WO2019213872A1 - 一种提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置与对研方法 - Google Patents

一种提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置与对研方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019213872A1
WO2019213872A1 PCT/CN2018/086176 CN2018086176W WO2019213872A1 WO 2019213872 A1 WO2019213872 A1 WO 2019213872A1 CN 2018086176 W CN2018086176 W CN 2018086176W WO 2019213872 A1 WO2019213872 A1 WO 2019213872A1
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Prior art keywords
gear
grinding
gears
driven
pairs
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PCT/CN2018/086176
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
凌四营
汪训练
凌明
陈义磊
张慧阳
王晓东
王立鼎
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Dalian University of Technology
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Dalian University of Technology
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Priority to US16/969,344 priority Critical patent/US11090743B2/en
Priority to PCT/CN2018/086176 priority patent/WO2019213872A1/zh
Publication of WO2019213872A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019213872A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23F—MAKING GEARS OR TOOTHED RACKS
    • B23F19/00—Finishing gear teeth by other tools than those used for manufacturing gear teeth
    • B23F19/02—Lapping gear teeth
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23F—MAKING GEARS OR TOOTHED RACKS
    • B23F1/00—Making gear teeth by tools of which the profile matches the profile of the required surface
    • B23F1/02—Making gear teeth by tools of which the profile matches the profile of the required surface by grinding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23F—MAKING GEARS OR TOOTHED RACKS
    • B23F15/00—Methods or machines for making gear wheels of special kinds not covered by groups B23F7/00 - B23F13/00
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49462—Gear making
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49462—Gear making
    • Y10T29/49467—Gear shaping

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of precision machining, and relates to a researching device and a research method for improving the precision of gear processing.
  • the machining of the first-order precision gear by the grinding method is difficult to increase the surface roughness in addition to the high processing cost and low processing efficiency.
  • the highest roughness that can be achieved by the precision grinding method is Ra0.2. Larger tooth surface roughness also increases the standard gear measurement uncertainty, affecting the performance of standard gears.
  • the invention proposes a gear researching device and a research method based on the principle of error homogenization, and the mutual precision of the meshing high-precision gears is used to synchronously reduce the pitch of the gears. , tooth profile, helix and runout deviation, and can significantly reduce the roughness of the tooth surface.
  • a research and development device for improving gear machining precision including active friction wheel, drive pulley, transmission belt A, connecting rod A, rotary shaft section A, dense bead bushing, counter-grinding gear A, swing rod tension spring, driven friction wheel, Driven wheel swing lever, driven pulley, transmission belt B, connecting rod B, tensioning wheel compression spring, tensioning wheel mechanism, rotary shaft section B, and researching gear B;
  • the active friction wheel is rotated by the motor to rotate around the fixed rotation center.
  • the driving pulley is coaxially connected with the active friction wheel.
  • the center of rotation coincides with the center of rotation of one end of the connecting rod A.
  • the other end of the connecting rod A is connected with the rotating shaft section A.
  • the gear A is rotated by the ball bushing and rotated by the rotating shaft segment A fixed on the connecting rod A;
  • the passive friction wheel is driven by the active friction wheel to rotate around the swing wheel of the driven wheel.
  • One end of the driven wheel swinging rod is a fixed shaft system, and the other end pulls the passive friction wheel to the active friction wheel through the swing rod tension spring, thereby making the two frictions
  • a suitable positive pressure is generated between the wheels to generate a suitable friction force to drive the two friction wheels to rotate in opposite directions;
  • the center of rotation of the link B is also on the driven wheel pendulum and coincides with the center of rotation of the passive pulley and the passive friction wheel;
  • the other end of the link B is connected to the rotary shaft section B, and the pair of grinding gears B are rotated around the rotary shaft section B fixed to the link B by the dense bead shaft.
  • the two tensioning wheels are mounted by the same compression spring to ensure that the tension of the belts A and B is the same; by adjusting the up and down position of the tensioning mechanism, the tension of the two belts A and B is synchronously adjusted. .
  • the center distance between the driving pulley and the driven pulley is smaller than the center distance of the grinding gears A and B, so as to ensure that the two pairs of grinding gears are pressed against each other under the action of self-weight, and the backlash-free meshing transmission of the two pairs of grinding gears is realized. .
  • the transmission ratio of the two-way belt transmission is consistent with the transmission ratio of the grinding gear, and the relative error of the transmission ratio is not more than 2%.
  • the whole researching device is mounted on a tilting table at 70° to 80° from the horizontal plane, and the two pairs of grinding gears are pressed and pressed against the work surface under the action of the automatic to ensure the axial positioning of the grinding gear.
  • the reference plane is coplanar; the center of rotation of the two pairs of grinding gears floats, and the center distance is automatically adjusted according to the deviation of the meshing gears.
  • step 3 Start the motor and continue the research according to the operation method of step 3 to ensure that the time t of each research is consistent with the research strategy;
  • the invention has the beneficial effects that the invention provides a researching device and a research method for improving the machining precision of the gear based on the error equalization effect of the tooth surface deviation of the meshing gear.
  • the rotary motion of one motor is divided into two pulleys with opposite rotation directions by a precision friction roller, and then two mutually engaged pair of grinding gears are driven by the belt drive, and the transmission ratio and the research of the two belt transmissions are ensured.
  • the gear ratio of the gear is the same, so as to improve the pitch of the grinding gear, thereby improving the accuracy of the two pairs of grinding gears; improving the accuracy of the axial positioning reference of the two pairs of grinding gears, and reducing the spiral deviation of the two pairs of grinding gears; By using the error equalization effect of the dynamic force and the tooth profile deviation during the grinding process, the tooth profile accuracy of the grinding gear can be improved.
  • the invention provides a researching and researching device for improving the processing precision of a gear, which can reduce the gear pitch, the tooth profile, the spiral line and the run-off deviation synchronously by the research, has low processing cost, improves gear pitch, tooth profile and spiral The line and runout accuracy and the effect of reducing the surface roughness are remarkable.
  • the gear-to-research method provided by the invention can be extended to the research of the gear pair of the high-end transmission device, and has good market application prospect and promotion value.
  • Figure 1 is a gear pairing device.
  • the disclosed specific standard gear (CN107063678A) is used as the counter-grinding gear, and the specific implementation method of the researching device and the research method for improving the gear processing precision proposed by the invention is described.
  • a researching and researching device for improving gear machining precision comprising active friction wheel 1, active pulley 2, transmission belt A3, connecting rod A4, rotating shaft section A5, dense bead bushing 6, pair of grinding gear A7, swing rod tension spring 8, The driven friction wheel 9, the driven wheel swing 10, the driven pulley 11, the belt B12, the link B13, the tension spring 14, the tension pulley 15, the rotary shaft section B16, and the counter gear B17.
  • the indexing circle diameter of the grinding gear (A 7, B17) is 120 mm
  • the diameter of both friction wheels (1, 9) is 36 mm
  • the diameter of the two pulleys is 30 mm
  • the length of the connecting rod is 150 mm.
  • the axial widths of the two friction wheels (1, 9) are both greater than 20 mm, and a material having a large friction coefficient is selected.
  • the radial reference cylindrical surface of the structure can be directly used as the pulley.
  • the active friction wheel 1 is rotated by the motor around the fixed rotation center, the driving pulley 2 is coaxially rigidly connected with the active friction wheel 1, and the center of rotation coincides with the center of rotation of one end of the connecting rod A 4; the other end of the connecting rod A 4 and the rotating shaft section
  • the A 5 is connected, and the grinding gear A 7 is rotated by the ball bushing 6 around the rotating shaft segment A5 fixed to the connecting rod A 4;
  • the motor can be used with a stepping or servo motor capable of realizing the reverse rotation and the running time.
  • the passive friction wheel 9 is driven by the active friction wheel 1 to rotate around the driven wheel swinging rod 10.
  • One end of the driven wheel swinging rod 10 is a fixed shaft system, and the other end pulls the passive friction wheel 9 toward the active friction through the swing rod tension spring 8.
  • the wheel 1 is such that a suitable positive pressure is generated between the two friction wheels, thereby generating a suitable friction force to drive the two friction wheels to rotate in opposite directions;
  • the center of rotation of the link B13 is also on the driven wheel pendulum 10, and the driven pulley 11
  • the passive friction wheel 9 is coincident;
  • the other end of the connecting rod B13 is connected with the rotating shaft section B16, and the grinding gear B17 is rotated by the dense bead shaft and the rotating shaft section B16 fixed on the connecting rod B13;
  • the center distance between the two pulleys (2, 11) is smaller than the center distance of the two pairs of grinding gears to ensure that the two pairs of grinding gears are pressed against each other under the action of their own weight, so that the two pairs of grinding gears have no backlash meshing transmission;
  • the transmission ratio is consistent with the transmission ratio of the grinding gear, and the relative error of the transmission ratio is not more than 2%;
  • the entire researching device is installed on the inclined table with the horizontal plane of 70° ⁇ 80°, and the two pairs of grinding gears play an automatic role.
  • the bottom is pressed against the work surface to ensure that the axial positioning reference surface of the grinding gear is coplanar; the center of rotation of the two pairs of grinding gears floats, and the center distance is automatically adjusted according to the deviation of the meshing gear.
  • a research method for improving the machining precision of a gear the rotary motion of one motor is divided into two pulleys (2, 11) with opposite rotation directions by a precision friction roller (1, 9), and then two drives are respectively driven by a belt drive. Intermeshing pair of grinding gears (A7, B17), and to ensure that the transmission ratio of the two belt drive is the same as the transmission ratio of the grinding gear, the relative error of the transmission ratio is not more than 2%.
  • step 3 Start the motor and continue the research according to the operation method of step 3 to ensure that the time t of each research is consistent with the research strategy;
  • the above-mentioned counter-operation operation can be repeated by exchanging the positions of the two pairs of grinding gears (A7, B17) to equalize the error caused by the difference in position and gear ratio.
  • the standard gear is firstly processed to the economic accuracy of 2 ⁇ 3 grades by the grinding method, and then the grinding precision and the research method are improved by the invention. It will reduce the production cost of the standard gear of the first-class precision and improve the production efficiency of the standard gear of the first-class precision.
  • the device can ensure the generation of the grinding pressure under the action of the above two mechanisms, and the grinding can be removed under the relative sliding of the tooth faces of the grinding gears (A7, B17).
  • the mechanism for reducing the deviation of the gear diameter deviation of the device is similar to the mechanism for reducing the deviation of the pitch.
  • the center distance of the two pairs of grinding gears becomes larger, and the weight of the two pairs of grinding gears also increases, causing the positive pressure between the tooth surfaces to also change. Big trend. Therefore, the action of this mechanism causes the deviation of the pitch of the teeth to decrease.
  • the larger run-off deviation is also reduced by all the teeth participating in the research. Under the action of the above two mechanisms, the diameter jump error of the rear research gear will be further reduced.
  • the deviation of the gear helix is mainly caused by the installation yaw during gear machining or measurement. As long as the axial mounting reference accuracy of the gear is increased, the machining accuracy of the gear spiral is improved.
  • the gear pairing device proposed by the invention has an angle of 70° ⁇ 80° between the working surface of the table and the horizontal direction, and the work of the axial positioning reference plane and the tilting table of the grinding gear (A7, B17) under the action of gravity The closeness of the face ensures the accuracy of the axial positioning reference of the two pairs of grinding gears. Since the center distances of the two pairs of grinding gears (A7, B17) are floating, the grinding gear has a slight sliding effect with respect to the inclined table.
  • a PTFE rail soft belt is attached to the working surface of the inclined table, and precision scraping and grinding are performed, and an oil groove is processed thereon, and the flatness error of the high point of the soft belt of the rail is less than 1 ⁇ m.
  • the area where the gear teeth are wide and high is preferentially contacted, and the grinding and removal are involved, thereby reducing the spiral deviation of the gear.
  • the larger spiral deviation is also reduced by all the teeth participating in the research. Under the action of the above two mechanisms, the helical deviation of the rear gear will be further reduced.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)

Abstract

一种提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置与对研方法，对研装置包括主动摩擦轮（1）、主动皮带轮（2）、传动带A（3）、连杆A（4）、回转轴段A（5）、密珠轴套（6）、对研齿轮A（7）、摆杆拉簧（8）、从动摩擦轮（9）、从动摩擦轮摆杆（10）、从动皮带轮（11）、传动带B（12）、连杆B（13）、张紧轮压簧（14）、张紧机构（15）、回转轴段B（16）和对研齿轮B（17）。

Description

一种提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置与对研方法 技术领域
本发明属于精密加工技术领域，涉及一种提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置与对研方法。
 背景技术
随着科技的进步与技术的发展，人们对超精密齿轮的加工精度要求也越来越高，尤其是用于齿轮量值传递基准的标准齿轮 ，对其具有更高的加工精度要求。目前，大连理工大学高精度齿轮研究室通过改造磨齿母机，开发科学的磨齿工艺，实现了齿轮国际标准ISO 1328-1:2013(E)和齿轮国家标准GB/T 10095.1-2008中1级精度标准齿轮的加工，并获得2017年中国机械工业科学技术一等奖。齿轮的加工精度提高1级，加工成本将翻一番。因此，降低1级精度齿轮的加工成本并提高1级精度齿轮的加工效率成为当务之急。如果不采用磨齿的方法能将精加工后的齿轮的精度等级提高1~2级，对于降低高精度齿轮的加工成本，将具有非常重要的现实意义，对高精度齿轮在国内外高端装备传动系统中的推广应用将具有重要的推动作用。
采用磨齿方法加工1级精度齿轮，除了加工成本高，加工效率低以外，表面粗糙度也难以再提高。在磨齿实践过程中，通过精密磨齿方法能达到的最高粗糙度为Ra0.2。较大的齿面粗糙度也会增加标准齿轮测量不确定度，影响标准齿轮的使用性能。
 技术问题
为进一步提高超精密齿轮的加工精度，本发明基于误差均化原理提出了一种齿轮的对研装置与对研方法，利用相互啮合的高精度齿轮的相互对研，同步减小齿轮的齿距、齿廓、螺旋线和径跳偏差，并可显著减小齿面的粗糙度。
 技术解决方案
具体技术方案如下：
    一种提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置，包括主动摩擦轮 、主动皮带轮、传动带A、连杆A、回转轴段A、密珠轴套、对研齿轮A、摆杆拉簧、从动摩擦轮、从动轮摆杆、从动皮带轮、传动带B、连杆B、张紧轮压簧、张紧轮机构、回转轴段B、对研齿轮B；
主动摩擦轮由电机带动绕固定回转中心旋转，主动皮带轮与主动摩擦轮同轴刚性连接，回转中心与连杆A一端的回转中心重合；连杆A的另一端与回转轴段A连接，对研齿轮A通过密珠轴套绕与固定在连杆A上的回转轴段A旋转；
被动摩擦轮由主动摩擦轮带动绕从动轮摆杆上的一点回转，从动轮摆杆的一端为固定轴系，另一端通过摆杆拉簧将被动摩擦轮拉向主动摩擦轮，从而使两摩擦轮之间产生合适的正压力，进而产生合适的摩擦力以驱动两摩擦轮相向转动；连杆B的回转中心也在从动轮摆杆上，并与被动皮带轮和被动摩擦轮的回转中心重合；连杆B的另一端与回转轴段B连接，对研齿轮B通过密珠轴套绕与固定在连杆B上的回转轴段B旋转。
    进一步地，上述装置中用同一压簧推动两相向安装的张紧轮，确保传动带A和B的张紧力一样；通过调整张紧机构的上下位置，同步调整两传动带A和B的张紧力。
进一步地，上述主动皮带轮与从动皮带轮的中心距小于对研齿轮A和B的中心距，以确保两对研齿轮在自重的作用下相互压紧，实现两对研齿轮的无背隙啮合传动。
进一步地，上述两路带传动的传动比与对研齿轮的传动比一致，传动比的相对误差不大于2%。
进一步地，上述整个对研装置安装在与水平面成70°~80°的倾斜的工作台上，两对研齿轮在自动的作用下与工作台面贴合压紧，确保对研齿轮的轴向定位基准面共面；两对研齿轮的回转中心浮动，中心距根据啮合齿轮的偏差情况自动微量调整。
上述提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置的对研方法，通过精密的主动和从动摩擦轮将一台电机的旋转运动分成旋转方向相反的主动和从动皮带轮上，然后通过带传动分别驱动两个相互啮合的对研齿轮A和B，并确保两路带传动的传动比与对研齿轮的传动比一致，传动比的相对误差不大于2%；对研操作步骤如下：
(1) 对研齿轮A和B的每个轮齿编号，并配置合适粒度的研磨液；
(2) 首先对研齿轮A的1号齿左齿面或右齿面与对研齿轮的B的1号齿的左齿面或右齿面啮合，对研齿轮在重力的作用下自动消隙；
(3) 电机正反转交替对研一段时间t后，关掉电机；
(4) 拉出一侧连杆A或B，使两对研齿轮脱离啮合，同时主动和从动皮带轮处于放松状态；
(5) 转动任一对研齿轮一个齿的角度，然后放下连杆A或B，让两对研齿轮A和B重新错一齿啮合，同时两皮带轮处于张紧状态；
(6) 启动电机，按照步骤3的操作方法继续对研，确保每次对研的时间 t与对研策略一致；
(7) 重复步骤(4)-(6)，直到完成一个对研周期 T，即一个齿面与对研齿轮的所有同侧都参与啮合；
(8) 继续重复上述步骤，完成偶数个对研周期2 kT，其中 k为大于1的整数。
有益效果
本发明的有益效果在于，本发明基于啮合齿轮齿面偏差的误差均化效应，提供了一种提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置与对研方法。通过精密摩擦滚轮将一台电机的旋转运动分成两路旋转方向相反的两个皮带轮上，然后通过带传动分别驱动两个相互啮合的对研齿轮，并确保两路带传动的传动比与对研齿轮的传动比一致，以提高对研齿轮的齿距，进而提高两对研齿轮径跳精度；提高两对研齿轮的轴向定位基准的精度，可减小两对研齿轮的螺旋线偏差；利用对研过程中的动态力和齿廓偏差的误差均化效应，可提高对研齿轮的齿廓精度。本发明提供了一种提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置，通过对研可同步减小齿轮齿距、齿廓、螺旋线和径跳偏差，具有加工成本低，改善齿轮齿距、齿廓、螺旋线和径跳精度及减小表面粗糙度的效果显著。本发明提供的齿轮对研方法可推广到高端传动装置齿轮副的对研中，具有良好的市场应用前景与推广价值。
 附图说明
图1齿轮对研装置。
图中：1主动摩擦轮；2主动皮带轮；3传动带A；4连杆A；5回转轴段；6密珠轴套；7对研齿轮A；8摆杆拉簧；9从动摩擦轮；10从动轮摆杆；11从动皮带轮；12传动带B；13连杆B；14张紧轮压簧；15张紧机构；16回转轴段B；17对研齿轮B。
 本发明的实施方式
以公开的自基准标准齿轮(CN107063678A)为对研齿轮，阐述该发明提出的提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置与对研方法的具体实施方式。
(一)对研装置的结构。
一种提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置，包括主动摩擦轮1、主动皮带轮2、传动带A3、连杆A4、回转轴段A5、密珠轴套6、对研齿轮A7、摆杆拉簧8、从动摩擦轮9、从动轮摆杆10、从动皮带轮11、传动带B12、连杆B13、张紧轮压簧14、张紧轮15、回转轴段B16、对研齿轮B17。
对研齿轮（A 7，B17）的分度圆直径为120mm，两摩擦轮(1，9)直径均为36mm，两带轮的直径为30mm，连杆的长度为150mm。两摩擦轮(1，9)的轴向宽度均大于20mm，并选则摩擦系数较大的材料。对于公开发明专利提出的自基准标准齿轮(CN107063678A)，可直接利用其结构上的径向参考圆柱面作为带轮。主动摩擦轮1由电机带动绕固定回转中心旋转，主动皮带轮2与主动摩擦轮1同轴刚性连接，回转中心与连杆A 4一端的回转中心重合；连杆A 4的另一端与回转轴段A 5连接，对研齿轮A 7通过密珠轴套6绕与固定在连杆A 4上的回转轴段A5旋转；电机可选用能够实现正反转及运转时间的步进或伺服电机。
被动摩擦轮9由主动摩擦轮1带动绕从动轮摆杆10上的一点回转，从动轮摆杆10的一端为固定轴系，另一端通过摆杆拉簧8将被动摩擦轮9拉向主动摩擦轮1，从而使两摩擦轮之间产生合适的正压力，进而产生合适的摩擦力以驱动两摩擦轮相向转动；连杆B13的回转中心也在从动轮摆杆10上，并与被动皮带轮11和被动摩擦轮9重合；连杆B13的另一端与回转轴段B16连接，对研齿轮B17通过密珠轴套绕与固定在连杆B13上的回转轴段B16旋转；
用同一压簧14推动两相向安装的张紧轮，确保两传动带(3，12)的张紧力一样；通过调整张紧机15的上下位置，同步调整两传动带(3，12)的张紧力；
两皮带轮(2，11)的中心距小于两对研齿轮的中心距，以确保两对研齿轮在自重的作用下相互压紧，实现两对研齿轮的无背隙啮合传动；两路带传动的传动比与对研齿轮的传动比一致，传动比的相对误差不大于2%；整个对研装置安装在于水平面成70°~80°的倾斜的工作台上，两对研齿轮在自动的作用下与工作台面贴合压紧，确保对研齿轮的轴向定位基准面共面；两对研齿轮的回转中心浮动，中心距根据啮合齿轮的偏差情况自动微量调整。
(二)对研方法
一种提高齿轮加工精度的对研方法，通过精密摩擦滚轮(1，9)将一台电机的旋转运动分成旋转方向相反的两个皮带轮(2，11)上，然后通过带传动分别驱动两个相互啮合的对研齿轮(A7，B17)，并确保两路带传动的传动比与对研齿轮的传动比一致，传动比的相对误差不大于2%，对研操作步骤如下：
(1)对研齿轮(A7，B17)的每个轮齿编号，并配置合适粒度的研磨液；
(2)首先对研齿轮A7的1号齿左齿面或右齿面与对研齿轮的B17的1号齿的左齿面或右齿面啮合，对研齿轮在重力的作用下自动消隙；
(3)电机正反转交替对研一段时间 t后，关掉电机；
(4)拉出一侧连杆(4或13)，使两对研齿轮脱离啮合，同时两皮带轮(3，12)处于放松状态；
(5)转动任一对研齿轮一个齿的角度，然后放下连杆(4或13)，让两对研齿轮(A7，B17)重新错一齿啮合，同时两皮带轮处于张紧状态；
(6)启动电机，按照步骤3的操作方法继续对研，确保每次对研的时间 t与对研策略一致；
(7)重复步骤(4)-(6)，直到完成一个对研周期 T，即一个齿面与对研齿轮的所有同侧都参与啮合；
(8)继续重复上述步骤，完成偶数个对研周期2 kT，其中 k为大于1的自然数。
对于等参数的标准齿轮而言，可交换两对研齿轮(A7，B17)的位置重复上述对研操作，以均化因位置和传动比的差异产生的误差。
实践中先将标准齿轮通过磨齿方法加工到2~3级的经济精度，再通过本发明专利提出的提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置与对研方法，将齿轮的加工精度再提高1级精度，将降低1级精度标准齿轮的生产成本，并提高1级精度标准齿轮的生产效率。
(三) 偏差修正机理
(1)研磨压力的产生机理：对研齿轮重力的分量使两齿轮有相互压紧的作用，从而产生齿面间的压力。另外，由于摩擦轮(1，9)、皮带轮2，11)和对研齿轮(A7，B17)径向参考圆柱面的直径加工误差的存在，不能保证两路带传动的传动比完全一致。由于两对研齿轮(A7，B17)处于啮合状态，又会强制两对研齿轮转速大小一致。在这种机理的作用下，会使一侧皮带轮产生微小打滑现象，进而使皮带和齿轮间产生较大的摩擦力矩，该摩擦力矩最终对导致对研齿轮产生齿面间的压力。因此，该装置在上述两种机理的作用下能够保证研磨压力的产生，在对研齿轮(A7，B17)齿面的相对滑动下，能够产生研磨去除。
(2)修正齿距偏差的机理：假如两对研齿轮(A7，B17)没有齿距偏差，那么在该装置两路带传动的传动比恒定的情况下，齿面间的压力也是恒定的，对研齿轮的齿面研磨去除量也是均匀的。假如两对研齿轮存在较大的齿距偏差，即使该装置两路带传动的传动比恒定，对研齿轮的齿面压力也是变化的。压力大的齿面研磨去除量也变大，最终会导致该齿面的齿距偏差减小。另外，在误差复映的作用下，较大的齿距偏差也会被所有参与对研的齿均化而减小。在上述两种机理的作用下，对研后齿轮的齿距偏差，包括单一齿距偏差和齿距累积总偏差会进一步减小。
(3)修正径跳偏差的机理：该装置齿轮径跳偏差的减小机理跟齿距偏差的减小机理类似。对研齿轮(A7，B17)径跳较大的齿参与啮合时，两对研齿轮的中心距变大，两对研齿轮重力的分量也有增大的趋势，致使齿面间的正压力也有变大的趋势。因此在该机理的作用致使该齿的径跳偏差有减小的趋势。另外，在误差复映的作用下，较大的径跳偏差也会被所有参与对研的齿均化而减小。在上述两种机制的作用下，对研后齿轮的径跳误差会进一步减小。
(4)修正螺旋线偏差的机理：齿轮螺旋线偏差主要是由齿轮加工或测量时的安装偏摆引起的。只要提高齿轮的轴向安装基准精度，就会提高齿轮螺旋线的加工精度。该发明提出的齿轮对研装置，工作台工作面与水平方向成70°~80°角，在重力的作用下，对研齿轮(A7，B17)的轴向定位基准面与倾斜工作台的工作面贴紧，确保了两对研齿轮轴向定位基准的精度。由于两对研齿轮(A7，B17)的中心距浮动，对研齿轮相对于倾斜工作台有微小的滑动作用。在倾斜工作台的工作面上贴聚四氟乙烯导轨软带，并进行精密刮研和研磨处理，其上加工有油槽，并确保导轨软带高点的平面度误差小于1μm。在对研过程中，对研齿轮齿宽高点的区域优先接触，参与研磨去除，从而减小齿轮的螺旋线偏差。另外，在误差复映的作用下，较大的螺旋线偏差也会被所有参与对研的齿均化而减小。在上述两种机制的作用下，对研后齿轮的螺旋线偏差会进一步减小。
(5)修正齿廓偏差的机理：由于对研齿轮(A7，B17)齿面存在较大的齿廓偏差，在对研过程中两齿轮之间的瞬时角速度及角加速度会发生变动，从而导致齿面之间滑动过程中产生动态力。在动态力和齿面间的摩擦力的作用下，齿面间的相对高点会优先去除。另外，在误差复映的作用下，对研齿轮(A7，B17)的齿廓偏差会被所有参与对研的齿均化而减小。在上述两种机制的作用下，对研后齿轮的齿廓偏差有减小的趋势。由于对研后改变了渐开线齿面微观纹理的朝向，使其沿着齿廓渐开线的测量方向，这更有利于减小齿面粗糙度对渐开线齿廓偏差测量的影响。
当两齿轮齿廓偏差较小时，齿轮之间的动态力也会减小，由于齿面之间从齿根到齿顶滑动摩擦力的大小是变化的，仅靠齿面滑动摩擦力的作用反而不能有效减小齿轮的齿廓偏差。

Claims (9)

  1. 一种提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置，其特征在于，包括主动摩擦轮 (1)、主动皮带轮(2)、传动带A(3)、连杆A(4)、回转轴段A(5)、密珠轴套(6)、对研齿轮A(7)、摆杆拉簧(8)、从动摩擦轮(9)、从动轮摆杆(10)、从动皮带轮(11)、传动带B(12)、连杆B(13)、张紧轮压簧(14)、张紧轮机构(15)、回转轴段B(16)、对研齿轮B(17)；
    主动摩擦轮(1)由电机带动绕固定回转中心旋转，主动皮带轮(2)与主动摩擦轮(1)同轴刚性连接，回转中心与连杆A(4)一端的回转中心重合；连杆A(4)的另一端与回转轴段A(5)连接，对研齿轮A(7)通过密珠轴套(6)绕与固定在连杆A(4)上的回转轴段A(5)旋转；
    被动摩擦轮(9)由主动摩擦轮(1)带动绕从动轮摆杆(10)上的一点回转，从动轮摆杆(10)的一端为固定轴系，另一端通过摆杆拉簧(8)将被动摩擦轮(9)拉向主动摩擦轮(1)，从而使两摩擦轮之间产生合适的正压力，进而产生合适的摩擦力以驱动两摩擦轮相向转动；连杆B(13)的回转中心也在从动轮摆杆(10)上，并与被动皮带轮(11)和被动摩擦轮(9)的回转中心重合；连杆B(13)的另一端与回转轴段B(16)连接，对研齿轮B(17)通过密珠轴套绕与固定在连杆B(13)上的回转轴段B(16)旋转。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置，其特征在于，用同一压簧(14)推动两相向安装的张紧轮，确保传动带A和B的张紧力一样；通过调整张紧机构(15)的上下位置，同步调整两传动带A和B的张紧力。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置，其特征在于，主动皮带轮与从动皮带轮的中心距小于对研齿轮A和B的中心距，以确保两对研齿轮在自重的作用下相互压紧，实现两对研齿轮的无背隙啮合传动。
  4. 根据权利要求1或2所述的提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置，其特征在于，两路带传动的传动比与对研齿轮的传动比一致，传动比的相对误差不大于2%。
  5. 根据权利要求3所述的提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置，其特征在于，两路带传动的传动比与对研齿轮的传动比一致，传动比的相对误差不大于2%。
  6. 根据权利要求1或2或5所述的提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置，其特征在于，整个对研装置安装在与水平面成70°~80°的倾斜的工作台上，两对研齿轮在自动的作用下与工作台面贴合压紧，确保对研齿轮的轴向定位基准面共面；两对研齿轮的回转中心浮动，中心距根据啮合齿轮的偏差情况自动微量调整。
  7. 根据权利要求3所述的提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置，其特征在于，整个对研装置安装在与水平面成70°~80°的倾斜的工作台上，两对研齿轮在自动的作用下与工作台面贴合压紧，确保对研齿轮的轴向定位基准面共面；两对研齿轮的回转中心浮动，中心距根据啮合齿轮的偏差情况自动微量调整。
  8. 根据权利要求4所述的提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置，其特征在于，整个对研装置安装在与水平面成70°~80°的倾斜的工作台上，两对研齿轮在自动的作用下与工作台面贴合压紧，确保对研齿轮的轴向定位基准面共面；两对研齿轮的回转中心浮动，中心距根据啮合齿轮的偏差情况自动微量调整。
  9. 采用权利要求1-8所述的任一提高齿轮加工精度的对研装置的对研方法，其特征在于，通过精密的主动和从动摩擦轮将一台电机的旋转运动分成旋转方向相反的主动和从动皮带轮上，然后通过带传动分别驱动两个相互啮合的对研齿轮A和B，并确保两路带传动的传动比与对研齿轮的传动比一致，传动比的相对误差不大于2%；对研操作步骤如下：
    (1) 对研齿轮A和B的每个轮齿编号，并配置合适粒度的研磨液；
    (2) 首先对研齿轮A的1号齿左齿面或右齿面与对研齿轮的B的1号齿的左齿面或右齿面啮合，对研齿轮在重力的作用下自动消隙；
    (3) 电机正反转交替对研一段时间t后，关掉电机；
    (4) 拉出一侧连杆A或B，使两对研齿轮脱离啮合，同时主动和从动皮带轮处于放松状态；
    (5) 转动任一对研齿轮一个齿的角度，然后放下连杆A或B，让两对研齿轮A和B重新错一齿啮合，同时两皮带轮处于张紧状态；
    (6) 启动电机，按照步骤3的操作方法继续对研，确保每次对研的时间 t与对研策略一致；
    (7) 重复步骤(4)-(6)，直到完成一个对研周期 T，即一个齿面与对研齿轮的所有同侧都参与啮合；
    (8) 继续重复上述步骤，完成偶数个对研周期2 kT，其中 k为大于1的整数。
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