WO2019211301A1 - Process for producing and regenerating hydrogen carrier compounds - Google Patents
Process for producing and regenerating hydrogen carrier compounds Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2019211301A1 WO2019211301A1 PCT/EP2019/061109 EP2019061109W WO2019211301A1 WO 2019211301 A1 WO2019211301 A1 WO 2019211301A1 EP 2019061109 W EP2019061109 W EP 2019061109W WO 2019211301 A1 WO2019211301 A1 WO 2019211301A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- hydrogen carrier
- production
- siloxane hydrogen
- carrier compound
- hydrogen
- Prior art date
Links
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 391
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 370
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 370
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 210
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 181
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 10
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 226
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 145
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 107
- -1 silica compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 98
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 94
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 claims description 83
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 claims description 81
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 77
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 76
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 59
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 57
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 54
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 50
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- ABTOQLMXBSRXSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon tetrafluoride Chemical group F[Si](F)(F)F ABTOQLMXBSRXSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical group F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000005647 hydrohalogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000026030 halogenation Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005658 halogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910000040 hydrogen fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical group Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000039 hydrogen halide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012433 hydrogen halide Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001923 cyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- MROCJMGDEKINLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorosilane Chemical group Cl[SiH2]Cl MROCJMGDEKINLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910003828 SiH3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- PUUOOWSPWTVMDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N difluorosilane Chemical group F[SiH2]F PUUOOWSPWTVMDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OLRJXMHANKMLTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silyl Chemical compound [SiH3] OLRJXMHANKMLTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 55
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 37
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 35
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 29
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 20
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 18
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910020173 SiOH2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229910004014 SiF4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 11
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910004028 SiCU Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000004681 metal hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 150000001266 acyl halides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910004016 SiF2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- UHUUYVZLXJHWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(methylsilyloxy)silane Chemical compound C[SiH2]O[Si](C)(C)C UHUUYVZLXJHWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005133 29Si NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002290 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000005575 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229920001843 polymethylhydrosiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000011946 reduction process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- FPGGTKZVZWFYPV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC FPGGTKZVZWFYPV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- ZDHXKXAHOVTTAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorosilane Chemical compound Cl[SiH](Cl)Cl ZDHXKXAHOVTTAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000006732 (C1-C15) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910004721 HSiCl3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010084 LiAlH4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004111 Potassium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- DHXVGJBLRPWPCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydropyran Chemical compound C1CCOCC1 DHXVGJBLRPWPCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJWAPAVRQYYSTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [(dimethyl-$l^{3}-silanyl)amino]-dimethylsilicon Chemical compound C[Si](C)N[Si](C)C GJWAPAVRQYYSTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMIJDTGORVPYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [SiH2] Chemical group [SiH2] XMIJDTGORVPYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003158 alcohol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910001860 alkaline earth metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001723 carbon free-radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrimethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)Cl IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007323 disproportionation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- XPBBUZJBQWWFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorosilane Chemical compound [SiH3]F XPBBUZJBQWWFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002638 heterogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylphosphoric triamide Chemical compound CN(C)P(=O)(N(C)C)N(C)C GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007038 hydrochlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010977 jade Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012280 lithium aluminium hydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- RSHAOIXHUHAZPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium hydride Chemical compound [MgH2] RSHAOIXHUHAZPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910012375 magnesium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002082 metal nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012038 nucleophile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052913 potassium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011268 retreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FDNAPBUWERUEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Si](Cl)(Cl)Cl FDNAPBUWERUEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XJKVPKYVPCWHFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Si] XJKVPKYVPCWHFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000935 solvent evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005052 trichlorosilane Substances 0.000 description 1
- WPPVEXTUHHUEIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluorosilane Chemical compound F[SiH](F)F WPPVEXTUHHUEIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052845 zircon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
- C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
- C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
- C01B3/0015—Organic compounds; Solutions thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
- C08G77/06—Preparatory processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
- C08G77/12—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L83/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L83/04—Polysiloxanes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/025—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a partial oxidation step
- C01B2203/0255—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a partial oxidation step containing a non-catalytic partial oxidation step
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/02—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group
- C08L2205/025—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group containing two or more polymers of the same hierarchy C08L, and differing only in parameters such as density, comonomer content, molecular weight, structure
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
- Y02P20/129—Energy recovery, e.g. by cogeneration, H2recovery or pressure recovery turbines
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
- Y02P20/133—Renewable energy sources, e.g. sunlight
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for producing and for regenerating siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds.
- the present invention also relates to siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds and to a method for producing hydrogen from said siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds.
- Hydrogen can be produced on-site by two means. It can be produced on site by one process and directly consumed in another process which is defined as captive hydrogen.
- the other mean of on-site production is by water electrolysis, which produces hydrogen from water and electricity. It can be considered producing an environment-friendly hydrogen if powered by renewable energy.
- Hydrogen carriers are either solid-state or liquid-state materials that have the ability to store hydrogen and release it when needed. They bring advantages either for transport or storage, compared to incumbent solutions.
- Solid-state carriers include metallic hydrides enabling the uptake of hydrogen, by adsorption onto metal particles resulting in metal hydride. Among them, the magnesium hydride is stable at low pressure and standard temperature, making it convenient to transport and store. When needed, the material is heated to release the hydrogen gas.
- Solid-state solutions have been identified as best suited for same-site reversible processes of energy storage from rene wable energies. Indeed, handling solid materials is not as convenient as handling gas or liquid ones.
- Liquid hydrogen carriers can be any liquid-state material able to release hydrogen under specific conditions.
- the class of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC) is the most represented among the liquid hydrogen carriers.
- hydrogenation which is a catalytic reaction, requiring energy in the form of heat
- hydrogen is chemically bonded to the liquid organic carrier.
- the carrier being unsaturated and/or aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, is reacted with hydrogen to produce the corresponding saturated hydrocarbon, to be transported in a liquid-sate at standard temperature and pressure, for example as described in W02014/082801 (Al) or
- heat may be produced from grid electricity (without control on its origin and on its impact on the environment) or heat may be retrieved by burning a part of the organic carrier.
- Patent applications WO2010070001 (Al) and EP2206679 (Al) relate to a method for producing hydrogen comprising the steps consisting in ; a) reacting a compound (C) comprising one or more groups Si-H with a fluoride ions source, thereby forming hydrogen and a by-product (Cl); and b) recovering the obtained hydrogen.
- All the examples use silane compounds as hydrogen carriers; with the proviso of polymethylhydrosiloxane (“PHMS”) in example 12 and tetramethyldisiloxane in example 16.
- Patent application WO2011098614 (Al) relates to a method for producing hydrogen comprising the steps of: i) contacting a compound (C) comprising one or more groups Si-H with a phosphorous based catalyst in the presence of a base in water as solvent, thereby forming hydrogen and a by-product (Cl) without requiring any energy input (e.g. heat, electrical power, etc...); and ii) recovering the obtained hydrogen.
- All the examples use silane compounds as hydrogen carriers; tetramethyldisiloxane is the only siloxane containing compound recited in the lists of potential hydrogen carrier.
- Patent application WO2010094785 (Al) relates to a method for producing hydrogen comprising the steps of : i) contacting a compound (C) comprising one or more groups Si- H with an amine based catalyst in a solvent selected from an alcohol or an aqueous solution, thereby forming hydrogen and a by-product (Cl) without requiring any energy input (e.g. heat, electrical power etc...); and ii) recovering the obtained hydrogen.
- Most of the examples use silane compounds as hydrogen carriers; with the proviso of
- WO2010094785 already represent a breakthrough in the field of hydrogen-based carrier system that releases hydrogen on-demand, said techniques would still benefit from improved efficiency, performance, and cost effectiveness; in addition, since the overall regeneration method of the hydrogen-based carrier according to both O2011098614 (Al) and WO2010094785 (Al) requires the use of the expensive LLA1H4 reducing agent leading to aluminium oxide by-products, which retreatment process is energy-consuming (a lot of electricity is needed for the electrolysis step), is polluting, and releases carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), fluorinated effluents and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), there is still some progress to be made in order to develop a more environmentally friendly and carbon-free regeneration method applicable to hydrogen-based carrier.
- CO2 carbon dioxide
- CO carbon monoxide
- PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds can be produced from silica compound and/or silicate compound without requiring carbon containing reactant and/or without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions.
- the silica compound according to the present invention can be defined as a silica containing compound, and/or a mixture of two or more of said silica containing
- the silica compound is selected from:
- the silicate compound according to the present invention can be defined as a silicate containing compound, and/or a mixture of two or more of said silicate containing compounds.
- the silicate compound is selected from:
- a silicate compound with a polymeric structure such as a disilicate ion of structure (Si 2 0 7 ) 6 or a macroanion of generic structure [Si0 3 2’ ] n , [Si40n 6“ ] n or [Si 2 0 5 2 ] n with n superior or equal to 2, or
- liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds can be regenerated without requiring carbon containing reactant and/or without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions.
- siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions, by storing energy and recycling the by-products issued from the hydrogen production.
- hydrogen carrier compound can be understood as a chemical compound able to store hydrogen, transport hydrogen and release hydrogen on demand; the characteristic of the hydrogen carrier compounds according to the present invention is that they can store/transport/release hydrogen without requiring any energy input (e.g. heat, electrical power etc).
- the present invention relates to a process for producing liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds from silica compound and/or silicate compound without requiring carbon containing reactant and/or without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions.
- silica and/or silicate compound (B) as defined hereunder is a preferred source for the starting material for the process for producing liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds according to the present invention
- silica and/or other silicate containing minerals such as e.g. zircon, jade, mica, quartz, cristobalite, sand etc... can advantageously be used as source of starting material for the process for producing liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds.
- the silica and/or silicate compound (B) is preferably a silica compound and/or a silicate compound produced from the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s).
- the present invention also relates to a process for regenerating liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds, said process comprising the step of hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds for the production of hydrogen and silica and/or silicate compound (B), and the step of conversion of said silica and/or silicate compound (B) into the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds, said process not requiring carbon containing reactant and/or without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions.
- liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier in an embodiment of the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier
- the present invention also relates to liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds comprising one or more units of formula (I):
- n is an integer (representing the number of repeating units) superior or equal to one, preferably superior or equal to 2, for example superior or equal to 3, or even superior or equal to four.
- n is inferior or equal to 500, for example inferior or equal to 50.
- the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a cyclic or a linear chemical structure.
- Such compounds present tremendous advantages compared to their poly(hydromethyl)siloxane analogs (ROMenH n Si n O n R’ ).
- poly(bis(hydro))siloxane can release more than twice (2.61 exactly for the same weight) the amount of hydrogen gas when compared to poly(hydromethyl)siloxane.
- poly(bis(hydro))siloxane compounds exhibit a full carbon-free recyclability (when used in the hydrogen production and siloxanes
- liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound of formula (I) is a linear compound, for example a linear compound of formula
- ROH2 n Si n O n R’ with n being an integer superior or equal to 1, preferably superior or equal to 2, for example superior or equal to 3, or even superior or equal to four, R and R’ can advantageously be selected amongst Me, Et, Pr, 'Pr, Bu, 3 ⁇ 4u, Ph and/or SiR” 3 with R” being selected amongst H, Me, Et, Pr, 'Pr, Bu, 3 ⁇ 4u, and/or Ph, .
- n is inferior or equal to 500, for example inferior or equal to 50.
- the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound of formula (I) is a linear compound, for example a linear compound of formula ROH2nSi n O n R’ with n being an integer superior or equal to 1, preferably superior or equal to 2, for example superior or equal to 3, or even superior or equal to four, wherein R and R’ radicals don’t contain carbon; R and R’ are preferably selected amongst the radicals defined in the previous paragraph wherein R and R’ radicals don’t contain carbon; R and R’ are most preferably SiH 3 .
- n is inferior or equal to 500, for example inferior or equal to 50.
- a carbon-free radical (e.g. SiHb) chain end is selected since it presents many advantages (compared to other carbon containing chain ends such as SiMe 3 for instance):
- the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds don’t contain carbon atoms.
- the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of the present invention may comprise carbon as long as the corresponding carbon content of said siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds is lower than 25 wt%.
- the said carbon content can be calculated by performing the ratio between the molecular weight (in g/mol) of all the carbon atoms contained in the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound and the total molecular weight (in g/mol) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound.
- the carbon content is lower than 10 wt%, preferably lower than 5 wt%, for example lower to 2 wt%, or even more preferably equal to 0 wt%.
- the corresponding carbon emissions would be less than 0.924 kg of C0 2 per kg of produced and/or recycled siloxane hydrogen carrier compound, preferably less than 0.462, more preferably less than 0.231, for example less than 0.1 or even less than 0.05 kg of C0 2.
- the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound of formula (I) is a cyclic compound, for example a cyclic compound of formula H 2n SinOfact with n being an integer superior or equal to 2, for example superior or equal to 3, or even superior or equal to four.
- n is inferior or equal to 500, for example inferior or equal to 32, for example inferior or equal to 17.
- liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds consist in one of the above defined siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I).
- the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds consist in a mixture of two or more of any of the above defined siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I).
- linear siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) represent the main species in weight in the mixture (i.e. represent more than 50 percent by weight)
- cyclic siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) represent the main species in weight in the mixture (i.e. represent more than 50 percent by weight)
- the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a dynamic viscosity between 0.1 and 10000 mPa.s at a temperature of 20°C and a pressure of 1.01325 x 10 5 Pa. In an embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a dynamic viscosity between 0.2 and 50 mPa.s at a temperature of 20°C and a pressure of 1.01325 x 10 5 Pa.
- the dynamic viscosity at a temperature of 20°C and a pressure of 1.01325 * 10 5 Pa of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) can be measured according to any appropriate method; for example, it can be determined according to the ISO 1628-1 norm.
- the molecular weight of the liquid cyclic siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) may range from 130 to 800 g/mol.
- the molecular weight of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) can be measured according to any appropriate method; for example, it can be determined by GC-MS, e.g. a GC-MS analysis performed on an Agilent GC/MSD 5975C apparatus.
- the number average molecular weight (Ai n ) and/or the molecular weight distribution (£>) of the liquid linear siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) may range from 64 to 30 000 g/mol and from 1.1 to 50, respectively.
- the average molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution of the linear siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) can be measured according to any appropriate method; for example, it can be determined according to the ISO 16014 norm.
- the liquid cyclic siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a characteristic strong and sharp absorption band between 800 and 1000 cm '1 corresponding to the SiH 2 units, when analysed by FT-IR. In an embodiment according to the present invention, the cyclic siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a characteristic strong and sharp absorption band between 850 and 950 cm 1 .
- liquid cyclic siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a characteristic resonance between 4.5 and 4.9 ppm corresponding to the SiH 2 0 units, when analysed by *H NMR in CDCl 3 at 25°C as exemplified in Figure 4.
- 3 ⁇ 4 NMR analyses can be performed on any appropriate spectrometer, e.g. a 400 MHz Bruker spectrometer.
- the liquid cyclic siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a characteristic resonance between -45 and -50 ppm corresponding to the Si3 ⁇ 40 units, when analysed by 29 Si NMR in CDCI3 at 25°C as exemplified in Figure 5.
- 29 Si NMR analyses can be performed on any appropriate spectrometer, e.g. a 400 MHz Bruker spectrometer.
- the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a refractive index between 1 and 2 at a temperature of 20°C and at a wavelength of 589 nm. In an embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a refractive index between 1.2 and 1.5 at a temperature of 20°C and at a wavelength of 589 nm.
- the refractive index of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) can be measured according to any appropriate method; for example, it can be determined according to the ASTM D1218 norm.
- the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a boiling point between 30 and 500°C, for example between 50 and 500°C, at a pressure of 1.01325 * 10 s Pa, for example a boiling point comprised between 50 and 150°C.
- the boiling point of the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) can be measured according to any appropriate method; for example, it can be determined according to the ISO 918 norm.
- the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a flash point between 50 and 500°C.
- the flash point of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) can be measured according to any appropriate method; for example, it can be determined according to the ISO 3679 norm.
- liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) are selected amongst the cyclic siloxane compounds having the formula
- n is an integer (representing the number of repeating units) superior or equal to one, preferably superior or equal to 2, for example superior or equal to 3, or even superior or equal to four.
- n is inferior or equal to 500, for example inferior or equal to 32, for example inferior or equal to 17.
- the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds consist in any mixture of two or more of the said liquid cyclic siloxane compounds.
- liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) are selected amongst the linear siloxane compounds having the formula
- n being an integer superior or equal to 1, preferably superior or equal to 2, for example superior or equal to 3, or even superior or equal to four.
- n is inferior or equal to 500, for example inferior or equal to 50.
- the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds consist in any mixture of two or more of the said liquid linear siloxane compounds.
- the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) are liquid (at normal temperature and pressure (NTP); e.g. at a temperature of 20 °C and an absolute pressure of 1.01325 x 10 5 Pa).
- the present invention also relates to hydrogen carrier compounds comprising a mixture of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) and water.
- said water is considered as a reactant.
- Water can advantageously be selected from various sources such as for example fresh water, running water, tap water, salt water, deionized water and/or distilled water.
- the said mixture of the siloxanes and water is characterised by a water/[SiOH 2 ] unit molar ratio which is superior or equal to 0.1.
- the said mixture of the siloxanes and water is characterised by a water/[SiOH 2 ] unit molar ratio which is comprised between 2 and 10, for example between 2 and 2.5.
- the present invention also relates to hydrogen carrier compounds comprising a mixture of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) and at least one hydrogen release initiator and water.
- said hydrogen release initiator is considered as a reagent.
- the type of hydrogen release initiator which can be used according to the present invention as long as it favours the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I); and thus the siloxane reaction leading to the corresponding hydrogen release.
- any compound which will favour the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane can advantageously be used as hydrogen release initiator.
- the hydrogen release initiator is selected amongst one or more compounds of the following list:
- the mineral base can be an alkaline or alkaline-earth metal hydroxide such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide, the sodium hydroxide being particularly preferred;
- a compound able to release a nucleophile able to perform the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound such as, for example, a compound of formula RR’R”R’”ZY with Z being N or P, Y being OH, F, Cl or Br and R, R ⁇
- R” and R’ can be advantageously selected amongst C 1 -C 15 alkyl or Ce-Cio aryl, with R, R’, R”, R’” being the same of different;
- organometallic catalyst able to promote the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound such as, for example, organometallic complexes based on iron, ruthenium, rhenium, rhodium, copper, chromium, iridium, zinc, and/or tungsten, etc...; and
- a heterogeneous catalyst able to promote the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound such as, for example, metal nanoparticles,
- aforementioned metal preferably immobilized on an inorganic support.
- the hydrogen release initiator is selected amongst carbon-free hydrogen release initiator, e.g. sodium hydroxide.
- the present invention also relates to hydrogen carrier compounds comprising a mixture of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I), water, a hydrogen release initiator as defined above and, optionally, a catalyst C.
- said catalyst C is considered as a reagent.
- the type of catalyst C which can be used according to the present invention as long as it increases the kinetic (i.e. the speed at which the hydrogen is released) of the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I); and thus the water/ siloxane/hydrogen release initiator/catalyst C reaction leading to the corresponding hydrogen release.
- any compound which will significantly increase the kinetic of the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane can be used according to the present invention as long as it increases the kinetic (i.e. the speed at which the hydrogen is released) of the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I); and thus the water/ siloxane/hydrogen release initiator/catalyst C reaction leading to
- the catalyst C is selected amongst one or more compounds of the following list:
- a phosphorous based catalyst for example a polymer-supported catalyst bearing one or more phosphorous groups
- an amine based catalyst for example a po lymer-supported catalyst bearing one or more amine groups
- an ammonium salt for example RR’R”R’”NOH with R, R’, R”, R’” being a Ci-C l5 alkyl or a C 6 -Cio aryl, and R, R’, R”, R’” being the same of different
- - fluoride ions source catalyst for example tetrabutylammonium fluoride
- HMPA - hexamethylphosphoramide
- none of the above individually recited catalyst C is used during the hydrogen production process.
- the said mixture of siloxanes, water and hydrogen release initiator and optional catalyst C is characterised by a hydrogen release initiator / [S1OH2] unit molar ratio which is superior or equal to 0.01.
- the said mixture of siloxanes, water and hydrogen release initiator is characterised by a hydrogen release initiator / [SiOH 2 ] unit molar ratio which is comprised between 0.05 and 3, for example between 0.05 and 0.35.
- the said mixture of siloxanes, water, hydrogen release initiator and catalyst C is characterised by a molar ratio of the catalyst relative to the [SiOHi] monomer units in compound (I) which ranges from 0.01 to 0.5.
- the molar ratio of the catalyst C relative to the [SiOH 2 ] monomer units in compound (I) ranges from 0.02 to 0.1. More preferably the molar ratio of the catalyst C relative to the [SiOH 2 ] monomer units in compound (I) is lower than 0.05, e.g equal to 0.04.
- the present invention also relates to a method for the production of hydrogen by hydrolytic oxidation of siloxanes in the presence of water wherein the siloxanes are liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds comprising one or more units of formula (I):
- n is an integer (representing the number of repeating units) superior or equal to one, preferably superior or equal to 2, for example superior or equal to 3, or even superior or equal to four.
- n is inferior or equal to 500, for example inferior or equal to 50.
- the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) are selected amongst the liquid siloxanes already defined hereinabove.
- the method for the production of hydrogen is characterised in that the water/[SiOH 2 ] unit molar ratio is superior or equal to 0.1.
- the said mixture of the siloxanes and water is characterised by a water/[SiOH 2 ] unit molar ratio which is comprised between 2 and 10, for example between 2 and 2.5.
- the method for the production of hydrogen is characterised in the presence of at least one hydrogen release initiator during the hydrolytic oxidation of siloxanes in the presence of water.
- the type of hydrogen release initiator which can be used according to the present invention as long as it favours the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I); and thus the water/siloxane reaction leading to the corresponding hydrogen release.
- any compound which will favour the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane can advantageously be used as hydrogen release initiator; useful hydrogen release initiators have already been defined hereinabove.
- the said mixture of siloxanes, water and hydrogen release initiator and optional catalyst C is characterised by a hydrogen release initiator / [SiOH 2 ] unit molar ratio which is superior or equal to 0.01.
- the said mixture of siloxanes, water and hydrogen release initiator is characterised by a hydrogen release initiator /
- [SiOH 2 ] unit molar ratio which is comprised between 0.05 and 3, for example between 0.05 and 0.35.
- the method for the production of hydrogen is characterised in the presence of a mixture of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I), water, a hydrogen release initiator as defined above and a catalyst C.
- a catalyst C which can be used according to the present invention as long as it increases the kinetic (i.e. the speed at which the hydrogen is released) of the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I); and thus the water/siloxane/hydrogen release initiator/ catalyst C reaction leading to the corresponding hydrogen release.
- any compound which will significantly increase the kinetic of the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane can be any compound which will significantly increase the kinetic of the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane.
- the said mixture of siloxanes, water, hydrogen release initiator and catalyst C is characterised by a molar ratio of the catalyst relative to the [SiOH 2 ] monomer units in compound (I) which ranges from 0.01 to 0.5.
- the molar ratio of the catalyst C relative to the [SiOH 2 ] monomer units in compound (I) ranges from 0.02 to 0.1. More preferably the molar ratio of the catalyst C relative to the [SiOH 2 ] monomer units in compound (I) is lower than 0.05, e.g equal to 0.04.
- the present invention also relates to the use of the selected siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) for the production of hydrogen.
- the temperature of the method for the production of hydrogen from siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 0 to 200 °C. More preferably, the temperature ranges from 15 to 30 °C.
- the pressure of the method for the production of hydrogen from siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 x 10 s Pa to 500 x IQ 5 Pa.
- the method for the production of hydrogen from siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (!) can tolerate the presence of a solvent.
- a solvent there is no restriction regarding the type of solvent which can be used for the hydrogen production method according to the present invention as long as the hydrogen release from the hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) satisfies the hydrogen industry requirements.
- said solvent is selected from alcohol (e.g. methanol), aqueous solvents, organic solvents and/or a mixture of two or more of said solvents.
- said solvent is considered as a reagent.
- the method for the production of hydrogen from siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) comprises the following steps: a) contacting the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) and a catalyst C to form a siloxane/ catalyst mixture and : b) combining the siloxane with an aqueous solution of the hydrogen release initiator, in the presence of a catalyst C, to produce hydrogen. Steps a) and b) may occur consecutively or simultaneously.
- reaction mixture used in the method for the production of hydrogen from siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) is characterised in that
- reaction mixture represent at least 90 percent by weight of the said reaction mixture, preferably at least 95 percent by weight, for example at least 99 percent by weight.
- the present invention also relates to a device for producing hydrogen according to the method hereabove described, said device comprising a reaction chamber comprising:
- reaction mixture inlet said mixture comprising the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) and an optional solvent ;
- the main objectives of the present invention are both to produce the hydrogen carrier compounds and to regenerate the hydrogen carrier compounds by recycling the by-products issued from the hydrogen production, environmentally friendly and/or without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions.
- the present invention relates to a process for producing liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds from silica compound and/or silicate compound, preferably from silica and/or silicate compound (B), without requiring carbon containing reactant and/or without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions.
- the present invention also relates to a process for regenerating siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s), said process comprising the step of hydrolytic oxidation of siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s) for the production of hydrogen and silica and/or silicate compound(s) (B), and the steps of conversion of said silica and/or silicate compound(s) (B) into siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds, preferably the same siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s), said process not requiring carbon containing reactant and/or without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions.
- an additional treatment e.g. solvent evaporation, chemical treatment by an acid, pyrolysis
- silica Si0 2
- the silica and/or the silicate compound could be subjected to an additional mechanical treatment, e.g. grinding and/or sieving, prior to be subjected to the reduction step of reaction route Y and/or prior to be subjected to the halogenation step of reaction routes X and Z.
- an additional mechanical treatment e.g. grinding and/or sieving
- its initial step of subjecting the silica compound and/or silicate compound to a reduction step to produce silicon can be performed in one or two steps; for example, a one-step reduction process or a two-steps reduction process with intermediate production of SiO.
- o halogenation of the silica and/or silicate compound for the production of silicon tetrahalide corresponds to step 2(a); any suitable halide source can be used for step 2(a) as long as it favours the production of silicon tetrahalide;
- Step 2(c) corresponds to the one-step reduction of the silica compound and/or silicate compound to produce silicon
- o Steps 2(b) and 3(c) correspond to the two-steps reduction of the silica compound and/or silicate compound to produce silicon
- Steps 3(a’) and/or Step 3(b) corresponds to the reduction of the silicon
- Step 3(a) corresponds to the reduction of the silicon tetrahalide to produce halosilane
- Step 4 corresponds to the hydrohalogenation process of silicon to produce halosilane
- Step 5 corresponds to the hydrolysis of the halosilane to produce the liquid si!oxane hydrogen carrier compound.
- step 3(b) in the case where Na is used as reducing agent (step 3(b)), the formed 4 equivalents of NaF are recycled to regenerate 4 Na and 4 HF in a process which is not disclosed here.
- step 3(c) in the case where the hydrogen gas reduction of SiO route is employed (step 3(c)), 2 equivalents of Si are formed.
- One equivalent of the latter can advantageously be reinjected in the step 2(b) in order to avoid any input of Si into the process and the other equivalent (the“excess” content) is advantageously consumed in the next step 4 of the process.
- step 4 of the production process is a multistage process which is not fully disclosed here.
- a process for the regeneration of liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s) comprising the hydrolytic oxidation of siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s) for the production of hydrogen and silica and/or silicate compound (B) followed by reaction routes X, Y, or Z comprising the following consecutive steps:
- liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s) preferably the same liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s).
- step 3(b) in the case where Na is used as reducing agent, the formed 4 equivalents of NaF are recycled to regenerate 4 equivalents of Na and 4 equivalents of HF in a process which is not disclosed here.
- step 3(c) in the case where the hydrogen gas reduction of SiO route is employed (step 3(c)), 2 equivalents of Si are formed.
- One equivalent of the latter is reinjected is the step 2(b) in order to avoid any input of Si into the process and the other equivalent (the“excess” content) is advantageously consumed in the next step 4 of the process.
- Said regenerated siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds can advantageously be used in the hydrogen production method according to the present invention which allows to re-start the cycle.
- a tremendous advantage brought by the polydihydrosiloxane compounds according to the present invention as hydrogen-based energy carriers (contrarily to PHMS and TMDS due to the presence of the non-hydrolysable methyl moiety bonded to the central silicon atom) is that their complete hydrolysis during the hydrogen liberation process leads uniquely a silica/silicate compound(s) (B); said silica/silicate compound(s) (B) being a straightaway starting material for an environmentally friendly and/or without substantial carbon emissions (preferably completely carbon-free) process, exhaustively exemplified and atom-economic regeneration process allowing to recover the exact starting fuel oil.
- Step 2(a) - halogenation of silica/silicate-type products reaction routes X or Z
- a method for the halogenation of the silica/silicate compound (B) by an halide source for the production of silicon tetrahalide compound is provided.
- Any halide source can advantageously be used.
- Hydrogen halide is a preferred halide source; said hydrogen halide can advantageously be an aqueous solution or a gas, for example hydrogen fluoride (HF).
- HF hydrogen fluoride
- silicon tetrafluoride and water as by-product are formed; the water can be collected in order to be reused in a further step of the process or electrolysed, forming hydrogen and oxygen gas, the former being e.g. directly consumed by the next step of the process.
- Step 2(b) Reduction of silica/silicate type products to form SiO (reaction route Y - first step of the two-steps reduction)
- Metallurgical grade silicon is a preferred elemental silicon source. Since elemental silicon is used for the reduction step, two equivalents of SiO are formed per transformed silicate; the formed SiO being e.g. directly consumed by the step 3(c) of the process.
- silica/silicate compound (B) symbolized in this case as silica (Si0 2 ) which is a combination of steps 2(b) and 3(c) can be found in figure 1.
- Step 2(c) Reduction of silica/silicate type products to form Si (reaction route Y - one-step reduction)
- a method for the reduction of the silica/silicate compound (B) in the presence of hydrogen gas for the production of elemental silicon can be either metallurgical or photovoltaic grade.
- Other gas(es) can optionally be employed in addition to hydrogen, e.g. an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen.
- a heat source is required; any source of heat can be selected, e.g. electric arc technology, induction heating, microwave, hot filament, plasma technology.
- Plasma is particularly preferred; for example, a corresponding plasma technology can advantageously comprise a plasma torch allowing to create a plasma jet.
- the plasma jet is preferably made from hydrogen gas, with or without additional gas(es) (such as, for example, argon), going through electrodes.
- Silica can be introduced into the hydrogen plasma jet under vacuum prior to react in the gas phase with hydrogen at a temperature comprised between 2000 and 20 000 °K to form silicon and water. Silicon is then condensed and recovered as a solid.
- the reduction reaction of silica/silicate compounds by hydrogen gas produces water as byproduct.
- the formed water can advantageously be used as chemical reactant, and/or as heating source for other utilities and/or can be transformed in an electrolyser to reform hydrogen gas and/or can be used to run a steam turbine to produce electricity. Steps - Reduction of the silicon tetrahalide
- a method for the reduction of the silicon tetrahalide compound by hydrogen gas for the production of elemental silicon [step 3 (a’)] and/or halosilane(s) [step 3(a)], for example silane (SiH 4 ), monohalosilane (3 ⁇ 4SiX) and/or dihalosilane (H 2 SiX 2 ) and/or trihalosilane (HS1X3) and/or tetrahalosilane (SiX 4 ).
- the reduction step employing hydrogen gas can lead to elemental silicon and release hydrogen fluoride (HF) as by-product [step 3(a’)].
- a partial reduction may also occur leading to monofluoro silane and/or difluoro silane and/or trifluorosilane and/or tetrafluorosilane and release hydrogen fluoride (HF) as by-product [step 3(a)].
- Said formed HF can advantageously be reinjected in the above halogenation step [step 2(a)] leading to an equilibrated material balance over the steps (2) and (3) of the production/regeneration process.
- Step 3(b) Reduction of the silicon tetrahalide compound
- a method for the reduction of the silicon tetrahalide compound by a metallic reductant for the production of elemental silicon can advantageously be selected as the metallic reductant, e.g. sodium.
- the reduction step employing an alkaline metal such as sodium can lead to elemental silicon and release sodium fluoride (NaF), the latter being
- Said regenerated Na can advantageously be reused as reductant in the step 3(b) mentioned here leading to an equilibrated material balance.
- Said regenerated HF can advantageously be reused, for example in the step 2(a) of the process leading to an equilibrated material balance.
- a method for the reduction of SiO by hydrogen gas for the production of elemental silicon A part of the produced elemental silicon can advantageously be reinjected in the step 2(b) in order to avoid any input of elemental silicon in the process, the other part (in“excess”) of the produced elemental silicon being directly consumed in the next hydrohalogenation step 4 of the process.
- Elemental silicon used in the hydrohalogenation step is preferably originating from the previous step of the process.
- Hydrogen chloride (HC1) is a preferred hydrogen halide source for the said hydrohalogenation of the elemental silicon into dichlorosilane (H 2 SiCl 2 ) and/or
- HSiCU trichlorosilane
- SiCU tetrachlorosilane
- said hydrogen chloride can advantageously be an aqueous solution or a gas.
- a process can be designed in order to redistribute HSiCl 3 , which is the main product of the silicon hydrochlorination reaction, through a catalysed dismutation reaction into a mixture of H 3 S1CI, H 2 S1CI 2 , HSiCU and SiCU.
- SiCU can advantageously be recycled via reduction by hydrogen gas in the presence of elemental silicon into a mixture of H2S1CI2, HSiCU and SiCU.
- Elemental silicon used in the SiCU reduction step is preferably originating from the previous step of the process.
- Hydrogen gas used in the SiCU reduction step can advantageously be a by-product of another step of the process, for e.g. from the elemental silicon hydrohalogenation step mentioned above.
- Several subsequent separation and purification steps may allow to isolate pure H 2 S1CI 2 which can be directly consumed in the next step (5) of the process.
- a method for the controlled hydrolysis of halosilanes by water to produce/regenerate the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds In the case where H 2 S1CI 2 is used as halosilane source for the said controlled hydrolysis, HC1 is formed as by-product. The formed HC1 can advantageously be reinjected in the step 4 of the process. In the case where H 2 S1F2 is used as halosilane source for the said controlled hydrolysis, HF is formed as by-product. The formed HF can advantageously be reinjected in the step 2(a) of the process.
- Said hydrolysis can advantageously be performed in the presence of a chain terminating agent, preferably a carbon-free chain terminating agent, e.g.HaSiCl ,...etc.
- Final treating steps can be performed in the presence of a chain terminating agent, preferably a carbon-free chain terminating agent, e.g.HaSiCl ,...etc.
- the energy consumption required by the overall siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production process may be comprised between 1 and 200 kWh/kg of produced siloxane, for example between 1 and 35 kWh/kg of produced siloxane.
- the energy consumption required by the overall siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 2000 kWh/kg of liberated 3 ⁇ 4, for example between 1 and 400 kWh/kg of liberated 3 ⁇ 4.
- the energy consumption required by the step 2(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced SiF 4 .
- the temperature of the method for the production of SiF 4 in the step 2(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 0 to 1000 °C.
- the pressure of the method for the production of S1F4 in the step 2(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.10 7 Pa.
- the step 2(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process is characterised in that the mixture of the hydrogen fluoride (HF)Zsilicate compound (B) molar ratio is superior or equal to 1.
- the said mixture of the HF and silicate compound (B) is characterised by a HF/(B) molar ratio which is comprised between 4 and 100
- the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc) required by the step 2(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
- the energy consumption required by the step 2(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced SiO.
- the temperature of the method for the production of SiO in the step 2(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1000 to 2000 °C.
- the pressure of the method for the production of SiO in the step 2(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.1Q 7 Pa. More preferably the pressure ranges from 100 to 10 000 Pa.
- the step 2(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production process is characterised in that the mixture of the silicate compound (B)/Si molar ratio is superior or equal to 0.1.
- the said mixture of the silicate compound (B) and Si is characterised by a compound (B)/Si molar ratio which is comprised between 0.5 and 1.5.
- the silicate compound (B)/Si molar ratio is 1.
- the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc) required by the step 2(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
- the energy consumption required by the step 2(c) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced Si.
- production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 30 to 6000 °C.
- production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.10 7 Pa. More preferably the pressure ranges from 10 to 10 000 Pa.
- the step 2(c) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process is characterised in that the mixture of the 3 ⁇ 4 gas / silicate compound (B) molar ratio is superior or equal to 0.1.
- the said mixture of the H 2 gas and silicate compound (B) is characterised by a 3 ⁇ 4 gas/compound (B) molar ratio which is comprised between 2 and 100. Preferably, between 2 and 20.
- the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc) required by the step 2(c) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
- the energy consumption required by the step 3(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced H2S1F2.
- the temperature of the method for the production ofH 2 SiF 2 in the step 3(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1000 to 2000 °C.
- the pressure of the method for the production of HaSiFa in the step 3(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.10 7 Pa.
- the step 3(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process is characterised in that the mixture of the hydrogen gas (H 2 )/SiF 4 molar ratio is superior or equal to 1.
- the said mixture of the 3 ⁇ 4 and SiF 4 is characterised by a H 2 /SiF 4 molar ratio which is comprised between 1 and 100.
- the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc) required by the step 3(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
- the energy consumption required by the step 3(a’) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced Si.
- the temperature of the method for the production of Si in the step 3(a’) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 30 to 6000 °C.
- the pressure of the method for the production of Si in the step 3 (a’) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.10 7 Pa.
- the step 3 (a’) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process is characterised in that the mixture of the hydrogen gas (H 2 )/SiF4 molar ratio is superior or equal to 2.
- the said mixture of the 3 ⁇ 4 and SiF 4 is characterised by a H 2 /SiF4 molar ratio which is comprised between 2 and 100.
- the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc) required by the step 3(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
- the energy consumption required by the step 3(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced Si.
- production/ regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 100 to 1000 °C.
- production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.10 7 Pa.
- the step 3(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process is characterised in that the mixture of sodium(Na)/SiF 4 molar ratio is superior or equal to 1.
- the said mixture of the Na and SiF 4 is characterised by a Na/SiF 4 molar ratio which is comprised between 4 and 100.
- the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc) required by the step 3(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
- the energy consumption required by the step 3(c) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/ regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced Si.
- production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 500 to 2000 °C.
- production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.10 7 Pa.
- the step 3(c) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process is characterised in that the mixture of hydrogen gas (H 2 )/SiO molar ratio is superior or equal to 1.
- the said mixture of the H 2 and SiO is characterised by a E /SiO molar ratio which is comprised between 5 and 10.
- the said mixture of the 3 ⁇ 4 and SiO is characterised by a H 2 /S1O molar ratio which is 6.
- the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc) required by the step 3(c) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
- the energy consumption required by the step 4 of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced [ThSiCli].
- the number of unitary operations e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc.
- the number of unitary operations e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc. required by the step 4 of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 20.
- Step 5(a) The controlled hydrolysis of halosilanes of step 5 according to the present invention can advantageously be illustrated by either Step 5(a) or Step 5(b) as depicted in figure 2.
- the energy consumption required by the step 5(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced [H 2 SiO].
- the temperature of the method for the production of [H 2 SiO] in the step 5(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from - 50 to 100 °C.
- the pressure of the method for the production of [H 2 SiO] in the step 5(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.10 7 Pa.
- the step 5(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process is characterised in that the mixture of water (HiOyHzSiCh molar ratio is superior or equal to 0.1.
- the said mixture of the H 2 0 and H2S1CI2 is characterised by a H 2 0/ HaSiCli molar ratio which is comprised between 0.1 and 10000.
- the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc) required by the step 5(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
- the energy consumption required by the step 5(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced [H 2 SiO].
- the temperature of the method for the production of [H 2 SiO] in the step 5(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from - 50 to 100 °C.
- the pressure of the method for the production of [HbSiG] in the step 5(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.10 7 Pa.
- the step 5(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process is characterised in that the mixture of water (H20)/H 2 SiF 2 molar ratio is superior or equal to 0.1.
- the said mixture of the H2O and H2S1F2 is characterised by a H 2 0/ H 2 SiF 2 molar ratio which is comprised between 0.1 and 10000.
- the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc) required by the step 5(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
- the following terms and expressions contained herein are defined as follows:
- - hydrogen carriers are either solid-state or liquid-state materials that contain
- Liquid PHS poly(dihydrosiloxane) was prepared by controlled hydrolysis of
- FIG. 6 depicts hydrogen release experiments, with recording of the liberated volume of hydrogen gas over time, from three different siloxane hydrogen carriers.
- the following table summarizes the results.
- a 60 mL PET preform was connected (by screwing) to a pressure tight ball lock coupler featuring an outlet nozzle for hydrogen gas evacuation and a female thread to which a stainless needle, equipped with a stainless stopcock, was crimped for reactants injection.
- the hydrogen gas outlet nozzle was connected to a flowmeter in order to monitor the kinetic of the hydrogen release.
- the hydrogen gas was collected in an inverted 2L graduated measuring cylinder filled with water used as an additional volume measuring device. The flow of hydrogen gas released into the measuring cylinder was controlled by a needle valve.
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a process for producing and for regenerating siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds.
Description
Process for producing and regenerating hydrogen carrier compounds
The present invention relates to a process for producing and for regenerating siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds. The present invention also relates to siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds and to a method for producing hydrogen from said siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds.
The ability to store, transport and release hydrogen in a safe, convenient, and environment- friendly manner source and to produce and store hydrogen efficiently, economically and safely, are main challenges to be overcome in order to democratize the use of hydrogen as an energy vector.
Currently hydrogen is mainly delivered either by pipeline, by tube trailers as a compressed gas or by special tankers in its liquefied form.
There are typically six routes for hydrogen delivery: it can be transported as a gas by pipeline, it can be produced on site, it can be transported as a compressed gas in tube trailers (for example as disclosed in W02013/109918 (Al)), it can be transported as a condensed liquid in cryogenic trucks (for example as disclosed in WO2011/141287 (Al)), it can be stored in a solid-state hydrogen carrier material and released on-site (for example as disclosed in W02009/080986 (A2)), and stored in a liquid-state hydrogen carrier material and released on-site.
Hydrogen can be produced on-site by two means. It can be produced on site by one process and directly consumed in another process which is defined as captive hydrogen. The other mean of on-site production is by water electrolysis, which produces hydrogen from water and electricity. It can be considered producing an environment-friendly hydrogen if powered by renewable energy.
In addition to incumbent delivery solutions which are cryogenic and compressed hydrogen, alternative solutions are emerging to provide hydrogen: hydrogen carriers. Hydrogen carriers are either solid-state or liquid-state materials that have the ability to store hydrogen and release it when needed. They bring advantages either for transport or storage, compared to incumbent solutions. Solid-state carriers include metallic hydrides enabling the uptake of hydrogen, by adsorption onto metal particles resulting in metal hydride. Among them, the magnesium hydride is stable at low pressure and standard temperature, making it convenient to transport and store. When needed, the material is heated to release the hydrogen gas. Solid-state solutions have been identified as best suited for same-site
reversible processes of energy storage from rene wable energies. Indeed, handling solid materials is not as convenient as handling gas or liquid ones.
Liquid hydrogen carriers can be any liquid-state material able to release hydrogen under specific conditions. The class of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC) is the most represented among the liquid hydrogen carriers. During the process called hydrogenation, which is a catalytic reaction, requiring energy in the form of heat, hydrogen is chemically bonded to the liquid organic carrier. Typically the carrier, being unsaturated and/or aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, is reacted with hydrogen to produce the corresponding saturated hydrocarbon, to be transported in a liquid-sate at standard temperature and pressure, for example as described in W02014/082801 (Al) or
W02015/146170 (Al). Although the amount of hydrogen to be stored in LOHC depends on the yield of the hydrogenation process it is up to 7.2% mass of hydrogen contained per mass of liquid carrier. Then the hydrogen is released from the saturated hydrocarbons by a process called dehydrogenation, which is a catalytic reaction, requiring additional energy in the form of heat (above 300°C typically) due to the endothermic nature of the reaction.
In order to produce on-demand hydrogen, heat may be produced from grid electricity (without control on its origin and on its impact on the environment) or heat may be retrieved by burning a part of the organic carrier.
Patent applications WO2010070001 (Al) and EP2206679 (Al) relate to a method for producing hydrogen comprising the steps consisting in ; a) reacting a compound (C) comprising one or more groups Si-H with a fluoride ions source, thereby forming hydrogen and a by-product (Cl); and b) recovering the obtained hydrogen. All the examples use silane compounds as hydrogen carriers; with the proviso of polymethylhydrosiloxane (“PHMS”) in example 12 and tetramethyldisiloxane in example 16.
Patent application WO2011098614 (Al) relates to a method for producing hydrogen comprising the steps of: i) contacting a compound (C) comprising one or more groups Si-H with a phosphorous based catalyst in the presence of a base in water as solvent, thereby forming hydrogen and a by-product (Cl) without requiring any energy input (e.g. heat, electrical power, etc...); and ii) recovering the obtained hydrogen. All the examples use silane compounds as hydrogen carriers; tetramethyldisiloxane is the only siloxane containing compound recited in the lists of potential hydrogen carrier. WO2011098614 (Al) also discloses a step c) of recycling the obtained by-product (Cl) with an acyl halide
and contacting the obtained product with a metal hydride, thereby regenerating compound (C), wherein the acyl halide is CH3C(=0)C1 and the metal hydride is LiAlH4.
Patent application WO2010094785 (Al) relates to a method for producing hydrogen comprising the steps of : i) contacting a compound (C) comprising one or more groups Si- H with an amine based catalyst in a solvent selected from an alcohol or an aqueous solution, thereby forming hydrogen and a by-product (Cl) without requiring any energy input (e.g. heat, electrical power etc...); and ii) recovering the obtained hydrogen. Most of the examples use silane compounds as hydrogen carriers; with the proviso of
polymethylhydrosiloxane (“PHMS”) in example 12 and tetramethyldisiloxane in example 16. W02010094785 (Al) also discloses a step c) of recycling the obtained by-product (Cl) with an acyl halide and contacting the obtained product with a metal hydride, thereby regenerating compound (C), wherein the acyl halide is CH3C(=0)Cl and the metal hydride is L1AIH4.
Whilst WO2010070001 (Al), EP2206679 (Al), WO2011098614 (Al) and
WO2010094785 (Al) already represent a breakthrough in the field of hydrogen-based carrier system that releases hydrogen on-demand, said techniques would still benefit from improved efficiency, performance, and cost effectiveness; in addition, since the overall regeneration method of the hydrogen-based carrier according to both O2011098614 (Al) and WO2010094785 (Al) requires the use of the expensive LLA1H4 reducing agent leading to aluminium oxide by-products, which retreatment process is energy-consuming (a lot of electricity is needed for the electrolysis step), is polluting, and releases carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), fluorinated effluents and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), there is still some progress to be made in order to develop a more environmentally friendly and carbon-free regeneration method applicable to hydrogen-based carrier.
Thus, there remains a need for further improvements in efficiency, performance, and cost effectiveness of such clean energy vectors, for a variety of applications, such as hydrogen delivery and hydrogen infrastructure building. There remains a need for improvements which exhibit greater amounts of hydrogen to be transported, enhanced efficiency, performance and that are cost effective. There remains a critical need for environment- friendly liquid-state hydrogen carriers that are able to release on-demand hydrogen without the need for additional energy. In addition, there remains a need for an integrated clean process wherein hydrogen carriers can not only be used as a valuable hydrogen source but
also be produced without requiring carbon containing reactant and/or without carbon emissions, and also be regenerated from the by-products of the hydrogen separation environmentally friendly and without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions.
Invention
It now has been discovered that liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds can be produced from silica compound and/or silicate compound without requiring carbon containing reactant and/or without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions.
The silica compound according to the present invention can be defined as a silica containing compound, and/or a mixture of two or more of said silica containing
compounds.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the silica compound is selected from:
• a silica compound of generic formula Si02,xH20,
• [Si02]n with n superior or equal to 2, or
- a mixture of two or more of said silica compounds.
The silicate compound according to the present invention can be defined as a silicate containing compound, and/or a mixture of two or more of said silicate containing compounds.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the silicate compound is selected from:
• a sodium or potassium silicate compound of generic formula Na2xSi02+x or
K2xSi02+x with x being an integer comprised between 0 and 2, or
• a silicic acid compound of generic formula [SiOx(OH)4-x]x with x being an integer comprised between 0 and 4 or of generic formula [SiOx(OH)4-2x]n with when n=l, x=0 or 1 and when n=2, x=l/2 or 3/2, or
• a silicate compound with a polymeric structure such as a disilicate ion of structure (Si207)6 or a macroanion of generic structure [Si03 2’]n, [Si40n6“]n or [Si205 2 ]n with n superior or equal to 2, or
- a mixture of two or more of said silicate compounds.
It has also been discovered that liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds can be regenerated without requiring carbon containing reactant and/or without substantial carbon
emissions, preferably without carbon emissions.
The most important advantages of the production/regeneration processes of the present invention consist in the possibility to apply it continuously; such continuous process can also, as explained hereafter, be operated without requiring raw materials input and/or without by-product emissions.
It has also been discovered that by using some liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier
compounds,
- hydrogen could be produced in large amounts, with high yields, in a very short time and with very low production costs, without energy input to release it; and
- it was possible to generate said siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions, by storing energy and recycling the by-products issued from the hydrogen production.
The term“hydrogen carrier compound” can be understood as a chemical compound able to store hydrogen, transport hydrogen and release hydrogen on demand; the characteristic of the hydrogen carrier compounds according to the present invention is that they can store/transport/release hydrogen without requiring any energy input (e.g. heat, electrical power etc...).
Process for producing liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds
The present invention relates to a process for producing liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds from silica compound and/or silicate compound without requiring carbon containing reactant and/or without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions.
Although the silica and/or silicate compound (B) as defined hereunder is a preferred source for the starting material for the process for producing liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds according to the present invention, silica and/or other silicate containing minerals such as e.g. zircon, jade, mica, quartz, cristobalite, sand etc... can advantageously be used as source of starting material for the process for producing liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds. For the purposes of the present invention and appended claims, the silica and/or silicate compound (B) is preferably a silica compound and/or a silicate compound produced from the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s).
Process for regenerating siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds
The present invention also relates to a process for regenerating liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds, said process comprising the step of hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds for the production of hydrogen and silica and/or silicate compound (B), and the step of conversion of said silica and/or silicate compound (B) into the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds, said process not requiring carbon containing reactant and/or without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions.
The production and regeneration of liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds according to the present invention is further detailed and explained in the following description.
Having managed to develop corresponding processes not requiring carbon containing reactant and/or without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions represents a breakthrough in the field of hydrogen energy, hydrogen transport and hydrogen for the automotive industry.
Siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds
In an embodiment of the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier
compounds are selected amongst the following compounds.
In an embodiment, the present invention also relates to liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds comprising one or more units of formula (I):
H formula (I)
wherein n is an integer (representing the number of repeating units) superior or equal to one, preferably superior or equal to 2, for example superior or equal to 3, or even superior or equal to four. In an embodiment of the present invention, n is inferior or equal to 500, for example inferior or equal to 50.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a cyclic or a linear chemical structure. Such compounds present tremendous advantages compared to their poly(hydromethyl)siloxane analogs
(ROMenHnSinOnR’ ). As an example poly(bis(hydro))siloxane can release more than twice (2.61 exactly for the same weight) the amount of hydrogen gas when compared to poly(hydromethyl)siloxane. Also, poly(bis(hydro))siloxane compounds exhibit a full carbon-free recyclability (when used in the hydrogen production and siloxanes
production/regeneration processes according to the present invention) compared to analogs containing carbon fragments in their backbone.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound of formula (I) is a linear compound, for example a linear compound of formula
ROH2nSinOnR’ with n being an integer superior or equal to 1, preferably superior or equal to 2, for example superior or equal to 3, or even superior or equal to four, R and R’ can advantageously be selected amongst Me, Et, Pr, 'Pr, Bu, ¾u, Ph and/or SiR”3 with R” being selected amongst H, Me, Et, Pr, 'Pr, Bu, ¾u, and/or Ph, . In an embodiment of the present invention, n is inferior or equal to 500, for example inferior or equal to 50.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound of formula (I) is a linear compound, for example a linear compound of formula ROH2nSinOnR’ with n being an integer superior or equal to 1, preferably superior or equal to 2, for example superior or equal to 3, or even superior or equal to four, wherein R and R’ radicals don’t contain carbon; R and R’ are preferably selected amongst the radicals defined in the previous paragraph wherein R and R’ radicals don’t contain carbon; R and R’ are most preferably SiH3. In an embodiment of the present invention, n is inferior or equal to 500, for example inferior or equal to 50.
For linear siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds, a carbon-free radical (e.g. SiHb) chain end is selected since it presents many advantages (compared to other carbon containing chain ends such as SiMe3 for instance):
- lower molecular weight allowing a better weight gravimetric efficiency of the siloxane compound, meaning a higher ratio between the weight of hydrogen carried by the compound compared to its overall molecular weight.
- Straightforward and without any carbon emissions recycling of the Si¾ chain end when compared to SiMe3 for instance since H SiCl is a by-product of the regeneration process (cf. step 4), which is hence valued, and does not require outside raw material input for its recycling.
In a preferred embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds don’t contain carbon atoms. However, for the purpose of the present invention and appended claims, and in order to prevent an undue restriction of the scope of the present invention, the Applicants have used the expression“without substantial carbon emissions” to tolerate some carbon emissions; for example, the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of the present invention may comprise carbon as long as the corresponding carbon content of said siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds is lower than 25 wt%. The said carbon content can be calculated by performing the ratio between the molecular weight (in g/mol) of all the carbon atoms contained in the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound and the total molecular weight (in g/mol) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound. In an embodiment according to the present invention, the carbon content is lower than 10 wt%, preferably lower than 5 wt%, for example lower to 2 wt%, or even more preferably equal to 0 wt%.
In a preferred embodiment according to the present invention,
- when the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds are carbon free, there is no carbon emissions, and
- when the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds contain carbon, the corresponding carbon emissions would be less than 0.924 kg of C02 per kg of produced and/or recycled siloxane hydrogen carrier compound, preferably less than 0.462, more preferably less than 0.231, for example less than 0.1 or even less than 0.05 kg of C02.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound of formula (I) is a cyclic compound, for example a cyclic compound of formula H2nSinO„ with n being an integer superior or equal to 2, for example superior or equal to 3, or even superior or equal to four. In an embodiment of the present invention, n is inferior or equal to 500, for example inferior or equal to 32, for example inferior or equal to 17.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds consist in one of the above defined siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I).
In another embodiment of the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds consist in a mixture of two or more of any of the above defined siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I).
In this“mixture” embodiment, when linear siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) represent the main species in weight in the mixture (i.e. represent more than 50 percent by weight), it is advantageous to restrict the amount of cyclic siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) to less than 20 percent by weight, for example less than 10 percent by weight in the mixture; in an embodiment, more than 0.01 percent by weight, or even more than 0.1 percent by weight of cyclic siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) can advantageously be present in said mixture.
In this“mixture” embodiment, when cyclic siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) represent the main species in weight in the mixture (i.e. represent more than 50 percent by weight), it is advantageous to restrict the amount of linear siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) to less than 20 percent by weight, for example less than 10 percent by weight in the mixture; 0.01 percent by weight, or even 0.1 percent by weight of linear siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) can advantageously be present in said mixture.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a dynamic viscosity between 0.1 and 10000 mPa.s at a temperature of 20°C and a pressure of 1.01325 x 105 Pa. In an embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a dynamic viscosity between 0.2 and 50 mPa.s at a temperature of 20°C and a pressure of 1.01325 x 105 Pa. The dynamic viscosity at a temperature of 20°C and a pressure of 1.01325 * 105 Pa of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) can be measured according to any appropriate method; for example, it can be determined according to the ISO 1628-1 norm.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the molecular weight of the liquid cyclic siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) may range from 130 to 800 g/mol. The molecular weight of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) can be measured according to any appropriate method; for example, it can be determined by GC-MS, e.g. a GC-MS analysis performed on an Agilent GC/MSD 5975C apparatus.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the number average molecular weight (Ain) and/or the molecular weight distribution (£>) of the liquid linear siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) may range from 64 to 30 000 g/mol and from 1.1 to 50, respectively. The average molecular weight and the molecular weight
distribution of the linear siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) can be measured according to any appropriate method; for example, it can be determined according to the ISO 16014 norm.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid cyclic siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a characteristic strong and sharp absorption band between 800 and 1000 cm'1 corresponding to the SiH2 units, when analysed by FT-IR. In an embodiment according to the present invention, the cyclic siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a characteristic strong and sharp absorption band between 850 and 950 cm 1.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid cyclic siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a characteristic resonance between 4.5 and 4.9 ppm corresponding to the SiH20 units, when analysed by *H NMR in CDCl3 at 25°C as exemplified in Figure 4. ¾ NMR analyses can be performed on any appropriate spectrometer, e.g. a 400 MHz Bruker spectrometer.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid cyclic siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a characteristic resonance between -45 and -50 ppm corresponding to the Si¾0 units, when analysed by 29Si NMR in CDCI3 at 25°C as exemplified in Figure 5. 29Si NMR analyses can be performed on any appropriate spectrometer, e.g. a 400 MHz Bruker spectrometer.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a refractive index between 1 and 2 at a temperature of 20°C and at a wavelength of 589 nm. In an embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a refractive index between 1.2 and 1.5 at a temperature of 20°C and at a wavelength of 589 nm. The refractive index of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) can be measured according to any appropriate method; for example, it can be determined according to the ASTM D1218 norm.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a boiling point between 30 and 500°C, for example between 50 and 500°C, at a pressure of 1.01325 * 10s Pa, for example a boiling point comprised between 50 and 150°C. The boiling point of the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) can be measured according to any appropriate method; for
example, it can be determined according to the ISO 918 norm.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) present a flash point between 50 and 500°C. The flash point of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) can be measured according to any appropriate method; for example, it can be determined according to the ISO 3679 norm.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) are selected amongst the cyclic siloxane compounds having the formula
n
wherein n is an integer (representing the number of repeating units) superior or equal to one, preferably superior or equal to 2, for example superior or equal to 3, or even superior or equal to four. In an embodiment of the present invention, n is inferior or equal to 500, for example inferior or equal to 32, for example inferior or equal to 17. In an embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds consist in any mixture of two or more of the said liquid cyclic siloxane compounds.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) are selected amongst the linear siloxane compounds having the formula
with n being an integer superior or equal to 1, preferably superior or equal to 2, for example superior or equal to 3, or even superior or equal to four. In an embodiment of the present invention, n is inferior or equal to 500, for example inferior or equal to 50. In an embodiment according to the present invention, the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds consist in any mixture of two or more of the said liquid linear siloxane compounds.
According to the present invention, the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula
(I) are liquid (at normal temperature and pressure (NTP); e.g. at a temperature of 20 °C and an absolute pressure of 1.01325 x 105 Pa).
The present invention also relates to hydrogen carrier compounds comprising a mixture of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) and water. For the purpose of the hydrogen production process according to the present invention, said water is considered as a reactant. Water can advantageously be selected from various sources such as for example fresh water, running water, tap water, salt water, deionized water and/or distilled water.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of the siloxanes and water is characterised by a water/[SiOH2] unit molar ratio which is superior or equal to 0.1. In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of the siloxanes and water is characterised by a water/[SiOH2] unit molar ratio which is comprised between 2 and 10, for example between 2 and 2.5. For example, for a polyhydrosiloxane“PHS”, the corresponding water/PHS mixture will be characterised by a molar ratio value calculated as Ratio H20/PHS = (mmo/ mo) / (mpHs/MsMio) = (mmo/lS) / (mpHs/46.11).
The present invention also relates to hydrogen carrier compounds comprising a mixture of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) and at least one hydrogen release initiator and water. For the purpose of the hydrogen production process according to the present invention, said hydrogen release initiator is considered as a reagent. There is no restriction regarding the type of hydrogen release initiator which can be used according to the present invention as long as it favours the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I); and thus the siloxane reaction leading to the corresponding hydrogen release. For example, any compound which will favour the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane can advantageously be used as hydrogen release initiator.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the hydrogen release initiator is selected amongst one or more compounds of the following list:
- a mineral base. For example, the mineral base can be an alkaline or alkaline-earth metal hydroxide such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide, the sodium hydroxide being particularly preferred;
- a compound able to release a nucleophile able to perform the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound such as, for example, a compound of
formula RR’R”R’”ZY with Z being N or P, Y being OH, F, Cl or Br and R, R\
R” and R’” can be advantageously selected amongst C1-C15 alkyl or Ce-Cio aryl, with R, R’, R”, R’” being the same of different;
- a homogeneous organometallic catalyst able to promote the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound such as, for example, organometallic complexes based on iron, ruthenium, rhenium, rhodium, copper, chromium, iridium, zinc, and/or tungsten, etc...; and
a heterogeneous catalyst able to promote the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound such as, for example, metal nanoparticles,
[M/A10(OH), M = Pd, Au, Rh, Ru, and Cu], Pd/C and/or any of the
aforementioned metal preferably immobilized on an inorganic support.
In an embodiment of the present invention the hydrogen release initiator is selected amongst carbon-free hydrogen release initiator, e.g. sodium hydroxide.
The present invention also relates to hydrogen carrier compounds comprising a mixture of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I), water, a hydrogen release initiator as defined above and, optionally, a catalyst C. For the purpose of the hydrogen production process according to the present invention, said catalyst C is considered as a reagent. There is no restriction regarding the type of catalyst C which can be used according to the present invention as long as it increases the kinetic (i.e. the speed at which the hydrogen is released) of the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I); and thus the water/ siloxane/hydrogen release initiator/catalyst C reaction leading to the corresponding hydrogen release. For example, any compound which will significantly increase the kinetic of the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane can
advantageously be used as catalyst C.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the catalyst C is selected amongst one or more compounds of the following list:
a phosphorous based catalyst (for example a polymer-supported catalyst bearing one or more phosphorous groups);
- an amine based catalyst (for example a po lymer-supported catalyst bearing one or more amine groups), or an ammonium salt, for example RR’R”R’”NOH with R, R’, R”, R’” being a Ci-Cl5 alkyl or a C6-Cio aryl, and R, R’, R”, R’” being the same of different;
- fluoride ions source catalyst (for example tetrabutylammonium fluoride); and
- hexamethylphosphoramide (“HMPA”).
In an embodiment of the present invention, none of the above individually recited catalyst C is used during the hydrogen production process.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of siloxanes, water and hydrogen release initiator and optional catalyst C is characterised by a hydrogen release initiator / [S1OH2] unit molar ratio which is superior or equal to 0.01. In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of siloxanes, water and hydrogen release initiator is characterised by a hydrogen release initiator / [SiOH2] unit molar ratio which is comprised between 0.05 and 3, for example between 0.05 and 0.35.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of siloxanes, water, hydrogen release initiator and catalyst C is characterised by a molar ratio of the catalyst relative to the [SiOHi] monomer units in compound (I) which ranges from 0.01 to 0.5. Preferably the molar ratio of the catalyst C relative to the [SiOH2] monomer units in compound (I) ranges from 0.02 to 0.1. More preferably the molar ratio of the catalyst C relative to the [SiOH2] monomer units in compound (I) is lower than 0.05, e.g equal to 0.04.
For the purpose of the above calculations of the initiator and catalyst C to [SiOFk] unit molar ratios, when the chosen compound falls at the same time under the hydrogen release initiator definition and the catalyst C definition, it is its total amount which is used for both ratios.
Hydrogen production
The present invention also relates to a method for the production of hydrogen by hydrolytic oxidation of siloxanes in the presence of water wherein the siloxanes are liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds comprising one or more units of formula (I):
H formula (I)
wherein n is an integer (representing the number of repeating units) superior or equal
to one, preferably superior or equal to 2, for example superior or equal to 3, or even superior or equal to four. In an embodiment of the present invention, n is inferior or equal to 500, for example inferior or equal to 50.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) are selected amongst the liquid siloxanes already defined hereinabove.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the method for the production of hydrogen is characterised in that the water/[SiOH2] unit molar ratio is superior or equal to 0.1. In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of the siloxanes and water is characterised by a water/[SiOH2] unit molar ratio which is comprised between 2 and 10, for example between 2 and 2.5.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the method for the production of hydrogen is characterised in the presence of at least one hydrogen release initiator during the hydrolytic oxidation of siloxanes in the presence of water. There is no restriction regarding the type of hydrogen release initiator which can be used according to the present invention as long as it favours the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I); and thus the water/siloxane reaction leading to the corresponding hydrogen release. For example, any compound which will favour the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane can advantageously be used as hydrogen release initiator; useful hydrogen release initiators have already been defined hereinabove. In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of siloxanes, water and hydrogen release initiator and optional catalyst C is characterised by a hydrogen release initiator / [SiOH2] unit molar ratio which is superior or equal to 0.01. In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of siloxanes, water and hydrogen release initiator is characterised by a hydrogen release initiator /
[SiOH2] unit molar ratio which is comprised between 0.05 and 3, for example between 0.05 and 0.35.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the method for the production of hydrogen is characterised in the presence of a mixture of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I), water, a hydrogen release initiator as defined above and a catalyst C. There is no restriction regarding the type of catalyst C which can be used according to the present invention as long as it increases the kinetic (i.e. the speed at which the hydrogen is released) of the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of
formula (I); and thus the water/siloxane/hydrogen release initiator/ catalyst C reaction leading to the corresponding hydrogen release. For example, any compound which will significantly increase the kinetic of the hydrolytic oxidation of the siloxane can
advantageously be used as catalyst C; useful catalysts C have already been defined hereinabove. In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of siloxanes, water, hydrogen release initiator and catalyst C is characterised by a molar ratio of the catalyst relative to the [SiOH2] monomer units in compound (I) which ranges from 0.01 to 0.5. Preferably the molar ratio of the catalyst C relative to the [SiOH2] monomer units in compound (I) ranges from 0.02 to 0.1. More preferably the molar ratio of the catalyst C relative to the [SiOH2] monomer units in compound (I) is lower than 0.05, e.g equal to 0.04.
The present invention also relates to the use of the selected siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) for the production of hydrogen.
There is no restriction regarding the methods which can be used for the hydrogen production method according to the present invention as long as the hydrogen release from the water/hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) may not require additional energy and satisfies the hydrogen industry requirements.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the temperature of the method for the production of hydrogen from siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 0 to 200 °C. More preferably, the temperature ranges from 15 to 30 °C.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the pressure of the method for the production of hydrogen from siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 x 10s Pa to 500 x IQ5 Pa.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the method for the production of hydrogen from siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (!) can tolerate the presence of a solvent. There is no restriction regarding the type of solvent which can be used for the hydrogen production method according to the present invention as long as the hydrogen release from the hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) satisfies the hydrogen industry requirements. In an embodiment according to the present invention, said solvent is selected from alcohol (e.g. methanol), aqueous solvents, organic solvents and/or a mixture of two or more of said solvents. For the purpose of the hydrogen production
process according to the present invention, said solvent is considered as a reagent.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the method for the production of hydrogen from siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) comprises the following steps: a) contacting the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) and a catalyst C to form a siloxane/ catalyst mixture and : b) combining the siloxane with an aqueous solution of the hydrogen release initiator, in the presence of a catalyst C, to produce hydrogen. Steps a) and b) may occur consecutively or simultaneously.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the reaction mixture used in the method for the production of hydrogen from siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) is characterised in that
- the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I),
- corresponding silicate-type by-products,
- hydrogen,
- the water,
- the hydrogen release initiators), and
- the optional catalyst, and
- the optional solvents
represent at least 90 percent by weight of the said reaction mixture, preferably at least 95 percent by weight, for example at least 99 percent by weight.
In an embodiment, the present invention also relates to a device for producing hydrogen according to the method hereabove described, said device comprising a reaction chamber comprising:
- a reaction mixture inlet, said mixture comprising the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds of formula (I) and an optional solvent ;
- an hydrogen outlet ;
- optionally a by-product collector ; and
- optionally a surface intended to be in contact with said mixture, coated with a polymer supported catalyst as described hereabove.
Liquid siloxane production and liquid siloxane regeneration
As explained hereinabove, the main objectives of the present invention are both to produce the hydrogen carrier compounds and to regenerate the hydrogen carrier compounds by recycling the by-products issued from the hydrogen production, environmentally friendly
and/or without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions.
Thus, the present invention relates to a process for producing liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds from silica compound and/or silicate compound, preferably from silica and/or silicate compound (B), without requiring carbon containing reactant and/or without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions.
The present invention also relates to a process for regenerating siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s), said process comprising the step of hydrolytic oxidation of siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s) for the production of hydrogen and silica and/or silicate compound(s) (B), and the steps of conversion of said silica and/or silicate compound(s) (B) into siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds, preferably the same siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s), said process not requiring carbon containing reactant and/or without substantial carbon emissions, preferably without carbon emissions.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, there is provided a process for the production of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound consisting in reaction routes X, Y, or Z comprising the following consecutive steps:
- providing silica compound and/or silicate compound,
o for reaction route X,
* subjecting the silica compound and/or silicate compound to a
halogenation step to produce silicon tetrahalide,
■ subjecting the silicon tetrahalide to a reduction step to produce
halosilane, and
■ subjecting the halosilane to a hydrolysis step to produce the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound;
o for reaction route Y,
■ subjecting the silica compound and/or silicate compound to a
reduction step to produce silicon,
* subjecting silicon to a hydrohalogenation step to produce halosilane, and
subjecting the halosilane to a hydrolysis step to produce the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound;
o for reaction route Z,
■ subjecting the silica compound and/or silicate compound to a
halogenation step to produce silicon tetrahalide,
■ subjecting the silicon tetrahalide to a reduction step to produce
silicon,
■ subjecting silicon to a hydrohalogenation step to produce halosilane, and
* subjecting the halosilane to a hydrolysis step to produce the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound.
Silicate/silica.
In an embodiment to the present invention, i.e. when a silicate is selected as starting material of the siloxane production/regeneration process, an additional treatment (e.g. solvent evaporation, chemical treatment by an acid, pyrolysis...) of the silicate could advantageously be used to obtain silica (Si02), the latter being used as the raw material of the siloxane process.
In an embodiment to the present invention, the silica and/or the silicate compound could be subjected to an additional mechanical treatment, e.g. grinding and/or sieving, prior to be subjected to the reduction step of reaction route Y and/or prior to be subjected to the halogenation step of reaction routes X and Z.
In an embodiment to the present invention pertaining to reaction route Y, its initial step of subjecting the silica compound and/or silicate compound to a reduction step to produce silicon can be performed in one or two steps; for example, a one-step reduction process or a two-steps reduction process with intermediate production of SiO.
For the purpose of the present description and appended claims, the following numbering has been used for the individual reaction steps:
for reaction routes X and Z,
o halogenation of the silica and/or silicate compound for the production of silicon tetrahalide corresponds to step 2(a); any suitable halide source can be used for step 2(a) as long as it favours the production of silicon tetrahalide;
for reaction route Y,
o Step 2(c) corresponds to the one-step reduction of the silica compound and/or silicate compound to produce silicon;
o Steps 2(b) and 3(c) correspond to the two-steps reduction of the silica compound and/or silicate compound to produce silicon;
- for reaction route Z,
o Steps 3(a’) and/or Step 3(b) corresponds to the reduction of the silicon
tetrahalide to produce silicon;
- for reaction route X,
o Step 3(a) corresponds to the reduction of the silicon tetrahalide to produce halosilane;
for reaction routes Y and Z,
o Step 4 corresponds to the hydrohalogenation process of silicon to produce halosilane;
- for reaction routes X, Y and/or Z,
o Step 5 corresponds to the hydrolysis of the halosilane to produce the liquid si!oxane hydrogen carrier compound.
For illustrative and non-limiting purposes, an example of the siloxane production process is detailed in Figure 1, and Figure 2 illustrates examples of the individual process steps;
- In Figure 2, step 3(b), in the case where Na is used as reducing agent (step 3(b)), the formed 4 equivalents of NaF are recycled to regenerate 4 Na and 4 HF in a process which is not disclosed here.
- In Figure 2, step 3(c), in the case where the hydrogen gas reduction of SiO route is employed (step 3(c)), 2 equivalents of Si are formed. One equivalent of the latter can advantageously be reinjected in the step 2(b) in order to avoid any input of Si into the process and the other equivalent (the“excess” content) is advantageously consumed in the next step 4 of the process.
- In Figure 2, step 4 of the production process is a multistage process which is not fully disclosed here.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, there is provided a process for the regeneration of liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s) comprising the hydrolytic oxidation of siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s) for the production of hydrogen and silica and/or silicate compound (B) followed by reaction routes X, Y, or Z comprising the
following consecutive steps:
o for reaction route X,
■ subjecting the silica compound and/or silicate compound (B) to a halogenation step to produce silicon tetrahalide,
■ subjecting the silicon tetrahalide to a reduction step to produce
halosilane, and
■ subjecting the halosilane to a hydrolysis step to regenerate liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s), preferably the same liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s);
o for reaction route Y,
■ subjecting the silica compound and/or silicate compound (B) to a reduction step to produce silicon,
■ subjecting silicon to a hydrohalogenation step to produce halosilane, and
■ subjecting the halosilane to a hydrolysis step to regenerate liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s), preferably the same liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s);
o for reaction route Z,
■ subjecting the silica compound and/or silicate compound (B) to a halogenation step to produce silicon tetrahalide,
■ subjecting the silicon tetrahalide to a reduction step to produce
silicon,
■ subjecting silicon to a hydrohalogenation step to produce halosilane, and
■ subjecting the halosilane to a hydrolysis step to regenerate liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s), preferably the same liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound(s).
For illustrative and non-limiting purposes, an example of the regeneration process starting from the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound Tri(bis(hydro)cyclosiloxane) (with 3 repeating units“D3”) is detailed in Figure 3;
- In Figure 3, step 3(b), in the case where Na is used as reducing agent, the formed 4
equivalents of NaF are recycled to regenerate 4 equivalents of Na and 4 equivalents of HF in a process which is not disclosed here.
In Figure 3, step 3(c), in the case where the hydrogen gas reduction of SiO route is employed (step 3(c)), 2 equivalents of Si are formed. One equivalent of the latter is reinjected is the step 2(b) in order to avoid any input of Si into the process and the other equivalent (the“excess” content) is advantageously consumed in the next step 4 of the process.
Said regenerated siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds can advantageously be used in the hydrogen production method according to the present invention which allows to re-start the cycle.
A tremendous advantage brought by the polydihydrosiloxane compounds according to the present invention as hydrogen-based energy carriers (contrarily to PHMS and TMDS due to the presence of the non-hydrolysable methyl moiety bonded to the central silicon atom) is that their complete hydrolysis during the hydrogen liberation process leads uniquely a silica/silicate compound(s) (B); said silica/silicate compound(s) (B) being a straightaway starting material for an environmentally friendly and/or without substantial carbon emissions (preferably completely carbon-free) process, exhaustively exemplified and atom-economic regeneration process allowing to recover the exact starting fuel oil.
Step 2(a) - halogenation of silica/silicate-type products (reaction routes X or Z)
In an embodiment according to the present invention, there is provided a method for the halogenation of the silica/silicate compound (B) by an halide source for the production of silicon tetrahalide compound. Any halide source can advantageously be used. Hydrogen halide is a preferred halide source; said hydrogen halide can advantageously be an aqueous solution or a gas, for example hydrogen fluoride (HF). For example, when hydrogen fluoride is used for the halogenation step, silicon tetrafluoride and water as by-product are formed; the water can be collected in order to be reused in a further step of the process or electrolysed, forming hydrogen and oxygen gas, the former being e.g. directly consumed by the next step of the process.
Step 2(b) - Reduction of silica/silicate type products to form SiO (reaction route Y - first
step of the two-steps reduction)
In an embodiment according to the present invention, there is provided a method for the reduction of the silica/silicate compound (B) in the presence of elemental silicon for the production of SiO, Any source of elemental silicon can advantageously be used.
Metallurgical grade silicon is a preferred elemental silicon source. Since elemental silicon is used for the reduction step, two equivalents of SiO are formed per transformed silicate; the formed SiO being e.g. directly consumed by the step 3(c) of the process.
An example of process of Si production from silica/silicate compound (B) symbolized in this case as silica (Si02) which is a combination of steps 2(b) and 3(c) can be found in figure 1.
Step 2(c) - Reduction of silica/silicate type products to form Si (reaction route Y - one-step reduction)
In an embodiment according to the present invention, there is provided a method for the reduction of the silica/silicate compound (B) in the presence of hydrogen gas for the production of elemental silicon. The elemental silicon produced can be either metallurgical or photovoltaic grade. Other gas(es) can optionally be employed in addition to hydrogen, e.g. an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen. Since the reaction of reduction of silica/silicate compounds by hydrogen is endothermic, a heat source is required; any source of heat can be selected, e.g. electric arc technology, induction heating, microwave, hot filament, plasma technology. Plasma is particularly preferred; for example, a corresponding plasma technology can advantageously comprise a plasma torch allowing to create a plasma jet. The plasma jet is preferably made from hydrogen gas, with or without additional gas(es) (such as, for example, argon), going through electrodes. Silica can be introduced into the hydrogen plasma jet under vacuum prior to react in the gas phase with hydrogen at a temperature comprised between 2000 and 20 000 °K to form silicon and water. Silicon is then condensed and recovered as a solid.
The reduction reaction of silica/silicate compounds by hydrogen gas produces water as byproduct. The formed water can advantageously be used as chemical reactant, and/or as heating source for other utilities and/or can be transformed in an electrolyser to reform hydrogen gas and/or can be used to run a steam turbine to produce electricity.
Steps - Reduction of the silicon tetrahalide
In an embodiment according to the present invention, there is provided a method for the reduction of the silicon tetrahalide compound by hydrogen gas (e.g. the hydrogen formed by electrolysis of water collected from the previous step; or hydrogen recovered from another step of the process; or from fatal hydrogen collected from an external process) for the production of elemental silicon [step 3 (a’)] and/or halosilane(s) [step 3(a)], for example silane (SiH4), monohalosilane (¾SiX) and/or dihalosilane (H2SiX2) and/or trihalosilane (HS1X3) and/or tetrahalosilane (SiX4). In the case where silicon tetrafluoride (S1F4) is used as silicon tetrahalide source, the reduction step employing hydrogen gas can lead to elemental silicon and release hydrogen fluoride (HF) as by-product [step 3(a’)]. A partial reduction may also occur leading to monofluoro silane and/or difluoro silane and/or trifluorosilane and/or tetrafluorosilane and release hydrogen fluoride (HF) as by-product [step 3(a)]. Said formed HF can advantageously be reinjected in the above halogenation step [step 2(a)] leading to an equilibrated material balance over the steps (2) and (3) of the production/regeneration process.
Step 3(b) - Reduction of the silicon tetrahalide compound
In an embodiment according to the present invention, there is provided a method for the reduction of the silicon tetrahalide compound by a metallic reductant for the production of elemental silicon. Alkaline metals can advantageously be selected as the metallic reductant, e.g. sodium. The reduction step employing an alkaline metal such as sodium can lead to elemental silicon and release sodium fluoride (NaF), the latter being
advantageously recycled in a multistep process regenerating Na and HF. Said regenerated Na can advantageously be reused as reductant in the step 3(b) mentioned here leading to an equilibrated material balance. Said regenerated HF can advantageously be reused, for example in the step 2(a) of the process leading to an equilibrated material balance.
Step 3(c) - Reduction of SiO by hydrogen gas
In an embodiment according to the present invention, there is provided a method for the reduction of SiO by hydrogen gas for the production of elemental silicon. A part of the produced elemental silicon can advantageously be reinjected in the step 2(b) in order to avoid any input of elemental silicon in the process, the other part (in“excess”) of the
produced elemental silicon being directly consumed in the next hydrohalogenation step 4 of the process.
Step 4 -Hydrohalogenation of the elemental silicon
In an embodiment according to the present invention, there is provided a method for the hydrohalogenation of the elemental silicon for the production of halosilanes, e.g.
monohalosilane (H3S1X), dihalosilane (H2SiX2), trihalosilane (HS1X3) and/or
tetrahalosilane (S1X4), or a mixture of these compounds (X being a halide). Elemental silicon used in the hydrohalogenation step is preferably originating from the previous step of the process. Hydrogen chloride (HC1) is a preferred hydrogen halide source for the said hydrohalogenation of the elemental silicon into dichlorosilane (H2SiCl2) and/or
trichlorosilane (HSiCU) and/or tetrachlorosilane (SiCU); said hydrogen chloride can advantageously be an aqueous solution or a gas. In the case where hydrogen chloride is used, a process can be designed in order to redistribute HSiCl3, which is the main product of the silicon hydrochlorination reaction, through a catalysed dismutation reaction into a mixture of H3S1CI, H2S1CI2, HSiCU and SiCU. SiCU can advantageously be recycled via reduction by hydrogen gas in the presence of elemental silicon into a mixture of H2S1CI2, HSiCU and SiCU. Elemental silicon used in the SiCU reduction step is preferably originating from the previous step of the process. Hydrogen gas used in the SiCU reduction step can advantageously be a by-product of another step of the process, for e.g. from the elemental silicon hydrohalogenation step mentioned above. Several subsequent separation and purification steps may allow to isolate pure H2S1CI2 which can be directly consumed in the next step (5) of the process.
Step 5 - Controlled hydrolysis of halosilanes
In an embodiment according to the present invention, there is provided a method for the controlled hydrolysis of halosilanes by water to produce/regenerate the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds. In the case where H2S1CI2 is used as halosilane source for the said controlled hydrolysis, HC1 is formed as by-product. The formed HC1 can advantageously be reinjected in the step 4 of the process. In the case where H2S1F2 is used as halosilane source for the said controlled hydrolysis, HF is formed as by-product. The formed HF can advantageously be reinjected in the step 2(a) of the process. Said hydrolysis can
advantageously be performed in the presence of a chain terminating agent, preferably a carbon-free chain terminating agent, e.g.HaSiCl ,...etc. Final treating steps can
advantageously be performed such as washings with water, containing or not a mineral base, gas stripping, drying steps etc...
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the energy consumption required by the overall siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production process may be comprised between 1 and 200 kWh/kg of produced siloxane, for example between 1 and 35 kWh/kg of produced siloxane.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the energy consumption required by the overall siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 2000 kWh/kg of liberated ¾, for example between 1 and 400 kWh/kg of liberated ¾.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the energy consumption required by the step 2(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced SiF4.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the temperature of the method for the production of SiF4 in the step 2(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 0 to 1000 °C.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the pressure of the method for the production of S1F4 in the step 2(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.107 Pa.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the step 2(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process is characterised in that the mixture of the hydrogen fluoride (HF)Zsilicate compound (B) molar ratio is superior or
equal to 1. In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of the HF and silicate compound (B) is characterised by a HF/(B) molar ratio which is comprised between 4 and 100
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc...) required by the step 2(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the energy consumption required by the step 2(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced SiO.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the temperature of the method for the production of SiO in the step 2(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1000 to 2000 °C.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the pressure of the method for the production of SiO in the step 2(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.1Q7 Pa. More preferably the pressure ranges from 100 to 10 000 Pa.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the step 2(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production process is characterised in that the mixture of the silicate compound (B)/Si molar ratio is superior or equal to 0.1. In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of the silicate compound (B) and Si is characterised by a compound (B)/Si molar ratio which is comprised between 0.5 and 1.5. Preferably, the silicate compound (B)/Si molar ratio is 1.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc...) required by the step 2(b) of the siloxane
hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the energy consumption required by the step 2(c) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced Si.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the temperature of the method for the production of Si in the step 2(c) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I)
production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 30 to 6000 °C.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the pressure of the method for the production of Si in the step 2(c) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I)
production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.107 Pa. More preferably the pressure ranges from 10 to 10 000 Pa.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the step 2(c) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process is characterised in that the mixture of the ¾ gas / silicate compound (B) molar ratio is superior or equal to 0.1. In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of the H2 gas and silicate compound (B) is characterised by a ¾ gas/compound (B) molar ratio which is comprised between 2 and 100. Preferably, between 2 and 20.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc...) required by the step 2(c) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the energy consumption required by the step 3(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced H2S1F2.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the temperature of the method for the production ofH2SiF2 in the step 3(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1000 to 2000 °C.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the pressure of the method for the production of HaSiFa in the step 3(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.107 Pa.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the step 3(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process is characterised in that the mixture of the hydrogen gas (H2)/SiF4 molar ratio is superior or equal to 1. In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of the ¾ and SiF4 is characterised by a H2/SiF4 molar ratio which is comprised between 1 and 100.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc...) required by the step 3(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the energy consumption required by the step 3(a’) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced Si.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the temperature of the method for the production of Si in the step 3(a’) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 30 to 6000 °C.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the pressure of the method for the
production of Si in the step 3 (a’) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.107 Pa.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the step 3 (a’) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process is characterised in that the mixture of the hydrogen gas (H2)/SiF4 molar ratio is superior or equal to 2. In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of the ¾ and SiF4 is characterised by a H2/SiF4 molar ratio which is comprised between 2 and 100.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc...) required by the step 3(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the energy consumption required by the step 3(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced Si.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the temperature of the method for the production of Si in the step 3(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I)
production/ regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 100 to 1000 °C.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the pressure of the method for the production of Si in the step 3(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I)
production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.107 Pa.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the step 3(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process is characterised in that the mixture of sodium(Na)/SiF4 molar ratio is superior or equal to 1. In an embodiment of the
present invention, the said mixture of the Na and SiF4 is characterised by a Na/SiF4 molar ratio which is comprised between 4 and 100.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc...) required by the step 3(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the energy consumption required by the step 3(c) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/ regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced Si.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the temperature of the method for the production of Si in the step 3(c) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I)
production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 500 to 2000 °C.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the pressure of the method for the production of Si in the step 3(c) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I)
production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.107 Pa.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the step 3(c) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process is characterised in that the mixture of hydrogen gas (H2)/SiO molar ratio is superior or equal to 1. In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of the H2 and SiO is characterised by a E /SiO molar ratio which is comprised between 5 and 10. In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of the ¾ and SiO is characterised by a H2/S1O molar ratio which is 6.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc...) required by the step 3(c) of the siloxane
hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the energy consumption required by the step 4 of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced [ThSiCli].
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc...) required by the step 4 of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 20.
The controlled hydrolysis of halosilanes of step 5 according to the present invention can advantageously be illustrated by either Step 5(a) or Step 5(b) as depicted in figure 2.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the energy consumption required by the step 5(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced [H2SiO].
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the temperature of the method for the production of [H2SiO] in the step 5(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from - 50 to 100 °C.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the pressure of the method for the production of [H2SiO] in the step 5(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.107 Pa.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the step 5(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process is characterised in that the mixture of water (HiOyHzSiCh molar ratio is superior or equal to 0.1. In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of the H20 and H2S1CI2 is characterised by a
H20/ HaSiCli molar ratio which is comprised between 0.1 and 10000.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc...) required by the step 5(a) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the energy consumption required by the step 5(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 50 kWh/kg of produced [H2SiO].
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the temperature of the method for the production of [H2SiO] in the step 5(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from - 50 to 100 °C.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the pressure of the method for the production of [HbSiG] in the step 5(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may vary in a wide range, and may range notably from 1 to 1.107 Pa.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the step 5(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process is characterised in that the mixture of water (H20)/H2SiF2 molar ratio is superior or equal to 0.1. In an embodiment of the present invention, the said mixture of the H2O and H2S1F2 is characterised by a H20/ H2SiF2 molar ratio which is comprised between 0.1 and 10000.
In an embodiment according to the present invention, the number of unitary operations (e.g. reaction, separation, purification, etc...) required by the step 5(b) of the siloxane hydrogen carrier of formula (I) production/regeneration process may be comprised between 1 and 10.
The following terms and expressions contained herein are defined as follows:
- hydrogen carriers are either solid-state or liquid-state materials that contain
hydrogen atoms, readily releasable as molecular dihydrogen (H2) when needed. It should be obvious to those skilled in the art that the present invention enables embodiments under numerous other specific forms without leaving the field of application of the invention as claimed. Consequently, the present embodiments must be considered as illustrations, but may be modified in the defined field by the scope of the attached claims, and the invention must not be limited to the details given above.
Examples
Liquid PHS (poly(dihydrosiloxane)) was prepared by controlled hydrolysis of
dichlorosilane (H2SiCl2) and obtained as a colorless liquid. Solid PHS was prepared by controlled hydrolysis of dichlorosilane (HhSiCh) in the presence of trimethylsilyl chloride (MeaSi-Cl) as chain terminating agent and obtained as colorless crystals. PHMS
(poly(hydromethylsiloxane)) was obtained as a colorless liquid from commercial sources.
Figure 6 depicts hydrogen release experiments, with recording of the liberated volume of hydrogen gas over time, from three different siloxane hydrogen carriers. The following table summarizes the results.
All three reactions exhibit a quantitative yield. As a consequence of the chemical structure of each compound, the liquid poly(dihydrosiloxane) bearing a cyclic structure exhibits by far the highest volume of liberated hydrogen gas. Solid poly(dihydrosiloxane) presenting a linear structure demonstrates lower performances due to its carbon containing -SiMe3 chain terminations lowering its hydrogen weight gravimetric efficiency. PHMS shows
more than a two-fold lower performance when compared to liquid PHS since it carries only one hydride per hydromethylsiloxane repeating unit.
Description of the experimental set-up
A 60 mL PET preform was connected (by screwing) to a pressure tight ball lock coupler featuring an outlet nozzle for hydrogen gas evacuation and a female thread to which a stainless needle, equipped with a stainless stopcock, was crimped for reactants injection. The hydrogen gas outlet nozzle was connected to a flowmeter in order to monitor the kinetic of the hydrogen release. The hydrogen gas was collected in an inverted 2L graduated measuring cylinder filled with water used as an additional volume measuring device. The flow of hydrogen gas released into the measuring cylinder was controlled by a needle valve.
Example 1
In a 60 mL PET preform was charged 1.007 g (16.75 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) of
poly(hydromethylsiloxane) and 2 mL of NaOH (20 wt% in water) (12.2 mmol, 0.73 equiv.) was quickly added with a 5 mL syringe via the injection needle onto the reacting medium under vigorous stirring. The stopcock was closed and 400 mL ( > 99% yield) of hydrogen gas were collected in the measuring cylinder over a period of 20 seconds.
Example 2
In a 60 mL PET preform was charged 1.003 g ( 21.75 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) of linear solid poly(dihydrosiloxane) and 5 mL of NaOH (20 wt% in water) (30.5 mmol, 1.40 equiv.) was quickly added with a 5 L syringe via the injection needle onto the reacting medium under vigorous stirring. The stopcock was closed and 750 mL ( > 99% yield) of hydrogen gas were collected in the measuring cylinder over a period of 95 seconds.
Example 3
In a 60 mL PET preform was charged 1.005 g (21.80 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) of cyclic liquid poly(dihydrosiloxane) and 5 mL of NaOH (20 wt% in water) (30.5 mmol, 1.40 equiv.)
was quickly added with a 5 mL syringe via the injection needle onto the reacting medium under vigorous stirring. The stopcock was closed and 1040 mL ( > 99% yield) of hydrogen gas were collected in the measuring cylinder over a period of 50 seconds.
Claims
1. Process for the production of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound consisting in reaction routes X, Y, or Z comprising the following consecutive steps: providing silica compound and/or silicate compound and
- for reaction route X,
■ subjecting the silica compound and/or silicate compound to a
halogenation step to produce silicon tetrahalide,
■ subjecting the silicon tetrahalide to a reduction step to produce
halosilane, and
■ subjecting the halosilane to a hydrolysis step to produce a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound;
- for reaction route Y,
■ subjecting the silica compound and/or silicate compound to a
reduction step to produce silicon,
* subjecting silicon to a hydrohalogenation step to produce halosilane, and
■ subjecting the halosilane to a hydrolysis step to produce a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound;
- for reaction route Z,
* subjecting the silica compound and/or silicate compound to a
halogenation step to produce silicon tetrahalide,
■ subjecting the silicon tetrahalide to a reduction step to produce
silicon,
■ subjecting silicon to a hydrohalogenation step to produce halosilane, and
■ subjecting the halosilane to a hydrolysis step to produce a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound.
2. Process for the regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound wherein a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound is subjected to hydrolytic oxidation for the production of hydrogen and silica and/or silicate compound (B) followed by reaction routes X, Y, or Z according to claim 1 to produce a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier
compound,
3. Process for the regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to claim 2 wherein the regenerated siloxane hydrogen carrier compound is chemically identical to the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound subjected to hydrolytic oxidation.
4. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to any of the preceding claims without requiring carbon containing reactant and/or without carbon emissions when the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound is carbon free and/or with carbon emissions lower than 0.924 kg of C02 per kg of produced siloxane hydrogen carrier compound when the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound contains carbon.
5. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to claim 4 wherein the carbon emissions are lower than 0.462 kg of C02, more preferably lower than 0.231 kg of C02, for example less than 0.1 kg of CO2 or even less than 0.05 kg of CO2 per kg of produced/regenerated siloxane hydrogen carrier compound when the siloxane hydrogen carrier compounds contain carbon.
6. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to any of claims 1 to 4 wherein the siloxane hydrogen carrier compound does not contain carbon.
7. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to claim 6 wherein process reactants don’t contain carbon.
8. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to any of the preceding claims wherein hydrogen halide is used for the halogenation of the silica and/or silicate compound of reaction routes X and Z to produce silicon tetrahalide.
9. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to claim 8 wherein the hydrogen halide is hydrogen fluoride and the silicon tetrahalide is silicon tetrafluoride.
10. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to any of the preceding claims wherein the reduction of the silica compound and/or silicate compound of reaction route Y is
• a one-step reduction in the presence of hydrogen to produce silicon; or
• a two-step reduction comprising the reduction of the silica compound and/or
silicate compound in the presence of silicon to produce SiO and the reduction of the SiO in the presence of hydrogen to produce silicon.
11. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to claim 10 wherein the reduction of the silica compound and/or silicate compound of reaction route Y is the one-step reduction in the presence of hydrogen to produce silicon which is performed in a plasma without carbon emissions.
12. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to any of the preceding claims wherein the reduction of the silicon tetrahalide of reaction route Z is
• a reduction in the presence of hydrogen to produce silicon; or
• a reduction in the presence of a metallic reductant to produce silicon.
13. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to any of the preceding claims wherein hydrogen is used for the reduction of the silicon tetrahalide of reaction route X to produce halosilane.
14. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to claim 13 wherein the silicon tetrahalide is silicon tetrafluoride and the halosilane is difluorosilane (H2S1F2).
15. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to any of the preceding claims wherein hydrogen halide is used for the hydrohalogenation of silicon of reaction routes Y and Z to produce halosilane.
16. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier
compound according to claim 15 wherein the hydrogen halide is hydrogen chloride and the halosilane is dichlorosilane (H2SiCl2).
17. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to any of the preceding claims wherein water is used for the hydrolysis of the halosilane of reaction routes X, Y and Z to produce a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound.
18. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to any of the preceding claims wherein the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound has one or more units of formula (I):
wherein n is an integer which is superior or equal to one.
19. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to claim 18 wherein the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound is a linear compound of formula ROH2nSinOnR’ with n being an integer superior or equal to 1, R and R’ are selected amongst Me, Et, Pr, 'Pr, Bu,‘Bu, Ph and/or SiR”3 with R” being selected amongst H, Me, Et, Pr,‘Pr, Bu,‘Bu, and/or Ph.
20. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to claim 19 wherein n is superior or equal to 2, for example superior or equal to 3, or even superior or equal to four; n is inferior or equal to 500, for example inferior or equal to 50.
21. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier
compound according to any of claims 19 and 20 wherein R and R’ don’t contain carbon.
22. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to claim 21 wherein R and R’ are SiH3.
23. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to claim 18 wherein the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound of formula (I) is a cyclic compound, for example a cyclic compound of formula H2nSinOn with n being an integer superior or equal to 2, for example superior or equal to 3, or even superior or equal to four.
24. Process for the production or regeneration of a liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to claim 23 wherein n is inferior or equal to 500, for example inferior or equal to 32, for example inferior or equal to 17.
25. Liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound obtained by production or regeneration process according to any of the preceding claims
26. Method for the production of hydrogen by hydrolytic oxidation in the presence of water of the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound siloxanes of claim 25.
27. Use of the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to claim 25 for the storage and transport of hydrogen and/or energy.
28. Use of the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to claim 27 wherein said hydrogen comes from a renewable energy production process and/or when said energy originates from renewable energy production process, off-peak electricity production, and/or waste heat recovery process.
29. Carbon-free use of the liquid siloxane hydrogen carrier compound according to any of claims 27 and 28 in a carbon-free method according to claim 26 for the on-demand release of hydrogen.
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| BR112020022271-2A BR112020022271A2 (en) | 2018-05-02 | 2019-04-30 | process to produce and regenerate hydrogen-carrying compounds |
| JP2021510532A JP7374993B2 (en) | 2018-05-02 | 2019-04-30 | Method for regeneration of hydrogen carrier compounds |
| KR1020207033577A KR20210003200A (en) | 2018-05-02 | 2019-04-30 | Method for producing and regenerating hydrogen carrier compound |
| CN201980029637.4A CN112203972B (en) | 2018-05-02 | 2019-04-30 | Process for the preparation and regeneration of hydrogen carrier compounds |
| CA3096774A CA3096774A1 (en) | 2018-05-02 | 2019-04-30 | Process for producing and regenerating hydrogen carrier compounds |
| AU2019264448A AU2019264448B2 (en) | 2018-05-02 | 2019-04-30 | Process for producing and regenerating hydrogen carrier compounds |
| US15/733,712 US20210017021A1 (en) | 2018-05-02 | 2019-04-30 | Process for producing and regenerating hydrogen carrier compounds |
| ZA2020/06383A ZA202006383B (en) | 2018-05-02 | 2020-10-14 | Process for producing and regenerating hydrogen carrier compounds |
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| PCT/EP2019/061109 WO2019211301A1 (en) | 2018-05-02 | 2019-04-30 | Process for producing and regenerating hydrogen carrier compounds |
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| EP (2) | EP3788003A1 (en) |
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| WO2021084044A1 (en) | 2019-10-31 | 2021-05-06 | Hysilabs Sas | Hydrogen carrier compounds |
| EP4108630A1 (en) | 2021-06-25 | 2022-12-28 | Hysilabs, SAS | Hydrogen carrier compounds |
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| EP4244181A2 (en) * | 2020-10-14 | 2023-09-20 | The Claire Technologies Corporation | Carbon-neutral process for generating electricity |
| KR20220101322A (en) | 2021-01-11 | 2022-07-19 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | Battery control apparatus, battery system, power supply system, and battery control method |
| CA3210203A1 (en) * | 2021-03-02 | 2022-09-29 | The Claire Technologies Corporation | Liquid carbon-neutral energy facility system |
| JPWO2023054347A1 (en) * | 2021-09-28 | 2023-04-06 | ||
| CN115304024A (en) * | 2022-07-19 | 2022-11-08 | 三峡大学 | Method for using Zn-EDTA-2Na as TMDSO hydrogen production control switch |
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| KR20210003201A (en) | 2021-01-11 |
| US20210269305A1 (en) | 2021-09-02 |
| ZA202006383B (en) | 2022-10-26 |
| JP7374993B2 (en) | 2023-11-07 |
| US20210017021A1 (en) | 2021-01-21 |
| CA3096774A1 (en) | 2019-11-07 |
| CN112203971A (en) | 2021-01-08 |
| AU2019264447A1 (en) | 2020-11-19 |
| EP3788003A1 (en) | 2021-03-10 |
| AU2019264448A1 (en) | 2020-11-19 |
| CA3096771A1 (en) | 2019-11-07 |
| EP3788001A1 (en) | 2021-03-10 |
| CN112203972A (en) | 2021-01-08 |
| CN112203972B (en) | 2024-02-06 |
| AU2019264447B2 (en) | 2024-09-26 |
| ZA202006165B (en) | 2021-09-29 |
| BR112020022309A2 (en) | 2021-02-23 |
| WO2019211300A1 (en) | 2019-11-07 |
| JP2021522157A (en) | 2021-08-30 |
| JP7429685B2 (en) | 2024-02-08 |
| JP2021522156A (en) | 2021-08-30 |
| AU2019264448B2 (en) | 2024-07-11 |
| BR112020022271A2 (en) | 2021-02-23 |
| KR20210003200A (en) | 2021-01-11 |
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