.
  • the input anucleate cells are resuspended in citrate-phosphate-dextrose with adenine (dCPDA-1) buffer at 1 billion cells/mL and model antigen and/or adjuvant (at 20 ⁇ g/mL) is delivered at room temperature via SQZ (2.2 ⁇ m constriction width at 50 psi) to generate anucleate cell-derived vesicles.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles, as well as the unprocessed input anucleate cells are then incubated at 37°C for the indicated time points and supernatant is collected.
  • the Lactate-Glo assay (Promega) can be used employed to assay supernatant from the respective time points. Briefly, the supernatants are subjected to inactivation and neutralization steps, prior to the addition of the fluorescent lactate detection reagent. Fluorescence is normalized to a blank control and the absolute lactate levels in the supernatant are determined using a lactate standard curve (0.1-10 ⁇ M).
  • the absolute lactate level is about 0 mM to about 200 mM, such as any of about 0.01 mM to about 10 mM, about 0.01 mM to about
  • the present application provides anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from a parent anucleate cell, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle having any one or more of the following properties, as further described herein, of: (a) a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) spherical morphology, (d) increased surface phosphatidylserine levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, or (e) reduced ATP production compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the present application provides anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from a parent anucleate cell, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle having any two or more of the following properties, as further described herein, of: (a) a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) spherical morphology, (d) increased surface phosphatidylserine levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, or (e) reduced ATP production compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the present application provides anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from a parent anucleate cell, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle having any three or more of the following properties, as further described herein, of: (a) a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) spherical morphology, (d) increased surface phosphatidylserine levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, or (e) reduced ATP production compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the present application provides anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from a parent anucleate cell, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle having any four or more of the following properties, as further described herein, of: (a) a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) spherical morphology, (d) increased surface phosphatidylserine levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, or (e) reduced ATP production compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the present application provides anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from a parent anucleate cell, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle having the following properties, as further described herein, of: (a) a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) spherical morphology, (d) increased surface phosphatidylserine levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, or (e) reduced ATP production compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is modified to enhance uptake, such as increase uptake, in a tissue or cell compared to the uptake of the parent anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is modified to enhance uptake, such as increase uptake, in liver and/or spleen compared to the uptake of the parent anucleate cell in the respective tissue.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is modified to enhance uptake, such as increase uptake, in a phagocytic cell or an antigen-presenting cell, such as a macrophage or a dendritic cell, compared to the uptake of the parent anucleate cell in the respective phagocytic cell.
  • the macrophage is an adipose tissue macrophage, monocyte, Kupffer cell,sinus histiocyte, alveolar macrophage, tissue macrophage, microglia, Hofbauer cell, intraglomerular mesangial cell, osteoclast, epitheloid cell, red pulp macrophage, peritoneal macrophage, or LysoMac.
  • the antigen-presenting cell is a professional antigen-presenting cell. In some embodiments, the antigen-presenting cell is a non-professional antigen-presenting cell. In some embodiments, the antigen-presenting cell is a dendritic cell, or macrophage. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is cleared by a phagocytic cell and/or an antigen-presenting cell in the liver and/or spleen, thereby leading to antigen presentation including via CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle exhibits enhanced uptake in a tissue or cell compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the modified anucleate cell-derived vesicle exhibits a rate of uptake in tissue or cell that is enhanced by more than any one of about 1.5-fold, about 2 fold, about 3 fold, about 4 fold, about 5 fold, about 10 fold, about 20 fold, about 30 fold, about 50 fold, about 100 fold, about 200 fold, about 500 fold, or about 1000 fold compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle exhibits enhanced uptake in phagocytic cells and/or antigen presenting cells compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • phagocytic cells and/or antigen presenting cells comprise macrophages and/or dendritic cells.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle exhibits enhanced uptake in liver, spleen or macrophages compared to the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle exhibits enhanced uptake in liver and/or spleen or by a phagocytic cell and/or an antigen- presenting cell compared to the uptake of the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is not cleared in the lungs.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is cleared by macrophages in the liver and/or spleen, thereby leading to antigen presentation including via CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is modified to enhance uptake in a tissue or cell compared to an unmodified anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the modified anucleate cell-derived vesicle exhibits a rate of uptake in tissue or cell that is enhanced by more than any one of about 1.5-fold, about 2 fold, about 3 fold, about 4 fold, about 5 fold, about 10 fold, about 20 fold, about 30 fold, about 50 fold, about 100 fold, about 200 fold, about 500 fold, or about 1000 fold compared to an unmodified anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is modified to enhance uptake in phagocytic cells and/or antigen presenting cells compared to an unmodified anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • phagocytic cells and/or antigen presenting cells comprise macrophages and/or dendritic cells.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is modified to enhance uptake in liver, spleen or macrophages compared to an unmodified anucleate cell- derived vesicle.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is modified to enhance uptake in liver and/or spleen or by a phagocytic cell and/or an antigen-presenting cell compared to the uptake of the input or parent anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell- derived vesicle is not cleared in the lungs.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is cleared by macrophages in the liver and/or spleen, thereby leading to antigen presentation including via CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises CD47 on its surface.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is not (a) heat processed, (b) chemically treated, and/or (c) subjected to hypotonic or hypertonic conditions during the preparation of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles.
  • the anucleate cell- derived vesicle is not heat-treated or heat-shocked.
  • the anucleate cell- derived vesicle is not treated by chemicals such as bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate or other cross- linking agents.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is not further modified to express or contain ionophores or other ion transporters. In certain embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is not associated with antibodies such as anti-TER119.
  • the osmolarity of the cell suspension is maintained throughout the process. In further embodiments, the osmolarity of the cell suspension is maintained between about 200 mOsm and about 400 mOsm throughout the process. In some embodiments, the osmolarity of the cell suspension is maintained between about 200 mOsm and about 600 mOsm throughout the process. In further embodiments, the osmolarity of the cell suspension is maintained between about 200 mOsm and about 800 mOsm throughout the process.
  • the osmolarity of the cell suspension is maintained between any one of: about 200 mOsm and about 300 mOsm, about 300 mOsm and about 400 mOsm, about 400 mOsm and about 500 mOsm, about 500 mOsm and about 600 mOsm, about 600 mOsm and about 700 mOsm, about 700 mOsm and about 800 mOsm, about 200 mOsm and about 400 mOsm, about 400 mOsm and about 600 mOsm, or about 600 mOsm and about 800 mOsm.
  • the osmolarity was maintained during preparation of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle from the input or parent anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the osmolarity was maintained between about 200 mOsm and about 600 mOsm, such as between any of about 200 mOsm and about 300 mOsm, about 200 mOsm and about 400 mOsm, about 200 mOsm and about 500 mOsm, about 300 mOsm and about 500 mOsm or about 350 mOsm and about 450 mOsm. In some
  • the osmolarity was maintained between about 200 mOsm and about 400 mOsm.
  • cell suspension is contacted with the antigen before, concurrently, and/or after passing through the constriction.
  • composition comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • Antigens and Adjuvants are provided.
  • the antigen is a disease-associated antigen.
  • the antigen is a tumor antigen.
  • the antigen is derived from a lysate.
  • the lysate is derived from a biopsy of an individual.
  • the lysate is derived from a biopsy of an individual being infected by a pathogen, such as a bacterium or a virus.
  • the lysate is derived from a biopsy of an individual bearing tumors (i.e. tumor biopsy lysates).
  • the lysate is a tumor lysate.
  • the antigen is derived from a transplant lysate.
  • the lysate is derived from a biopsy of a transplanted organ.
  • the antigen is a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen or a fungal antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen is a microorganism.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises an antigen comprising an immunogenic epitope.
  • the antigen is a disease-associated antigen.
  • the antigen is derived from peptides or mRNA isolated from a diseased cell.
  • the antigen is derived from a protein ectopically expressed or
  • the antigen is derived from a neoantigen, e.g., a cancer-associated neoantigen.
  • the antigen comprises a neoepitope, e.g., a cancer-associated neoepitope.
  • the antigen is a non-self antigen.
  • the antigen is a mutated or otherwise altered self antigen.
  • the antigen is a tumor antigen, viral antigen, bacterial antigen, or fungal antigen.
  • the antigen comprises an immunogenic epitope fused to heterologous peptide sequences.
  • the antigen comprises a plurality of immunogenic epitopes. In some embodiments, some of the plurality of immunogenic epitopes are derived from the same source. For example, in some embodiments, some of the plurality of immunogenic epitope are derived from the same viral antigen. In some embodiments, all of the plurality of immunogenic epitopes are derived from the same source. In some embodiments, none of the plurality of immunogenic epitopes are derived from the same source. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises a plurality of different antigens.. In some embodiments, a plurality of antigens, such as any of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 different types of antigens, are delivered to the anucleate cell.
  • the antigen is a polypeptide antigen.
  • the antigen is a non-protein antigen.
  • the antigen is a lipid antigen.
  • the antigen is carbohydrate antigen, such as a polysaccharide.
  • the antigen is a glycolipid.
  • a nucleic acid encoding the antigen is delivered to the cell.
  • the antigen is a whole microorganism, such as an intact bacterium.
  • the antigen is a disease- associated antigen.
  • antigens are derived from foreign sources, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, or allergens.
  • the antigen is a modified antigen.
  • antigens may be fused with therapeutic agents or targeting peptides.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a polypeptide.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a targeting peptide.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a lipid.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a carbohydrate. In some embodiments, the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a nanoparticle. In some embodiments, a plurality of antigens is delivered to the anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises an antigen, wherein the antigen comprises an immunogenic epitope.
  • the antigen is a polypeptide and the immunogenic epitope is an immunogenic peptide epitope.
  • the immunogenic peptide epitope is fused to an N-terminal flanking polypeptide and/or a C-terminal flanking polypeptide.
  • the immunogenic peptide epitope fused to the N- terminal flanking polypeptide and/or the C-terminal flanking polypeptide is a non-naturally occurring sequence.
  • the N-terminal and/or C-terminal flanking polypeptides are non-natural.
  • the immunogenic peptide epitope fused to the N-terminal flanking polypeptide and/or the C-terminal flanking polypeptide is synthetic.
  • the N-terminal and/or C-terminal flanking polypeptides are derived from an immunogenic synthetic long peptide (SLP).
  • the N-terminal and/or C- terminal flanking polypeptides are derived from a disease-associated immunogenic SLP.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises an antigen, wherein the antigen is capable of being processed into an MHC class I-restricted peptide and/or an MHC class II-restricted peptide. In some embodiments, the antigen is capable of being processed into an MHC class I-restricted peptide. In some embodiments, the antigen is capable of being processed into an MHC class II-restricted peptide.
  • the antigen comprises a plurality of immunogenic epitopes, and is capable of being processed into an MHC class I- restricted peptide and an MHC class II-restricted peptide.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen is taken up by an antigen presenting cell, and the antigen is processed into one or more MHC class I-restricted peptide and/or one or more MHC class II-restricted peptide by the antigen presenting cell.
  • the antigen is a CD-1 restricted antigen.
  • the CD-1 restricted antigen is a lipid antigen.
  • the antigen comprises a plurality of immunogenic epitopes, and is capable of being processed into a plurality of CD-1 restricted antigens .
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen is taken up by an antigen presenting cell, and the antigen is processed into one or more CD-1 restricted antigens by the antigen presenting cell.
  • the antigen comprises a plurality of immunogenic epitopes, and is capable of being processed into one or more of (a) a MHC class I-restricted peptide; (b) an MHC class II-restricted peptide; or (c) a CD-1 restricted antigen.
  • some of the plurality of immunogenic epitopes are derived from the same source. In some embodiments, all of the plurality of immunogenic epitopes are derived from the same source.
  • none of the plurality of immunogenic epitopes are derived from the same source.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises a plurality of antigens that comprise a plurality of immunogenic epitopes.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle following administration to an individual of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the plurality of antigens that comprise the plurality of immunogenic epitopes, none of the plurality of immunogenic epitopes decreases an immune response in the individual to any of the other immunogenic epitopes.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises an adjuvant.
  • the adjuvant is a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), IFN-a, STING agonists, RIG-I agonists, poly I: C (low and/or high molecular weight), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with polylysine and carboxymethylcellulose (HILTONOL ® ), imiquimod, resiquimod and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  • the adjuvant is a CpG ODN. In some embodiments, the adjuvant is low molecular weight poly I:C. In some embodiments, the CpG ODN is no greater than about 50 (such as no greater than about any of 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, or fewer) nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the CpG ODN is a Class A CpG ODN, a Class B CpG ODN, or a Class C CpG ODN. In some embodiments, the CpG ODN comprises the nucleotide sequences as disclosed in US provisional application US 62/641,987.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises a plurality of different CpG ODNs.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises a plurality of different CpG ODNs selected from among Class A, Class B, and Class C CpG ODNs.
  • a plurality of adjuvants such as any of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 different types of adjuvants, is delivered to the anucleate cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises an antigen and/or an adjuvant. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises the antigen at a concentration between about 1 pM and about 10 mM. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell- derived vesicle comprises the adjuvant at a concentration between about 1 pM and about 10 mM. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises the antigen at a concentration between about 0.1 ⁇ M and about 10 mM.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises the adjuvant at a concentration between about 0.1 ⁇ M and about 10 mM.
  • the concentration of adjuvant in the anucleate cell- derived vesicle is any of less than about 1 pM, about 10 pM, about 100 pM, about 1 nM, about 10 nM, about 100 nM, about 1 ⁇ M, about 10 ⁇ M, about 100 ⁇ M, about 1 mM or about 10 mM.
  • the concentration of adjuvant in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is greater than about 10 mM.
  • the concentration of antigen in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is any of less than about 1 pM, about 10 pM, about 100 pM, about 1 nM, about 10 nM, about 100 nM, about 1 ⁇ M, about 10 ⁇ M, about 100 ⁇ M, about 1 mM or about 10 mM. In some embodiments, the concentration of antigen in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is greater than about 10 mM.
  • the concentration of antigen in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is any of between about 1 pM and about 10 pM, between about 10 pM and about 100 pM, between about 100 pM and about 1 nM, between about 1 nM and about 10 nM, between about 10 nM and about 100 nM, between about 100 nM and about 1 ⁇ M, between about 1 ⁇ M and about 10 ⁇ M, between about 10 ⁇ M and about 100 ⁇ M, between about 100 ⁇ M and about 1 mM, or between 1 mM and about 10 mM.
  • the concentration of adjuvant in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is any of between about 1 pM and about 10 pM, between about 10 pM and about 100 pM, between about 100 pM and about 1 nM, between about 1 nM and about 10 nM, between about 10 nM and about 100 nM, between about 100 nM and about 1 ⁇ M, between about 1 ⁇ M and about 10 ⁇ M, between about 10 ⁇ M and about 100 ⁇ M, between about 100 ⁇ M and about 1 mM, or between 1 mM and about 10 mM.
  • the molar ratio of adjuvant to antigen in the anucleate cell- derived vesicle is any of between about 10000:1 to about 1:10000.
  • the molar ratio of adjuvant to antigen in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is about any of 10000:1, about 1000:1, about 100:1, about 10:1, about 1:1, about 1:10, about 1:100, about 1:1000, or about 1:10000.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises a complex comprising: a) the antigen, b) the adjuvant, and/or c) the antigen and the adjuvant.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle further comprises an additional agent that enhances the function of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle as compared to a corresponding anucleate cell-derived vesicle that does not comprise the additional agent.
  • the additional agent is a stabilizing agent or a co-factor.
  • the agent is albumin.
  • the albumin is mouse, bovine, or human albumin.
  • the additional agent is a divalent metal cation, glucose, ATP, potassium, glycerol, trehalose, D-sucrose, PEG1500, L-arginine, L-glutamine, or EDTA.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle further comprises one or more therapeutic agents.
  • Other payloads
  • the payload is a tolerogenic factor.
  • the payload is a polypeptide, a nucleic acid, a lipid, a carbohydrate, a small molecule, a complex (such as a protein-based complex, a nucleic acid complex, a protein-protein complex, nucleic acid-nucleic acid complex, or a protein-nucleic acid complex), a nanoparticle, a virus, or a viral particle.
  • the payload is selected from the group consisting of an uricase (including semi-synthetic forms, e.g., Pegloticase) glucocerebrosidase (e.g., Imiglucerase, velaglucerase alfa, b-glucosidase), tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) (e.g., Asfotase alfa), lysosomal acid lipase (e.g., Sebelipase alfa), alpha-glucosidase (e.g.,
  • alglucosidase alfa a-L-iduronidase (e.g., Iaronidase), Iduronate sulfatase (e.g., Idursulfase), heparan sulfate, keratin sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate (e.g., elosulfase alfa), N- acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (e.g., galsulfase), b-glucuronidase, hyaluronidase, a- galactosidase A (e.g., agalsidase beta), phenylalanine hydroxylase, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, gliadin, acetylcholine receptor and receptor-associated proteins, thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), desmoglein 1 and 3, aquaporin 4, GADD65, insulin,
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle was prepared by a process comprising: (a) passing a cell suspension comprising the input parent anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input parent anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input parent anucleate cell large enough for the payload to pass through to form an anucleate cell- derived vesicle; and (b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the payload for a sufficient time to allow the payload to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle; thereby producing an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the payload.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises an antigen and a tolerogenic factor.
  • the tolerogenic factor enhances suppression of an immune response to an antigen and/or enhances the induction of tolerance to an antigen.
  • the tolerogenic factor may promote tolerogenic presentation of the antigen by an antigen-presenting cell.
  • the tolerogenic factor comprises a polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide is IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-35, IFN-a, or TGF-b.
  • the polypeptide is a therapeutic polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide is a fragment of a therapeutic polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide is conjugated to a carbohydrate.
  • the tolerogenic factor is a nucleic acid.
  • the nucleic acid can include, without limitation, mRNA, DNA, miRNA, or siRNA.
  • the tolerogenic factor can include siRNA to knock down expression of inflammatory genes.
  • the tolerogenic factor is a DNA sequence that binds NF-kB and prevents NF-kB activation and downstream signaling.
  • the tolerogenic factor is a small molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor modulates expression and/or activity of an immunomodulatory agent (such as an immunostimulatory agent (e.g., a costimulatory molecule), an immunosuppressive agent, or an inflammatory or anti-inflammatory molecule).
  • an immunomodulatory agent such as an immunostimulatory agent (e.g., a costimulatory molecule), an immunosuppressive agent, or an inflammatory or anti-inflammatory molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor inhibits expression and/or activity of an immunomodulatory agent (such as an immunostimulatory agent (e.g., a costimulatory molecule), an immunosuppressive agent, or an inflammatory or anti-inflammatory molecule).
  • an immunomodulatory agent such as an immunostimulatory agent (e.g., a costimulatory molecule), an immunosuppressive agent, or an inflammatory or anti-inflammatory molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor inhibits expression and/or activity of an immunomodulatory agent (such as an immunostimulatory agent (e.g.,
  • the immunostimulatory agent e.g., a costimulatory molecule
  • enhances expression and/or activity of an immunosuppressive molecule inhibits expression and/or activity of an inflammatory molecule, and/or enhances expression and/or activity of an anti-inflammatory molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor inhibits the activity of a costimulatory molecule. Interaction between costimulatory molecules and their ligands is important to sustain and integrate TCR signaling to stimulate optimal T cell proliferation and differentiation. In some embodiments, the tolerogenic factor decreases expression of a costimulatory molecule.
  • Exemplary costimulatory molecules expressed on antigen-presenting cells include, without limitation, CD40, CD80, CD86, CD54, CD83, CD79, Ox40 or ICOS Ligand.
  • the costimulatory molecule is CD80 or CD86.
  • the tolerogenic factor inhibits the expression of a nucleic acid that expresses or modulates expression of the costimulatory molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor deletes a nucleic acid that expresses or modulates expression of the costimulatory molecule.
  • deletion of the nucleic acid that expresses or modulates expression of the costimulatory molecule is achieved via gene editing.
  • the tolerogenic factor inhibits the costimulatory molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor is a siRNA that inhibits the costimulatory molecule. In some embodiments, the tolerogenic factor increases the activity of a transcriptional regulator that suppresses expression of the costimulatory molecule. In some embodiments, the tolerogenic factor increases the activity of a protein inhibitor that suppresses expression of the costimulatory molecule. In some embodiments, the tolerogenic factor comprises nucleic acid encoding a suppressor of the costimulatory molecule. In some embodiments, the tolerogenic factor degrades the costimulatory molecule. In some embodiments, the tolerogenic factor labels the costimulatory molecule for destruction. For example, the tolerogenic factor may enhance ubiquitination of the costimulatory molecule, thereby targeting it for destruction.
  • the tolerogenic factor enhances the expression and/or activity of an immunosuppressive molecule.
  • the immunosuppressive molecule is a co-inhibitory molecule, a transcriptional regulator, or an immunosuppressive molecule.
  • Co- inhibitory molecules negatively regulate the activation of lymphocytes.
  • Exemplary co-inhibitory molecules include, without limitation, PD-L1 , PD-L2, HVEM, B7-H3, TRAIL,
  • the co-inhibitory molecule is PD-L1 or PD-L2.
  • the tolerogenic factor increases the activity of the co-inhibitory molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor increases expression of a co-inhibitory molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor encodes the co-inhibitory molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor increases the activity of the co-inhibitory molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor increases the activity of a transcriptional regulator that may enhance expression of the co-inhibitory molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor increases the activity of a polypeptide that increases expression of the co-inhibitory molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor comprises nucleic acid encoding an enhancer of the co-inhibitory molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor inhibits an inhibitor of a co-inhibitory molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor increases expression and/or activity of an immunosuppressive molecule.
  • immunosuppressive molecules include, without limitation, arginase-1 (ARG1), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), nitric-oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), vascular intestinal peptide (VIP), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), IFN-a, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-35.
  • ARG1 arginase-1
  • IDO indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
  • PGE2 Prostaglandin E2
  • iNOS inducible nitric-oxide synthase
  • the immunosuppressive molecule is NO or IDO.
  • the tolerogenic factor encodes the immunosuppressive molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor increases the activity of the immunosuppressive molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor increases the activity of a transcriptional regulator that enhances expression of the immunosuppressive molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor increases the activity of a polypeptide that enhances expression of the immunosuppressive molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor comprises nucleic acid encoding an enhancer of the immunosuppressive molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor inhibits a negative regulator of an immunosuppressive molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor inhibits expression and/or activity of an inflammatory molecule.
  • the inflammatory molecule is an inflammatory transcription factor.
  • the tolerogenic factor inhibits the inflammatory transcription factor.
  • the tolerogenic factor decreases expression of an inflammatory transcription factor.
  • the inflammatory transcription factor is NF-KB, an interferon regulatory factor (IRF), or a molecule associated with the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.
  • IRF interferon regulatory factor
  • the NF-kB pathway is a prototypical proinflammatory signaling pathway that mediates the expression of proinflammatory genes including cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules.
  • Interferon regulatory factors constitute a family of transcription factors that can regulate the expression of proinflammatory genes.
  • the JAK-STAT signaling pathway transmits information from extracellular cytokine signals to the nucleus, resulting in DNA transcription and expression of genes involved in immune cell proliferation and
  • the JAK-STAT system consists of a cell surface receptor, Janus kinases (JAKs), and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) proteins.
  • JAK-STAT molecules include, without limitation, JAKl, JAK2, JAK 3, Tyk2, STATI, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STATS (STAT5A and STAT5B), and STAT6.
  • the tolerogenic factor enhances expression of a suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) protein. SOCS proteins may inhibit signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway.
  • the tolerogenic factor inhibits the expression of a nucleic acid encoding the inflammatory transcription factor.
  • the tolerogenic factor deletes a nucleic acid encoding the inflammatory transcription factor. In some embodiments, the tolerogenic factor increases the activity of a transcriptional regulator that suppresses expression of the inflammatory transcription factor. In some embodiments, the tolerogenic factor increases the activity of a protein inhibitor that suppresses expression of the inflammatory transcription factor. In some embodiments, the tolerogenic factor comprises nucleic acid encoding a suppressor of the inflammatory
  • the tolerogenic factor enhances expression and/or activity of an anti-inflammatory molecule.
  • the anti-inflammatory molecule is an anti- inflammatory transcription factor.
  • the tolerogenic factor enhances the anti-inflammatory transcription factor.
  • the tolerogenic factor increases expression of an anti-inflammatory transcription factor.
  • the tolerogenic factor enhances expression of nucleic acid encoding the anti-inflammatory transcription factor.
  • the tolerogenic factor decreases the activity of a transcriptional regulator that suppresses expression of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor.
  • the tolerogenic factor decreases the activity of a protein inhibitor that suppresses expression of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor.
  • the tolerogenic factor comprises nucleic acid encoding an enhancer of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor.
  • the tolerogenic factor comprises a nucleic acid.
  • the tolerogenic factor is a nucleic acid.
  • Exemplary nucleic acids include, without limitation, recombinant nucleic acids, DNA, recombinant DNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, RNA, siRNA, mRNA, saRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, tRNA, gRNA, and shRNA.
  • the nucleic acid is homologous to a nucleic acid in the cell.
  • the nucleic acid is heterologous to a nucleic acid in the cell.
  • the tolerogenic factor is a plasmid.
  • the nucleic acid is a therapeutic nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encodes a therapeutic polypeptide. In some embodiments, the tolerogenic factor comprises a nucleic acid encoding an siRNA, mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, tRNA, or shRNA. For example, the tolerogenic factor can include siRNA to knock down expression of inflammatory genes. In some embodiments, the tolerogenic factor is a DNA sequence that binds NF-kB and prevents NF-kB activation and downstream signaling.
  • the tolerogenic factor comprises a polypeptide.
  • the tolerogenic factor is a polypeptide.
  • the protein or polypeptide is a therapeutic protein, antibody, fusion protein, antigen, synthetic protein, reporter marker, or selectable marker.
  • the protein is a gene-editing protein or nuclease such as a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), mega nuclease, CRE recombinase, transposase, RNA-guided endonuclease (e.g., CAS9 enzyme), DNA-guided endonuclease, or integrase enzyme.
  • the fusion proteins can include, without limitation, chimeric protein drags such as antibody drug conjugates or recombinant fusion proteins such as proteins tagged with GST or streptavidin.
  • the compound is a transcription factor.
  • Exemplary transcription factors include, without limitation, Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, Klf-4, T-bet, GATA3, FoxP3, and RORgt.
  • the polypeptide is IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-35, IFN-a, or TGFb.
  • the polypeptide is a therapeutic polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide is a fragment of a therapeutic polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide is a peptide nucleic acid (PNA).
  • the tolerogenic factor comprises a protein-nucleic acid complex.
  • the tolerogenic factor is a protein-nucleic acid complex.
  • protein-nucleic acid complexes such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9, are used in genome editing applications. These complexes contain sequence-specific DNA-binding domains in combination with nonspecific DNA cleavage nucleases. These complexes enable targeted genome editing, including adding, disrupting, or changing the sequence of a specific gene.
  • a disabled Cas9 dCas9
  • dCas9 is used to block or induce transcription of a target gene.
  • the tolerogenic factor contains a Cas9 protein and a guide RNA and donor DNA. In some embodiments, the tolerogenic factor includes a nucleic acid encoding for a Cas9 protein and a guide RNA or donor DNA. In some embodiments, the gene editing complex targets expression of a costimulatory molecule (e.g., CD80 and/or CD86).
  • a costimulatory molecule e.g., CD80 and/or CD86.
  • the tolerogenic factor comprises a small molecule.
  • the tolerogenic factor is a small molecule.
  • the small molecule inhibits the activity of a costimulatory molecule, enhances the activity of a co- inhibitory molecule, and/or inhibits the activity of an inflammatory molecule.
  • Exemplary small molecules include, without limitation, pharmaceutical agents, metabolites, or radionuclides.
  • the pharmaceutical agent is a therapeutic drug and/or cytotoxic agent.
  • the compound comprises a nanoparticle. Examples of nanoparticles include gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, nanoshells, dendrimers, and liposomes.
  • the nanoparticle contains or is linked (covalently or noncovalently) to a therapeutic molecule.
  • the nanoparticle contains a nucleic acid, such as mRNA or cDNA.
  • a method for generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input (e.g., parent) anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen.
  • the input anucleate cell comprises an adjuvant.
  • a method for generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an adjuvant comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input (e.g., parent) anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the adjuvant.
  • the input anucleate cell comprises an adjuvant.
  • a method for generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and an adjuvant comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input (e.g., parent) anucleate cell through a cell-deforming
  • a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is a red blood cell-derived vesicle, or a platelet-derived vesicle. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is an erythrocyte-derived vesicle or a reticulocyte-derived vesicle.
  • the input (e.g., parent) anucleate cell is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the input anucleate cell is a monkey, mouse, dog, cat, horse, rat, sheep, goat, pig, or rabbit cell.
  • the input anucleate cell is a human cell. In some embodiments, the input anucleate cell is a non- mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the input anucleate cell is a chicken, frog, insect, fish, or nematode cell. In some embodiments, the input anucleate cell is an erythrocyte. In some embodiments, the input anucleate cell is a red blood cell. In some embodiments, the input anucleate cell is a precursor to RBCs. In some embodiments, the input anucleate cell is a reticulocyte. In some embodiments, the input anucleate cell is a platelet.
  • presentation of antigen in an immunogenic environment enhances an immune response to the antigen or induces an immune response to the antigen.
  • Antigens derived from eryptotic bodies such as anucleate cell-derived vesicles, which can be cleared in the immunogenic environment of the liver and spleen, may stimulate or enhance an immune response to the antigens via activation of T cells.
  • the immune response is antigen-specific.
  • Anucleate cell-derived vesicles such as RBC-derived vesicles have a limited life-span and are unable to self-repair, causing eryptosis, a process analogous to apoptosis, that leads to removal of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles from the bloodstream.
  • the antigen may be released upon eryptosis of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles within the immunogenic environment, where it is subsequently engulfed, processed, and presented by an antigen-presenting cell.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle containing the antigen is phagocytosed by an antigen-presenting cell, such as a macrophage, and the antigen is subsequently processed and presented by the antigen presenting cell.
  • the antigen presenting cell is a resident macrophage.
  • the method for measuring the half-life of an anucleate cell or an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises labeling, reinfusing the cell or vesicle, and measuring the disappearance upon reinfusion.
  • the method for measuring the half-life of an anucleate cell or an anucleate cell-derived vesicle encompassed in the present application comprises measuring the half-life of an appropriate reference control(s), such as a control comprising an input anucleate cell or a population of input anucleate cells.
  • the circulating half-life in the mammal is decreased by more than about 50%, such as more than about any of 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, as compared to the input (e.g., parent) anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the circulating half-life in the mammal is decreased by about 50% to about 99.9%, such as any of about 70% to about 99.9%, about 85% to about 99.9%, or about 95% to about 99.9%, as compared to the input anucleate cell.
  • the circulating half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is less than about any of 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 10 days, 20 days, 30 days, 40 days, 50 days, 60 days, 70 days, 80 days, 90 days, or 100 days.
  • the circulating half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is about any of 0.5 minute, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 6 minutes, 7 minutes, 8 minutes, 9 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 10 days, 20 days, 30 days, 40 days, 50 days, 60 days, 70 days, 80 days, 90 days, or 100 days.
  • the input (e.g., parent) anucleate cell is a human cell and wherein the circulating half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is less than about any of 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 10 day, 20 days, 30 days, 40 days, 50 days, 60 days, 70 days, 80 days, 90 days, or 100 days s.
  • the input anucleate cell is a human cell and wherein the circulating half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is about any of 0.5 minute, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 6 minutes, 7 minutes, 8 minutes, 9 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 10 days, 20 days, 30 days, 40 days, 50 days, 60 days, 70 days, 80 days, 90 days, or 100 days.
  • the input (e.g., parent) anucleate cell is a red blood cell, wherein the hemoglobin level in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is decreased compared to the input anucleate cell.
  • Methods of measuring the hemoglobin level of a cell such as an anucleate cell, e.g., red blood cell, or an anucleate cell-derived vesicle is known in the art. See, e.g., Chaudhary, R., J Blood Med, 8, 2017.
  • the method comprises measuring a metabolic precursor or product to determine the turnover of hemoglobin.
  • the method for measuring the hemoglobin level of an anucleate cell or an anucleate cell-derived vesicle encompassed in the present application comprises measuring the hemoglobin levels of an appropriate reference control(s), such as a control comprising an input anucleate cell or a population of input anucleate cell.
  • an appropriate reference control(s) such as a control comprising an input anucleate cell or a population of input anucleate cell.
  • the hemoglobin level in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is decreased by at least about any of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100%, as compared to the input (e.g., parent) anucleate cell.
  • the hemoglobin level in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is decreased by about 50% to about 99.9%, such as any of about 70% to about 99.9%, about 85% to about 99.9%, or about 95% to about 99.9%, as compared to the input anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the hemoglobin level in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is decreased by about any of 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.9%, as compared to the input anucleate cell.
  • the hemoglobin level in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is about any of 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% of the hemoglobin level in the input (e.g., parent) anucleate cell.
  • the input (e.g., parent) anucleate cell is an erythrocyte and wherein the morphology of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is modulated from that of the input anucleate cell.
  • Morphology concerns the classification of, e.g., the shape, structure, geometry, intensity, form, smoothness, roughness, circularity, volume, surface area and/or size of a cell or a cell-derived vesicle.
  • Methods for determining (such as measuring) morphology are known in the art. See, e.g., Boutros et al., Cell, 163, 2015; Girasole, M. et al., Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr, 1768, 2007; and Chen et al., Comput Math Methods Med, 2012. In some
  • the method for determining morphology comprises high-content imaging.
  • the morphology of the cell can be assessed by staining with Hoechst dye followed by automated high-content image analysis.
  • the morphology can be determined through a shift in the forward and side scatter plots from flow cytometry.
  • the input anucleate cell is an erythrocyte and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is spherical in morphology.
  • the input anucleate cell is an erythrocyte and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has a reduced biconcave shape compared to the input anucleate cell.
  • the input (e.g., parent) anucleate cell is an erythrocyte and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has a reduced biconcave shape, such as reduced by more than about any of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.9%, as compared to the input anucleate cell.
  • the input (e.g., parent) anucleate cell is a red blood cell or an erythrocyte and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is a red blood cell ghost (RBC ghost).
  • RBC ghost red blood cell ghost
  • the half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle can be further modified.
  • the half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is increased by the further modification.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle may be modified to increase the time the anucleate cell-derived vesicle circulates in the blood stream before clearance in the liver and spleen.
  • the half-life of the anucleate cell- derived vesicle is further decreased by the modification.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle may be modified to decrease the time the anucleate cell circulates in the blood stream before clearance in the spleen.
  • an altered ratio of phospholipids on the surface of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle decreases the half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle. In some embodiments, an increased ratio of phosphatidylserine to other phospholipids on the surface of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle decreases the half-life of the anucleate cell- derived vesicle.
  • the presence of phosphatidylserine on the surface of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle can be further increased to decrease the half-life of the anucleate cell, such as by using any method known in the art for increasing surface phosphatidylserine (see Hamidi et al., J. Control. Release, 2007, 118(2): 145-60).
  • the anucleate cell- derived vesicle is incubated with lipids or phospholipids prior to delivery to an individual.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is treated by chemicals such as bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate or other cross-linking agents, prior to delivery to an individual.
  • the surface phosphatidylserine of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle can be decreased to increase the half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is treated with flippase prior to delivery to an individual.
  • flippases are enzymes that transport phospholipids from the external leaflet to the cytosolic leaflet in the plasma membrane.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is treated with an enzyme that cleaves phosphatidylserines, prior to delivery to an individual.
  • a non-limiting example of an enzyme that cleaves phosphatidylserine is phosphatidylserine carboxylase.
  • the anucleate cell-derive vesicle exhibits one or more of the following properties: (a) a circulating half-life in a mammal is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) spherical morphology, (d) increased surface phosphatidylserine levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, or (e) reduced ATP production compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the osmolarity of the cell suspension is maintained throughout the process. In further embodiments, the osmolarity of the cell suspension is maintained between 200 mOsm and 400 mOsm throughout the process. In some embodiments, the osmolarity of the cell suspension is maintained between 200 mOsm and 600 mOsm throughout the process. In further embodiments, the osmolarity of the cell suspension is maintained between 200 mOsm and 800 mOsm throughout the process.
  • the osmolarity of the cell suspension is maintained between any one of: 200 mOsm and 300 mOsm, 300 mOsm and 400 mOsm, 400 mOsm and 500 mOsm, 500 mOsm and 600 mOsm, 600 mOsm and 700 mOsm, 700 mOsm and 800 mOsm.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle further comprises an additional agent that enhances the function of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle as compared to a corresponding anucleate cell-derived vesicle that does not comprise the additional agent.
  • the additional agent is a stabilizing agent or a co-factor.
  • the agent is albumin.
  • the albumin is mouse, bovine, or human albumin.
  • the additional agent is a divalent metal cation, glucose, ATP, potassium, glycerol, trehalose, D-sucrose, PEG1500, L-arginine, L-glutamine, or EDTA.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles further comprise one or more therapeutic agents.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises an antigen and a tolerogenic factor
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle was prepared by a process comprising: (a) passing a cell suspension comprising the input parent anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input parent anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input parent anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and the tolerogenic factor to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and (b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the tolerogenic factor for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the tolerogenic factor to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle; thereby producing an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and an tolerogenic factor.
  • the constriction is contained within a microfluidic channel.
  • the microfluidic channel comprises a plurality of constrictions.
  • the plurality of constrictions are arranged in series and/or in parallel.
  • the constriction is between a plurality of micropillars; between a plurality of micropillars configured in an array; or between one or more movable plates.
  • the constriction is formed by a plurality of micropillars. In some embodiments, the constriction is formed between a plurality of micropillars configured in an array. In some embodiments, the constriction is formed by one or more movable plates.
  • the constriction is a pore or contained within a pore.
  • the pore is contained in a surface.
  • the surface is a filter.
  • the surface is a membrane.
  • the constriction has a width of about any of 1.8 ⁇ m, 1.9 ⁇ m, 2 ⁇ m, 2.1 ⁇ m, 2.2 ⁇ m, 2.3 ⁇ m, 2.4 ⁇ m, 2.5 ⁇ m or 2.6 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the constriction has a width of about 2.2 ⁇ m.
  • the input parent anucleate cells are passed through the constriction under a pressure ranging from about 10 psi to about 150 psi, such as any of about 30 psi to about 60 psi, about 10 psi to about 40 psi, about 50 psi to about 90 psi.
  • the input parent anucleate cells are passed through the constriction under a pressure of at least about any of 5 psi, 10 psi, 15 psi, 20 psi, 25 psi, 30 psi, 35 psi, 40 psi, 45 psi, 50 psi, 55 psi, 60 psi, 65 psi, 70 psi, 75 psi, 80 psi, 85 psi, 90 psi, 95 psi, 100 psi, 105 psi, 110 psi, 115 psi, 120 psi, 125 psi, 130 psi, 135 psi, 140 psi, 145 psi, or 150 psi.
  • a pressure of at least about any of 5 psi, 10 psi, 15 psi, 20 psi, 25 psi, 30
  • the input parent anucleate cells are passed through the constriction under a pressure of at least about 5 psi and less than about any of 150 psi, 145 psi, 140 psi, 135 psi, 130 psi, 125 psi, 120 psi, 115 psi, 110 psi, 105 psi, 100 psi, 95 psi, 90 psi, 85 psi, 80 psi, 75 psi, 70 psi, 65 psi, 60 psi, 55 psi, 50 psi, 45 psi, 40 psi, 35 psi, 30 psi, 25 psi, 20 psi, or 15 psi.
  • the cell suspension is contacted (such as first contacted) with the payload before passing through the constriction. In some embodiments, the cell suspension is contacted (such as first contacted) with the payload concurrently with passing through the constriction. In some embodiments, the cell suspension is contacted (such as first contacted) with the payload after passing through the constriction. In some embodiments, the cell suspension is at least contacted with the payload concurrently with passing through the constriction and after passing through the constriction. In some embodiments, the cell suspension is contacted with the payload before passing through the constriction, concurrently with passing through the constriction, and after passing through the constriction.
  • an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and an adjuvant as described herein is an activating antigen carrier (AAC).
  • AAC activating antigen carrier
  • an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen for tolearization as described herein is an tolerizing antigen carrier (TAC).
  • TAC tolerizing antigen carrier
  • compositions comprising a plurality of any of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles described herein.
  • compositions comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from parent anucleate cells, the composition having any one or more of the following properties: (a) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%,
  • composition have higher levels of phosphatidylserine, or (f) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have reduced ATP production compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the composition comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles may be actively tuned to generate a desired profile of anucleate cell-derived vesicles within the composition having one or more select properties, including one or more of: (a) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (a) greater than about 20%, such
  • the composition comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles having a desired profile of select properties is prepared from parent anucleate cells using the methods of making described herein, including use of microfluidic constrictions, wherein parameters of the methods of making, including constriction dimension, speed of passing a parent anucleate cell through the constriction, constriction architecture (e.g., Weir structure and size), processing time, pressure, and buffer composition, are selected to produce the composition comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles having the desired profile of select properties.
  • constriction dimension e.g., speed of passing a parent anucleate cell through the constriction
  • constriction architecture e.g., Weir structure and size
  • processing time, pressure, and buffer composition are selected to produce the composition comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles having the desired profile of select properties.
  • constriction dimension e.g., speed of passing a parent anucleate cell through the constriction
  • constriction architecture e.g., Weir structure and size
  • processing time e.g., Weir structure and size
  • constriction dimension e.g., speed of passing a parent anucleate cell through the constriction
  • constriction architecture e.g., Weir structure and size
  • processing time e.g., Weir structure and size
  • the composition comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles having a desired profile of select properties is prepared using a set of parameters comprising a constriction dimension of about 2.2 mm and a pressure of about 50 psi. In some embodiments, the composition comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles having a desired profile of select properties is prepared using a set of parameters comprising a constriction dimension of about 2.5 mm and a pressure of about 30 psi. In some embodiments, the composition comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles having a desired profile of select properties is prepared using a set of parameters comprising a
  • the parent anucleate cell is a mammalian cell, which includes, but is not limited to, a cell from a human, bovine, horse, feline, canine, rodent, or primate. In some embodiments, the parent anucleate cell is a human cell. In some embodiments, the parent anucleate cell is an anucleate cell from a mammal, which includes, but is not limited to, a human, bovine, horse, feline, canine, rodent, or primate.
  • the parent anucleate cell is a platelet.
  • the red blood cell is an erythrocyte.
  • the red blood cell is a reticulocyte.
  • the circulating half-life of at least about 20%, such as at least about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition in a mammal is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the circulating half-life of at least about 75%, such as at least about any of 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition in a mammal is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the circulating half-life of at least about 20%, such as at least about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition in the mammal is decreased by more than about any of 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 90% compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the parent anucleate cell is a human cell
  • the circulating half-life of at least about 20%, such as at least about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition is less than about any of 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, or 10 days.
  • the parent anucleate cell is a human cell
  • the circulating half-life of at least about 20%, such as at least about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition is about any of 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 6 minutes, 7 minutes, 8 minutes, 9 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, or 10 days.
  • the hemoglobin levels of 20% such as at least about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle are decreased by at least about any of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the hemoglobin levels of at least about 20%, such as at least about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition are about any of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% the level of hemoglobin in the parent anucleate cell.
  • the parent anucleate cell is an erythrocyte, and at least about 20%, such as at least about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have a modulated morphology as compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • the parent anucleate cell is an erythrocyte, and at least about 20%, such as at least about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition are spherical in morphology.
  • At least about 20%, such as at least about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have greater than about any of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, or 200% higher surface phosphatidylserine levels compared to a composition comprising a plurality of parent anucleate cells.
  • At least about 20%, such as at least about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have reduced ATP production compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • compositions comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from parent anucleate cells, the composition comprising the following property, as further described herein, of greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • compositions comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from parent anucleate cells, the composition comprising the following property, as further described herein, of greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition are RBC ghosts.
  • compositions comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from parent anucleate cells, the composition comprising the following property, as further described herein, of greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have reduced ATP production compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • compositions comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from parent anucleate cells, the composition comprising any two of the following properties, as further described herein, of (a) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) greater than about 20%, such as
  • compositions comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from parent anucleate cells, the composition comprising any four of the following properties, as further described herein, of (a) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) greater than about 20%, such as
  • compositions comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from parent anucleate cells, the composition comprising any five of the following properties, as further described herein, of (a) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) greater than about 20%, such as
  • compositions comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from parent anucleate cells, the composition comprising the following properties, as further described herein, of (a) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell, (b) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the parent anucleate cell, (c) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about
  • composition have higher levels of phosphatidylserine, and (f) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have reduced ATP production compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • one or more properties of a composition comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles are based on comparison to a population of a parent anucleate cell, from which the anucleate cell-derived vesicles were prepared.
  • the comparison is based on the average value measured for the population of the parent anucleate cell.
  • the comparison is based on a range of values measured for the population of the parent anucleate cell.
  • a composition comprising a plurality of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared from a population of a parent anucleate cell, the composition having one or more of the following properties: (a) greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the average of the population of the parent anucleate cell, (b) greater than 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%, of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles in the composition have decreased hemoglobin levels compared to the average of the population of the parent anucleate cell, (c) greater
  • the osmolarity was maintained during preparation of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle from the parent anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the osmolarity was maintained between about 200 mOsm and about 600 mOsm, such as between any of about 200 mOsm and about 300 mOsm, about 200 mOsm and about 400 mOsm, about 200 mOsm and about 500 mOsm, about 300 mOsm and about 500 mOsm or about 350 mOsm and about 450 mOsm. In some embodiments,the osmolarity was maintained between about 200 mOsm and about 400 mOsm.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles of the composition were prepared by a process comprising: passing a suspension comprising the input parent anucleate cells through a cell deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input parent anucleate cells in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the anucleate cells large enough for a payload to pass through; thereby producing the anucleate cell-derived vesicles.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles of the composition comprise a payload.
  • the payload is a therapeutic payload.
  • the payload is an antigen.
  • the payload is an adjuvant. In some embodiments, the payload is a tolerogenic factor. In some embodiments, the payload is a polypeptide, a nucleic acid, a lipid, a carbohydrate, a small molecule, a complex (such as a protein-based complex, a nucleic acid complex, a protein-protein complex, nucleic acid-nucleic acid complex, or a protein-nucleic acid complex), or a nanoparticle.
  • a complex such as a protein-based complex, a nucleic acid complex, a protein-protein complex, nucleic acid-nucleic acid complex, or a protein-nucleic acid complex
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles of the composition were prepared by a process comprising: (a) passing a cell suspension comprising the input parent anucleate cells through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input parent anucleate cells in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input parent anucleate cells large enough for the payload to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicles; and (b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicles with the payload for a sufficient time to allow the payload to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicles; thereby producing an anucleate cell-derived vesicles comprising the payload.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles comprise an antigen, such as any antigen described herein. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicles comprise a plurality of different types of antigens (such as 2, 3, 4, or 5 different types of antigens), such as selected from any antigens described herein. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicles comprise an adjuvant, such as any adjuvant described herein. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicles comprise a plurality of different types of adjuvants (such as 2, 3, 4, or 5 different types of adjuvants), such as selected from any adjuvants described herein.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles comprise a tolerogenic factor, such as any tolerogenic factor described herein. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicles comprise a plurality of different types of tolerogenic factors (such as 2, 3, 4, or 5 different types of tolerogenic factors), such as selected from any tolerogenic factors described herein. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicles comprise an antigen and an adjuvant. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicles comprise an adjuvant and a tolerogenic factor. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicles comprise an antigen and a tolerogenic factor. In some embodiments, the anucleate cell-derived vesicles comprise an antigen, an adjuvant, and a tolerogenic factor.
  • the antigen is capable of being processed into an MHC class I-restricted peptide.
  • the antigen is capable of being processed into an MHC class II-restricted peptide.
  • the antigen is capable of being processed into an MHC class I-restricted peptide and an MHC class II-restricted peptide.
  • the antigen is a disease-associated antigen.
  • the antigen is a tumor antigen.
  • the antigen is derived from a lysate.
  • the lysate is a transplanted tissue lysate.
  • the lysate is a tumor lysate.
  • the antigen is a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen, or a fungal antigen.
  • the antigen is a microorganism.
  • the antigen is a polypeptide.
  • the antigen is a lipid antigen.
  • the antigen is a carbohydrate antigen.
  • a nucleic acid encoding the antigen is delivered to the cell.
  • the antigen is a modified antigen.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a polypeptide.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a targeting peptide.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a lipid.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a lipid.
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a nanoparticle.
  • a plurality of antigens is delivered to the anucleate cell.
  • the adjuvant is a CpG ODN, IFN-a, STING agonists, RIG-I agonists, poly I:C, imiquimod, resiquimod, and/or LPS.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles of the composition were prepared by a process comprising: (a) passing a cell suspension comprising the input parent anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input parent anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input parent anucleate cell large enough for the antigen to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and (b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen for a sufficient time to allow the antigen to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle; thereby producing an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles of the composition were prepared by a process comprising: (a) passing a cell suspension comprising the input parent anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input parent anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input parent anucleate cell large enough for the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and (b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle; thereby producing an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an adjuvant.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles of the composition comprises an antigen and an adjuvant
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles of the composition were prepared by a process comprising: (a) passing a cell suspension comprising the input parent anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input parent anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input parent anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and (b) incubating the anucleate cell- derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle; thereby producing an anucleate cell- derived vesicle comprising an antigen and an adjuvant
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicle of the composition comprises an antigen and a tolerogenic factor, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicles of the
  • compositions were prepared by a process comprising: (a) passing a cell suspension comprising the input parent anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input parent anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input parent anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and the tolerogenic factor to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; and (b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the tolerogenic factor for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the tolerogenic factor to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle; thereby producing an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and the tolerogenic factor.
  • the constriction is contained within a microfluidic channel.
  • the microfluidic channel comprises a plurality of constrictions.
  • the plurality of constrictions are arranged in series and/or in parallel.
  • the constriction is between a plurality of micropillars; between a plurality of micropillars configured in an array; or between one or more movable plates.
  • the constriction is formed by a plurality of micropillars. In some embodiments, the constriction is formed between a plurality of micropillars configured in an array. In some embodiments, the constriction is formed by one or more movable plates.
  • the constriction has a width of about 0.1 ⁇ m to about 4 ⁇ m, such as any of about 1 ⁇ m to about 3 ⁇ m, about 1.75 ⁇ m to about 2.5 ⁇ m, or about 2 ⁇ m to about 2.5 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the constriction has a width of about any of 4 ⁇ m, 3.5 ⁇ m, 3 ⁇ m, 2.5 ⁇ m, 2 ⁇ m, 1.5 ⁇ m, 1 ⁇ m, 0.5 ⁇ m, or about 0.25 ⁇ m.
  • the constriction has a width of about any of 1.8 ⁇ m, 1.9 ⁇ m, 2 ⁇ m, 2.1 ⁇ m, 2.2 ⁇ m, 2.3 ⁇ m, 2.4 ⁇ m, 2.5 ⁇ m or 2.6 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the constriction has a width of about 2.2 ⁇ m.
  • the cell suspension is contacted (such as first contacted) with the payload before passing through the constriction. In some embodiments, the cell suspension is contacted (such as first contacted) with the payload concurrently with passing through the constriction. In some embodiments, the cell suspension is contacted (such as first contacted) with the payload after passing through the constriction. In some embodiments, the cell suspension is at least contacted with the payload concurrently with passing through the constriction and after passing through the constriction. In some embodiments, the cell suspension is contacted with the payload before passing through the constriction, concurrently with passing through the constriction, and after passing through the constriction.
  • the composition comprises at least about 500,000, such as at least about any of 1 million (M), 1.5M, 2M, 2.5M, 3M, 3.5M, 4M, 4.5M, 5M, 5.5M, 6M, 6.5M, 7M, 7.5M, 8M, 8.5M, 9M, 9.5M, 1 billion (B), 1.1B, 1.2B, 1.3B, 1.4B, 1.5B, 10B, 100B, or 1 trillion (T) anucleate cell-derived vesicles.
  • the composition comprises at least about 500,000, such as at least about any of 1 million (M), 1.5M, 2M, 2.5M, 3M, 3.5M, 4M, 4.5M, 5M, 5.5M, 6M, 6.5M, 7M, 7.5M, 8M, 8.5M, 9M, 9.5M, 1 billion (B), 1.1B, 1.2B, 1.3B, 1.4B, or 1.5B, 10B, 100B, or 1 trillion (T) anucleate cells and an adjuvant.
  • the composition has a hematocrit (Ht) level of about 25% to about 80 %, such as any of about 25% to about 45%, about 35% to about 55%, about 35% to about 65%, or about 45% to about 70. In some embodiments, the composition has a hematocrit (Ht) level of greater than about 20%, such as greater than about any of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% 70%, 75%, or 80%.
  • Ht hematocrit
  • the composition has a hematocrit (Ht) level of less than about 80%, such as less than about any of 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, or 20%. In some embodiments, the composition has a hematocrit (Ht) level of about any of 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% 70%, 75%, or 80%.
  • Ht hematocrit
  • the composition is a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the composition is a sterile pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, according to any of the compositions described herein, the composition further comprises one or more additional agents that enhance the ghost formation and/or viability and/or function and/or provide utility, such as for administration, to the anucleate cells and/or anucleate cell-derived vesicles as compared to a corresponding composition comprising anucleate cells and/or anucleate cell-derived vesicles not having the one more additional agents. In some embodiments, the additional agent is a stabilizing agent or a co-factor. In some embodiments, the additional agent is a buffer. In some embodiments, the additional agent is a buffer suitable for
  • the constriction is contained within a microfluidic channel.
  • the microfluidic channel comprises a plurality of constrictions. Multiple constrictions can be placed in parallel and/or in series within the microfluidic channel.
  • microfluidic channel includes a constriction.
  • the microfluidic channel can be made of any one of a number of materials, including silicon, metal (e.g., stainless steel), plastic (e.g., polystyrene, PET, PETG), ceramics, glass, crystalline substrates, amorphous substrates, or polymers (e.g., Poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA), PDMS, Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC), etc.).
  • Fabrication of the microfluidic channel can be performed by any method known in the art, including dry etching, wet etching, photolithography, injection molding, laser ablation, or SU-8 masks.
  • the constriction size is about any of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or 80% of a diameter of the cell, such as the largest diameter of an anucleate cell in suspension. In some embodiments, the constriction size is less than about any of 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, or 10% of a diameter of the cell, such as the largest diameter of an anucleate cell in suspension. In some embodiments, the constriction has a width of about 0.25 ⁇ m to about 4 ⁇ m. In some
  • the constriction has a width of about 0.1 ⁇ m to about 4 ⁇ m, such as any of about 1 ⁇ m to about 3 ⁇ m, about 1.75 ⁇ m to about 2.5 ⁇ m, or about 2 ⁇ m to about 2.5 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the constriction has a width of about any of 4 ⁇ m, 3.5 ⁇ m, 3 ⁇ m, 2.5 ⁇ m, 2 ⁇ m, 1.5 ⁇ m, 1 ⁇ m, 0.5 ⁇ m, or about 0.25 ⁇ m.
  • the input anucleate cells are passed through the constriction under a pressure ranging from any one of about 5 psi to about 10 psi, about 10 psi to about 20 psi, about 20 psi to about 30 psi, about 30 psi to about 40 psi, about 40 psi to about 50 psi, about 50 psi to about 60 psi, about 60 psi to about 70 psi, about 70 psi to about 80 psi, about 80 psi to about 90 psi, about 90 psi to about 100 psi, about 100 psi to about 110 psi, about 110 psi to about 120 psi, about 120 psi to about 130 psi, about 130 psi to about 140 psi, about 140 psi to about 150 psi, or about 150 psi to about 200 psi.
  • the parent anucleate cells are passed through the constriction under a pressure of at least about 5 psi and less than about any of 150 psi, 145 psi, 140 psi, 135 psi, 130 psi, 125 psi, 120 psi, 115 psi, 105 psi, 100 psi, 95 psi, 90 psi, 85 psi, 80 psi, 75 psi, 70 psi, 65 psi, 60 psi, 55 psi, 50 psi, 45 psi, 40 psi, 35 psi, 30 psi, 25 psi, 20 psi, or 15 psi.
  • the constriction size is about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 99% of the minimum cross-sectional distance of the input anucleate cell (e.g., an anucleate cell such as an RBC) in suspension.
  • Optimal constriction size or constriction width can vary based upon the application and/or cell type. In some embodiments, the constriction has a width of about 0.25 ⁇ m to about 4 ⁇ m.
  • the pore size is about 10% to about 99% of the diameter of the anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the pore size is about 10% to about 70% of the diameter of the input anucleate cell. In some embodiments, the pore size is about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 99% of the input anucleate cell diameter.
  • Optimal pore size or pore cross-sectional width can vary based upon the application and/or cell type. In some applications, the pore size or pore cross-sectional width may be varied to modulate the relative amount of ghost formation from input anucleate cells. In some applications, the pore size or pore cross-sectional width may be reduced to increase the relative amount of ghost formation from input anucleate cells. In some
  • the input anucleate cells are passed through the pore under a pressure ranging from about 10 psi to about 90 psi. In certain embodiments, the input anucleate cells are passed through the constriction under a pressure ranging from about 5 psi to about 150 psi.
  • the input anucleate cells are passed through the pore under a pressure ranging from any one of about 5 psi to about 10 psi, about 10 psi to about 20 psi, about 20 psi to about 30 psi, about 30 psi to about 40 psi, about 40 psi to about 50 psi, about 50 psi to about 60 psi, about 60 psi to about 70 psi, about 70 psi to about 80 psi, about 80 psi to about 90 psi, about 90 psi to about 100 psi, about 100 psi to about 110 psi, about 110 psi to about 120 psi, about 120 psi to about 130 psi, about 130 psi to about 140 psi, about 140 psi to about 150 psi, or about 150 psi to about 200 psi.
  • a pressure
  • the pores can have any shape known in the art, including a 2-dimensional or 3- dimensional shape.
  • the pore shape e.g., the cross-sectional shape
  • the pore shape can be, without limitation, circular, elliptical, round, square, star-shaped, triangular, polygonal, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, and octagonal.
  • the cross-section of the pore is round in shape.
  • the 3-dimensional shape of the pore is cylindrical or conical.
  • the pore has a fluted entrance and exit shape.
  • the pore shape is homogenous (i.e. consistent or regular) among pores within a given surface.
  • the pore shape is heterogeneous (i.e. mixed or varied) among pores within a given surface.
  • the surface is coated with a material.
  • the material can be selected from any material known in the art, including, without limitation, Teflon, an adhesive coating, surfactants, proteins, adhesion molecules, antibodies, anticoagulants, factors that modulate cellular function, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, nanoparticles, or transmembrane proteins.
  • the surface is coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone.
  • the material is covalently attached to the surface.
  • the material is non-covalently attached to the surface.
  • the surface molecules are released as the anucleate cells pass through the pores.
  • a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell is passed through a constriction, wherein the constriction deforms the input anucleate cell thereby causing a perturbation of the cell such that an antigen and/or an adjuvant enters the input anucleate cell, wherein the perturbation in the input anucleate cell is a breach in the input anucleate cell that allows material from outside the cell to move into the input anucleate cell (e.g., a hole, tear, cavity, aperture, pore, break, gap, perforation).
  • the cell perturbation lasts for about 1.0x10 -9 second to about 1 second, about 1 second to about 1 minute, about 1 minute to about 1 hour, about 1 hour to about 2 hours, about 2 hours to about 4 hours, about 4 hours to about 6 hours, about 6 hours to about 8 hours, about 8 hours to about 10 hours, about 10 hours to about 12 hours, about 12 hours to about 16 hours, about 16 hours to about 20 hours, or about 20 hours to about 24 hours.
  • Displacement based flow systems can also be used (e.g., syringe pump, peristaltic pump, manual syringe or pipette, pistons, etc.).
  • the input anucleate cells are passed through the constrictions by positive pressure or negative pressure. Therefore in some embodiments according to any one of the methods or anucleate cell-derived vesicles described herein, the input anucleate cells are passed through the constrictions by positive pressure from the entrance side.
  • the positive pressure is applied using a pump.
  • the positive pressure is applied using a gas cylinder or compressor.
  • the viscosity ranges between any one of about 0.89 cP to about 4.0 cP, about 0.89 cP to about 3.0 cP, about 0.89 cP to about 2.0 cP, or about 0.89 cP to about 1.0 cP.
  • a shear thinning effect is observed, in which the viscosity of the cell suspension decreases under conditions of shear strain. Viscosity can be measured by any method known in the art, including without limitation, viscometers, such as a glass capillary viscometer, or rheometers. A viscometer measures viscosity under one flow condition, while a rheometer is used to measure viscosities which vary with flow conditions. In some
  • the cell suspension is contacted (such as first contacted) with the payload concurrently with passing through the constriction. In some embodiments, the cell suspension is contacted (such as first contacted) with the payload after passing through the constriction. In some embodiments, the cell suspension is at least contacted with the payload concurrently with passing through the constriction and after passing through the constriction. In some embodiments, the cell suspension is contacted with the payload before passing through the constriction, concurrently with passing through the constriction, and after passing through the constriction.
  • the payload is a therapeutic payload.
  • the payload is an antigen.
  • the payload is an adjuvant.
  • the payload is a tolerogenic factor.
  • the payload is a polypeptide, a nucleic acid, a lipid, a carbohydrate, a small molecule, a complex (such as a protein-based complex, a nucleic acid complex, a protein-protein complex, nucleic acid-nucleic acid complex, or a protein-nucleic acid complex), or a nanoparticle.
  • the cell suspension is contacted with a plurality of different types of tolerogenic factors (such as 2, 3, 4, or 5 different types of tolerogenic factors), such as selected from any tolerogenic factors described herein.
  • the cell suspension is contacted with an antigen and an adjuvant.
  • the cell suspension is contacted with an adjuvant and a tolerogenic factor.
  • the cell suspension is contacted with an antigen and a tolerogenic factor.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles comprise an antigen, an adjuvant, and a tolerogenic factor.
  • the antigen is capable of being processed into an MHC class I-restricted peptide.
  • the antigen is capable of being processed into an MHC class II-restricted peptide.
  • the antigen is capable of being processed into an MHC class I-restricted peptide and an MHC class II-restricted peptide.
  • the antigen is a disease-associated antigen.
  • the antigen is a tumor antigen.
  • the antigen is derived from a lysate.
  • the lysate is a tumor lysate.
  • the antigen is derived from a transplant lysate. In some embodiments, the antigen is a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen, or a fungal antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen is a microorganism. In some embodiments, the antigen is a polypeptide. In some embodiments, the antigen is a lipid antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen is a carbohydrate antigen. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid encoding the antigen is delivered to the cell. In some embodiments, the antigen is a modified antigen. In some embodiments, the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a polypeptide. In some embodiments, the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a targeting peptide. In some embodiments, the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a lipid. In some embodiments, the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a
  • the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a nanoparticle.
  • a plurality of antigens is delivered to the anucleate cell.
  • the adjuvant is a CpG ODN, IFN-a, STING agonists, RIG-I agonists, poly I:C, imiquimod, resiquimod, and/or LPS. Additional Methods of Use
  • the present application provides methods of using anucleate cell- derived vesicles and/or compositions described herein.
  • provided herein are methods for treating a disease or disorder in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising administering any anucleate cell-derived vesicle and/or composition described herein.
  • the anucleate cell-derived vesicles comprise a therapeutic payload.
  • the therapeutic payload comprises any one or more of an antigen, adjuvant, and tolerogenic factor.
  • the disease or disorder is Celiac disease and the payload is a gliadin.
  • the disease or disorder is myasthenia gravis and the payload is an acetylcholine receptor and receptor- associated proteins.
  • the disease or disorder is Graves’ disease and the payload is a thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR).
  • TSHR thyroid stimulating hormone receptor
  • the disease or disorder is pemphigus vulgaris and the payload is a desmoglein 1 and 3.
  • the disease or disorder is neruomyelitis optica (NMO) and the payload is an aquaporin 4.
  • the disease or disorder is Type I diabetes and the payload is a GADD65, insulin, pro-insulin, or pre-pro-insulin.
  • the individual has an infectious disease or a viral-associated disease and the payload comprises an antigen.
  • the individual has multiple sclerosis (MS) and the payload comprises an EBV antigen.
  • the individual has HIV and the payload comprises an antigen for treating an HIV-associated disease, such as an opportunistic infection.
  • the methods described herein further comprise administering to the individual another therapeutic agent.
  • the method for treating further comprises administering to the individual one or more therapeutic agents.
  • the other therapeutic agent is administered prior to, concurrently with, or after administering to the individual anucleate cell-derived vesicles and/or compositions described herein.
  • the therapeutic agent is any one of an immune checkpoint inhibitor, or a cytokine.
  • the immune checkpoint inhibitor is targeted to any one of PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG3, TIGIT, VISTA, TIM1, B7-H4 (VTCN1) and BTLA.
  • the invention provides a system comprising the constriction, cell suspension, and compound for use in the methods disclosed herein.
  • the system can include any embodiment described for the methods disclosed above, including microfluidic channels or a surface having pores to provide cell-deforming constrictions, cell suspensions, cell perturbations, delivery parameters, compounds, and/or applications etc.
  • the cell- deforming constrictions are sized for delivery of antigens and/or adjuvants to input anucleate cells.
  • kits comprising components of the methods described herein and may further comprise instruction(s) for performing said methods to stimulate or enhance an immune response.
  • the kits described herein may further include other materials, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for performing any methods described herein; e.g., instructions for stimulating or enhancing an immune response.
  • Embodiment 4 The method of embodiment 3, wherein the input anucleate cell further comprises an antigen.
  • Embodiment 13 A method for treating a disease in an individual, comprising administering to the individual an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising a disease-associated antigen, wherein an immune response against the antigen ameliorates conditions of the disease, and wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the disease-associated antigen is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing
  • Embodiment 29 A method for preventing a disease in an individual, wherein an immune response against a disease-associated antigen prevents development of the disease, the method comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and an adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell- derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell- derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant; and c) administering the anucleate cell-derived ves
  • Embodiment 34 The method of any one of embodiments 6-33 wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is autologous to the individual.
  • Embodiment 47 The method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, or 4-46, wherein the antigen is a tumor antigen.
  • Embodiment 53 The method of any one of embodiments 1, 2, or 4-50, wherein the antigen is a lipid antigen.
  • Embodiment 58 The method of embodiment 55, wherein the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a lipid.
  • Embodiment 60 The method of embodiment 55, wherein the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a nanoparticle.
  • Embodiment 62 The method of any one of embodiments 2-5, 7-12, 16-21, 25-61 wherein the adjuvant is a CpG ODN, IFN-a, STING agonists, RIG-I agonists, poly I:C, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with polylysine and carboxymethylcellulose
  • Embodiment 79 The method of any one of embodiments 1-76, wherein the constriction size is a function of the diameter of the input anucleate cell in suspension.
  • Embodiment 99 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 86, 87, or 89-95, wherein the antigen is a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen or a fungal antigen.
  • Embodiment 100 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 86, 87, or 89-95, wherein the antigen is a microorganism.
  • Embodiment 101 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 86, 87, or 89-99, wherein the antigen is a polypeptide.
  • Embodiment 102 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 86, 87, or 89-99, wherein the antigen is a lipid antigen.
  • Embodiment 107 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of embodiment 104, wherein the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a lipid.
  • Embodiment 108 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of embodiment 104, wherein the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a carbohydrate.
  • Embodiment 118 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 86- 117, wherein the input anucleate cell is a monkey, mouse, dog, cat, horse, rat, sheep, goat, pig, or rabbit cell.
  • Embodiment 121 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 86- 115, or 117-120, wherein a hemoglobin content of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is decreased compared to the hemoglobin content of the input anucleate cell.
  • Embodiment 122 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 86- 120, wherein ATP production of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is decreased compared to ATP production of the input anucleate cell.
  • Embodiment 123 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 113, 114, 117-122 wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle exhibits one or more of the following properties: (a) a circulating half-life in a mammal that is decreased compared to the input anucleate cell; (b) decreased hemoglobin level compared to the input anucleate cell; (c) a spherical morphology; (d) increased surface phosphatidylserine levels compared to the input anucleate cell, (e) reduced ATP production compared to the input anucleate cell.
  • Embodiment 132 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of embodiment 131, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is modified to enhance uptake in liver and/or spleen or by a phagocytic cell and/or an antigen-presenting cell compared to the uptake of the input anucleate cell.
  • Embodiment 135. The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 86- 134, wherein the osmolarity of the cell suspension is maintained throughout the process.
  • Embodiment 156 A method for generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an adjuvant, the method comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the adjuvant.
  • Embodiment 158 A method for generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising an antigen and an adjuvant, the method comprising: a) passing a cell suspension comprising an input anucleate cell through a cell-deforming constriction, wherein a diameter of the constriction is a function of a diameter of the input anucleate cell in the suspension, thereby causing perturbations of the input anucleate cell large enough for the antigen and the adjuvant to pass through to form an anucleate cell-derived vesicle; b) incubating the anucleate cell-derived vesicle with the antigen and the adjuvant for a sufficient time to allow the antigen and the adjuvant to enter the anucleate cell-derived vesicle, thereby generating an anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprising the antigen and the adjuvant.
  • Embodiment 18 The method of any one of embodiments 154-180 wherein the input anucleate cell is a red blood cell.
  • Embodiment 182 The method of any one of embodiments 154-181, wherein the input anucleate cell is an erythrocyte.
  • Embodiment 189 The method of any one of embodiments 181-183, or 185-188, wherein a hemoglobin content of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is decreased compared to the hemoglobin content of the input anucleate cell.
  • Embodiment 198 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of embodiment 197, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle exhibit enhanced uptake in liver and/or spleen or by a phagocytic cell and/or an antigen-presenting cell compared to the uptake of the input anucleate cell.
  • Embodiment 199 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 154-198, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is modified to enhance uptake in a tissue or cell compared to the input anucleate cell.
  • Embodiment 217 The method of any one of embodiments154-215, wherein the constriction has a width of about 2.2 ⁇ m.
  • Embodiment 220 A composition comprising a population of anucleate cell-derived vesicles prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 154-219.
  • Embodiment 302. The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of embodiment 301, wherein the parent anucleate cell is a mammalian cell.
  • Embodiment 305 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of embodiment 304, wherein the red blood cell is an erythrocyte or a reticulocyte.
  • Embodiment 308 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of embodiment 307, wherein the parent anucleate cell is a human cell and wherein the circulating half-life of the anucleate cell-derived vesicle is less than about 1 minute, about 2 minutes, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 1 hour, about 6 hours, about 12 hours, about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 10 days, about 25 days, about 50 days, about 75 days, about 100 days, about 120 days.
  • Embodiment 309 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 301-308, wherein the parent anucleate cell is a red blood cell, wherein the hemoglobin levels in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle are decreased compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • Embodiment 310 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of embodiment 309, wherein the hemoglobin levels in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle are decreased by at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 99% or about 100% compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • Embodiment 311 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of embodiment 309, wherein the hemoglobin levels in the anucleate cell-derived vesicle are about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, or about 50% the level of hemoglobin in the parent anucleate cell.
  • Embodiment 315 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 301-312, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle has increased surface phosphatidylserine levels compared to the parent anucleate cell.
  • Embodiment 32 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 301-320, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises CD47 on its surface.
  • Embodiment 324 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 301-319, wherein the parent anucleate cell was not (a) heat processed, (b) chemically treated, and/or (c) subjected to hypotonic or hypertonic conditions during the preparation of the anucleate cell-derived vesicles.
  • Embodiment 329 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 301-328, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises a payload.
  • Embodiment 333 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 301-332, wherein the anucleate cell-derived vesicle comprises adjuvant.
  • Embodiment 345 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of embodiment 344, wherein the surface is a filter.
  • Embodiment 350 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of any one of embodiments 328-346, wherein the constriction has a width of about 2.2 ⁇ m.
  • Embodiment 368 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of embodiment 366, wherein the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a lipid.
  • Embodiment 369 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of embodiment 366, wherein the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a carbohydrate.
  • Embodiment 370 The anucleate cell-derived vesicle of embodiment 366, wherein the modified antigen comprises an antigen fused with a nanoparticle.

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