WO2019164522A1 - Monitoring and controlling exothermic reactions using photon detection devices - Google Patents
Monitoring and controlling exothermic reactions using photon detection devices Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019164522A1 WO2019164522A1 PCT/US2018/019624 US2018019624W WO2019164522A1 WO 2019164522 A1 WO2019164522 A1 WO 2019164522A1 US 2018019624 W US2018019624 W US 2018019624W WO 2019164522 A1 WO2019164522 A1 WO 2019164522A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
- G01K11/12—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in colour, translucency or reflectance
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/66—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light electrically excited, e.g. electroluminescence
- G01N21/67—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light electrically excited, e.g. electroluminescence using electric arcs or discharges
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/20—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity
- G01N25/48—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity on solution, sorption, or a chemical reaction not involving combustion or catalytic oxidation
- G01N25/4873—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating the development of heat, i.e. calorimetry, e.g. by measuring specific heat, by measuring thermal conductivity on solution, sorption, or a chemical reaction not involving combustion or catalytic oxidation for a flowing, e.g. gas sample
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to monitoring and controlling exothermic reactions. More specially, this disclosure describes an exothermic reactor in which initiating plasma is one potential method to activate the exothermic reaction system. A well-defined, objective and quantifiable method is needed to determine the state of the plasma.
- reactors Many types of reactors have been built and tested to create exothermic reactions. These reactors range from wet cells using electrolysis to solid state reactors to plasma reactors. Each reactor type requires specific materials, activation procedures, and triggering methods. This disclosure focuses on the plasma reactor system, more specifically for the plasma reactor system.
- a plasma that emits light is generated in a reactor.
- the color of the plasma is dependent on the type of gas inside the reaction chamber.
- the color of the plasma, and therefore the type of gas inside the reaction chamber tells the state of activation and whether the activation process needs to continue or if it is complete. Sparks and arcs can also be monitored to know what state the plasma is in, for example, sparking mode, arcing mode, glow discharge mode, etc.
- spectrometers or optical spectrometers
- Spectrometers measure the intensity of light based on wavelength and frequency.
- spectrometers are very well known and understood, they have not been used to monitor the activation process of preparing an exothermic reaction system.
- a method includes vacuuming an environment containing a low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) system and flowing a gaseous material into the environment.
- the method includes heating the reactor to a first temperature range and applying a voltage to an electrode passing through a core of the LENR system.
- the method includes imaging one of the core or the system with a spectrometer and determining that the core is at a desired temperature based on the imaging.
- LNR low energy nuclear reaction
- determining that the core is at a desired temperature includes detecting a first intensity peak occurring at a first wavelength and detecting a second intensity peak occurring at a second wavelength.
- the method when a first intensity peak and a second intensity peak is not detected, the method further including increasing the voltage to the electrode.
- the first wavelength is about 400 to about 450 nm.
- the second wavelength is about 550 to about 625 nm.
- the intensity peaks are relative intensities.
- the applied voltage is between about 200 volts and about 1200 volts.
- the vacuum is a minimum of 10 L -3 torr.
- the flow of gaseous material is between 1 and 10 Pa.
- the flow of gaseous material is between 1 and 3 Pa.
- the heating is between about 100 degrees C and about 400 degrees C.
- an energy production system includes a low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) device and a spectrometer configured to image the LENR device.
- the system includes a control device configured for causing vacuuming an environment containing the LENR device, flowing a gaseous material into the environment, heating the reactor to a first temperature range, applying a voltage to an electrode passing through a core of the LENR device, imaging one of the core or the system with the spectrometer, and determining that the core is at a desired temperature based on the imaging.
- FIG 1 illustrates an energy production system according to one or more embodiments disclosed herein;
- FIG. 2 illustrates an energy production system according to one or more embodiments disclosed herein;
- Figure 3 illustrates a flow chart depicting one or more methods disclosed herein
- Figure 4 illustrates a diagram of intensity versus wavelength according to one more embodiments disclosed herein;
- Figure 5 illustrates a diagram of intensity versus wavelength according to one or more embodiments disclosed herein.
- Figure 6 illustrates a flow chart depicting one or more methods disclosed herein.
- the window itself has the potential to affect the color. For example, if a sapphire window is used instead of a clear window, then the color of the plasma could be altered.
- the window often has a temperature limit associated with it, which could cause limitations on the reactor. For example, if the reactor needs to reach a high temperature and remain at vacuum pressures, then the window may be a limiting factor, or extra expense may need to be added to the reactor so that the window is not around conditions that it is not rated for.
- a photon detection device may refer to a range of devices that can detect a range of wavelengths.
- a photon detection device may be a UV photon detector that can be configured to detect photons in the UV spectrum range.
- a photon detection device may be a spectrometer device, e.g., an optical spectrometer that can be configured to detect visible lights.
- an optical spectrometer Used in conjunction with an exothermic reactor, an optical spectrometer is able to more accurately and more consistently tell the intensity of all wavelengths of light being emitted from the glow discharge taking place in the exothermic reactor. This allows for better classification of exact color of the plasma, and thus allows the operator to better determine what state the activation process is in.
- Examples of a photon detection device may also include gamma detector.
- a gamma detector detects gamma ray emissions, which may indicate the stage or status of an exothermic reaction.
- neutrons are not photons and a photon detection device does not normally include a neutron detector.
- a neutron detector can be used to monitor and control the LENR process.
- the device Since the device is not subjective, like a human eye, determining the true color being emitted becomes quantifiable. It also becomes consistent across different reactors. A person may think they see violet instead of blue, all very subjective terms.
- the spectrometer allows the state of the glow discharge to be quantified into known intensity levels at known wavelength ranges. Therefore, reactors can be activated more consistently since the parameters governing activation become quantifiable, measurable values.
- the spectrometer can be used to automate control of activation, knowing when and how much voltage to apply, and when to remove voltage and call the activation procedure complete.
- FIG. 1 illustrates one reactor system, namely an energy production system 10.
- a high voltage electrode 20 runs down the center of a cylindrical reactor container 12.
- One or more gas ports 22 are available to flow gas into the reactor and/or to pull a vacuum.
- Heating tape 24 is wrapped around the vessel so that it can be heated to the desired temperature.
- a viewing port is on the reactor so that the electrode and body is visible. The plasma will be generated due to the voltage differential from the electrode to the body, so this is the area where the glow must be monitored.
- the viewing port can be large enough so that a human operator can see inside the reactor, or it can be only large enough for the spectrometer viewing area to be able to see the inside of the reactor.
- a control device 16 may be provided for carrying out the one or more methods disclosed herein.
- FIG. 2 illustrates an energy production system 10 including an LENR device 12.
- the spectrometer 14 is mounted within the reactor body. Care is taken so that the spectrometer temperature and pressure ratings are not violated, so it may need to be mounted at a point further away from the main inside reactor body where the plasma will be generated.
- a control device 16 may be provided for carrying out the one or more methods disclosed herein.
- the control device 16 may include a memory and a processor and be configured for directing one or more computers, or one or more personnel.
- the control device 16 may communicate over a wired or wireless network.
- An advantageous aspect is that the window of the spectrometer is able to see the inside of the reactor.
- a high voltage electrode 20 runs down the center of the main reactor body. At least one gas port is available to flow gas in and/or pull vacuum.
- a heater cartridge is on the inside of the reactor to provide heat to reach the desired temperatures.
- a side piece juts out from the main reactor so that the spectrometer can still have a view of the plasma- generation area while being kept away from the main source of heat.
- the reactor remains in the“in progress” state until the two desired peaks listed previously disappear.
- the activation procedure is considered done once the spectrometer shows a peak wavelength intensity in the about 455 to about 500nm range, typically resulting in a blue glow to the human eye.
- Spectrometers can typically see all visible light ranging from approximately 390nm to 700nm. Some spectrometers can see into UV, infrared, and other non-visible wavelength light.
- Figure 3 illustrates an example method according to one or more embodiments disclosed herein to activate the plasma reactor and monitor with a spectrometer.
- the reactor is first vacuumed to a minimum of 10 L -3 torr vacuum. Deuterium is then flowed into the reactor to a pressure of l-3Pa. Heat is applied to the reactor until the inside of the reactor reaches a temperature from 100C -400C. While the reactor body is grounded, a high voltage AC or DC signal is applied to the middle electrode. The voltage signal can be 200V- 1200V AC or DC until a flow discharge plasma begins and current flows from 20mA -200mA.
- the plasma is considered at the“activation in progress” state while the spectrometer shows 2 relative peaks to other wavelength intensities. There should be a peak of wavelength intensity between 400-450nm (typically resulting in a violet glow to the human eye). Another peak of wavelength intensity should be present between 550nm-650nm (typically resulting in a pink glow to the human eye). Pink is actually a combination of other color wavelengths, combining to form the subjective“pink” color.
- Figure 4 illustrates an an example of the spectrometer output, which is a graph of relative light intensity versus wavelength.
- the spectrometer output is a graph of relative light intensity versus wavelength.
- the about 400nm to about 450nm range results in a glow that typically appears violet to the human eye.
- Pink is a mixture of primary colors and thus has a larger wavelength range where peaks will appear in varying intensity between about 550nm and about 650nm.
- Figure 5 illustrates an example of the spectrometer output, which is a graph of relative light intensity versus wavelength. Activation is considered complete when the peak has shifted to a peak around about 455 to about 500nm. This range results in a glow that typically appears blue to the human eye.
- the viewing port is tinted, then the effect of the glass on the wavelength is taken into account when looking at the spectrometer output for any of the above figures.
- the above peak wavelength ranges are the desired ranges see at the inside of the reactor.
- Figure 6 illustrates an example method according to one or more embodiments disclosed herein. This figure provides an example embodiment of the procedure used to activate the plasma reactor and monitor and control with a spectrometer.
- the reactor is first vacuumed to a minimum of 10 L -3 torr vacuum. Deuterium is then flowed into the reactor to a pressure of about 1 to about lOPa. Heat is applied to the reactor until the inside of the reactor reaches a temperature from about 100C to about 400C. While the reactor body is grounded, a high voltage AC or DC signal is applied to the middle electrode.
- the voltage signal can be about 200V to about 1200V AC or DC.
- the spectrometer is used to determine the state of the plasma. If the plasma is in the desired range, then go to the next step. If the plasma is not in the desired range, then the pressure or voltage is adjusted until the desired plasma is created. This can be a glow discharge, arcing, sparking, or other plasma.
- the plasma is considered at the“activation in progress” state while the spectrometer shows 2 relative peaks to other wavelength intensities. There should be a peak of wavelength intensity between about 400 and about 450nm (typically resulting in a violet glow to the human eye). Another peak of wavelength intensity should be present between about 550nm and about 650nm (typically resulting in a pink glow to the human eye). Pink is actually a combination of other color wavelengths, combining to form the subjective“pink” color.
- the reactor remains in the“in progress” state until the two desired peaks listed previously disappear.
- the activation procedure is considered done once the spectrometer shows a peak wavelength intensity in the about 455 and about 500nm range, typically resulting in a blue glow to the human eye.
- the spectrometer may be configured for determining other data points. For example, a color gradient may be indicative of a desired or undesired operation condition. If the color gradient is not consistent across the core or not consistent with an expected gradient across the core, this could be evidence of the core having a fuel shortage.
- the electrode could also be gridded throughout the core and could have electricity selectively applied to particular grids when appropriate. Additionally, due to aggregation of data across many different reactors, the life or bum rate of a core can be determined based on the measurements from the spectrometer.
- a temperature gauge may also be provided to coordinate and provide another degree of information and/or readings relative to the measurements form the spectrometer.
- aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,”“module” or“system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.
- the computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium (including, but not limited to, non-transitory computer readable storage media).
- a computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
- a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
- a computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof.
- a computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
- Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
- Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the“C” programming language or similar programming languages.
- the program code may execute entirely on the user’s computer, partly on the user’s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user’s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server.
- the remote computer may be connected to the user’s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).
- LAN local area network
- WAN wide area network
- Internet Service Provider for example, AT&T, MCI, Sprint, EarthLink, MSN, GTE, etc.
- These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
- These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
- the computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
- each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s).
- the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved.
- each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration can be implemented by special purpose hardware- based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
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US20130243143A1 (en) * | 2012-02-24 | 2013-09-19 | Stmicroelectronics S.R.L. | Reactor for energy generation through low energy nuclear reactions (lenr) between hydrogen and transition metals and related method of energy generation |
DE102014014209A1 (en) * | 2014-09-23 | 2016-05-19 | Projektentwicklung Energie Und Umwelt Gmbh | Method and apparatus for the continuous generation of LENR heat |
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- 2018-02-26 WO PCT/US2018/019624 patent/WO2019164522A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (5)
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US20050211171A1 (en) * | 2004-03-26 | 2005-09-29 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Chemical vapor deposition plasma reactor having an ion shower grid |
US20060148151A1 (en) * | 2005-01-04 | 2006-07-06 | Anand Murthy | CMOS transistor junction regions formed by a CVD etching and deposition sequence |
US20070206715A1 (en) * | 2005-12-29 | 2007-09-06 | Profusion Energy, Inc. | Energy generation apparatus and method |
US20130243143A1 (en) * | 2012-02-24 | 2013-09-19 | Stmicroelectronics S.R.L. | Reactor for energy generation through low energy nuclear reactions (lenr) between hydrogen and transition metals and related method of energy generation |
DE102014014209A1 (en) * | 2014-09-23 | 2016-05-19 | Projektentwicklung Energie Und Umwelt Gmbh | Method and apparatus for the continuous generation of LENR heat |
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