WO2020147202A1 - 一种具有高效净水功能的新型生态护坡及生态改善方法 - Google Patents

一种具有高效净水功能的新型生态护坡及生态改善方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020147202A1
WO2020147202A1 PCT/CN2019/080206 CN2019080206W WO2020147202A1 WO 2020147202 A1 WO2020147202 A1 WO 2020147202A1 CN 2019080206 W CN2019080206 W CN 2019080206W WO 2020147202 A1 WO2020147202 A1 WO 2020147202A1
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Prior art keywords
ecological
layer
slope protection
water
filter
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PCT/CN2019/080206
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
郑正
孙文景
罗兴章
何坚
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Fudan University
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Fudan University
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Priority to US17/416,258 priority Critical patent/US12012711B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/281—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using inorganic sorbents
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E02B3/122—Flexible prefabricated covering elements, e.g. mats, strips
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
    • C02F3/327—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae characterised by animals and plants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/34—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/34—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
    • C02F3/341—Consortia of bacteria
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E02B3/14—Preformed blocks or slabs for forming essentially continuous surfaces; Arrangements thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F2003/001—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage using granular carriers or supports for the microorganisms
    • C02F2003/003—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage using granular carriers or supports for the microorganisms using activated carbon or the like
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/105—Phosphorus compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/16—Nitrogen compounds, e.g. ammonia
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/007—Contaminated open waterways, rivers, lakes or ponds

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of water treatment, and in particular relates to a novel ecological slope protection with high-efficiency water purification function for treating river sewage.
  • slope protection A new type of ecological slope protection with high-efficiency water purification function.
  • the slope protection is built at the water-land crisscross zone on the water bank of the river basin.
  • the slope body of the ecological slope protection 100 extends into the basin water, and its surface layer is laid with a soft row 110.
  • the lower part of the soft row 110 is an ecological filter 120.
  • the ecological filter 120 isolates the basin water by sealing the tank body.
  • the ecological filter 120 is filled with a filler layer and a supporting layer 125 to introduce sewage into the ecological filter 120.
  • the filler layer is used for pollutant treatment of the introduced sewage.
  • the supporting layer 125 is used to support the filler layer, and the treated sewage is discharged from the ecological filter 120 into the watershed through the supporting layer 125.
  • the surface layer of the ecological slope protection is a soft row composed of multiple layers of composite materials, and the inside is an ecological filter, which is formed by grading fillers of different particle sizes, and is constructed with microorganisms, plants, animals, fillers, etc. as the main Element's ecological water treatment system;
  • the present invention is a sewage ecological treatment system designed based on the ecological functions of earthworms ingesting organic matter, improving soil aeration and water permeability, and the synergistic effect of earthworms and microorganisms. It has a good treatment effect against non-point source pollution;
  • the arrangement of the aeration pipe in the present invention effectively solves the problem of oxygenation of sewage in the ecological filter, and is beneficial to the survival of aerobic organisms in the sewage, the removal of organic pollutants, and the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a cross-sectional structure of ecological slope protection in an embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the arrangement of river bank-ecological slope protection in an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 3 shows a schematic structural diagram of a modular ecological filter in an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 4 shows a schematic diagram of a modular ecological slope protection structure in an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram of a modular ecological slope protection structure in an embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 6 shows a schematic diagram of a modular ecological slope protection structure in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a new type of ecological slope protection with high-efficiency water purification function.
  • the slope protection is built at the water-land crisscross zone on the water bank of the basin, and the slope body of the ecological slope protection 100 extends into the basin.
  • the soft row 110 is laid on the surface, and the lower part of the soft row 110 is the ecological filter 120.
  • the ecological filter 120 isolates the basin water by sealing the tank body.
  • the ecological filter 120 is filled with a filler layer and a supporting layer 125 to introduce sewage into the ecological filter 120.
  • the filler layer is used for pollutant treatment of the introduced sewage.
  • the supporting layer 125 is used to support the filler layer, and the treated sewage is discharged from the ecological filter 120 into the watershed through the supporting layer 125.
  • a plurality of ecological slope protection 100 are arranged along the river basin water to form an ecological slope protection group with a predetermined interval.
  • the soft row 110 laid on the surface of the ecological slope protection 100 is woven from multiple layers of high molecular polymer fibers.
  • the soft row 110 has a larger stable pore size, preferably 0.05 to 1 cm, more preferably 0.1 to 0.5 cm. This pore size can intercept the sediment in the water and connect it to the gaps between the fibers to form blocks, thereby providing favorable conditions for plant rooting (plants rooting between the ecological filter 120 and the soft row 110).
  • the role of landscaping has also created a suitable growth environment for fish, shrimp and molluscs, forming a biosphere with plant-animal-microbes as a food chain, rebuilding the original ecology and ensuring biodiversity.
  • the plants are aquatic plants, including but not limited to Phalaris, Alfalfa, Ryegrass, Dactylis, Vetiver and the like.
  • the soft row 110 of the present invention can be composed of one or more of non-woven fabrics, geotextiles, eco-bags, etc. woven from existing multi-layer polymer fibers. Compared with traditional hard slope protection, Greatly save the consumption of resources such as stones.
  • the filling layer of the ecological filter 120 is laid with four functional layers from top to bottom.
  • the first layer is the soil layer 121, which performs heavy metal adsorption, organic matter degradation, and nitrogen and phosphorus removal;
  • the second layer is the adjustment layer 122, which is used to support the soil layer 121 and perform adsorption and fixation of heavy metals, nitrogen and phosphorus, and organic matter;
  • the third layer is the biological layer 123, which is used for the adsorption and fixation of heavy metals, the degradation of organic matter, and the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus.
  • the fourth layer is the ecological layer 124, which is used to filter water bodies, intercept soil, and avoid soil loss.
  • the first layer is laid with a soil layer 121, and the thickness of the soil layer 121 is 30-50 cm.
  • carbon is added to the soil layer 121, and earthworms are added to the soil layer 121, so that the soil layer 121 is converted into an earthworm bed.
  • the stocking density of earthworms is 8g-12g (earthworms)/(L filler).
  • carbon includes but is not limited to wood chips, fungus chaff, straw, straw, etc.
  • the earthworms are selected from Taihu red earthworms or william ringworms, and the improved new earthworm species has significantly improved submergence tolerance and is more resistant to dirt.
  • the introduction of earthworms, the introduction of microorganisms in the soil and the microorganisms in the biological layer 123 facilitates the ecological filter 120 to make full use of the synergistic effect of the earthworms and microorganisms, and the functions of the earthworms to increase air permeability, water permeability, and organic matter ingestion, can be better and better. Effective sewage treatment.
  • Earthworms can not only degrade organic matter in the ecological filter 120, but also promote the conversion and mineralization of C, N, and P through its gizzard grinding and intestinal biochemical action, as well as the synergistic effect with microorganisms, but its main function In order to mechanically loosen and dissolve the active soil layer, it can physically sweep the filter bed to prevent soil compaction and blockage.
  • the activity of earthworms in the filter can also effectively increase the number of microorganisms and their activity, and promote the decomposition and transformation of organic matter.
  • the second layer is laid with an adjustment layer 122.
  • the adjustment layer 122 is composed of natural zeolite, limestone and activated carbon, and the mixing ratio is 1:1:1; the thickness of the adjustment layer 122 is 10-30 cm.
  • Natural zeolite, limestone and activated carbon all have more pore structure and corresponding adsorption capacity, especially activated carbon has a very strong adsorption capacity; and the molecular structure of natural zeolite makes it have the ability to adsorb heavy metals, ammonia nitrogen and organic matter in ore materials. Greater advantage; limestone plays an effective role in regulating the acidity and alkalinity of the water body, which is beneficial to the growth of the upper earthworm and the activity of microorganisms in the third layer of biological layer 123.
  • the amount of activated carbon and limestone decreases correspondingly, and the adsorption capacity of pollutants decreases; the increase of activated carbon amount, the amount of natural zeolite and limestone decreases correspondingly, although the adsorption capacity is increased, the supporting capacity of the soil layer 121 and the pH of the water body are increased.
  • the adjustment capacity decreases; the increase in the amount of limestone, the corresponding decrease in the amount of natural zeolite and activated carbon, improves the pH adjustment ability of the water body, but the adsorption capacity decreases.
  • the particle size of natural zeolite, limestone and activated carbon in the adjustment layer 122 is 0.2-2.0 cm.
  • the ecological filter 120 is a measure to effectively reduce or remove pollutants in the leachate through the three synergistic effects of physics, chemistry and biology. A moderate amount of dissolved oxygen is conducive to the progress of physical, chemical, and biological reactions.
  • the selection of the particle size of the filler in the adjustment layer 122 takes into account the coordination of gas circulation and the adsorption of pollutants. Within this range, it will not cause poor gas circulation due to dense packing of the filler, and at the same time has a better adsorption capacity.
  • the third layer is laid with a biological layer 123, and the filler is activated carbon loaded with bacteria, that is, biological activated carbon.
  • the thickness of the biological layer 123 is 10-40 cm.
  • the above-mentioned loaded bacteria include nitrifying bacteria (nitrite bacteria and nitrate bacteria) and phosphorous accumulating bacteria, which can be combined with carrier methods (such as Chen Zhaohui, Zhang Han, etc..
  • Biochar and its immobilized microorganisms have a deodorizing and synergistic effect on garbage compost (English) [J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2013, 13(32): 9592-9597+9618. Documented method) immobilized on biochar to improve nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency through the combined use of biochar adsorption and microbial metabolism.
  • Nitrifying bacteria can oxidize ammonia into the form of nitrite and nitrate, while denitrifying bacteria can use organic matter and nitrate for denitrification and denitrification, combining the two to achieve nitrogen removal.
  • Phosphorus accumulating bacteria can synthesize polyphosphate under aerobic conditions and accumulate in bacterial cells, and release phosphorus under anaerobic conditions. Its aerobic accumulation of phosphorus is greater than that of anaerobic release, so the addition of phosphorus accumulating bacteria can Effectively control the phosphorus content in the leachate.
  • the particle size of the biological activated carbon is 0.10 to 0.80 cm, which is conducive to the realization of the coexistence of an aerobic environment and an anoxic environment and the realization of the function of microorganisms.
  • the fourth layer is laid with an ecological layer 124, and the filler in the ecological layer 124 is one or more of waste materials such as fine sand, gravel, steel slag, cinder, construction waste, and waste gypsum.
  • the thickness of the ecological layer 124 is 10-40 cm; the particle size of the filler is 0.1-5.0 cm.
  • the above-mentioned waste materials that are idle and difficult to handle in life are used in ecological construction, which improves the utilization value of the materials and reduces the construction cost of the ecological slope protection 100.
  • the filler in the ecological layer 124 contains materials with adsorption properties such as fine sand, gravel, cinder, construction waste, and waste gypsum
  • the ecological layer 124 has the function of adsorbing heavy metals and organics in addition to the filtering function.
  • a supporting layer 125 is laid under the filler layer to support the upper layer of the filler.
  • the filler is pebbles, and the particle size of the pebbles is 5.0-10.0 cm.
  • the thickness of the supporting layer 125 is 5-15 cm.
  • Cobblestone is weathered rock, which has a porous structure and the performance of adsorbing pollutants, so it can carry out the adsorption and fixation of heavy metals and organics; at the same time, its relatively high particle size facilitates the drainage of the water body after the above four-layer filler treatment from the bottom of the ecological slope 100
  • the tube 150 is discharged.
  • sewage is introduced into the water distribution pipe 130 in the ecological slope protection 100 through a water pump.
  • the water distribution pipe 130 is installed in the space above the soil layer 121 of the ecological filter (120).
  • 130 is a PVC pipe with 0.1-0.5cm water outlet holes distributed on the pipe diameter.
  • a space for the arrangement of pipes such as the water distribution pipe 130 is reserved on the filling layer of the ecological filter (120), so as to facilitate the arrangement of the pipes such as the water distribution pipe 130.
  • an inner water distribution pipe is also arranged in the filler layer, preferably the water distribution pipe is arranged at the junction of the soil layer 121 and the adjustment layer 122.
  • the water distribution pipe will contact the filler.
  • the outer water distribution pipe of the inner layer is covered with bluestones with geotextile.
  • the geotextile filter-bluestone supports the arrangement to avoid the possibility of the wet filler blocking the water outlet.
  • an aeration pipe 140 is arranged beside the water distribution pipe 130 installed in the space above the soil layer 121, and an external fan is connected for aeration.
  • the aeration pipe 140 effectively solves the oxygenation problem of the sewage under the ecological slope protection 100, which is beneficial to the survival of plants, earthworms and aerobic microorganisms, the removal of organic pollutants (mainly BOD) in the sewage, the nitrification of nitrogenous substances, and phosphorus Dephosphorization of substances.
  • the aeration pipe 140 may also be a PVC pipe, with vent holes of 0.05-0.2 cm distributed on the pipe diameter.
  • the ecological slope protection 100 adopts a modular structure, that is, the waterproof sheet is made into the body of the ecological filter 120, so that it can be assembled and placed at the water treatment site.
  • the tank body is filled with fillers in order, and one tank body corresponds to an ecological filter tank 120.
  • Each ecological slope protection 100 may include one or more ecological filters 120, and preferably, each ecological slope protection 100 includes at least two ecological filters 120. 1 shows that the ecological slope protection 100 includes one ecological filter 120, and FIGS. 4 and 5 show that the ecological slope protection 100 includes a plurality of ecological filters 120.
  • the slope body of the ecological slope protection 100 extends into the basin water, the flow velocity of the lower part of some water bodies is higher than that of the upper part, and the amount of sediment in the lower part is rich and coarse. If the ecological filter 120 is tightly packed to construct the ecological slope protection 100, the lower water body velocity may be seriously affected. The situation of depression affects the exchange of water on both sides of the ecological slope protection 100 and increases the impact strength of the ecological slope protection 100. Therefore, a plurality of ecological filters 120 are layered and stacked in rows, and the ecological filters 120 on each column are aligned, and predetermined pores, such as 5-10 cm, remain between adjacent ecological filters 120 on each layer.
  • the uppermost ecological filter 120 is designed in a stepped shape, so that a heavy object can be placed at the position of the step to press and fix the soft row 110.
  • the water outlet pipe in the ecological filter tank 120 of the upper layer is connected with the water distribution pipe 130 of the ecological filter tank 120 in the lower layer.
  • the later sewage flows into the soil layer 121; the aeration pipe 140 in the ecological filter 120 of the upper layer is connected with the aeration pipe 140 of the ecological filter 120 of the lower layer; preferably, it is located in the ecological filter 120 of the lower layer
  • the aperture of the aeration pipe 140 is larger than the aperture of the aeration pipe 140 in the ecological filter tank 120 on the upper layer, which facilitates gas transmission.
  • the new ecological slope protection 100 adopts a modular structure.
  • the drainage pipe 150 at the bottom end of the ecological filter 120 can be spliced with the water distribution pipe 130 to realize multi-level unit series connection. All components such as the biological filter tank body, the water distribution pipe 130, Aeration pipe 140, drainage pipe 150, etc. can all be prefabricated, and then spliced and assembled on site, buried under the slope, and easy to install, which greatly improves the construction speed and realizes the equipmentization of sewage treatment facilities, which is conducive to industrial production and convenient for follow-up Maintenance and replacement of packing.
  • a metal wire cage is sleeved on the periphery of each ecological filter 120 to increase the force point of the ecological filter 120.
  • the ecological filter 120 is Operations such as replacement.
  • the ecological slope protection 100 adopts a modular structure
  • only earthworms are placed in the soil layer 121 of the uppermost ecological filter 120, and the placement density of the earthworms is 8g-12g (earthworms)/( L packing).
  • the ecological slope protection 100 is an upright slope protection, and the direction in which the ecological slope protection 100 extends into the water body is approximately perpendicular to the shoreline, that is, the angle ⁇ with the shoreline is 85° ⁇ 95°;
  • the ecological slope protection 100 is an upward-lifting slope protection, and in the direction of water flow, the angle ⁇ between the direction of the ecological slope protection 100 extending into the water body and the shoreline is 95° ⁇ 175°; or, the ecological slope protection 100 is a downward-lifting slope protection ,
  • the angle ⁇ between the direction in which the ecological slope protection 100 extends into the water body and the shoreline is 5° ⁇ 85°.
  • the angle between the ecological slope protection 100 and the shoreline can be within any range; in areas with fast water flow, the extension direction is designed according to the specific environment to achieve the function of energy dissipation and wave dissipation.
  • a sedimentation tank 210 is built on the bank close to the ecological slope protection 100.
  • a grille or filter screen is set at the inlet of the sedimentation tank 210 to introduce the collected domestic sewage and surface runoff from both sides of the basin, and the sedimented sewage supernatant enters the ecological slope protection 100. In case of heavy rain, the inflow will be caused If it is too large, the sewage can be discharged directly into the basin after sedimentation.
  • the construction of the sedimentation tank in the present invention plays a regulatory role in the reprocessing of sewage, and is an effective auxiliary means for the control of sewage pollutants.
  • the ecological slope protection is a ladder type
  • the modular ecological filter 120 is arranged on the bank slope, and a plurality of ecological filters 120 are connected in series to improve the treatment of sewage pollutants. effect.
  • there is no need to set an aeration pipe and oxygen is provided for sewage treatment by falling oxygen.
  • the surface soil of the ecological filter 120 is planted with plants and earthworms are put into it to form a biosphere in which plants-animals-microbes interact with each other, which rebuilds the original ecology, guarantees biodiversity, strengthens the treatment of pollutants, and also plays a role in landscaping .
  • the plants are aquatic plants, including but not limited to Phalaris arundinacea, alfalfa, ryegrass, orchardgrass, vetiver, etc., and the earthworms are selected from the red earthworms of Lake Taihu or the earthworms William ringworm.
  • the slope body of the ecological slope protection extends into the watershed water, and the seeds of aquatic plants are sown under the soft row 110 or in the soft row 110, there is a risk of plant seeds being taken away by the water flow, thereby reducing the 100 problem of plant covering the ecological slope protection .
  • seed pellets which are made of components including the following weight ratios:
  • the inventors discovered through research that processing seeds into pellets increases the volume and improves the uniformity of seeding, making it difficult to be carried away by water currents and suitable for seeding.
  • the inert material includes one or more of river soil, farmland fluvo-aquic soil or kaolin, preferably river soil.
  • the inert material is mainly used to change the shape of the seed, expand the volume, and have the characteristics of safety, pulverization, and dilution. Choosing river soil or farmland fluvo-aquic soil, especially river soil as the inert material, can obtain local materials and low cost.
  • the viscose includes one of polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, starch, attapulgite or red clay. kind or more.
  • the sticky compound has excellent water solubility and has no side effects on seed germination. Adding sticky compound in the process of making seed pellets can effectively improve the compressive strength of the seed pellets and reduce the crushing rate.
  • the added viscose is less than 0.02 parts by weight, the compressive strength of the prepared seed pellets is not high and is prone to breakage; when the added viscose is greater than 0.06 parts by weight, the compressive strength of the seed is increased, the cracking rate is reduced, and the germination rate is reduced. reduce.
  • the active ingredient includes a water absorbing agent, a bactericide and an anti-stress factor.
  • the stress resistance factor is mainly used to improve the tolerance of seed germination and seedling growth to cold injury, salt-alkali and other adversities, including, for example, plant hormones or chemical substances with plant hormone characteristics.
  • the weight ratio of the water absorbing agent, the bactericide and the stress resistance factor is 0.5: (0.0005 to 0.0015): (0.0015 to 0.0025), preferably 0.5: 0.001: 0.002.
  • the water-absorbing agent is selected from one or more of polyacrylamide, sodium polyacrylate or starch grafted acrylate, and the added water-retaining agent can absorb and retain water hundreds or even thousands of times its own weight, thereby effectively increasing seeds The weight of the pellets, while quickly maintaining the contact between the seeds and water, improving the efficiency of seed germination and emergence.
  • the bactericide is selected from one or more of tebuconazole, hexaconazole, difenoconazole, propiconazole or triadimefon.
  • the stress resistance factor is selected from one or more of gibberellin, pentaaminolevulinic acid, chitosan, salicylic acid or sodium nitroferricyanide, preferably salicylic acid.
  • Using salicylic acid as an active ingredient can promote seedling root development and secondary root growth, and significantly improve the quality of seedlings.
  • salicylic acid is cheap, widely available, and suitable for large-scale applications.
  • the present invention also provides a process for preparing seed pellets, the process including:
  • Step 1) seed pre-treatment
  • Step 2) prepare pelletized preparation
  • Step 3 mixing the seeds with the pelletized preparation to prepare seed pellets.
  • the seeds are aquatic plant seeds, and there is no specific type limitation here.
  • Step 1) The pre-treatment of the seeds includes the process of sterilizing the seeds to reduce the influence of the germs carried on the surface of the seeds on the germination and emergence of the later seeds.
  • a potassium permanganate solution or a sodium hypochlorite solution is used to soak and disinfect the seeds.
  • the mass fraction of the potassium permanganate solution is 1 to 4%, preferably 2 to 3%; the immersion time using the potassium permanganate solution is 5 to 20 minutes, preferably 5 to 15 minutes.
  • the mass fraction of the sodium hypochlorite solution is 0.5 to 2%, preferably 1 to 1.5%; the immersion time of the sodium hypochlorite solution is 2 to 10 minutes, preferably 4 to 8 minutes.
  • the pelletized preparation includes inerts, viscosities and active ingredients; wherein, when preparing seed pellets, the active ingredients are applied in the form of a solution spray.
  • the preparation steps of the active ingredient solution are as follows: weigh the stress-resistance factor, water-retaining agent and bactericide in the active ingredients in proportions by weight, first dissolve the stress-resistance factor, and then dissolve the water-retaining agent and bactericide in sequence to obtain the active ingredient The solution.
  • the prepared active ingredient solution is allowed to stand for 1 to 2 hours, and then placed in a spray device for later use.
  • Step 3) includes the following sub-steps:
  • Step 3.1 weigh the seeds, inerts and stickies, mix them and add them to the container of the pelletizing device;
  • Step 3.2 the active ingredient is atomized, and then pelletized.
  • the active ingredient it is preferable to put the active ingredient into the spraying equipment, and after the pelletizing device is turned on, the active ingredient solution is atomized and sprayed evenly on the seeds.
  • the rotational speed of the pelletizing machine for pelletizing is 50-80 rpm, and the pelletizing time is 15 minutes.
  • Step 3.3 shape and dry the pellets obtained by pelletizing.
  • the seed pellets can be spherical or compressed into flat shapes.
  • the drying temperature is 35-40°C, and the moisture content of the pellets after drying is below 12%. Under this moisture content, the seeds are easy to preserve and are not easy to rot or deteriorate.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an ecological improvement method, preferably using the above-mentioned ecological slope protection for ecological improvement, that is, the method includes constructing an ecological slope protection 100 at the water-land crisscross zone on the water bank of the river basin, preferably at a location close to the ecological slope protection 100 Settling pond 210 built on the shore of
  • the slope body of the ecological slope protection 100 extends into the basin water, and its surface layer is laid with a soft row 110.
  • the lower part of the soft row 110 is an ecological filter 120.
  • the ecological filter 120 isolates the basin water by sealing the tank body, and the ecological filter 120 is filled with a filler layer
  • the supporting layer 125 is used to introduce sewage into the ecological filter 120.
  • the filler layer is used to treat the pollutants of the introduced sewage and reduce the degree of eutrophication of the sewage.
  • the supporting layer 125 is used to support the filler layer and pass through the supporting layer. 125 to discharge the treated sewage into the ecological filter 120 into the basin;
  • the sedimentation tank 210 introduces the collected domestic sewage and surface runoff from both sides of the basin, and after treatment, transmits the supernatant to the ecological slope protection 100.
  • the sedimentation tank 210 is also provided with a large-aperture water outlet pipe that directly leads to the watershed. In case of heavy rain and other circumstances, the inflow of the water is too large, the sewage can be deposited directly into the watershed through the water outlet pipe.
  • each new ecological slope protection 100 adopts a modular structure.
  • Each new ecological slope protection 100 consists of two primary ecological filters (the uppermost ecological filter) and two secondary ecological filters (The middle-level ecological filter), composed of a three-level ecological filter (bottom ecological filter), arranged in two columns and three rows, of which the first-level ecological filter is irregularly stepped, the floor size is 2m*1.5m, and the total height 1.5m, step height 1m (the upper 0.5m of the ecological filter is the arrangement space of the water pipe 130, aeration pipe 130 and the drainage pipe 150), the depth of the step is 0.75m, the shell of the secondary/tertiary ecological filter is 2m*1.5 m*1.5m container.
  • Sewage can choose to flow through the first row of ecological filters and/or through the second row of ecological filters.
  • the ecological filter 120 is installed on-site with glass fiber reinforced plastic with better sealing performance, water-proof and water-proof.
  • a metal wire cage is sheathed around the body of each ecological filter.
  • the intermittent water intake method is used for 6 hours of water intake every day.
  • two drainage pipes converge into a large outlet pipe and then discharge into the river.
  • Corresponding aeration pipes are arranged beside the water distribution pipes.
  • the surface layer of the ecological slope protection 100 is laid with a non-woven spliced soft row 110, the diameter of the soft row is 0.05-1cm, and the ecological filter 120 is below the soft row.
  • Each ecological filter contains a 35cm thick soil layer 121, a 10cm adjustment layer 122 (composed of natural zeolite, limestone and activated carbon, the mixing ratio is 1:1:1, the particle size is 0.2 ⁇ 2.0cm), and a 20cm biological layer 123 (Biological activated carbon loaded with nitrous bacteria, nitrate bacteria and phosphorus-accumulating bacteria, particle size 0.10 ⁇ 0.80cm), 25cm ecological layer 124 (fine sand, gravel, cinder, particle size 0.1 ⁇ 5.0cm), and
  • the supporting layer 125 is composed of 10 cm pebbles (with a particle size of 5.0 to 10.0 cm). Put Taihu red earthworms in the soil layer of the first-level ecological filter, the earthworm density is 10g (earthworm)/(L filler), and the
  • a drain pipe 150 is arranged at the bottom of each filter tank, and the upper drain pipe 150 is seamlessly connected with the lower water pipe 130.
  • the water distribution pipe 130 is installed in the space above the soil layer 121 of the ecological filter and in the filling layer (the junction of the soil layer 121 and the adjustment layer 122).
  • the water distribution pipe 130 is a PVC pipe with a diameter of 0.1 ⁇ 0.5 cm. drainage.
  • An aeration pipe 130 is arranged next to the water distribution pipe 130 in the space above the soil layer 121 of the ecological filter, which can fully supplement the oxygen required for the decomposition of organic matter during the dripping process of sewage.
  • the inner water pipe arranged in the filling layer is wrapped with bluestones with geotextile.
  • a sedimentation tank 210 is built on the bank close to the ecological slope protection 100.
  • the water inlet of the sedimentation tank 210 is equipped with a grille or a filter screen to introduce the collected domestic sewage and surface runoff on both sides of the watershed, and transfer the sedimented supernatant to the upper ecological filter 120.
  • the five-day biochemical oxygen demand is 118mg/L, total phosphorus 4.4mg/L, ammonia nitrogen 37mg/L, total nitrogen 49mg/L; the effluent of ecological slope protection has been tested for many times, and the results show that 100 ecological slope protection pollutes the main sewage
  • the average removal rate of particulate matter suspended particulate matter 50%-80%, chemical oxygen demand 50%-80%, five-day biochemical oxygen demand 50%-80%, total phosphorus 30%-60%, ammonia nitrogen 40%-70 %, total nitrogen 40%-70%.
  • the river soil (inert material) is dried and crushed, and then passed through a 120-mesh sieve.
  • the attapulgite ore (clay) is dried and crushed, and then passed through a 120-mesh sieve.
  • the prepared ryegrass seed pellets are pressed into a flat shape, and then dried at 40° C. to a moisture content below 12%.
  • the ryegrass pellets were sown in March of the second year after the ecological slope protection was completed, which grew to a height of 0.4m to become mature ryegrass on 25 days.
  • the sewage introduced into the sedimentation tank was tested for multiple times in autumn (October).
  • the average concentration of main pollutants is 20mg/L of suspended particulates, 96mg/L of chemical oxygen demand, 55mg/L of biochemical oxygen demand for five days, 2.6mg/L of total phosphorus, 20mg/L of ammonia nitrogen, 28mg/L of total nitrogen;
  • the effluent of the slope protection has been tested many times, and the results show that the average removal rate of the main pollutants in the sewage of 100 ecological slope protection: suspended particulate matter 55%-85%, chemical oxygen demand 55%-85%, five-day biochemical oxygen demand
  • the amount is 55%-85%, total phosphorus 35%-65%, ammonia nitrogen 45%-75%, total nitrogen 45%-75%. It shows that the planting of aquatic plants (ryegrass) has a synergistic effect on the removal of pollutants.

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Abstract

一种具有净水功能的生态护坡（100），该护坡建造在流域水岸边的水陆交错带处，生态护坡(100)的坡体伸入流域水中，其表层铺设软体排(110)，软体排(110)下部为生态滤池(120)，生态滤池(120)通过池体隔绝流域水，生态滤池(120)中填装有填料层和承托层(125)，将经沉淀池(210)预处理后的污水引入生态滤池(120)中，填料层用于对引入的污水进行污染物处理，降低污水富营养化程度，承托层(125)用于支撑填料层，并经承托层(125)使处理后的污水排出生态护坡(100)进入流域内。

Description

一种具有高效净水功能的新型生态护坡及生态改善方法 技术领域
本发明属于水处理技术领域，具体涉及一种处理河流污水的具有高效净水功能的新型生态护坡。
背景技术
2016年我国全国废水排放总量7110954万吨，化学需氧量排放总量为1046.53万吨，氨氮排放总量为141.78万吨，总氮212.11万吨，总磷13.94万吨，依然远超环境容量。而全国地表水国控断面中，甚至有9.2％劣于Ⅴ类，仍有24.6％的重点湖泊(水库)呈富营养状态。
目前，面源污染治理成为我国污染排放负荷削减的重点和难点，研发维护流域污水的低氮、低磷技术成为我国减少面源污染负荷，改善水环境质量的关键。
发明内容
为了克服上述缺陷，本发明人进行了锐意研究，提供了一种具有高效净水功能的新型生态护坡，以对流域水污染的源头(流域两岸的生活污水及地表径流等)进行控制，其建造在流域水岸边的水陆交错带处，构建了以微生物、植物、动物、填料等为主要元素的生态型污水处理系统，有效实现了污水的高效脱氮除磷，改善了水环境质量，从而完成本发明。
本发明的目的在于提供以下技术方案：
(1)一种具有高效净水功能的新型生态护坡，该护坡建造在流域水岸边的水陆交错带处，
生态护坡100的坡体伸入流域水中，其表层铺设软体排110，软体排110下部为生态滤池120，
生态滤池120通过密封池体隔绝流域水，生态滤池120中填装有填料层和承托层 125，将污水引入生态滤池120中，填料层用于对引入的污水进行污染物处理，降低污水富营养化程度，承托层125用于支撑填料层，并经承托层125使处理后的污水排出生态滤池120进入流域内。
(2)一种生态改善方法，优选采用上述(1)所述的生态护坡进行生态改善。
根据本发明提供的一种具有高效净水功能的新型生态护坡及生态改善方法，具有以下有益效果：
(1)本发明中生态护坡表层为由多层复合材料组成的软体排，内部为生态滤池，通过不同粒径的填料级配而成，构建了以微生物、植物、动物、填料等为主要元素的生态型水处理系统；
(2)本发明是根据蚯蚓具有吞食有机物、提高土壤通气透水性能、以及蚯蚓与微生物的协同作用等生态学功能而设计的一种污水生态处理系统，针对面源污染展现有良好的处理效果；
(3)本发明中生态护坡可以在原有护坡的基础上进行改造，大大减少了土地资源的占用；
(4)本发明生态护坡模块化、规模化、系列化的装置体系，易于工业化生产，建设成本和运行成本低，易于维护；
(5)本发明中曝气管的设置，有效解决了生态滤池中污水的充氧问题，有利于污水中需氧生物的存活、有机污染物质的去除和脱氮除磷。
附图说明
图1示出本发明一种实施方式中生态护坡剖面结构示意图；
图2示出本发明一种实施方式中河岸-生态护坡排布示意图；
图3示出本发明一种实施方式中模块型生态滤池结构示意图；
图4示出本发明一种实施方式中模块化生态护坡结构示意图；
图5示出本发明一种实施方式中模块化生态护坡结构示意图；
图6示出本发明一种优选实施方式中模块化生态护坡结构示意图。
附图标号说明：
100-生态护坡；
110-软体排；
120-生态滤池；
121-土壤层；
122-调节层；
123-生物层；
124-生态层；
125-承托层；
130-布水管；
140-曝气管；
150-排水管；
210-沉淀池。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施方式对本发明进行详细说明，本发明的特点和优点将随着这些说明而变得更为清楚、明确。
在这里专用的词“示例性”意为“用作例子、实施例或说明性”。这里作为“示例性”所说明的任何实施例不必解释为优于或好于其它实施例。尽管在附图中示出了实施例的各种方面，但是除非特别指出，不必按比例绘制附图。
如图1和图2所示，本发明的目的是提供一种具有高效净水功能的新型生态护坡，该护坡建造在流域水岸边的水陆交错带处，生态护坡100的坡体伸入流域水中，其表层铺设软体排110，软体排110下部为生态滤池120。
生态滤池120通过密封池体隔绝流域水，生态滤池120中填装有填料层和承托层125，将污水引入生态滤池120中，填料层用于对引入的污水进行污染物处理，降低污水富营养化程度，承托层125用于支撑填料层，并经承托层125使处理后的污水排出生态滤池120进入流域内。
在本发明中，多座生态护坡100在流域水沿岸排布，形成相隔设定间距的生态护坡群。
生态护坡100表层铺设的软体排110由多层高分子聚合物纤维织成，所述软体排110具有较大的稳定孔径，优选为0.05～1cm，更优选为0.1～0.5cm。该孔径能够截留水中的泥沙，并使之在纤维间的空隙连接成块，从而提供植物扎根的有利条件(植物扎根于生态滤池120和软体排110之间)，所种植物不仅起到景观美化的作用，也为鱼虾和软体生物创造了适宜的生长环境，形成植物-动物-微生物互为食物链的生物圈，重建了原生态，保证了生物多样性。所述植物为水生植物，包括但不限于虉草、紫花苜蓿、黑麦草、鸭茅、香根草等。
进一步地，本发明中软体排110可以利用已有的多层高分子聚合物纤维织成的无纺布、土工布、生态袋等中的一种或几种组成，相较传统硬质护坡，大大节省了石料等资源的消耗。
如图1和图5所示，在本发明中，所述生态滤池120的填料层由上至下铺设有四个功能层，
第一层为土壤层121，进行重金属吸附、有机物的降解以及氮磷去除；
第二层为调节层122，用于支撑土壤层121，并进行重金属、氮磷吸收和有机物的吸附固定；
第三层为生物层123，用于重金属吸附固定、有机物的降解以及氮磷去除。
第四层为生态层124，用于过滤水体，拦截土壤，避免土壤流失。
在本发明中，第一层铺设土壤层121，土壤层121的厚度为30～50cm。
在一种优选的实施方式中，土壤层121中添加有碳素，向土壤层121中投放蚯蚓，使土壤层121转化为蚯蚓床。蚯蚓的投放密度为8g～12g(蚯蚓)/(L填料)。其中，碳素包括但不限于木屑、菌糠、秸秆、稻草等。
在一种优选的实施方式中，蚯蚓选自太湖红蚯蚓或者威廉环毛蚓，该改良过的新型蚯蚓品种显著提高耐淹性，且更耐脏。
本发明中蚯蚓的引入、土壤中微生物以及生物层123中微生物的引入，便于该生态滤池120充分利用蚯蚓与微生物的协同作用，以及蚯蚓的增加通气透水、吞食有机 物等功能，能够更好更有效地进行污水处理。蚯蚓不仅能在生态滤池120内降解有机物，还可以通过其砂囊研磨与肠道的生物化学作用，以及与微生物的协同作用，促进C、N、P的转化与矿化，但其主要功能为在土壤活动层内的机械疏松、消解，对滤床起到物理清扫作用，防止土壤板结、堵塞。蚯蚓在滤池内的活动还能有效提高微生物数量及微生物活性，促进有机物质的分解转化。
在本发明中，第二层铺设调节层122，调节层122由天然沸石、石灰石和活性炭组成，混合比例为1:1:1；调节层122的厚度为10～30cm。
天然沸石、石灰石和活性炭均具有较多的孔隙结构及相应的吸附能力，尤其是活性炭吸附能力极强；而天然沸石的分子结构框架使其在矿石材料中对重金属、氨氮和有机物的吸附能力有更大的优势；石灰石对水体的酸碱性起到有效的调节作用，利于上层蚯蚓生长以及第三层生物层123中微生物的活性。天然沸石增加，活性炭和石灰石量相应减小，对污染物的吸附能力降低；活性炭量增加，天然沸石和石灰石量相应减小，虽然提高了吸附能力，但对土壤层121的支撑能力以及水体酸碱度调节能力下降；石灰石量增加，天然沸石和活性炭量相应减小，提高了水体酸碱度调节能力，但吸附能力下降。
调节层122中天然沸石、石灰石和活性炭的粒径为0.2～2.0cm。生态滤池120是物理、化学、生物三种协同作用有效降低或去除渗滤液中的污染物的措施，适度的溶氧量利于物理、化学、生物反应的进行。调节层122中填料粒径选择考虑到气体流通和污染物吸附的协调，在此范围内，不会由于填料堆积过密导致气体流通差，同时具有较好的吸附能力。
在本发明中，第三层铺设生物层123，填料为负载有细菌的活性炭，即生物活性炭。生物层123的厚度为10-40cm。
上述负载的细菌包括硝化细菌(亚硝酸细菌和硝酸细菌)和聚磷菌，其可以通过载体结合法(如陈朝晖,张涵等.生物炭及其固定化微生物对垃圾堆肥的除臭增效作用(英文)[J].科学技术与工程,2013,13(32):9592-9597+9618.记载方法)固定在生物炭上，通过生物炭吸附和微生物代谢联用提高氮磷去除效率。
硝化细菌能够将氨氮氧化成亚硝酸根和硝酸根形式，反硝化细菌则能够利用有机 物和硝酸盐进行反硝化脱氮，两者结合实现氮的去除。聚磷菌在需氧条件下，能够合成聚磷酸盐蓄积在细菌细胞内，在厌氧条件下释放出磷，其好氧聚磷量大于厌氧释磷量，故通过聚磷菌的加入可有效控制渗滤液中磷含量。
生物活性炭的粒径为0.10～0.80cm，该粒径有利于实现有氧环境和缺氧环境的共存，利于微生物的功能的实现。
在本发明中，第四层铺设生态层124，生态层124中填料为细砂、碎石、钢渣、煤渣、建筑废料、废弃石膏等废弃材料中的一种或多种。生态层124的厚度为10-40cm；填料的粒径为0.1～5.0cm。
将上述在生活中闲置且难以处理的废弃材料用于生态建设中，提高了材料的利用价值，且降低了生态护坡100的建设成本。当生态层124中填料包含细砂、碎石、煤渣、建筑废料、废弃石膏等具有吸附性能的物质时，生态层124除具备过滤功能外，还具有对重金属和有机物吸附的功能。
在本发明中，填料层下铺设有承托层125，用于支撑其上层的填料，填料为鹅卵石，鹅卵石的粒径为5.0～10.0cm。承托层125的厚度为5～15cm。
鹅卵石为风化岩石，其具有孔洞结构和吸附污染物的性能，因而能够实施重金属和有机物的吸附固定；同时其较高的粒径便于经过上述四层填料处理后的水体由生态护坡100底部的排水管150排出。
如图3所示，在本发明中，通过水泵将污水引入生态护坡100中的布水管130，该布水管130分别安装在生态滤池(120)位于土壤层121之上的空间中，布水管130为PVC管，管径上分布有0.1～0.5cm的出水孔。
本发明中，在生态滤池(120)填料层之上预留有用于布水管130等管道排布的空间，以便于布水管130等管道的排布。
在一种优选的实施方案中，在填料层内还布置有内层布水管，优选该布水管布置在土壤层121和调节层122的交界处。布水管会接触填料，为此，内层布水管外围用土工布包裹有青石子，该土工布过滤-青石子支撑的设置，避免了湿润的填料堵塞出水孔的可能。
在一种优选的实施方式中，安装在土壤层121之上空间中的布水管130旁布置有 曝气管140，外接风机进行曝气。曝气管140有效解决了生态护坡100下污水的充氧问题，利于植物-蚯蚓-需氧微生物的生存和污水中有机污染物质(主要为BOD)的去除、含氮物质的硝化、以及含磷物质的脱磷。
曝气管140也可以为PVC管，管径上分布0.05～0.2cm的出气孔。
如图4和图5所示，在本发明一种优选的实施方式中，生态护坡100采用模块化结构，即将防水板材制成生态滤池120的池体，这样可以在水处理现场组装、安放池体，按顺序投加填料，一个池体对应形成一个生态滤池120。每处生态护坡100可以包括一个或多个生态滤池120，优选每处生态护坡100至少包括两个生态滤池120。图1示出生态护坡100包括一个生态滤池120，图4和图5示出生态护坡100包括多个生态滤池120。
由于生态护坡100的坡体伸入流域水中，有些水体下部流速高于上部流速，且下部泥沙量多质粗，若生态滤池120紧密堆积构筑生态护坡100，则可能产生下部水体流速严重受抑的情况，影响生态护坡100两侧水流交换，增加生态护坡100受到的冲击强度。因而，多个生态滤池120分层、分列堆积，每列上生态滤池120对齐，每层上的相邻的生态滤池120之间留存设定孔隙，如5～10cm。优选地，为了便于软体排110的铺设和固定，最上层生态滤池120设计为阶梯状，这样可以在阶梯部位处放置重物对软体排110进行施压固定。
在一种优选的实施方式中，在相同列的生态滤池120中，上一层生态滤池120中的出水管与下一层生态滤池120的布水管130连接，将经上一层处理后的污水通入土壤层121中；上一层生态滤池120中的曝气管140与下一层生态滤池120的曝气管140连接；优选地，位于下一层生态滤池120中的曝气管140的孔径大于上一层生态滤池120中曝气管140的孔径，利于气体传输。
本发明中，新型生态护坡100采用模块化结构，生态滤池120底端的排水管150可与布水管130实行拼接，实现多级单元串联，所有部件如生物态滤池池体、布水管130、曝气管140，排水管150等都可预制，再在现场拼接组装，埋入坡下，安装简捷，极大的提高了施工速度，实现了污水处理设施设备化，有利于工业化生产也便于后续的维修和填料更换。
在一种优选的实施方式中，在每个生态滤池120的池体外围套有金属丝笼，增加 对生态滤池120的施力点，通过对金属丝笼施力，对生态滤池120进行更换等操作。
在一种优选的实施方式中，当生态护坡100采用模块化结构时，仅在最上层的生态滤池120的土壤层121中投放有蚯蚓，蚯蚓的投放密度为8g～12g(蚯蚓)/(L填料)。
在一种优选的实施方式中，生态护坡100为正挑式护坡，生态护坡100延伸入水体的方向近似垂直于岸边线，即与岸边线夹角α为85°≤α≤95°；或者，生态护坡100为上挑式护坡，在水流方向上，生态护坡100延伸入水体的方向与岸边线夹角α为95°＜α＜175°；或者，生态护坡100为下挑式护坡，在水流方向上，生态护坡100延伸入水体的方向与岸边线夹角α为5°＜α＜85°。在水流较缓的流域，生态护坡100与岸边线夹角可以在任意范围内；在水流较急的地段，根据特定环境进行延伸方向设计，以达到消能消浪的功能。
在本发明一种优选的实施方式中，在与生态护坡100相近处的岸边建造沉淀池210。
沉淀池210进水口处设置格栅或滤网，引入所收集的流域两岸的生活污水及地表径流等，将经沉淀后的污水上清液进入生态护坡100，如遇暴雨等情况导致进水流量过大，可将污水经沉淀后直排入流域中。
在本发明中沉淀池建造，对污水再处理起到调控作用，为污水污染物控制的有效的辅助手段。
如图6所示，在本发明一种优选的实施方式中，生态护坡为阶梯型，模块化的生态滤池120布置于岸坡之上，多个生态滤池120通过串联提高污水污染物处理效果。该实施方式中,无需设置曝气管，通过跌落充氧为污水处理提供氧气。生态滤池120表层土壤种植有植物，投放有蚯蚓，形成植物-动物-微生物互为食物链的生物圈，重建了原生态，保证了生物多样性，强化了污染物处理，也起到了景观美化的作用。所述植物为水生植物，包括但不限于虉草、紫花苜蓿、黑麦草、鸭茅、香根草等，所述蚯蚓选自太湖红蚯蚓或者威廉环毛蚓等。
在本发明中，生态护坡的坡体伸入流域水中，在软体排110下方或软体排110中播撒水生植物的种子，存在植物种子被水流带走的风险，进而降低植物覆盖生态护坡 的100问题。
为提高植物种子在土壤中的扎根率，将种子制成种子丸粒，所述种子丸粒由包括以下重量配比的组分制成：
Figure PCTCN2019080206-appb-000001
本发明人研究发现，将种子加工成丸粒，增大了体积，且能够提高播种的均匀性，使其不易被水流带走且适合播种。
在一种优选的实施方式中，所述惰性物包括河道泥土、农田潮土或高岭土中的一种或多种，优选为河道泥土。在本发明中，惰性物主要用于改变种子的外形，扩大体积，同时具备安全性、粉碎性、稀释性等特点。选择河道泥土或农田潮土，尤其是河道泥土作为惰性物，可做到就地取材且成本低廉。
在一种优选的实施方式中，所述粘化物包括聚乙烯醇、聚醋酸乙烯、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、淀粉、凹凸棒矿石或红粘土中的一种或多种。在本发明中，所述粘化物具有优良的水溶性，且对种子萌发无副作用，在制作种子丸粒的过程中添加粘化物能够有效提高种子丸粒的抗压强度，减少破碎率。
本发明人发现，基于0.9～1.1重量份的惰性物，当加入的粘化物为0.02～0.06重量份时，制备的种子丸粒的抗压强度较高，破碎率较低，种子发芽率也较高。当加入的粘化物小于0.02重量份时，制备的种子丸粒的抗压强度不高，容易发生破损；当加入的粘化物大于0.06重量份时，种子抗压强度提高，裂解率降低，发芽率降低。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，所述活性成分包括吸水剂、杀菌剂和抗逆因子。其中，所述抗逆因子主要用于提高种子萌发和幼苗生长对冷害、盐碱等逆境的耐受性，包括例如植物激素或具有植物激素特性的化学物质。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，所述吸水剂、杀菌剂和抗逆因子的重量比为0.5：(0.0005～0.0015)：(0.0015～0.0025)，优选为0.5：0.001：0.002。
所述吸水剂选自聚丙烯酰胺、聚丙烯酸钠或淀粉接枝丙烯酸盐中的一种或多种， 添加的保水剂能吸收且能保持自身重量百倍甚至上千倍的水，从而有效增加种子丸粒重量，同时快速维持种子与水分接触，提高种子萌发和出苗效率。
所述杀菌剂选自戊唑醇、己唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、丙环唑或三唑酮中的一种或多种。
所述抗逆因子选自赤霉素、五氨基乙酰丙酸、壳聚糖、水杨酸或亚硝基铁氰化钠中的一种或多种，优选为水杨酸。采用水杨酸作为活性成分，能够促进幼苗根系发育和次生根生长，显著提高幼苗素质，而且水杨酸的价格低廉，广泛易得，适于规模化应用。
相应地，本发明还提供了一种种子丸粒的制备工艺，所述工艺包括：
步骤1)，种子前期处理，
步骤2)，准备丸粒化制剂，
步骤3)，将种子与丸粒化制剂混合，制备得到种子丸粒。
本发明中，所述种子为水生植物种子，在此不做具体种类限定。
步骤1)中种子前期处理，包括对种子消毒处理的过程，以降低种子表面携带的病菌对后期种子发芽和出苗的影响。根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，采用高锰酸钾溶液或次氯酸钠溶液对种子进行浸泡消毒处理。
优选地，所述高锰酸钾溶液的质量分数为1～4％，优选为2～3％；采用高锰酸钾溶液的浸泡时间为5～20min，优选为5～15min。所述次氯酸钠溶液的质量分数为0.5～2％，优选为1～1.5％；采用次氯酸钠溶液的浸泡时间为2～10min，优选为4～8min。
步骤2)中，丸粒化制剂包括惰性物、粘化物和活性成分；其中，制备种子丸粒时，所述活性成分以溶液喷雾的形式施加。所述活性成分溶液的制备步骤如下：按重量比例分别称量活性成分中的抗逆因子、保水剂和杀菌剂，先将抗逆因子溶解，再依次溶解保水剂和杀菌剂，制得活性成分的溶液。将制备好的活性成分溶液静置1～2小时，然后置于喷雾装置中备用。
步骤3)包括以下子步骤：
步骤3.1)，称量种子、惰性物和粘化物，混匀后加入丸粒化装置的盛料器；
步骤3.2)，雾化活性成分，然后进行丸粒化。
在本发明中，优选将活性成分装入喷雾设备，待开启丸粒化装置后，将活性成分溶液雾化，均匀喷洒至种子上。
在一种优选的实施方式，所述丸粒化机丸粒化的转速为50～80转/分，丸粒化时间为15min。
步骤3.3)，将丸粒化得到的丸粒进行造型、干燥。
种子丸粒可以为球状或压制为扁平状。
在一种优选的实施方式，所述干燥的温度为35～40℃，干燥后丸粒的含水量在12％以下，在此含水量下种子易于保藏，不易腐坏、变质。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种生态改善方法，优选采用上述生态护坡进行生态改善，即该方法包括在流域水岸边的水陆交错带处构筑生态护坡100，优选在与生态护坡100相近处的岸边建造的沉淀池210；
生态护坡100的坡体伸入流域水中，其表层铺设软体排110，软体排110下部为生态滤池120，生态滤池120通过密封池体隔绝流域水，生态滤池120中填装有填料层和承托层125，将污水引入生态滤池120中，填料层用于对引入的污水进行污染物处理，降低污水富营养化程度，承托层125用于支撑填料层，并经承托层125使处理后的污水排出生态滤池120进入流域内；
该沉淀池210引入所收集的流域两岸的生活污水及地表径流等，经处理后，传输上清液至生态护坡100。沉淀池210还设置有直接通至流域的大孔径出水管，如遇暴雨等情况导致进水流量过大，可将污水经沉淀后通过该出水管直排入流域中。
实施例
实施例1
以江苏太湖流域乡村河流为例，流量为3000m 3/d，两岸村庄生活污水及地表径流等常规产生量约300m 3/d，故所设计的两岸新型生态护坡处总处理能力为300m 3/d，以基本阻绝污染物入河，如图2所示，按水力负荷0.5m 3/(m 2·d)计，沿河两岸需交替共改造100处新型生态护坡，每处新型生态护坡每日处理3m 3的污水。
如图4和图5所示，生态护坡(100)采用模块化结构，每处新型生态护坡100由两个一级生态滤池(最上层的生态滤池)，两个二级生态滤池(中间层生态滤池)，一个三级生态滤池(底层生态滤池)组成，以两列三行排布，其中一级生态滤池为不规则阶梯形，底板尺寸2m*1.5m，总高1.5m，阶梯高度1m(生态滤池上部0.5m为布水管130、曝气管130和排水管150的排布空间)，阶梯深度0.75m，二级/三级生态滤池外壳为2m*1.5m*1.5m的容器。污水可以选择流经第一列生态滤池和/或流经第二列生态滤池，在此选择分别流经第一列生态滤池和第二列生态滤池，加快处理速度。生态滤池120采用密封性能更佳、不漏水、不渗水的玻璃钢现场安装而成。每个生态滤池的池体外围套有金属丝笼。
采用间歇式进水的方式每天进水6h，每个生态滤池的底部有一排水管150，搭配有同管径的布水管130。在整个生态护坡的最底端，由两根排水管汇聚为大的出水管再排入河流。布水管旁布置有相应的曝气管。
生态护坡100表层铺设无纺布拼接的软体排110，软体排孔径为0.05～1cm，软体排下方为生态滤池120。每个生态滤池含有由厚度为35cm的土壤层121，10cm调节层122(天然沸石、石灰石和活性炭组成，混合比例为1:1:1，粒径为0.2～2.0cm)，20cm生物层123(负载有亚硝酸细菌、硝酸细菌和聚磷菌的生物活性炭，粒径为0.10～0.80cm)、25cm的生态层124(细砂、碎石、煤渣，粒径为0.1～5.0cm)、以及10cm的卵石组成的承托层125(粒径为5.0～10.0cm)。一级生态滤池的土壤层中投放太湖红蚯蚓，蚯蚓密度为10g(蚯蚓)/(L填料)，土壤层是蚯蚓活动区域。
每个滤池的底部布有排水管150，上层排水管150与下层布水管130无缝对接。布水管130分别安装在生态滤池土壤层121之上的空间和填料层(土壤层121和调节层122的交界处)内，布水管130为PVC管，管径上分布有0.1～0.5cm的出水孔。位于生态滤池土壤层121之上的空间中的布水管130旁布置有曝气管130，在污水滴落的过程中，可以充分地补充有机质分解时所需的氧分。在填料层内布置的内层布水管外围用土工布包裹有青石子。
在与生态护坡100相近处的岸边建造沉淀池210。沉淀池210进水口处设置格栅或滤网，引入所收集的流域两岸的生活污水及地表径流等，将经沉淀后的上清液传输至 各上层生态滤池120中。
在生态护坡建成运行9个月后，于冬季(翌年3月)对沉淀池所引入的污水进行多次检测，其中主要污染物平均浓度为悬浮颗粒物54mg/L，化学需氧量206mg/L，五日生化需氧量118mg/L，总磷4.4mg/L，氨氮37mg/L，总氮49mg/L；对生态护坡的出水进行多次检测，结果显示，100个生态护坡对污水中主要污染物的平均去除率为：悬浮颗粒物50％-80％，化学需氧量50％-80％，五日生化需氧量50％-80％，总磷30％-60％，氨氮40％-70％，总氮40％-70％。
实施例2
种子丸粒配比：
Figure PCTCN2019080206-appb-000002
种子丸粒的制备：
获取饱满、整齐、健壮的黑麦草种子，采用质量分数为2％的高锰酸钾溶液浸泡种子30min进行消毒，然后冲洗干净。
将河道泥土(惰性物)晒干粉碎，然后过120目筛，将凹凸棒矿石(粘化物)晒干粉碎，然后过120目筛。
将种子与丸粒化制剂混合，制备得到黑麦草种子营养丸粒：具体地：
按0.12：1：0.05的重量比依次称取0.12Kg黑麦草种子、1Kg河道泥土粉和0.05Kg凹凸棒矿石粉。
取0.04kg活性成分(水杨酸、淀粉接枝丙烯酸盐、戊唑醇的重量比为0.002：0.5：0.001)，溶解于100mL丙酮中，静置2小时，然后置于丸粒化机喷雾装置的液体箱内， 开启丸粒化机，调节转速至50转/分，丸粒化15min，使黑麦草种子丸粒化。
制备的黑麦草种子丸粒压制成扁平状，然后在40℃下干燥至含水量至12％以下。
随机取100粒种子丸粒，置于湿润纸床上，待崩解后逐丸检测种子的有种子率，其有种子率为100％；随机取100粒种子丸粒，将其播种于实施例1的生态滤池土壤层中，表面覆盖软体排，观察并计算发芽率为98％。
在生态护坡建成后的第二年3月份播种黑麦草丸粒，其在25天时生长至0.4m高成为成熟黑麦草，于秋季(10月)对沉淀池所引入的污水进行多次检测，其中主要污染物平均浓度为悬浮颗粒物20mg/L，化学需氧量96mg/L，五日生化需氧量55mg/L，总磷2.6mg/L，氨氮20mg/L，总氮28mg/L；对生态护坡的出水进行多次检测，结果显示，100个生态护坡对污水中主要污染物的平均去除率为：悬浮颗粒物55％-85％，化学需氧量55％-85％，五日生化需氧量55％-85％，总磷35％-65％，氨氮45％-75％，总氮45％-75％。说明水生植物(黑麦草)的种植对污染物去除起到增效作用。
以上结合具体实施方式和/或范例性实例以及附图对本发明进行了详细说明，不过这些说明并不能理解为对本发明的限制。本领域技术人员理解，在不偏离本发明精神和范围的情况下，可以对本发明技术方案及其实施方式进行多种等价替换、修饰或改进，这些均落入本发明的范围内。本发明的保护范围以所附权利要求为准。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种具有高效净水功能的新型生态护坡，其特征在于，该护坡建造在流域水岸边的水陆交错带处，
    生态护坡(100)的坡体伸入流域水中，其表层铺设软体排(110)，软体排(110)下部为生态滤池(120)。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的生态护坡，其特征在于，所述生态滤池(120)通过密封池体隔绝流域水，优选生态滤池(120)中填装有填料层和承托层(125)，将污水引入生态滤池(120)中，填料层用于对引入的污水进行污染物处理，降低污水富营养化程度，承托层(125)用于支撑填料层，并经承托层(125)使处理后的污水排出生态滤池(120)进入流域内。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的生态护坡，其特征在于，生态护坡(100)可以设置多座，优选将其在流域水沿岸排布，形成相隔设定间距的生态护坡群；
    生态护坡(100)表层铺设的软体排(110)由多层高分子聚合物纤维织成，所述软体排(110)具有较大的稳定孔径，优选为0.05～1cm，更优选为0.1～0.5cm。
  4. 根据权利要求1至3之一所述的生态护坡，其特征在于，所述生态滤池(120)的填料层由上至下铺设有四个功能层，
    第一层为土壤层(121)，进行重金属吸附、有机物的降解以及氮磷去除；
    第二层为调节层(122)，用于支撑土壤层(121)，并进行重金属、氮磷吸收和有机物的吸附固定；调节层(122)由天然沸石、石灰石和活性炭组成；
    第三层为生物层(123)，用于重金属吸附固定、有机物的降解以及氮磷去除；填料为负载有细菌的活性炭，即生物活性炭；
    第四层为生态层(124)，用于过滤水体，拦截土壤；生态 层(124)中填料为细砂、碎石、钢渣、煤渣、建筑废料、废弃石膏等废弃材料中的一种或多种。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的生态护坡，其特征在于，土壤层(121)中投放有蚯蚓，蚯蚓的投放密度为8g～12g(蚯蚓)/(L填料)。
  6. 根据权利要求4所述的生态护坡，其特征在于，通过水泵将污水引入生态护坡(100)中的布水管(130)，该布水管(130)安装在生态滤池(120)位于土壤层(121)之上的空间中；
    任选地，布水管(130)为PVC管，管径上分布有0.1～0.5cm的出水孔；
    优选地，安装在土壤层(121)之上空间中的布水管(130)旁布置有曝气管(140)，外接风机进行曝气；其中，曝气管(140)为PVC管，管径上分布0.05～0.2cm的出气孔；
    更优选地，在填料层内还布置有内层布水管，该内层布水管外围用土工布包裹有青石子。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的生态护坡，其特征在于，生态护坡(100)采用模块化结构，将防水板材制成生态滤池(120)的池体，进而可以在水处理现场组装、安放池体，按顺序投加填料，一个池体对应形成一个生态滤池(120)；
    每处生态护坡(100)可以包括一个或多个生态滤池(120)，优选每处生态护坡(100)至少包括两个生态滤池(120)；更优选多个生态滤池(120)分层、分列堆积，每列上生态滤池(120)对齐，每层上的相邻的生态滤池(120)之间留存设定孔隙；
    优选地，在相同列的生态滤池(120)中，上一层生态滤池(120)中的出水管与下一层生态滤池(120)的布水管(130)连接；上一层生态滤池(120)中的曝气管(140)与下一层生态滤池(120)的曝气管(140)连接。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的生态护坡，其特征在于，在每个生态滤池(120)的池体外围套有金属丝笼；
    当生态护坡(100)采用模块化结构时，仅在最上层的生态滤池的土壤层(121)中投放有蚯蚓，蚯蚓的投放密度为8g～12g(蚯蚓)/(L填料)。
  9. 根据权利要求1至7之一所述的生态护坡，其特征在于，在与生态护坡(100)相近处的岸边建造沉淀池(210)；
    沉淀池(210)进水口处设置格栅或滤网，引入所收集的流域两岸的生活污水及地表径流等，经沉淀后的污水上清液进入生态护坡(100)。
  10. 一种生态改善方法，优选采用上述权利要求1至9之一所述的生态护坡进行生态改善。
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