WO2020051000A1 - Flash joule heating synthesis method and compositions thereof - Google Patents
Flash joule heating synthesis method and compositions thereof Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020051000A1 WO2020051000A1 PCT/US2019/047967 US2019047967W WO2020051000A1 WO 2020051000 A1 WO2020051000 A1 WO 2020051000A1 US 2019047967 W US2019047967 W US 2019047967W WO 2020051000 A1 WO2020051000 A1 WO 2020051000A1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/182—Graphene
- C01B32/184—Preparation
- C01B32/19—Preparation by exfoliation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/182—Graphene
- C01B32/184—Preparation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/182—Graphene
- C01B32/184—Preparation
- C01B32/19—Preparation by exfoliation
- C01B32/192—Preparation by exfoliation starting from graphitic oxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/32—Non-aqueous well-drilling compositions, e.g. oil-based
- C09K8/34—Organic liquids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/52—Compositions for preventing, limiting or eliminating depositions, e.g. for cleaning
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M125/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an inorganic material
- C10M125/02—Carbon; Graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/04—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2204/00—Structure or properties of graphene
- C01B2204/20—Graphene characterized by its properties
- C01B2204/22—Electronic properties
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2204/00—Structure or properties of graphene
- C01B2204/20—Graphene characterized by its properties
- C01B2204/32—Size or surface area
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
- C01P2002/82—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by IR- or Raman-data
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
- C01P2002/85—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by XPS, EDX or EDAX data
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
- C01P2002/88—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by thermal analysis data, e.g. TGA, DTA, DSC
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/04—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by TEM, STEM, STM or AFM
Definitions
- the present invention relates to methods for the synthesis of graphene and other materials, and more particularly the method for the bulk synthesis of turbostratic graphene and other materials by flash Joule heating (FJH).
- FJH flash Joule heating
- Flash Joule heating of many inexpensive carbon sources, such as coal, petroleum coke, biochar, carbon black, discarded food, rubber tires, and mixed plastic waste can afford graphene in gram-scales in less than 1 second.
- the graphene is termed“flash graphene” (“FG”).
- the process uses no furnace and no solvents or reactive gases. Yields depend upon the carbon content of the source; if using a high carbon source, yields can range from 80 to 90% with a carbon purity greater than 99%.
- FG shows a low intensity or absent D band with I 2D /G reaching more than 10 and sometimes even 17, making FG among the lowest defect graphene ever reported.
- FG is turbostratic as observed by Raman analysis, meaning that is has little order between the graphene layers, thereby facilitating its rapid exfoliation upon mixing during composite formation; such rapid exfoliation cannot be accomplished from the more common AB-stacked graphene.
- the turbostratic nature of FG distinguishes it from most other forms of bulk graphene synthesis which produce AB-stacked graphene. FG is particularly attractive since mixed plastic waste can be converted into a single component graphene while discarded food waste can become fixed carbon FG rather than carbon dioxide and methane in landfills.
- the electrical energy cost for FG synthesis is only around 7.2 kJ g 1 . This renders FG suitable for use in bulk composites of plastic, metals, paints, concrete and other building materials. Its turbostratic nature facilitates FG’s good dispersion in this wide range of composites and solvents.
- 2D materials can be prepared by applying voltage pulse(s) (i.e., flash Joule heating) across respective precursors.
- the present invention further encompasses a method to synthesize different kinds of 2D materials in millisecond timescales and the cost of this method is very low. Compared with the other methods, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and hydrothermal methods, a higher yield can be obtained in a much shorter time period, and without the need to use any solvent in the progress (which is much more economical).
- the voltage pulse process is very short, which makes it possible to synthesize some metastable forms of 2D materials that are very hard to synthesize by other methods, for example, 1T’- M0S2 and black phosphorus.
- the invention features a process that includes synthesizing graphene by applying a voltage pulse across a conductive carbon source that is substantially not graphene.
- Implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features:
- the conductivity of the conductive carbon source can be greater than 10 5 S/cm.
- the conductivity of the conductive carbon source can be greater than 10 3 S/cm.
- the duration of the voltage pulse can be between 1 microsecond and 5 seconds.
- the duration of the voltage pulse can be between 100 milliseconds and 500 milliseconds.
- the voltage pulse can be repeated between 2 times and 100 times.
- the voltage pulse can be repeated between 2 times and 10 times.
- the current across the sample can be between 0.01 A/cm 2 and 10000 A/cm 2 .
- the current across the sample can be between 0.1 A/cm 2 and 1000 A/cm 2 .
- the voltage across the sample can be between 10 V/cm and 4000 V/cm.
- the voltage across the sample can be between 100 V/cm and 400 V/cm.
- the conductive carbon source can be selected from a group consisting of anthracite coal, higher temperature-treated biochar, calcined petroleum coke, shungite, carbon nanotubes, asphaltenes, acetylene black, carbon black, and mixtures thereof.
- the conductive carbon source can include a conductive carbon source additive that renders the conductive carbon source to have sufficient conductivity for the process.
- the conductive carbon source additive can be selected from a group consisting of anthracite coal, higher temperature-treated biochar, calcined petroleum coke, carbon nanotubes, graphene quantum dots, acetylene black, carbon black, shungite, graphene, or mixtures thereof.
- the conductive carbon source can be a lower conductivity carbon material selected from a group consisting of feces, plastics, vinyl polymers, condensation polymers, step-growth polymers, chain-growth polymers, living polymers, rubbers, humic acid, carbohydrates, rice powder, food waste, food, coal, organic waste, organic material, bituminous coal, coke, petroleum coke, oil, petroleum products, carbon from the stripping of the non carbon atoms off of natural gas or oil or carbon dioxide, wood, cellulose, leaves, branches, grass, biomass, animal carcasses, fish carcasses, proteins, and mixtures thereof.
- the conductive carbon source additive can be added to the lower conductivity carbon material to render the lower conductivity source to have the sufficient conductivity for the process.
- the conductive carbon source can include less than 50% graphene.
- the conductive carbon source can include essentially no spectroscopically detectable graphene.
- the product yield of the process can include at least 70% graphene.
- the product yield can be at least 90% graphene.
- the product yield can be 100% graphene.
- the synthesized graphene can be turbostratic graphene.
- the conductive carbon source can include a carbon source that has a conductivity of at most 10 7 S/cm.
- the conductive carbon source can further include a conductive carbon source additive intermixed with the carbon source.
- the conductive carbon source can have a conductivity of at least 10 5 S/cm.
- the conductive carbon source can have a conductivity of at least 10 3 S/cm.
- the conductive carbon source additive can be selected from a group consisting of carbon black, metal powder, and combinations thereof.
- the process can be a continuous process.
- the process can be an automated process.
- the conductive carbon source can include carbon black and rubber.
- the conductive carbon source can include 1 wt% to 10 wt% carbon black.
- the conductive carbon source can include 4 wt% to 6 wt% carbon black.
- the step of applying the voltage pulse can utilize DC voltage.
- the step of applying the voltage pulse can utilize AC voltage.
- the voltage pulse can be applied using a power source that uses three-phase electrical power.
- the invention features a process that includes synthesizing graphene by applying a voltage pulse across conductive carbon sources that are substantially not graphene.
- a voltage pulse across conductive carbon sources there are heteroatoms present to afford a doped or heteroatom-containing graphene product.
- Implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features:
- the heteroatoms can be selected from a group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorous, boron, and mixtures thereof.
- the heteroatoms can be selected from a group consisting of metals, semimetals, and mixtures thereof.
- the heteroatoms sources can be selected from a group consisting of melamine, aminoborane, melamine-formaldehyde resin, phosphines, phosphates, metal salts, metal oxides, and mixtures thereof.
- the invention features an apparatus that includes a carbon feed stock.
- the carbon feed stock includes a conductive carbon source that is substantially not graphene.
- the apparatus further includes a non-conductive vessel operable for constraining the conductive carbon source.
- the apparatus further includes electrodes that are operable for applying a voltage pulse across the conductive carbon source within the non- conductive vessel to synthesize graphene.
- Implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features:
- the apparatus can further include a conduit through which the conductive carbon source can be transported to the non-conductive vessel.
- the apparatus can further include a chamber in which the non-conductive vessel can be position when the electrodes apply the voltage pulse.
- the non-conductive vessel can include quartz or ceramic material.
- the non-conductive vessel can include a quartz tube.
- the apparatus can include a plurality of the non-conductive vessels.
- the apparatus can further include a belt or screw and a collection bin.
- the belt or screw can be operable to transport the vessels in the plurality of the non-conductive vessels into the chamber after the conductive carbon source is filled in the non-conductive vessel.
- the belt or screw can be further operable to transport the non-conductive vessels away from the chamber to a position in which the synthesized graphene can be collected in the collection bin.
- the apparatus can include a plurality of capacitors operable for applying the voltage pulse.
- the apparatus can include a controller and a mechanical relay operable for controlling the application of the voltage pulse.
- the apparatus can include an inductor and diode operatively connected to controller and mechanical relay.
- the apparatus can further include a kill switch.
- the conductive carbon source can include a carbon source that has a conductivity of at least at least 10 5 S/cm.
- the carbon source can have a conductivity of at least at least 10 3 S/cm.
- the conductive carbon source can include a carbon source and a conductive carbon source additive.
- the conductive carbon source can be a carbon powder.
- the carbon source can have a conductivity of at least at most 10 6 S/cm.
- the conductive carbon source can have a conductivity of at least 10 5 S/cm.
- the conductive carbon source can have a conductivity of at least at least 10 3 S/cm.
- the apparatus can be operable for performing a continuous process for synthesizing the graphene from the conductive carbon source.
- the apparatus can be operable for performing an automated process for synthesizing the graphene from the conductive carbon source.
- the invention features a system that includes an above-described apparatus.
- Implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features:
- the apparatus can be operably connected to a DC voltage source.
- the apparatus can be operably connected to an AC voltage source.
- the apparatus can be operably connected to a power source that uses three-phase electrical power.
- the power source can use three-phase electrical power followed by full wave rectification.
- the power sources can use zero-crossing relays to control duration of the voltage pulse.
- the power source can further include a computer control.
- the computer control can be operable to select the duration of the voltage pulse based upon number of half cycles allowed to pass through the zero-crossing relays.
- the power source can be operable to use one of 120, 208, 277, 480 volts AC (RMS) root-mean-square three phase.
- RMS 480 volts AC
- the power source can include a three-phase generator operable to provide AC power.
- the three-phase generator can be mechanically coupled to an AC motor.
- the three-phase generator can include a rotor.
- the three-phase generator can be operable to provide the AC power by rapidly converting mechanical power to electric current due to the inertia of the rotor.
- the three-phase generator can include a flywheel.
- the three-phase generator can be operable to provide the AC power using the flywheel to provide longer duration and steady voltage and current output.
- the apparatus can include a plurality of capacitors operable for applying the voltage pulse.
- the apparatus can include a controller and a mechanical relay operable for controlling the application of the voltage pulse.
- the apparatus can include an inductor and diode operatively connected to controller and mechanical relay.
- the apparatus can further include a kill switch.
- the invention features a method for forming a 2D material.
- the method includes selecting a precursor material that includes a precursor.
- the method further includes applying a voltage pulse across the material to form the 2D material.
- Implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features:
- the precursor can have a conductivity that is greater than 10 6 S/cm.
- the precursor can include a metal source.
- the metal source can be selected from a group consisting of iron powder, molybdenum powder, tungsten metal, and copper metal.
- the precursor can include a non-metal source.
- the non-metal source can be selected from a group consisting of carbon black, calcined petroleum coke.
- the precursor can have a conductivity that is less than 10 6 S/cm.
- the precursor material can further include a conductive source.
- the precursor material can have a conductivity that is more than 10 5 S/cm.
- the precursor can have a conductivity that is less than 10 7 S/cm.
- the precursor can be selected from a group consisting of molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), ammonium tetrathiomolybdate ((NH 4 )2MoS4), borane ammonia complex (BH3NH3), red phosphorous, and combinations thereof.
- MoS 2 molybdenum disulfide
- (NH 4 )2MoS4) ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
- BH3NH3 borane ammonia complex
- red phosphorous red phosphorous
- the conductive source can be selected from a group consisting of a carbon material, a metal powder, and combinations thereof.
- the precursor can be selected from a group consisting of molybdenum disulfide (M0S2), ammonium tetrathiomolybdate ((NH ⁇ MoS ⁇ , borane ammonia complex (BH3NH3), red phosphorous, and combinations thereof.
- M0S2 molybdenum disulfide
- BH3NH3 borane ammonia complex
- red phosphorous and combinations thereof.
- the precursor can include molybdenum disulfide (M0S2) or ammonium tetrathiomolybdate ((NH 4 )2MoS 4 ).
- the 2D material can include lT’-MoS2 and 2H-M0S2.
- the precursor can include borane ammonia complex (BH 3 NH 3 ).
- the 2D material can include hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).
- the precursor can include red phosphorous.
- the 2D material can include black phosphorous.
- the step of applying a voltage pulse across the material to form the 2D material can include a number of voltage pulses applied across the material.
- the number of voltage pulses can be in a range between 1 pulse and 100 pulses.
- the step of applying a voltage pulse across the material to form the 2D material can include each of the voltage pulses have a duration length in a range between 1 microsecond and 5 seconds.
- the step of applying a voltage pulse across the material to form the 2D material can include current of each of the voltage pulses is in a range between 0.01 A/cm 2 and 10,000 A/cm 2 .
- the step of applying a voltage pulse across the material to form the 2D material can include voltage of each of the voltage pulses is in the range between 10 V and 4,000 V.
- the number of the voltage pulses can be in a range between 1 pulse and 10 pulses.
- the duration length of each of the voltage pulses can be in a range between 10 microseconds and 1,000 milliseconds.
- the current of each of the voltage pulses can be in a range between 0.1 A/cm 2 and 10,00 A/cm 2 .
- the voltage of each of the voltage pulses can be in the range between 100 V and 400 V.
- the step of applying the voltage pulse can utilize DC voltage.
- the step of applying the voltage pulse can utilize AC voltage.
- the voltage pulse can be applied using a power source that uses three-phase electrical power.
- the invention features an apparatus that includes a precursor material that includes a precursor.
- the apparatus further includes a non-conductive vessel operable for constraining the precursor material.
- the apparatus further includes electrodes that are operable for applying a voltage pulse across the precursor material within the non-conductive vessel to prepare a 2D material.
- Implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features:
- the apparatus can further include a conduit through which the precursor can be transported to the non-conductive vessel.
- the apparatus can further include a chamber in which the non-conductive vessel can be position when the electrodes apply the voltage pulse.
- the non-conductive vessel can include quartz or ceramic material.
- the apparatus can include a plurality of the non-conductive vessels.
- the apparatus can further include a belt or screw and a collection bin.
- the belt or screw can be operable to transport the non-conductive vessels in the plurality of the non-conductive vessels into the chamber after the precursor material is filled in the non-conductive vessel.
- the belt or screw can further be operable to transport the non-conductive vessels away from the chamber to a position in which the prepared 2D material can be collected in the collection bin.
- the apparatus can include a plurality of capacitors operable for applying the voltage pulse.
- the apparatus can include a controller and a mechanical relay operable for controlling the application of the voltage pulse.
- the apparatus can include an inductor and diode operatively connected to controller and mechanical relay.
- the apparatus can further include a kill switch.
- the precursor can have a conductivity of at least at least 10 5 S/cm.
- the precursor can have a conductivity of at least at least 10 3 S/cm.
- the precursor material can further include a conductive source.
- the precursor can have a conductivity of at least at most 10 6 S/cm.
- the conductive source can have a conductivity of at least 10 5 S/cm.
- the precursor material can have a conductivity of at least at least 10 3 S/cm.
- the apparatus can be operable for performing a continuous process for generating the 2D material from the precursor material.
- the apparatus can be operable for performing an automated process for generating the 2D material from the precursor material.
- the invention features a system that includes an above-described apparatus.
- Implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features: [0121]
- the apparatus can be operably connected to a DC voltage source.
- the apparatus can be operably connected to an AC voltage source.
- the apparatus can be operably connected to a power source that uses three-phase electrical power.
- the power source can use three-phase electrical power followed by full wave rectification.
- the power sources can use zero-crossing relays to control duration of the voltage pulse.
- the power source can further include a computer control.
- the computer control can be operable to select the duration of the voltage pulse based upon number of half cycles allowed to pass through the zero-crossing relays.
- the power source can be operable to use one of 120, 208, 277, 480 volts AC (RMS) root-mean-square three phase.
- RMS 480 volts AC
- the power source can include a three-phase generator operable to provide AC power.
- the three-phase generator can be mechanically coupled to an AC motor.
- the three-phase generator can include a rotor.
- the three-phase generator can be operable to provide the AC power by rapidly converting mechanical power to electric current due to the inertia of the rotor.
- the three-phase generator can include a flywheel.
- the three phase generator can be operable to provide the AC power using the flywheel to provide longer duration and steady voltage and current output.
- the apparatus can include a plurality of capacitors operable for applying the voltage pulse.
- the apparatus can include a controller and a mechanical relay operable for controlling the application of the voltage pulse.
- the apparatus can include an inductor and diode operatively connected to controller and mechanical relay. [0134] The apparatus can further include a kill switch.
- the invention features a process that includes synthesizing bulk amounts of turbostratic graphene.
- Implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features:
- the process can include a flash graphene process to make the turbostratic graphene from a carbon-based material.
- the turbostratic graphene can be a low-defect turbostratic graphene.
- the process can further include making composites with the turbostratic graphene.
- the invention features a process that includes synthesizing turbostratic graphene by applying a voltage pulse across a conductive carbon source that is substantially not graphene.
- Implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features:
- the conductivity of the conductive carbon source can be greater than 10 5 S/cm.
- the conductivity of the conductive carbon source can be greater than 10 3 S/cm.
- the duration of the voltage pulse can be between 1 microsecond and 5 seconds.
- the duration of the voltage pulse can be between 100 milliseconds and 500 milliseconds.
- the voltage pulse can be repeated between 2 times and 100 times.
- the voltage pulse can be repeated between 2 times and 10 times.
- the current across the sample can be between 0.01 A/cm 2 and 10000 A/cm 2 .
- the current across the sample can be between 0.1 A/cm 2 and 1000 A/cm 2 .
- the voltage across the sample can be between 10 V/cm and 4000 V/cm.
- the voltage across the sample can be between 100 V/cm to 400 V/cm.
- the conductive carbon source can be selected from a group consisting of anthracite coal, higher temperature-treated biochar, calcined petroleum coke, shungite, carbon nanotubes, asphaltenes, acetylene black, carbon black, and mixtures thereof.
- the conductive carbon source can include a conductive carbon source additive that renders the conductive carbon source to have sufficient conductivity for the process.
- the conductive carbon source additive can be selected from a group consisting of anthracite coal, higher temperature-treated biochar, calcined petroleum coke, carbon nanotubes, graphene quantum dots, acetylene black, carbon black, shungite, graphene, or mixtures thereof.
- the conductive carbon source can be a lower conductivity carbon material selected from a group consisting of feces, plastics, vinyl polymers, condensation polymers, step-growth polymers, chain-growth polymers, living polymers, rubbers, humic acid, carbohydrates, rice powder, food waste, food, coal, organic waste, organic material, bituminous coal, coke, petroleum coke, oil, petroleum products, carbon from the stripping of the non carbon atoms off of natural gas or oil or carbon dioxide, wood, cellulose, leaves, branches, grass, biomass, animal carcasses, fish carcasses, proteins, and mixtures thereof.
- the conductive carbon source additive can be added to the lower conductivity carbon material to render the lower conductivity source to have the sufficient conductivity for the process.
- the conductive carbon source can include a carbon source that has a conductivity of at most 10 7 S/cm.
- the conductive carbon source can further include a conductive carbon source additive intermixed with the carbon source.
- the conductive carbon source can have a conductivity of at least 10 5 S/cm.
- the conductive carbon source can have a conductivity of at least 10 3 S/cm.
- the conductive carbon source additive can be selected from a group consisting of carbon black, metal powder, and combinations thereof.
- the process can be a continuous process.
- the process can be an automated process.
- the process can synthesize at least 1 gram of a bulk graphene material.
- the turbostratic graphene can be at least 90 wt% of the bulk graphene material.
- the invention features a bulk graphene material.
- a majority of the bulk graphene material is turbostratic graphene.
- the bulk graphene material has a weight of at least 1 gram.
- Implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features:
- At least 90 wt% of the graphene can be turbostratic graphene.
- the bulk graphene material can be synthesized from a carbon source material that predominately includes a solid carbon source.
- the solid carbon source is a carbon source in a solid state.
- the solid carbon source can include at least 90 wt% of the carbon source material.
- the bulk graphene material can be synthesized from a carbon source material that predominately includes a liquid carbon source.
- the liquid carbon source is a carbon source in a liquid state.
- the liquid carbon source can include at least 90 wt% of the carbon source material.
- the invention features a composite material that includes turbostratic graphene and a second material.
- Implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features:
- the second material can be selected from a group consisting of concrete, cement, plastics, paints, coatings, foam, polyurethane foam, flooring, roofing, wood, plywood, aluminum, steel, copper, metals, asphalt, metal oxides, carbon-carbon composites, fibers, films and combinations thereof.
- the composite material can include between 0.001 wt% and 10 wt% of the turbostratic graphene.
- the tensile strength of the composite material can be greater than tensile strength of the second material without the turbostratic graphene. [0173] The tensile strength of the composite material can be at least 10% greater than the tensile strength of the second material without the turbostratic graphene.
- the compressive strength of the composite material is greater than compressive strength of the second material without the turbostratic graphene.
- the compressive strength of the composite material can be at least 10% greater than the compressive strength of the second material without the turbostratic graphene.
- the Young’s modulus of the composite material can be substantially different than the Young’s modulus of the second material without the turbostratic graphene.
- the Young’s modulus of the composite material can be at least 10% different than the Young’s modulus of the second material without the turbostratic graphene.
- the yield strength of the composite material can be greater than yield strength of the second material without the turbostratic graphene.
- the yield strength of the composite material can be at least 10% greater than the yield strength of the second material without the turbostratic graphene.
- the electrical conductivity of the composite material can be greater than electrical conductivity of the second material without the turbostratic graphene.
- the electrical conductivity of the composite material can be at least 10 Siemen per centimeter greater than the electrical conductivity of the second material without the turbostratic graphene.
- the thermal conductivity of the composite material can be greater than thermal conductivity of the second material without the turbostratic graphene.
- the thermal conductivity of the composite material can be at least 1 watt per meter- kelvin higher than the thermal conductivity of the second material without the turbostratic graphene.
- the second material can be a liquid material.
- the liquid material can be selected from a group consisting of cooling fluids, transmission fluids, lubricants, oils, and combinations thereof.
- the liquid material can be selected from a group consisting of drilling fluids and fracking fluids.
- the turbostratic graphene can be a fluid loss prevention additive for the liquid material.
- the viscosity of the composite material can be at least 1 millipascal-second greater than viscosity of the liquid materials without the turbostratic graphene.
- the second material can be a dry lubricant.
- the invention features a dry lubricant that includes turbostratic graphene.
- Implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features:
- the dry lubricant can be the turbostratic graphene.
- the invention features a composition of low-defect turbostratic graphene.
- Implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features:
- the turbostratic graphene includes a plurality of graphene sheets.
- the graphene sheets include predominately sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms.
- the graphene sheets can include at least 70 atom% sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms.
- the invention features a method that includes chemical covalent functionalization of turbostratic graphene.
- the functionalization atom is selected from a group consisting of oxygen, carbon, metals, sulfur, phosphorous, non-metals, metalloids, and combinations thereof.
- the invention features a method that includes chemical non-covalent functionalization of turbostratic graphene by one or more of surfactants, DNA, proteins, polymers, aromatics, small organic molecules, gases, groundwater contaminants, biological cells, microorganisms, polychlorinated biphenyls, perchlorates, and borates.
- the invention features a method that includes selecting a material that includes turbostratic graphene.
- the method further includes utilizing the material as a scale inhibitor or as a corrosion inhibitor.
- Implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features:
- the material can be the turbostratic graphene.
- the invention features a sensor device that includes turbostratic graphene.
- the turbostratic graphene can be operable in the sensor device to change an electrical property based upon the adsorption of an analyte.
- Implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features:
- the electrical property can be selected from a group consisting of mobility, resistance, conductance, and combinations thereof.
- the analyte can be selected from a group consisting of gasses, biological agents, nerve agents, and combinations thereof.
- the invention features a device that includes turbostratic graphene.
- the device is selected from a group consisting of optical devices, optoelectronic devices, and devices operable for field emission of electrons or photons.
- FIG. 1A-1F show FG synthesized from various carbon sources.
- FIG. 1 A is a schematic of the FJH process.
- FIGS. 1B-1D are HR-TEM image of carbon black-derived FG on top of a single layer of coffee-derived FG, with scales bar of 2 nm, 5 A and 5 A, respectively.
- FIG. IE are characterizations that include Raman spectra (showing the best obtained spectra and the representative), XRD spectra, and TEM images for FG derived from various carbon sources. Each pixel in the Raman mapping is 2 pm using a 50x magnification. The scale bars in the TEM images from top to bottom are 5, 200, 5 and 100 nm, respectively.
- FIG. IF is a graph showing the temperature rise versus time during flashing.
- FIGS. 2A-2D show an FJH system.
- FIG. 2A is an electrical schematic of the FJH system.
- FIGS. 2B is a photograph of a FJH system set up on a plastic cart.
- FIGS. 2C is a sample holder that was made from a small commercial vise (Amazon) and laser cut wooden parts.
- FIG. 2D shows a capacitor used in the FJH system of FIG. 2A.
- FIGS. 3A-3D are graphs of BET surface area analysis of CB-FG.
- FIG. 4 shows Raman spectra of FG derived from other carbon sources.
- FIGS. 5A-5G show FJH critical parameters.
- FIG. 5A is a Raman spectra of CB-FG with increasing flashing voltage.
- FIG. 5B is a summary of CB-FG I 2 D/G and ID/G ratio at different flashing voltages.
- FIG. 5C is a time-temperature graph of CB-FG reacted under different conditions.
- FIG. 5D is a time-temperature graph of CB-FG reacted under different flashing durations.
- FIG. 5E is a Raman spectra of CB-FG with different compression ratios.
- FIG. 5F is a Raman spectra of CB-FG at different flashing temperatures in FIG. 5C.
- FIG. 5G is Raman spectra of CB-FG at different flashing durations in FIG. 5D.
- FIGS. 6A-6C show ultrafast temperature measurement.
- FIG. 6A is a schematic of a temperature measurement set up.
- FIG. 6B shows black body radiation from a sample is collected by an optical fiber through a customized grating black box.
- FIG. 6C is a graph showing black body radiation fitting.
- FIGS. 7A-7F are XPS of calcined petroleum coke, pre-treated coffee and carbon black before and after the FJH process.
- FIGS. 8A-8D are TGA in air oT (FIG. 8A) raw CB (Black Pearls 2000, Cabot) and CB-FG; (FIG. 8B) raw anthracite coal and anthracite-FG; (FIG. 8C) raw calcined coke and CC-FG; and (FIG. 8D) pre-treated coffee and coffee-FG.
- FIG. 8E is a Raman spectroscopy of the TGA-residue from the coffee-FG of FIG. 8D.
- FIGS. 9A-9G show molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of structures with various characteristics (such as micro-porosity, misalignment, and size of graphitic domains) kept at a given temperature range (1500 to 5000 K) for a prolonged time (up to 5 x 10 9 s, with NVT thermostat). Scale bars are 1.5 nm.
- MD molecular dynamics
- FIGS. 10A-10B are, respectively, illustrations of (FIG. 10A) AB stacking order and (FIG. 10B) non-AB stacking or turbostratic of a pair of graphene lattices.
- FIG. 11 is graph of the Raman spectrum of carbon black (CB) derived flash graphene showing turbostratic peaks.
- FIGS. 12A-12B are graphs of 2D peak in the Raman spectrum of carbon black (CB) derived flash graphene.
- FIGS. 13A-13E show CB-FG scale-up and applications.
- FIG. 13A shows FJH quartz tubes of different sizes and shapes afforded FG.
- FIG. 13B is a graph showing FG dispersion in water/Pluronic (F-127) (1%).
- FIG. 13C shows FG dispersion in various organic solvents at 5 g L 1 .
- FIG. 13D is a graph of mechanical performance of cement compounded with FG.
- FIG. 13E is a photo of 4 g L 1 of CB-FG (of FIG. 13B) after centrifugation vs. a commercial sample at 10 g L 1 after centrifugation. Scale bar of FIGS. 13A, 13C, and 13E is 1 cm.
- FIG. 14 is an embodiment for automation of the FG process.
- FIG. 15 is an illustration of the three sine waves of three-phase power that can be used in an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is an illustration showing three-phase for FG scale-up.
- FIG. 17 is an illustration of forming the flash graphene pulse from three phase power.
- FIG. 18 is illustration of an embodiment showing three-phase for FG scale-up that has direct control of all three zero-crossing relays.
- FIG. 19 is a graph showing time-temperature of various graphene synthesis processes.
- FIGS. 20A-20B are SEM images of cement and CB-FG composite.
- FIG. 21 is a graph showing compressive strength of PDMS, CB-FG/PDMS composite and CB/PDMS composite.
- FIGS. 22A-22H are graphs showing FG in a Li-ion capacitor and a Li-ion battery. A Li-ion battery was made and cycled, then the battery was opened and the anode and cathode were used to make the Li-ion capacitor.
- FIG. 23A is a Raman spectrum of CB-rubber FG.
- FIG. 23B is a Raman mapping of CB-rubber FG.
- FIG. 24A is the3 XRD of 5% CB-rubber FG, 5% CB-rubber (200 ms) FG, 5% CB- rubber (300 ms) FG, and 5% CB-rubber (400 ms) FG.
- FIG. 24B is the Raman spectrum of 5% CB-rubber FG, 5% CB-rubber (200 ms) FG, 5% CB-rubber (300 ms) FG, and 5% CB-rubber (400 ms) FG.
- FIG. 25A is the Raman spectra of flash heating MoS 2 by using different flash times.
- FIG. 25B is the yield of flash heating MoS 2 under different flash time.
- FIG. 25C is the L, to E 2g peak intensity ratio under different flash time.
- FIG. 26 is the XPS Mo 3d spectra of flash heating MoS 2 by using different flash time.
- FIG. 27 is the XRD of 2H-MOS 2 and H’-MoS 2.
- FIGS. 28A-28B are TEM images of flash heating MoS 2.
- FIG. 29 are the Raman spectra of flash graphene (FG) and different boron nitride (BN) samples.
- FIGS. 30A-30B are, respectively, the XPS B ls and N ls spectra of a boron nitride sample.
- This present invention is a new process to the synthesis of very high quality graphene in bulk with a low-cost processing set up and materials and with no solvent by flash Joule heating (FJH).
- the FJH can take less than 1 second.
- This can be scaled through repetitive graphene pellet formation wherein there are hundreds of piston-like domains, each one being ⁇ 0.2 to lOO-cm-diameter and 4 cm to l-m-long, for example, and compressed and FJH then ejection of the graphene pellet.
- Sources as inexpensive as renewable biochar and coke and anthracitic coal can be used for the synthesis.
- ground conductive carbon such as biochar (conductive biochar can be treated at higher temperature, namely greater than 800°C), calcined petroleum coke, asphaltenes, or anthracitic coal are used as conductive carbon material, but others can also be used. If the carbon source are used and they have lower than needed conductivity (e.g ., dog feces, roaches, humic acid, bituminous coal, plastics, organic waste, cellulose, proteins, animal or fish carcasses), the conductivity can be raised by adding fillers such as conductive biochar, calcined coke, anthracitic coal, asphaltenes, carbon black, or FG from a previous run, to increase the conductivity.
- the conductive carbon source can be directly derived from fossil fuels (methane, natural gas, oil, etc.) or other carbon in which non-carbon atoms (such as hydrogen atoms) are stripped from the carbon.
- fossil fuels can be used for energy with no C0 2 emissions involved by the catalytic stripping of hydrogen atoms from the fossil fuels to generate solid carbon and Fh gas.
- the resulting Fh can then be used in a fuel cell to generate electricity.
- Solid carbon is therefore formed by this catalytic stripping process in very large amounts, which can be then be used in the FJH process by taking the hydrogen-denuded solid carbon and converting it into FG.
- the conductive carbon sources used in the present invention preferably have a conductivity greater than 10 3 S/cm, but even those with 10 5 S/cm can work.
- calcined petroleum coke (CPC) biochar, charcoal, bituminous coal, humic acid are successfully converted to graphene as shown below.
- FIGS. 2A-2C show an FJH system 200, which includes a control environment 204 (also called the flash chamber) having a brass screw 201, copper wool 202, and a carbon source 203.
- the control environment 204 can be at atmospheric pressure or under a mild vacuum (-10 mm Hg) to facilitate outgassing.
- the components inside the control environment 204 is connected to components that include:
- Capacitors 210 such as lOx of 450 V, 6 mF aluminum electrolytic capacitors (Mouser #80-PEH200YX460BQU2). This capacitor bank can be used for FG synthesis with batch sizes less than or equal to 0.5 g.
- the capacitors 210 can be lOx of 400 V, 18 mF aluminum electrolytic capacitors (Mouser # 80-ALS70A183QS400). This additional capacitor bank can be used for FG synthesis with batch sizes greater 0.5 g and up to 1.0 g.
- FIG. 2D shows an individual capacitor in FJH system 200.
- Mechanical relay 205 such as 900 V, 500 A (TE Connectivity LEV200A5ANA).
- Power supply 213 LED Power Supplies 299.6W 214-428V 700mA (Mouser # 709- HLG320H-C700B).
- Current knob 212 can have a 10 1 ⁇ W potentiometer.
- Discharging and charging switch breakers 211 and 214 respectively, such as 400 V, 6A (ABB S 282 K 6A).
- Capacitor switch breaker 209 such as 277 V, 10 A (ABB S201P-C10).
- Kill switch breaker 208 such as 440 V, 63 A (AAB S283 UC Z 63 A).
- Controller 216 such as an chicken Uno with LCD display.
- Inductor 206 such as a 24 mH (Mouser #553-C-80U).
- Diode 207 such as 1200 V, 560 A (Mouser #747-MD0500-l2Nl).
- circuit breakers can be used as switches. Circuit breakers have built- in arc suppression that can interrupt 1000 amps or more. Conventional switches do not have such a high level of arc suppression, and can burn out or weld closed due to the high current pulses. For safety reason, circuit breakers rated for DC voltage can be used. Most AC circuit breakers have a DC rating 1/2 the voltage or less, since DC arcs are much more difficult to suppress. Circuit breakers designed for DC solar power systems can be used. For safety reasons, circuit breakers can be chosen by the time curves typical for 0.1 s, rather than the steady state current rating.
- K-type DC circuit breakers will have ⁇ l0x higher trip current at 0.1 s compared to their rated current, and Z-type breakers will have ⁇ 4x higher trip current at 0.1 s.
- This“delayed trip” designed into most circuit breakers will allow much higher pulse currents than the steady state rating of the breaker.
- a small amount of inductance can be included in the discharge circuit to limit the rise time to a millisecond or more. Extremely fast discharges can damage components and cause RF interference with other lab apparatus. It should also be kept in mind that the system can discharge many thousands of Joules in milliseconds, which can cause components such as relays or even capacitors to explode. These components can be enclosed to protect against both high voltage and possible flying debris.
- control wires can have opto-isolators rated for high voltage.
- the FJH system 201 can include a visible charge indicator (i.e ., indicator lamp 217).
- a 230 V clear glass incandescent light bulb can be utilized as the glow on the filament also provides an approximate indicator of the amount of charge on the capacitor bank. ⁇ I.e., Bright light means danger).
- FJH system 200 can be at atmospheric pressure or under a mild vacuum (-10 mm Hg) to facilitate outgassing.
- the electrodes can be copper, graphite or any conductive refractory material.
- High voltage electrical discharge from the capacitor bank (of capacitors 210) brings the carbon source to temperatures greater than 3000 K in less than 100 ms, effectively converting the amorphous carbon into FG.
- the FJH system can further include vacuum valves 220 (for controlling the environment in the control environment 204) and multimeters 221 for V cap and sample resistance.
- FIGS. 2C is a sample holder that was made from a small commercial vise (Amazon) and laser cut wooden parts.
- FIGS. 1B-1D are HR-TEM image of carbon black-derived FG on top of a single layer of coffee-derived FG.
- the coffee-derived FG is from used coffee grounds; the smaller graphene particles within large graphene sheets come from the carbon black conductive additive.
- HR-TEM transmission electron microscopic
- the voltage pre-treatment is to partially char the material to reduce the volatile material and increase the conductivity.
- the charring process affords only amorphous material by Raman analysis. This voltage pre- treatment can be important for starting materials with low carbon content.
- This pre-charring can be obviated with a remediation material wherein there is a pre-heat cycle since industrial heating is less expensive than using electricity when heating below certain temperatures.
- the XRD pattern of FG shows a well-defined (002) peak indicating successful graphitization of the amorphous carbon.
- the (002) peak was found to be unsymmetrical with a tail at small angles, which further suggest the turbostratic nature of FG.
- the flash process is fast enough to prevent AB-ordered layering.
- CB-FG has a surface area of -295 nri g 1 with pore size ⁇ 9 nm as measured by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. See FIG. 3A-3D.
- FIGS. 3A-3D show BET surface area analysis of CB-FG, with FIG. 3A isotherm, FIG. 3B BET surface area fitting, and FIGS. 3C-3D absorption and desorption pore size distribution.
- Anthracite coal and calcined petroleum coke also work well for conversion to FG (FIG. IE and TABLE I).
- the yield of the FJH process is as high as 80 to 90% from the high carbon sources such as carbon black, calcine coke or anthracite coal and the electrical energy needed for their conversion is -7.2 kJ g 1 ⁇
- the coffee-derived FG (C-FG) produces larger graphene sheets.
- C-FG coffee-derived FG
- a mixture of used coffee grounds and 5 wt% CB was prepared since coffee alone is nonconductive. Instead of using CB, 2 to 5 wt% of FG from a previous run can serve as the conductive additive for the coffee grounds.
- HR-TEM we observed folded graphene sheets in C- FG (FIG. IE) of 0.5 to 1 pm in size, similar to the graphene sheet size obtained by exfoliation of graphite. 3, 12, 13 [ Hernandez 2008; Stankovich 2007; Cai 2012 ⁇ .
- Other carbons that are abundant, renewable or waste sources can be used including charcoal, biochar, humic acid, keratin (human hair), lignin, sucrose, starch, pine bark, olive oil soot, cabbage, coconut, pistachio shells, potato skins, or mixed plastic including polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE), high- or low-density polyethylene (HDPE, LDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), or mixed plastics are also converted into FG. See FIG. 4, which shows representative Raman spectra of FG derived from other carbon sources.
- PETE polyethylene terephthalate
- HDPE high- or low-density polyethylene
- PVC polyvinyl chloride
- PP polypropylene
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- FIG. 4 The precursors sources for FIG. 4 are shown in TABLE II (with the pine bark, olive oil soot, cabbage, keratin from human hair, coconut, pistachio shells, potato skins, PETE, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS collected as waste products). Biochar was sufficiently conductive; it needed no additive. All other non-plastic samples had 5 to 10 wt% CB added to increase their conductivities. It was also shown that 2 to 5 wt% of FG from a previous run can be used to substitute the CB as the conductive additive.
- #1 plastic “OTHER” is polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Mixed plastic was made from the following wt% of polymers: HDPE 40%, PETE 40%, PP 10%, PVC 10%. All plastic samples had 5 wt% CB added to increase their conductivities.
- the FJH process can provide a facile route for these worldwide waste products to be converted into FG, a potential high value building composite additive.
- Parfitt 2010; Gustavsson 2011; Jambeck 2015 This will fix these carbon sources and prevent their conversions to carbon dioxide, methane or deleterious micro- or nano-plastic waste.
- the ability to convert mixed plastics into a single FG product is particularly attractive for waste reuse.
- FIGS. 5A-5G show FJH critical parameters.
- FIG. 5A is a Raman spectra of CB-FG with increasing flashing voltage.
- FIG. 5B is a summary of CB-FG I 2 D/G and ID/G ratio at different flashing voltages (with plots 501-502 for 2D/G and D/G, respectively). The bars represent standard deviation over 10 points.
- FIG. 5A is a Raman spectra of CB-FG with increasing flashing voltage.
- FIG. 5B is a summary of CB-FG I 2 D/G and ID/G ratio at different flashing voltages (with plots 501-502 for 2D/G and D/G, respectively). The bars represent standard deviation over 10 points.
- FIG. 5C is a time-temperature graph of CB-FG reacted under different conditions ((with plots 503- 504 for 3100 K and 2850 K, respectively). The temperature was regulated by the flashing voltage.
- FIG. 5D is a time-temperature graph of CB-FG reacted under different flashing durations (with plots 505-508 for 10 ms, 150 ms #1, 150 ms #2, and 50 ms, respectively). Flashing duration was regulated by the sample compression between the electrodes, which affected the sample conductivity.
- FIG. 5E is a Raman spectra of CB-FG with different compression ratios. A higher compression afforded a lower resistance to the sample.
- FIG. 5F is a Raman spectra of CB-FG at different flashing temperatures in FIG. 5C.
- FIG. 5G is Raman spectra of CB-FG at different flashing durations in FIG. 5D. The 150 ms #1 and #2 flashes have similar duration but different cooling rates as shown in FIG. 5D. All Raman spectra in FIGS. 5A and 5E-5G were taken at low magnification (5x) to give an average spectrum of the sample.
- FIG. 6A is a schematic of a temperature measurement set up.
- FIG. 6B shows black body radiation from a sample was collected by an optical fiber through a customized grating black box. The spectrum of the radiation populated a 16 pixel photodiode arrays (Hamamatsu S4111-16R) at 600 nm to 1100 nm. Light paths are illustrated in FIG. 6B. The reversed bias voltages (9 V) from the photodiode arrays were collected by the National Instrument multifunction I/O device PCIe-6320.
- FIG. 6C is a graph showing black body radiation fitting.
- the temperature from each point of the temperature us time graph is determined by the black body radiation fitting of the spectrum from 0.6-1.1 pm emission.
- the insets 631, 641, and 651 are spectrum fitting for 3000 K, 3500 K and 2500 K, with plots 632, 642, and 652 for real data and plots 633, 643, and 653 are fitted curves.
- the CB-FG quality was determined using Raman spectroscopy at low magnification by varying time and temperature. At less than 90 V and less than 3000 K, FG had high a D peak, indicating a defective structure. See FIGS. 5A-5C and FIG. 5F. By increasing the voltage output, CB-FG was formed at 3100 K and it had low defects with almost no D band in the Raman spectrum. Therefore, 3000 K is a critical temperature to reach for higher quality graphene with a larger I 2 D/G value.
- FIGS. 7A-7F are X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of calcined petroleum coke, pre-treated coffee and carbon black before and after the FJH process.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- TGA Thermogravimetric analysis in air showed that the FG products were more oxidatively stable than the materials from which they were derived (FIGS. 8A-8D) and they are more stable than reduced graphene oxide (RGO) made from the Hummer’s method.
- FIG. 8A TGA curves 801-802 are for CB-FG and raw CB, respectively.
- TGA curves 803-804 are for anthracite-FG and raw anthracite-FG, respectively.
- TGA curves 805-806 are for CC-FG and raw calcined coke, respectively.
- TGA curves 807-808 are for coffee-FG and pre-treated coffee, respectively.
- the capacitor bank consisted of 20 capacitors with total capacitance of 0.22 F. Each capacitor had its own switch that was enabled. The capacitor bank was charged by a DC supply capable of reaching 400 V. Using a large quartz tube 15 mm in diameter, a 1 gram per batch FG synthesis was achieved using the FJH process.
- All switches were circuit breakers that matched the voltage and current rating.
- the maximum charging and bleeding voltages used were around 400 V while the maximum currents were 0.7 A and 0.1 A, respectively.
- the pulse discharging voltage to the sample was around 400 V and current could be reached up to 1000 A in less than 100 ms.
- a 24 mH inductor was used to avoid current spikes while using the mechanical relay. Without the inductor, the mechanical relay could be prone to high current arcing during the intermittent closing of the circuit.
- a diode and low Ohm resistor with appropriate ratings were connected parallel to the inductor. Additionally, to protect the capacitor from reverse polarity in case of oscillatory decay that can occur in a fast discharge, an appropriate diode was placed parallel to the capacitor bank.
- FIGS. 9A-9D Some of the acquired structures are shown in FIGS. 9A-9D.
- FIGS. 9A-9D sample structure after annealing at 3000 K for carbon materials of various densities:
- FIG. 9A is a 0.8 g em 3 , sponge-like structure;
- FIG. 9B 1.1 g em 3 ;
- FIG. 9C is a 1.5 g em 3 , high degree of graphitization.
- FIG. 9D shows carbon black with 0.8 g.cm 3 density and large macro-porosity after prolonged (5x 10 9 s) annealing at 3600 K, polygonal fringes are apparent.
- FIG. 9G shows 1.5 g em 3 structure after annealing at 5000 K, initial structure being the same as for FIG. 9C.
- FIGS. 9E-9F show change of structural composition of materials during annealing with different densities and temperatures. It was found that the graphene formation process was strongly impaired at lower temperatures (less than 2000 K) but greatly accelerated by higher temperature (5000 K).
- FIG. 9G shows 1.5 g em 3 structure after annealing at 5000 K, initial structure being the same as for FIG. 9C.
- Continuous defect healing during FJH, in case of the carbon back, results in the gradual conversion of initially roughly spherical centroid particles into polyhedral shapes (FIG. 9D) that in TEM images of the experimental material could manifest as fringes at clearly defined angles (see FIGS. IB and IE), further confirming the low-defect nature of produced materials.
- graphene While graphene is often depicted as a single sheet of carbon, it occurs as a single isolated sheet generally only in specialized laboratory conditions. In any substantial production method such disclosed and taught herein, graphene can appear in the form of aggregates.
- the field of the present invention have defined graphene as a 2-dimensional (D) material, in contrast to carbon nanotubes as a l-D material and graphite as a 3-D material.
- FIG. 10A is an illustration of graphene lattices 1001-1002 in an AB stacking order.
- FIG. 10B is an illustration of graphene lattices 1001-1002 that are non -AB-stacked or trubostratic. These illustrations were reproduced from Hao 1990.
- Raman spectrum provides a direct monitor for the electronic structure and is also completely unambiguous in identifying the 2-D nature of these aggregates.
- Raman spectroscopy is the“gold standard” as a diagnostic of graphene that appears in experimental studies. [Malard 2009; Kim 2012; Kato 2019; Niilisk 2016; Ferrari 2006; Ferrari 2007; Kudin 2008; Ni 2009; Ferrari 2013] That is because it is a direct probe of the electronic band structure of the graphene, which in turn plays a central role in the unique character of this 2-D material.
- the Raman scattering for the 2D peak remains a single peak that is doubly resonance enhanced, giving rise to its strong enhancement. And it remains a zero band gap semiconductor.
- the strong coupling creates additional states with a parabolic shape around the K-point, which allows for more transitions.
- the 2D peak becomes a sum of four Lorentizians, two strong and two weak, and it substantially broadens while losing its Lorentzian line shape.
- Studies have reported rotationally misoriented graphene, some by the ingenious method of folding a single sheet, which guarantees misalignment. As a result of the poor overlap of the 2p atomic orbitals, the two sheets retain their SLG characteristics.
- iTA in-plane transverse acoustic
- LO longitudinal optic
- LA longitudinal acoustic
- TSi iTOLA/LOLA-modes
- TSi and TS 2 can be used as positive indicators.
- the designations of TSi and TS 2 are used herein to indicate these two features that are Raman active only for SLG and turbostratic graphene.
- TSi is a single Lorentzian that occurs in the vicinity of 1880 cm 1 and TS 2 consists of two closely space Lorentzians that occurs in the vicinity of 2030 cm 1 . It must be kept in mind that these lines exhibit dispersion, like many Raman features in graphene. The excitation wavelength must always be noted, and dispersion corrections must be applied when comparing the peak frequencies.
- the“M” band occurs about 1750 cm 1 but this combination band becomes silent for turbostratic graphene. Hence the presence of the M band is a negative indicator for turbostratic graphene, and a positive indicator for AB-stacked graphene as well as
- Turbostratic graphene even with many layers, is truly a 2-D material whereby electrons move with complete freedom like a massless Fermi gas in two dimensions but are in effect, unable to move perpendicular to it. It will be most difficult to find any other material that is so purely 2D as multilayer turbostratic graphene.
- the turbostratic property of FG renders it far easier to exfoliate in composites and solvents, and gives it different electronic, optical and structural properties as described herein below, and hence is a key quality of this bulk synthesized turbostratic FG.
- turbostratic graphite is much larger than both the G-peak and the 2D peak, which is entirely the opposite of our turbostratic graphene samples which have a D-peak that is very much smaller than the G-peak, which in turn is smaller than the 2D peak.
- Raman spectroscopy is a probe of the vibrational motions of the atomic structure, hence the huge D-peak proves that the individual graphene lattice is much disrupted in turbostratic graphite. It is profoundly disordered on the nanoscale. And that is why researchers lament that the slow development of the field of research into the very promising area of turbostratic graphene has been due to the difficulty of obtaining the material.
- turbostratic graphene can only be produced in tiny amounts by CVD or epitaxial growth. See also Tour’821 Patent Application, in which laser-induced graphene was produced that was turbostratic, which method was not a bulk synthesis method in that a laser could only make a 20-micron-thick surface of it, and after an entire day of lasing, less than 1 gram could be produced.
- FIG. 11 shows the turbostratic peaks in a Raman spectrum of carbon black-derived flash graphene
- IG/TSI is ⁇ 30 and the Lorentzian fit is shown as a superimposed smooth line.
- the R-squared is 0.994 for TSi and 0.99 for TS 2 .
- FIGS. 12A-12B show the 2D peak in the Raman spectrum of carbon black-derived flash graphene.
- FIG. 12A shows the best point in CB-FG
- FIG. 12B shows representative point CB-FG. Both peaks exhibit essentially a perfect Lorentzian lineshape.
- the dots in FIGS. 12A-12B are the theoretical lineshape.
- the R 2 for the correlation is 0.999 for both peaks. This is indicative of a fully conical Dirac cone at the K-point.
- the narrow, single Lorentzian 2D peak can occur only for either SLG or turbostratic graphene whereby the adjacent layers are decoupled and do not give rise to additional electronic states. This in turn means that the FG remained perfectly 2-dimensional, even though there are many layers of graphene stacked up.
- the Lorentzian full-width-at-half maximum (FWHM) has actually become narrower than for the perfect SLG. This narrowing is a unique feature of rotationally misaligned graphene that is stacked and only occurs for turbostratic graphene.
- TABLE III is a comparison of 2D, TSi and TS 2 peak of the FG made by the present FG process disclosed herein with trubostratic graphene made in previous studies [Niilisk 2016 ; Garlow 2016] The peak position from previous studies that used 514 nm excitation laser are corrected to match the 532 nm excitation laser in this study.
- the process for detonating carbon containing-material disclosed and taught in the Sorensen’857 Patent (for the high yield production of graphene) neither mentions nor reveals the formation of turbostratic graphene.
- the Sorensen’857 Patent does not show TEM of few layers graphene; does not show SAED of misaligned few layers; and does not show TSi and TS 2 peaks from turbostratic graphene.
- the 2D band of the Raman spectrum in FIG. 14 of Sorensen’857 Patent is much broader than that for monolayer graphene and increases to 43 cm 1 to 63 cm 1 .
- turbostratic graphene demonstrates a FWHM similar or narrower bandwidth compared to single layer graphene and will be significantly less than 43 cm 1 .
- Sorensen ’857 Patent is not producing turbostratic graphene, as compared to the low defect turbostratic graphene produced by the FG process of the present invention.
- low defect we mean that the individual graphene sheets are predominantly sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms. And then those individual sheets are stacked in a predominantly turbostratic fashion with respect to each other with little AB-stacking observed in the sample.
- turbostratic graphene As described above, other researchers have made very small samples of turbostratic graphene by growing individual sheets of graphene through a CVD method or through graphite exfoliation, and placing one sheet of graphene upon another is a misoriented (turbostratic) fashion. Or by taking a single sheet of CVD grown graphene or graphite-exfoliated graphene, and folding it over on itself in a misoriented (turbostratic) fashion. But there have not been bulk syntheses of misoriented or turbostratic graphene where the majority of the graphene in the bulk sample is turbostratic.
- FIG. 13A shows the amount of CB-FG from the three tube sizes (with tubes 1301- 1303 having diameters 4 mm, 8, mm, and 15 mm, respectively) and also a flat tube 1304 having a dimension of 3 x 6 mm). Two separate syntheses were conducted for each; one synthesis left in the tubes (tubes 1301-1304) and another synthesis transferred to plastic dishes (dishes 1305- 1308, respectively).
- FIG. 14 is an embodiment for automation of the FG process.
- FIG. 14 is a continuous belt FG process that has a belt 1408 and gears (first gear 1401 and second gear 1402) for high throughput in the FJH system.
- the rotary motion of gears 1401-1402 are synchronized to the movement of belt 1408, and has separate gears for preheat and flash. I.e., first gear 1401 has electrodes 1413 for compression and preheat, and second gear 1402 has electrodes 1414 for FJH pulse. It is believe that the rate can be at least 60 pps.
- the belt 1408 has quartz (or ceramic) tubes 1405 that can be plucked and replaced. As shown in FIG. 14, the quartz tubes 1405 can be mounted away from gears 1401-1402 on a spring with a weak friction fit and protruding beyond the cylindrical electrode. This forms a cup with an electrode 1412 at the bottom of quartz tubes 1405, and a powder feed 1404 of the precursor is measured into the quartz cup 1405.
- the measured feed could be an auger screw, meshing gears, or a piston feed, and is typically straightforward, as there are a variety of powder feeds available.
- the belt 1408 can be moved by rollers 1407, which can be metallic.
- an electrode 1413 in first gear 1401 engage it projects into the top of the quartz cup 1405, compressing the precursor powder.
- an electrode 1414 in the second gear 1402 engages an electrical pulse converts the sample to FG.
- the system includes a series of gas jets 1403 that can blast cool gas on the various electrodes (electrodes 1412-1414). The blast of air from gas jets 1403 can also be used to clean the quartz cups 1405, and remove particles. (Water spray is also optional).
- the quartz cup can be depressed (which is shown by quartz cup 1409 in FIG. 14), and, using a stream of gas from nozzle 1140, the FG is removed from the quartz cup 1409 and collected in collection bin 1411.
- the quartz cups 1405 can be damaged.
- a wheel or robotic arm 1406 could pluck off, for example, every tenth quartz cup to be cleaned or replaced, with a fresh supply of clean cups added further along as belt 1128 is rotated.
- low expansion borosilicate (Pyrex) may be suitable (Pyrex has been tested and it works well), and much less costly than a quartz tube/cup. Since damage tends to be cumulative, frequent cleaning of the quartz cup may allow many cycles of reuse.
- Scaling up flash graphene can involve high power pulses.
- Commercial and industrial power in the United States is three phase, 60 Hz with each sine wave shifted by 120 degrees. This has the advantage of providing uniform power when all three phases are used.
- FIG. 15 is an illustration of the three sine waves of three-phase power that can be used in an embodiment of the present invention (z.e., curves 1501-1503 show Phase 1, Phase 2, and Phase 3 (at 60Hz), respectively, with curve 1504 showing the common (or neutral)).
- Three phase power uses three circuits or wires. Phases 1-3 are shifted by 120° and are separated by 1/180 second. For laboratory power it can be 120 volts (RMS) to ground and 208 volts (RMS) between phases (live wires). Unlike single phase which goes to zero 120 times per second, three phase power is uniform.
- a pulse duration is selected, which is then subjected to full- wave rectification to provide DC power to the sample.
- FIG. 16 is an illustration showing three-phase for FG scale-up, which is an apparatus for controlling the pulse duration followed by rectification for the FG process to make FG 1603.
- the apparatus has three zero crossing relays (relays 1601a-1601c) that do not need (or require) precision timing.
- Relays 1601a-1601c have, respectively, phase inputs 1605a-1605c, which are three-phase input that can have 208 volts between phases.
- One trigger generator 1602 is needed.
- Diodes 1604 are utilized for full rectification. Rectification to DC is needed to have two leads (positive lead 1608 and negated lead 1609).
- Zero crossing relays 1601a-1601c are used to turn on each phase. These solid state relays 1601a-1601c are designed to turn on when the voltage for the phase to pass through zero, so that the current is approximately zero when the relay closes or opens. The relay does not switch when there is high current flow.
- the pulse from the trigger generator 1602 may precede the zero crossing.
- the relays 1601a-1601c may be referenced to common or ground when they switch on or off.
- the trigger generator switches 1602 off to end the flash graphene pulse, and the relays 1601a-1601c disconnect when the voltage passes through zero.
- the six power diodes 1604 convert the three AC sine waves into a continuous DC current for the flash graphene 1603.
- FIG. 17 is an illustration of forming the flash graphene pulse 1706 from three phase power (pulses for Phases 1-3 are shown in wave curves 1701-1703). Three phase power uses three wires, each sine wave (shown by curves 1701-1703) is shifted by 120°. The average power is uniform. Each relay waits after the trigger signal for the next zero crossing to turn on or off as the case may be. By this manner, one a single on/off command is needed.
- the rise time follows the shape of the sine wave, hence it takes milliseconds to turn on, providing a smooth increase and smooth decrease when the relays are turned off.
- the power output is constant. This is subsequently rectified in order to provide two wires to connect to the flash graphene sample.
- the total energy delivered is adjusted by the number of cycles that pass through the relays. Since the sine waves are offset by 1/360 second (2.78 ms), this then corresponds to the incremental change in total pulse energy.
- FIG. 18 is an illustration showing three-phase for FG scale-up, which is an apparatus for controlling the pulse duration followed by rectification for the FG process to make FG 1603, which process has direct control of all three zero-crossing relays.
- This apparatus is similar to the apparatus of FIG. 16, and includes a computer 1801 for precision phase detection.
- the trigger generator 1602 can be synchronized to line frequency, and can be provided the turn-on command just as the sine wave is passing through zero. Since all three sine waves are synchronized relative to each other, then two delay circuits can be used to provide the trigger signals for the other two relays. The same system can be used to turn the relays off.
- a generator For three-phase AC power for flash graphene, a generator has the advantage of decoupling the high current need for large samples from the AC mains.
- a generator rotor can have a large amount of rotational inertia. It can convert stored mechanical energy into electrical energy very quickly.
- the generator could be accelerated with a much smaller electric motor that would spread out the power draw over several seconds to minutes, which is much less strain on the power transmission lines.
- the output voltage can be varied by reducing the RPM, or decreasing the voltage on the field coil, depending on the design of the generator.
- a flywheel may be added to provide a longer duration pulse. However, for a short 100 ms pulse, the inertia of the armature will likely be sufficient.
- Large commercial generators provide 3 phase AC power of 208 or 480 volts.
- Large industrial generators provide 5 kV and 13 kV. The generator can likely tolerate a momentary current overload that is five to ten times its rated continuous current, to provide a more powerful pulse.
- a motor can be used as a generator.
- a three-phase motor can act as a generator and push current back into the AC power line if it is driven with an external mechanical source.
- To use the motor as a stand-alone generator it may be necessary to provide a weak current in the field coils to energize the magnetic field.
- a three series of resistors can be used to energize the coils.
- Three-phase motors of all sizes are readily available and known in the art.
- DC generators can be used, however a DC generator can be more limited in current output due to the carbon brushes connected to the commutator to the coils on the armature and this may not be able to handle the high current surge as well.
- the current will need to be switched with an IGBT or similar control module.
- single-phase generators can be used.
- 400 Hz generators can be used. Aircraft, some ships and the military uses 400 Hz generators, which are physically much smaller for the same amount of power output. However, 400 Hz generators will have less rotational inertial and may increase the need for a flywheel.
- FIG. 19 is a graph showing time-temperature of various graphene synthesis processes.
- the laser induction process always happens within milliseconds by utilizing light-thermal conversion, which is promising to yield defective laser-induced materials.
- the CVD and hydrothermal method allow the slow atomic rearrangement and gradual growth of thermodynamically stable materials. However in flash heating method, a wider temperature range can be achieved within seconds. This limited lasting time makes it possible to synthesize the metastable forms of materials, which are very hard to directly synthesize by CVD or hydrothermal methods, and here without any additional reagents.
- Advantages and improvements include that, for the first time, graphene with high quality can be synthesized in large scale with a very low-cost solvent free and scalable process. Moreover, the process also shows the synthesis of graphene from carbon sources without a catalyst. Still further, by studying the FJH process, graphene time-temperature phase transition from defective into order graphene can be mapped.
- inhomogeneous heating can cause different graphene quality in one batch. This can be addressed and overcome by using large but thin samples. Also by multiple pulses, such as 3-5 pulses in succession, can increase the graphene quality.
- the present invention can be commercialized by the pellet feeding process that flash heat the low-cost starting material into high quality graphene and the material is forced out by the electrode-piston, and then re-fed to do the process again.
- Much larger capacitor banks can be used to increase the speed of the process since their charging time can be reduced.
- One can add metal salts to afford metal nanoparticle doped graphene or single-metal atom doped graphene.
- the two process, such as nitrogen doping and metal atom doping often work in concert to afford more stable metal- or metal-atom-doped graphene.
- Variations of the present invention include: improving the homogeneity of the product; utilizing high surface area carbon material with KOH activation; utilizing other carbon sources; and increasing the yield through multiple flashes.
- A“carbon source” is a source that contains at least 10% carbon content by weight. Preferably, a carbon source has at least 80% carbon by weight. Further, rather than using DC (direct current) systems for the flash, AC (alternating current) electrical systems have also been made and they work equally well.
- FG was dispersed in water/Pluronic (F-127) solution (1%) at concentrations from 1 to 10 g.L 1 .
- This dispersion is readily accomplished due to the turbostratic nature of the FG, wherein the layers are not as strongly coupled to each other by van der Waals interactions as are seen in AB-stacked graphene, and particularly the AB-stacked graphene or graphite nanoplatelets obtained from graphite exfoliation methods.
- the mixture was sonicated in an ultrasonic bath for 40 min to obtain a dark dispersion.
- the dispersion was centrifuged using Beckman Coulter Allegra X-12 centrifuge at 1500 rpm for 30 min to remove aggregates.
- FIG. 13B FG was found to be dispersible in water/surfactant (Pluronic F-127) to give highly concentrated dispersions reaching 4 g L 1 .
- FIG. 13E is a photo of 4 g L 1 of CB-FG (of FIG. 13B) after centrifugation (vial 1309) vs. a commercial sample at 10 g L 1 after centrifugation (vial 1310). The commercial graphene would not disperse.
- FG demonstrates a high degree of dispersibility in a wide range of organic solvents (NMP 1311, Xylene 1312, DCB 1313, and DMF 1314).
- FG dispersions are 4x higher in concentration than the most concentrated graphene dispersions produced by conventional liquid phase exfoliation of graphite, and greater than 10 times higher concentrations than many reported values of what were likely graphene nanoplatelets.
- FG composites showed that small FG loadings significantly enhance the physical properties of composites, again suggesting that its turbostratic properties permit exfoliation far more easily than seen in other forms of stacked graphenes.
- the FG at various concentration was dispersed in 1% water-Pluronic (F-127) solution.
- the dispersion was agitated using a shear mixer (Silverson L5MA) for 15 min at 5000 rpm.
- the graphene suspension) in water was mixed with Portland cement with a water to cement ratio of 0.40.
- the slurry was casted in 5 x 5 x 5 cm 3 PTFE cube molds (for compressive strength) and in 2.5 cm x 3.8 cm cylindered molds (for tensile strength).
- FIGS. 20A-20B are SEM images of CB-FG/cement composites, which show homogenous distribution of FG in the cement matrix.
- CB-FG is an effective enhancer of polymer properties; further suggesting the enhancement seen from the ease with which turbostratic graphene can exfoliate relative to other stacking arrangements, such as AB-stacking.
- PDMS polydimethylsiloxane
- the C-FG and calcined coke-derived FG are also used as electrode materials in a Li- ion capacitor and a Li-ion battery.
- the electrochemical performance of FG was tested in CR2032 cells. All the cells were assembled in a glove box under argon atmosphere.
- the CR2032 lithium-ion cell included lithium foil as the counter electrode, Celgard K2045 as the separator, 1 M lithium hexafluorphosphate (LiPF6) dissolved in 1 : 1 : 1 ethylene carbonate: dimethylcarbonate: diethylcarbonate (EC:DMC:DEC) (MTI corporation) as the electrolyte, and FG (C-FG and CC- FG) as cathode/anode.
- LiPF6 lithium hexafluorphosphate
- the cathode/anode were prepared by casting slurry which had 80 wt% active material, 10 wt% (Super P, TIMCAL) and 10 wt% polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF; Alfa Aesar) in A'- ethyl -2-pyrrol i done (NMP) on a piece of Al/Cu foil.
- the galvanostatic discharge/charge tests were carried out in voltage range of 0.01 to 3.0 V (vs Li+/Li) for anode and 1.0 to 3.5 V (vs Li+/Li) for cathode, respectively.
- the full capacitor performance of flashed graphene in the Li-ion capacitor was tested in CR2032 cells.
- the anode and cathode of the Li-ion battery half-cells were cycled several times with the anode rested at the discharge state and cathode rested at the charge state.
- the two cells were opened inside a glovebox, re-assembled as a FG Li-ion capacitor, and tested in the voltage range of 0.1 to 3.5 V.
- the capacity of Li-ion capacitor was calculated based on the total mass of the anode plus cathode that had come from the Li-ion battery.
- FIG. 22A-22H are graphs showing FG in a Li-ion capacitor and a Li-ion battery.
- a Li-ion battery was made and cycled, then the battery was opened and the anode and cathode were used to make the Li-ion capacitor.
- FIG. 22A shows charge/discharge curves of the Li- ion battery with C-FG anodes (0.01-3.0 V) (curve 2202) and cathodes (1-3.5 V) (curve 2201) in half-cells with Li foil as the counter and reference electrode.
- FIG. 22B shows long-range stability of C-FG Li-ion capacitor at 20 mA.g 1 .
- Plots 2203-2204 are for charge and discharge, respectively.
- Inset 2205 shows the change of voltage over time during the 20 th and 2 I st cycles.
- FIG. 22C shows cycling performance of the Li-ion battery with the C-FG cathode half-cell at 30 mA.g 1 .
- Plots 2206-2207 are for charge and discharge, respectively.
- FIG. 22D shows cycling performance of the Li-ion battery with CC-FG as the anode half-cell at 50 mA.g 1 .
- Plots 2208-2209 are for charge and discharge, respectively.
- FIG. 22E shows charge/discharge curves of the Li-ion battery with calcined coke-FG (CC-FG) anode (0.01-3.0 V) (curve 2211) and cathode (1-3.5 V) (curve 2210) in half-cells with Li foil as the counter and reference electrode.
- FIG. 22F shows long-range stability of the CC-FG Li-ion capacitor at 5 mA.g 1 .
- Plots 2212-2213 are for charge and discharge, respectively.
- Inset 2214 shows the change of voltage over time during the 20 th and 2 I st cycles.
- FIG. 22G shows cycling performance of the Li-ion battery with CC-FG as cathode at 25 mA.g f Plots 2215-2216 are for charge and discharge, respectively.
- FIG. 22H shows cycling performance of the Li-ion battery with CC-FG as the anode half-cell at 100 mA.g 1 .
- Plots 2217- 2218 are for charge and discharge, respectively.
- the Li-ion battery from both FGs have gravimetric capacities of approximately 200 mAh g 1 while they show a cathode gravimetric capacities of approximately 15 mAh g 1 and approximately 10 mAh g 1 for C-FG and calcined coke-derived FG, respectively. Even though the Li-ion capacitor energy density was only approximately 10 Wh kg 1 , the result shows the uses of FG, made from abundant and waste resources, in advanced energy applications.
- FIGS. 23A-23B are, respectively, the Raman spectrum and Raman mapping of the CB- rubber FG.
- FIGS. 24A-24B are, respectively, XRD and Raman spectrum of 5% CB-rubber FG, 5% CB-rubber (200 ms) FG, 5% CB-rubber (300 ms) FG, and 5% CB-rubber (400 ms) FG.
- the XRD shows the characteristic peaks of graphene, with some dimensional lines increasing in intensity. 2D Materials
- 2D materials including non-graphene 2D materials
- voltage pulse(s) i.e., flash Joule heating
- This flash Joule heating achieves millisecond-scale synthesis of 2D materials (including some metastable phase materials), which is nearly impossible to do directly by CVD or hydrothermal method without any reagents’ assistance.
- the price of the FJH synthesis strategy is much cheaper and the range of 2D materials that can be manufactured is largely extended, which is also beneficial for many industrial applications.
- Based on the materials synthesized there are multiple kinds of applications. For example, lT’-MoS 2 , has higher catalytic activity and better energy storing performance compared with 2H-MOS 2 . ⁇ YU 2018; Chang 2016; Acerce 2015 ]
- the precursor is conductive and the conductivity is more than 10 6 S/cm, the voltage pulse(s) can be applied directly. If the precursor is not conductive and the conductivity is less than 10 7 S/cm, the precursor can be mixed with some carbon material or metal powder to increase the conductivity.
- the pulse length is generally between 1 microsecond and 5 seconds, and more particularly between 10 milliseconds to 1,000 milliseconds.
- the pulse number is generally between 1 pulse and 100 pulses, and more particularly between 1 pulse and 10 pulses.
- the current is generally between 0.01 A/cm 2 and 10,000 A/cm 2 , and more particularly between 0.1 A/cm 2 and 1,000 A/cm 2 .
- the voltage is generally between 10 V and 4,000 V, and more particularly between 100 V and 400 V.
- the conductive precursors can include iron powder, molybdenum powder, tungsten metal, copper metal and other metal sources.
- Nonmetal materials include carbon black, calcined petroleum coke, and other carbon materials.
- Nonconductive sources include molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), ammonium tetrathiomolybdate ((NH 4 ) 2 MOS4), borane ammonia complex (BH3NH3), red phosphorous and other respective precursors.
- the nonconductive sources can be mixed with conductive sources specified above to reach the conductivity in the range specified above.
- the starting materials are molybdenum disulfide or ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, these can be converted to MoS 2 with different forms, such as, specifically, lT’-MoS 2 and 2H- MoS 2 . If the starting materials is borane ammonia complex, these can be converted to hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). If the starting materials is red phosphorus, black phosphorus can be obtained.
- a FJH system such as shown in FIGS. 1A and 2A can be used to make the 2D materials.
- the conductive precursors they can directly be put in the quartz tube 101 for flash heating treatment.
- these can first be mixed with conductive carbon materials or metal and grind them in the mortar. Then these can be treated the same as the conductive precursors.
- some special precursors such as red phosphorus, because of the existence of surface oxide, NaOH and distilled water are first used to wash these precursors and remove the oxide before processing.
- FIG. 25A is the Raman spectra of flash heating MoS 2 by using different flash times, with plots 2501-2506 corresponding to reactant and 50 ms, 200 ms, 250 ms, 300 ms, and 400 ms flash times, respectively.
- the J series peaks, Ji (156 cm 1 ), J 2 (218 cm 1 ) and J 3 (335 cm 1 ) are characteristic peaks of lT’-MoS 2 and the E 2g peak (380 cm 1 ) is the characteristic peak of 2H-MOS 2 .
- FIG. 25B is the yield of flash heating MoS 2 under different flash time.
- FIG. 25C is the J 3 to E 2g peak intensity ratio under different flash time.
- lT’-MoS 2 has lower binding energy 228.1 eV (3d 5/2 ) and 231.1 eV (3d 3/2 ) compared to the 2H-MOS 2 229.6 eV (3d 5/2 ) and 232.1 eV (3d 3/2 ). [Yu 2018 ⁇ . As shown by FIG.
- the edge angle is about 120°, which is very important for knowing the atom arrangement and the performance of samples in some applications, such as catalysts.
- FIG. 29 are the Raman spectra of flash graphene (FG) and different boron nitride (BN) samples. After the flashing process, Raman spectra of the BN samples had some blue shift of -10 cm 1 . This signified that it was a combination of flash graphene D peak ( ⁇ 1350 cm 1 ) and the h-BN E 2g peak ( ⁇ 1369 cm 1 )..
- FIGS. 30A-30B are, respectively, the XPS B ls and N ls spectra of a boron nitride sample. TABLE V is the peak position survey of B ls and N ls.
- the present invention provides for a low-energy bottom-up synthesis of easily exfoliated graphene from ultralow-cost carbon sources, such as coal and petroleum coke, renewable resources such as biochar, and mixed waste products including plastic bottles and discarded food. This allows massive carbon fixation while providing reuse carbon for bulk construction composite materials that are enhanced by graphene.
- Acerce M. et al .,“Metallic 1T phase M0S2 nanosheets as supercapacitor electrode materials,” Nat. Nanotech. , 2015, 10, 313-318 (“ Acerce 2075”).
- Advincula P. A. et al, “Accommodating volume change and imparting thermal conductivity by encapsulation of phase change materials in carbon nanoparticles,” J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6, 2461-2467 fAdvincula 2018”).
- Ferrari A. C. et al,“Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene,” Nat. Nano., 2013, 8, 235 (“ Ferrari 2013”).
- Ferrari A. C. et al,“Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 2006, 97, 187401 (“ Ferrari 2006”).
- Hernandez 2008 “High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite,” Nat. Nano., 2008, 3, 563 (“ Hernandez 2008”).
- Hosseini E., et al,“Multifunctional ceramic composites via intercalation of fused graphene-boron nitride nanosheets,” ACS App. Mater. Inter/., 2019, 11, 8635-8644 (“ Hosseini 2019”)
- Moghaddam, H. E. et al. “Morphogenesis of cement hydrate,” J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5, 3798-3811 (“ Moghaddam 201T).
- Niilisk, A. et al. “Raman characterization of stacking in multi-layer graphene grown on Ni,” Carbon , 2016, 98, 658-665 (“Niilisk 2016”).
- Amounts and other numerical data may be presented herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such range format is used merely for convenience and brevity and should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. For example, a numerical range of approximately 1 to approximately 4.5 should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited limits of 1 to approximately 4.5, but also to include individual numerals such as 2, 3, 4, and sub-ranges such as 1 to 3, 2 to 4, etc.
- the term“about” and“substantially” when referring to a value or to an amount of mass, weight, time, volume, concentration or percentage is meant to encompass variations of in some embodiments ⁇ 20%, in some embodiments ⁇ 10%, in some embodiments ⁇ 5%, in some embodiments ⁇ 1%, in some embodiments ⁇ 0.5%, and in some embodiments ⁇ 0.1% from the specified amount, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed method.
- the term“substantially perpendicular” and“substantially parallel” is meant to encompass variations of in some embodiments within ⁇ 10° of the perpendicular and parallel directions, respectively, in some embodiments within ⁇ 5° of the perpendicular and parallel directions, respectively, in some embodiments within ⁇ 1° of the perpendicular and parallel directions, respectively, and in some embodiments within ⁇ 0.5° of the perpendicular and parallel directions, respectively.
- the term“and/or” when used in the context of a listing of entities refers to the entities being present singly or in combination.
- the phrase“A, B, C, and/or D” includes A, B, C, and D individually, but also includes any and all combinations and subcombinations of A, B, C, and D.
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Priority Applications (12)
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AU2019336610A AU2019336610A1 (en) | 2018-09-05 | 2019-08-23 | Flash joule heating synthesis method and compositions thereof |
BR112021004146-0A BR112021004146A2 (en) | 2018-09-05 | 2019-08-23 | short duration joule heating synthesis method and compositions derived from it |
KR1020217010073A KR20210055741A (en) | 2018-09-05 | 2019-08-23 | Flash Joule heating synthesis method and composition thereof |
JP2021512688A JP7498968B2 (en) | 2018-09-05 | 2019-08-23 | Flash Joule Heating Synthesis Method and Compositions Thereof |
SG11202102232VA SG11202102232VA (en) | 2018-09-05 | 2019-08-23 | Flash joule heating synthesis method and compositions thereof |
CA3111985A CA3111985A1 (en) | 2018-09-05 | 2019-08-23 | Flash joule heating synthesis method and compositions thereof |
CN201980067945.6A CN113165880A (en) | 2018-09-05 | 2019-08-23 | Flash joule heating synthesis method and composition thereof |
MX2021002609A MX2021002609A (en) | 2018-09-05 | 2019-08-23 | Flash joule heating synthesis method and compositions thereof. |
EP19765856.0A EP3847128A1 (en) | 2018-09-05 | 2019-08-23 | Flash joule heating synthesis method and compositions thereof |
US17/272,895 US12054391B2 (en) | 2018-09-05 | 2019-08-23 | Flash joule heating synthesis method and compositions thereof |
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WO2023220753A3 (en) * | 2022-05-13 | 2024-02-01 | William Marsh Rice University | Flash joule heating for production of 1d carbon and/or boron nitride nanomaterials |
WO2024010609A1 (en) | 2022-07-06 | 2024-01-11 | Hawkeye Bio, Limited | Pristine graphene based biosensor for biomarker detection and related core particles, materials compositions methods and systems |
GB2625155A (en) * | 2022-12-09 | 2024-06-12 | 120Carbon Ltd | Process and apparatus for the production of graphene and other materials |
WO2024121577A1 (en) | 2022-12-09 | 2024-06-13 | 120Carbon Ltd | Process and apparatus for the production of graphene and other materials |
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JP2021536424A (en) | 2021-12-27 |
US12054391B2 (en) | 2024-08-06 |
CN113165880A (en) | 2021-07-23 |
AU2019336610A1 (en) | 2021-04-15 |
CA3111985A1 (en) | 2020-03-12 |
KR20210055741A (en) | 2021-05-17 |
ZA202101527B (en) | 2022-03-30 |
US20210206642A1 (en) | 2021-07-08 |
IL281259A (en) | 2021-04-29 |
EP3847128A1 (en) | 2021-07-14 |
MX2021002609A (en) | 2021-07-21 |
SG11202102232VA (en) | 2021-04-29 |
JP7498968B2 (en) | 2024-06-13 |
BR112021004146A2 (en) | 2021-05-25 |
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