WO2019090885A1 - 基于回收来流压力能的超低温环境取热天然气调温调压系统 - Google Patents

基于回收来流压力能的超低温环境取热天然气调温调压系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019090885A1
WO2019090885A1 PCT/CN2017/115476 CN2017115476W WO2019090885A1 WO 2019090885 A1 WO2019090885 A1 WO 2019090885A1 CN 2017115476 W CN2017115476 W CN 2017115476W WO 2019090885 A1 WO2019090885 A1 WO 2019090885A1
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Prior art keywords
natural gas
pressure
temperature
vortex tube
air
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PCT/CN2017/115476
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
张博
郭向吉
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Dalian University of Technology
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Dalian University of Technology
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Priority to US16/479,835 priority Critical patent/US10704739B2/en
Publication of WO2019090885A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019090885A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
    • F17D1/00—Pipe-line systems
    • F17D1/02—Pipe-line systems for gases or vapours
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
    • F17D3/00—Arrangements for supervising or controlling working operations
    • F17D3/01—Arrangements for supervising or controlling working operations for controlling, signalling, or supervising the conveyance of a product
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/02—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point using Joule-Thompson effect; using vortex effect
    • F25B9/04—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point using Joule-Thompson effect; using vortex effect using vortex effect
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/03—Mixtures
    • F17C2221/032—Hydrocarbons
    • F17C2221/033—Methane, e.g. natural gas, CNG, LNG, GNL, GNC, PLNG
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F17C2223/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2225/00—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2225/01—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2225/0107—Single phase
    • F17C2225/0123—Single phase gaseous, e.g. CNG, GNC
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2265/00—Effects achieved by gas storage or gas handling
    • F17C2265/06—Fluid distribution
    • F17C2265/068—Distribution pipeline networks

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of natural gas, and includes a pipeline natural gas, a compressed natural gas, a liquefied natural gas, a system capable of recovering a pressure and a residual pressure to realize a heat compensation pressure regulation and a temperature regulation heat demand in an ultra-low temperature environment.
  • Natural gas is a kind of high-calorie, clean energy. With the increasingly serious environmental pollution problems and the exploration and development of a large number of gas fields, natural gas accounts for a higher proportion in the global energy market. Natural gas can be transported in a variety of ways, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), canned compressed natural gas (CGN), and pipeline compressed natural gas (PNG).
  • LNG liquefied natural gas
  • CGN canned compressed natural gas
  • PNG pipeline compressed natural gas
  • the core is to increase the transport efficiency by increasing the density (liquid or high pressure gas). .
  • Pipeline natural gas refers to the pipeline that transports natural gas (including associated gas from oil field production) from the mine field or treatment plant to the city gas distribution center or industrial enterprise users. It is also called the gas pipeline and carries out long-distance transportation in the pipeline.
  • the natural gas is called pipe natural gas (PNG).
  • PNG pipe natural gas
  • the pipeline design transport pressure is generally around 10Mpa or even higher.
  • Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a compressor that pressurizes low-pressure natural gas to 20-25 MPa and compresses it into a set of high-pressure-resistant gas cylinders or bundles to form compressed natural gas. The effect of compression is to increase its density.
  • LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
  • Gaseous high-pressure natural gas due to the low-pressure state of natural gas used by users, it needs to be decompressed before being sent to the final use, and the pressure allowed to drop to urban pipe network is 0.1- Only 0.4 MPa can enter the pipeline.
  • the temperature of the high-pressure natural gas will be rapidly reduced due to the effect of the coke soup effect, and a large amount of heat will be absorbed from the surrounding environment. If the heat is not replenished in time, the pipeline will be frosted or even blocked by the valve.
  • the large destruction pipeline and its attached pipe valve are raised to a certain temperature, and then enter the pressure regulating device to adjust the pressure, so that during the pressure regulation and cooling process, the natural gas will not cool down to the freezing point.
  • a heater other than the gasifier is also required to heat the low-temperature natural gas that does not meet the temperature requirements of the pipe network.
  • LNG is stored in the storage tank in the form of low temperature and normal pressure; under working conditions, the tank is equipped with a supercharger to supercharge the LNG in the LNG storage tank, and the LNG is stored by the pressure difference.
  • the tank is pressed to the air temperature gasifier.
  • the LNG exchanges heat with the air introduced in the external environment to generate a phase change, vaporizes into a gaseous state, and raises the temperature.
  • the temperature of the natural gas at the outlet of the air-temperature gasifier can reach above 5 °C, and it is directly depressurized into the urban pipe network through the pressure regulating device and sent to various users.
  • the efficiency of the air-temperature gasifier is reduced.
  • the natural gas temperature does not reach the temperature requirement of the pipe network after gasification, the pipeline valve is prevented from directly entering the urban pipe network.
  • Such facilities produce low-temperature brittle fractures, and also prevent excessive supply and sales of low-temperature natural gas.
  • the low-temperature natural gas after gasification needs to be heated by the heater to the allowable temperature of the pipe network, and finally after being odorized and metered. Enter the transmission and distribution network to send all kinds of users.
  • heaters can be divided into combustion heating type, hot water heating type and electric heating type.
  • the existing natural gas gasification heating process requires a large amount of energy to heat the low temperature NG.
  • the invention aims at the heating process in the gasification process of pipeline and compressed natural gas pressure regulating/liquefied natural gas, and through analysis, proposes to adopt an ejector-vortex tube-air temperature heat exchanger to form a cycle in the existing natural gas decompression/gasification process.
  • an ejector-vortex tube-air temperature heat exchanger to form a cycle in the existing natural gas decompression/gasification process.
  • the ejector-vortex tube can be driven by the high pressure difference in the pipeline or compressed natural gas pressure regulating process or the temperature rise and pressure in the liquefied natural gas gasification process to reduce the heat temperature of the air temperature heat exchanger and realize the ultra-low temperature environment.
  • the air takes heat, compensates for the heat required in the high-pressure natural gas decompression/liquefied natural gas gasification process, and does not need to consume electricity or fuel heating, so that the energy efficiency of the existing natural gas distribution station/reduction station/gasification station can be realized. raised dramatically.
  • the present invention provides a pipeline natural gas pressure reduction/gasification system that utilizes the pressure of the natural gas itself or the supercharging of the low temperature air during the LNG vaporization process.
  • the system uses a pressure-driven heating unit composed of a vortex tube, an air-temperature heat exchanger and an ejector to replace the existing heater (for LNG, a cryogenic liquid booster pump is provided between the storage tank and the air-temperature gasifier) To increase the NG pressure at the outlet of the air-temperature gasifier).
  • the two kinds of pressure driving devices such as an ejector and a vortex tube, are used to pass the low temperature NG at the cold end of the vortex tube into the air temperature heat exchanger to continuously absorb heat from the environment; at the same time, the temperature of the gas from the hot end of the vortex tube is directly increased.
  • Pipe network temperature requirements in order to achieve the purpose of no heater energy consumption.
  • the core is to use the vortex tube energy separation effect to generate high temperature and low temperature airflow.
  • the high temperature airflow directly enters the user pipe network, and the low temperature airflow has the ability to absorb heat from the ultra-low temperature environment atmosphere; the injector realizes the vortex tube discharge into the air temperature heat exchange.
  • the two match and work under the pressure of the incoming natural gas.
  • a natural gas temperature regulating pressure regulating system comprising a high-pressure natural gas, a pressure regulating device, and a pressure-driven heating pressure regulating unit.
  • the pressure-driven heating pressure regulating unit comprises a vortex tube, an air temperature heat exchanger and an injector.
  • the inflow high pressure natural gas includes compressed natural gas, pipeline natural gas, and liquefied natural gas.
  • Liquefied natural gas has low pressure and low temperature in the storage tank. Therefore, it is necessary to arrange a booster pump to raise the LNG indenter before entering the air-temperature gasifier, and then vaporize it through the air-temperature gasifier, and then heat up to become higher pressure.
  • Gaseous natural gas While pipelines and compressed natural gas are in the form of high-pressure gas during storage and transportation, no boosting is required. On this basis, the high-pressure natural gas is heated, vaporized/depressurized, and then connected to the pressure regulating device through a pressure-driven heating pressure regulating unit.
  • the pressure-driven heating pressure regulating unit is composed of a vortex tube, an air-temperature heat exchanger and an injector, wherein an inlet of the injector is connected to an outlet of the air-temperature heat exchanger, and an outlet of the injector is connected to an inlet of the vortex tube;
  • the cold end of the vortex tube is connected to the inlet of the air-temperature heat exchanger, and the hot end of the vortex tube is connected to the pressure regulating device.
  • the incoming high-pressure natural gas and the low-pressure natural gas discharged from the air-temperature heat exchanger are mixed in an ejector to form a medium-pressure natural gas, and then enter the vortex tube from the ejector outlet; the tangential nozzle of the vortex tube is stepped down.
  • the natural gas is separated into two strands, one natural gas is heated by the heating in the vortex tube, and the temperature of the natural gas is adjusted to the allowable temperature of the pipe network through the hot-end control valve.
  • the pressure regulating device another natural gas discharged from the cold end outlet of the vortex tube is introduced into the air-temperature heat exchanger to absorb heat into the air; the natural gas discharged from the outlet of the air-temperature heat exchanger is jetted at a high speed in the injector The ejector enters the injector.
  • the natural gas discharged from the hot end of the vortex tube enters the regulating device for depressurization, and reaches the delivery pressure and finally flows into the downstream of the distribution station or the urban pipe network.
  • the invention recovers the natural gas pressure energy by means of ejector pressure driving so that the natural gas is circulated and flowed in the ejector, the vortex tube cold end outlet and the air temperature heater. Due to the refrigeration capacity of the cold end of the vortex tube, the temperature of a part of the natural gas from the inlet of the vortex tube is further reduced. After passing into the air-temperature heat exchanger, the low-temperature and low-pressure natural gas can continuously absorb heat into the air to increase the temperature. The heating capacity of the hot end of the vortex tube allows another portion of the inlet gas to be heated to a downstream temperature or to the urban pipe network.
  • the pressure of reducing the high-pressure natural gas of the pipeline is realized, so as to achieve the purpose of heating and depressurizing the high-pressure natural gas at the same time without consuming electric energy or heating by the water bath, thereby greatly reducing the flow of the natural gas pipeline.
  • the invention can be applied to the decompression of various stages of CGN and PNG, and obtains heat from the ambient atmosphere to compensate the heat in the decompression process, and can also be applied to the LNG gasification station to realize the heat extraction from the atmosphere under the low temperature environment temperature condition. Thermal compensation in the LNG gasification process can produce significant energy savings and environmental protection.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a hot-water natural gas temperature regulation and pressure regulation system based on the recovery of pressure energy in an ultra-low temperature environment; in the figure: 1-1 vortex tube; 1-2 air temperature heat exchanger; 1-3 injector;
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a system using the solution of the present invention at a CNG decompression station; in the figure: 2-1 CNG storage tank; 2-2 ejector; 2-3 air temperature heat exchanger; 2-4 vortex tube; 2-5 pressure regulating device;
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a system using the solution of the present invention at a PNG decompression station/sortment station; Figure: 3-1 flow PNG; 3-2 injector; 3-3 vortex tube; 3-4 air temperature heating 3-5 downstream pressure regulation;
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a system using the solution of the present invention at an LNG gasification station; Figure: 4-1 LNG storage tank; 4-2 LNG storage tank with supercharger; 4-3 air temperature gasifier; 4 -4 cryogenic liquid booster pump; 4-5 pressure regulating device; 4-6 vortex tube; 4-7 air temperature heat exchanger; 4-8 injector.
  • An ultra-low temperature environment based on the recovery of incoming pressure energy a natural gas temperature regulating pressure regulating system, comprising a high-pressure natural gas, a pressure regulating device, and a pressure-driven heating pressure regulating unit.
  • the pressure-driven heating pressure regulating unit includes a vortex tube 1-1, an air-temperature heat exchanger 1-2, and an injector 1-3.
  • the high-pressure natural gas is heated, vaporized/reduced, and then connected to the pressure regulating device through a pressure-driven heating pressure regulating unit.
  • the pressure-driven heating pressure regulating unit is composed of a vortex tube 1-1, an air-temperature heat exchanger 1-2, and an ejector 1-3, and the three are sequentially connected to form a closed loop.
  • the inlet of the injector 1-3 is connected to the outlet of the air-temperature heat exchanger 1-2
  • the outlet of the injector 1-3 is connected to the inlet of the vortex tube 1-1
  • the cold end of the vortex tube 1-1 is exchanged with the air temperature
  • the inlets of the heaters 1-2 are connected, the hot end of the vortex tube 1-1 is connected to the pressure regulating device, and the hot end of the vortex tube 1-1 flows out of the system into the subsequent device.
  • the natural gas flowing into the injectors 1-3 from the high-pressure natural gas becomes the main working fluid, and expands and accelerates in the Lafar nozzle in the injectors 1-3 to form a supersonic jet, which is ejector from the air-temperature heat exchanger 1-2
  • the low-pressure natural gas discharged from the outlet is subjected to momentum and energy exchange in the mixing chamber of the injectors 1-3, and is mixed to form a fluid, which is then boosted by the diffuser in the injector 1-3, in the injector 1- 3 outlet forms a medium-pressure fluid and then enters the vortex tube 1-1; after the natural gas enters the vortex tube 1-1, it expands and depressurizes through the tangential nozzle in the vortex tube 1-1 to form a high-speed vortex, due to the vortex tube
  • the energy separation effect of 1-1 separates the natural gas into two strands.
  • One natural gas is heated by the heating action of the vortex tube 1-1, and the natural gas temperature is adjusted to the allowable temperature of the pipe network through the control valve located at the hot end, and then sent to the subsequent The downstream device; the other natural gas is cooled by the refrigeration in the vortex tube 1-1, and enters the air-temperature heat exchanger 1-2 through the cold end of the vortex tube 1-1 to absorb heat from the air, and the heated natural gas is empty.
  • the outlet of the warm heat exchanger 1-2 is discharged, and the ejector fluid from the ejector 1-3 3 back to the injector port.
  • the inflow high pressure natural gas includes compressed natural gas, pipeline natural gas, and liquefied natural gas. Based on the above system, three specific implementation schemes are given below for different incoming natural gas situations.
  • the compressed natural gas decompression system that can realize the low-temperature air heat taking by the pressure of the tank itself is mainly composed of 2-1 CNG storage tank; 2-2 injector; 2-3 air-temperature heat exchanger ;2-4 ejector; 2-5 pressure regulating device.
  • the compressed natural gas fed from the CNG storage tank 2-1 into the decompression station enters the pressure-driven heating pressure regulating unit of the present invention and is heated and regulated, and then connected to the pressure regulating device 2-5.
  • the pressure-driven heating pressure regulating unit is composed of an injector 2-2, a vortex tube 2-4, and an air-temperature heat exchanger 2-3, and the three are sequentially connected to form a closed loop, wherein the vortex tube 2-4 is cold.
  • the end is connected to the air temperature heat exchanger 2-3, and the hot end of the vortex tube 2-4 is connected to the pressure regulating device 2-5; the natural gas which is discharged from the CNG storage tank 2-1 into the ejector 2-2 becomes The main working fluid expands and accelerates in the Rafael nozzle in the injector 2-2 to form a supersonic jet, and ignites the low-pressure natural gas discharged from the outlet of the air-temperature heat exchanger 2-3, both in the injector 2
  • the mixing chamber of 2 performs momentum and energy exchange, mixes to form a fluid, and then is boosted by the expansion chamber in the ejector 2-2, and a medium-pressure fluid is formed at the outlet of the ejector 2-2, and then the vortex tube is introduced.
  • the natural gas is separated into two.
  • the stock a natural gas is heated by the heating of the vortex tube 2-4, and the temperature of the natural gas is adjusted to the pipe network through the control valve located at the hot end.
  • another natural gas is cooled by the refrigeration in the vortex tube 2-4, and enters the air temperature heat exchanger 2-3 through the cold end of the vortex tube 2-4 to absorb into the air.
  • the heat, the warmed natural gas is discharged from the outlet of the air-temperature heat exchanger 2-3, and is returned from the ejector fluid inlet of the ejector 2-2 to the ejector 2-2.
  • the high-pressure natural gas that has been transported into the natural gas distribution station or the urban gate station from PNG3-1 enters the pressure-driven heating pressure regulation and unit heating pressure regulation described in the present invention, and then is connected to the pressure regulating device 3-5.
  • the pressure-driven heating pressure regulating unit is composed of an injector 3-2, a vortex tube 3-3, and an air-temperature heat exchanger 3-4, and the three are sequentially connected to form a closed loop, wherein the vortex tube 3-3 is cold.
  • the end is connected to the air-temperature heat exchanger 3-4, and the hot end of the vortex tube 3-3 is connected to the pressure regulating device 3-5; the natural gas that has flowed from the high-pressure natural gas discharged from the PNG3-1 into the injector 3-2 becomes the main work.
  • the fluid is expanded and accelerated in the Lafar nozzle in the injector 3-2 to form a supersonic jet that ignites the low pressure natural gas discharged from the outlet of the air-temperature heat exchanger 3-4, both in the injector 3-2.
  • the mixing chamber performs momentum and energy exchange, mixes to form a fluid, and then is boosted by the diffuser chamber in the ejector 3-2, and a medium-pressure fluid is formed at the outlet of the ejector 3-2, and then is introduced into the vortex tube 3 - 3; after the natural gas enters the vortex tube 3-3, the tangential nozzle in the vortex tube 3-3 expands and depressurizes to form a high-speed vortex.
  • the natural gas is separated into two strands.
  • a natural gas is heated by the heating of the vortex tube 3-3, and the temperature of the natural gas is adjusted to the pipe network through the control valve at the hot end to allow the temperature.
  • the above is sent to the pressure regulating device 3-5; the other natural gas is cooled by the refrigeration in the vortex tube 3-3, and enters the air temperature heat exchanger 3-4 through the cold end of the vortex tube 3-3 to absorb into the air.
  • the heat, the warmed natural gas is discharged from the outlet of the air-temperature heat exchanger 3-4, and is returned from the ejector fluid inlet of the ejector 3-2 to the ejector 3-2.
  • a pressure-driven liquefied natural gas gasification heating system of the present invention mainly comprises an LNG storage tank 4-1, an LNG storage tank with a supercharger 4-2, and an air temperature gasifier 4 -3, a cryogenic liquid booster pump 4-4, a pressure regulating device 4-5, a vortex tube 4-6, an air temperature heat exchanger 4-7, and an ejector 8.
  • the phase change is converted into gaseous natural gas, and the temperature is raised.
  • the temperature of the natural gas reaches the tube after being heated by the air-temperature gasifier 4-3.
  • the pressure regulating device 4-5 is directly connected through the pipeline; when the natural gas vaporized by the air-temperature gasifier 4-3 fails to reach the allowable temperature of the pipe network, the low temperature liquid boosting pump 4-4 is started. After the supercharging, the natural gas discharged from the air-temperature gasifier 4-3 is heated by the pressure-driven heating unit and then connected to the pressure regulating device 4-5.
  • the pressure-driven heating unit of the present invention is composed of an ejector 4-8, a vortex tube 4-6, and an air-temperature heat exchanger 4-7, and the three are sequentially connected to form a closed loop, wherein the vortex tube 4-6
  • the cold end is connected to the air temperature heat exchanger 4-7, and the hot end of the vortex tube 4-6 is connected to the pressure regulating device 4-5;
  • the high pressure natural gas discharged from the air temperature gasifier 4-3 enters the injector 4 -8 of the natural gas becomes the main working fluid, expands and accelerates in the Rafael nozzles in the injectors 4-8, forming a supersonic jet, and igniting the low-pressure natural gas discharged from the outlet of the air-temperature heat exchanger 4-7
  • the mixing chamber in the ejector 4-8 performs momentum and energy exchange, mixes to form a fluid, and then is boosted by the diffuser in the ejector 4-8 to form a medium-pressure fluid at the outlet of the ejector 4
  • the tangential nozzle in the vortex tube 4-6 expands and depressurizes to form a high-speed vortex. Due to the energy separation effect of the vortex tube 4-6, The natural gas is separated into two strands, one natural gas is heated by the heating of the vortex tubes 4-6, and the natural gas temperature is adjusted by a control valve located at the hot end. After 5 °C or more, it is sent to the pressure regulating device 4-5; the other natural gas is cooled by the refrigeration in the vortex tube 4-6, and enters the air-temperature heat exchanger 4-7 to the air through the cold end of the vortex tube 4-6. The heat is absorbed, and the heated natural gas is discharged from the outlet of the air-temperature heat exchanger 4-7, and is returned from the ejector fluid inlet of the ejector 4-8 to the ejector 4-8.
  • the system analysis of the pressure-driven heating unit proposed by the present invention has the following relationship between the vortex tube cold flow ratio and the injector injection coefficient:
  • ⁇ is the vortex tube cold flow ratio, defined as the ratio of the cold end outlet mass flow to the inlet mass flow rate;
  • ⁇ is the injector injection coefficient, defined as the ratio of the mass flow of the ignited gas to the mass flow of the ejector gas.
  • the cold flow ratio ⁇ is proportional to the injection coefficient ⁇ , that is, increasing the injection coefficient can increase the cold flow ratio.
  • the means for improving the hot end heating capacity of the vortex tube can increase the inlet pressure or increase the cold flow ratio. If the inlet pressure of the vortex tube is increased, since the inlet of the vortex tube 4-6 is connected to the outlet of the ejector 8, the ejector 8 ejector fluid requires a large pressure drop in order to ignite the low pressure fluid, achieving the same injection coefficient condition. Next, increasing the inlet pressure of the vortex tube 4-6 is bound to increase the injector injection pressure. If the method of increasing the cold flow ratio to increase the heating capacity of the vortex tube 4-6 is employed, it is required to increase the injection coefficient of the injector 8.
  • the ejector injection coefficient can be increased to increase the injector inlet pressure.
  • a method of increasing the fluid pressure of the inlet of the injector 8 can be employed. Therefore, the present invention provides a cryogenic liquid booster pump 4-4 between the storage tank 4-1 and the air-temperature gasifier 4-3, and boosts the low-temperature LNG flowing out from the outlet of the storage tank 4-1 to make it empty. The pressure of the gaseous natural gas exiting the warm gasifier 4-3 reaches the design pressure of the injector 8 ejector inlet fluid.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)

Abstract

一种基于回收来流压力能的超低温环境取热天然气调温调压系统，属于天然气领域，包括管道天然气、压缩天然气、液化天然气。该系统采用涡流管（1-1）、空温式换热器（1-2）和喷射器（1-3）构成的压力驱动式加热单元代替现有的加热器，采用喷射器（1-3）和涡流管（1-1）这两种压力驱动装置，将涡流管（1-1）冷端出口的低温NG通入空温式换热器（1-2）持续从环境中吸收热量；同时使从涡流管（1-1）热端出来的气体升温直接达到管网温度要求，进而实现无需加热器耗能的目的。

Description

基于回收来流压力能的超低温环境取热天然气调温调压系统 技术领域
本发明属于天然气领域，包括管道天然气、压缩天然气、液化天然气，可回收来流压力余能实现超低温环境取热补偿压力调节、温度调节热需求的系统。
 背景技术
天然气是一种高热量、清洁能源，随着环境污染问题日益严重和大量气田的发掘、开展，天然气在全球能源市场中占比越来越高。天然气在输送过程中可以采用多种方式，例如液化天然气（LNG）、罐装压缩天然气（CGN）以及管道压缩天然气（PNG）等，其核心在于采用加大密度（液态或者高压气态）提升输送效率。
管道天然气是指将天然气（包括油田生产的伴生气）从井田开采地或处理厂增压输送到城市配气中心或工业企业用户的管道，又称输气管道，在管道内进行长距离输运的天然气称为管道天然气（pipe natural gas，PNG）。在长输天然气管道运输过程当中，由于提高气体压力可以降低输运成本，管道设计输运压力一般在10Mpa左右，甚至更高。压缩天然气（compressed natural gas，CNG）是通过压缩机把低压的天然气，增压至20-25Mpa,使其压缩进一组能耐高压的气瓶或管束中，形成压缩天然气。压缩的作用是使其密度增大，一次运输可携带更多的质量的天然气，适合长距离运输，以代替长输管线的管道输送方式。天然气中主要成分为甲烷，在常压下将天然气冷却至约-162℃时，则发生相变由气态变成液态，简称液化天然气（Liquefied Natural Gas，LNG）。由于LNG的密度大约是标准状态下气态天然气的625倍，使得LNG具有便于贮存和运输、安全性高、投资少和环保性等诸多优。而随着天然气使用的日益普及，由于天然气在使用时为气态，诸多城市陆续设立大型LNG城市门站用以接收、气化、加臭计量和分输天然气。
问题分析：
气态的高压天然气无论是通过管道输送（PNG）或者罐装（CNG），由于用户使用时天然气为低压状态，在送到最终使用之前都需要进行减压处理，降至城市管网允许压力0.1-0.4MPa之后才可进入管道。但是高压天然气在减压过程中由于焦汤效应的影响温度也会随之迅速降低，会从周围环境吸收大量的热量，如果不及时补充这些热量将会出现管线结霜甚至阀门冰堵现象，极大的破坏管线及其附属的管件阀门，升高到一定温度之后，再进入调压装置调压，使得在调压、降温过程中，天然气不会降温到冰点之下。此加热装置基本为两种，一种是消耗电能，电加热或电伴热系统；一种是消耗燃气，热水锅炉水循环加热系统。这两种加热系统都需要消耗大量的能量给天然气加压过程提供热量。由于在现有的CNG储罐或来流PNG中，高压的天然气在管道天然气分输站或天然气减压站的调压装置中被直接降压，这一部分巨大的压力能被白白损耗掉了，并没有得到利用。
对于采用空温式气化器作为气化器的液化天然气气化站工艺流程，同样需要除气化器之外的加热器对未达管网温度要求的低温天然气进行加热。在非工作条件下， LNG以低温、常压的形式储存在储罐内；在工作条件下，储罐自带增压器对LNG储罐内的LNG进行增压，利用压差将LNG从储罐压至空温式气化器。在空温式气化器中，LNG与外界环境中引入的空气进行换热，产生相变，气化为气态，同时升高温度。当夏季外界环境温度较高时，空温式气化器出口天然气温度可达到5℃以上，直接经过调压装置降压进入城市管网，送至各类用户。在冬季或者雨季，由于环境温度较低或湿度的影响，空温式气化器效率降低，气化后天然气温度达不到管网温度要求时，为防止低温天然气直接进入城市管网导致管道阀门等设施产生低温脆裂，也为防止低温天然气密度大而产生过大的供销差，气化后的低温天然气需要再经过加热器加热至管网允许温度后，最后经加臭、计量后才可进入输配管网送入各类用户。加热器根据热源不同，可分为燃烧加热式、热水加热式和电加热式等，现有天然气气化加热工艺需要消耗大量的能量来给低温NG加热。
综上所述，尽管现有工艺中液化天然气在气化过程中使用了空温式气化器来吸收大气热量，但是依然受制于大气温度在较低环境温度条件下无法实现有效吸热；而CGN/PNG的各级调压过程则更多使用电加热。随着城市天然气利用量的急剧增加，以上两个过程中消耗的热量总量极为可观，因此迫切需要通过系统创新、回收系统原有潜能，增大从环境（尤其是大气）中获取热量的能力、提升天然气使用过程中的能源利用效率。
本发明针对管道、压缩天然气调压/液化天然气气化过程中的加热过程，通过分析，提出在现有天然气减压/气化过程中采用喷射器-涡流管-空温式换热器组成循环，实现在超低温环境取热能力、替代现有水浴加热或者电加热工艺。喷射器-涡流管可以利用管道、压缩天然气调压过程中高压差或者液化天然气气化过程中的升温升压产生压差来驱动，降低空温式换热器取热温度，实现超低温环境中的空气取热、补偿高压天然气减压/液化天然气气化过程中所需热量，无需再消耗电量或者燃料加热，从而可以实现现有天然气分输站/减压站/气化站的用能效率的大幅度提升。
 技术问题
针对现有技术存在的问题，本发明提供一种利用来流天然气自身压力或者LNG汽化过程中增压实现低温空气取热的管道天然气减压/气化系统。该系统采用涡流管、空温式换热器和喷射器构成的压力驱动式加热单元代替现有的加热器（对于LNG通过在储罐和空温式气化器之间设置低温液体增压泵，以提高空温式气化器出口NG压力）。采用喷射器和涡流管这两种压力驱动装置，将涡流管冷端出口的低温NG通入空温式换热器持续从环境中吸收热量；同时使从涡流管热端出来的气体升温直接达到管网温度要求，进而实现无需加热器耗能的目的。其核心是利用涡流管能量分离效应，产生高温、低温气流，高温气流直接进入用户管网、低温气流则具备了从超低温环境大气吸收热量能力；喷射器实现了涡流管排入空温式换热器、吸收大气热量后再次进入涡流管的能力。两者匹配，在来流天然气压力驱动下工作。
 技术解决方案
本发明解决技术问题采用的方案如下：
一种基于回收来流压力能的超低温环境取热天然气调温调压系统，包括来流高压天然气、调压装置、压力驱动式加热调压单元。所述的压力驱动式加热调压单元包括涡流管、空温式换热器和喷射器。所述的来流高压天然气包括压缩天然气、管道天然气、液化天然气。
液化天然气在储罐中压力低、温度低，因此需要在进入空温式气化器之前布置增压泵提升LNG压头，然后通过空温式气化器气化、升温后变为压力更高的气态天然气。而管道、压缩天然气在储运过程中都是高压气体形式存在，则无需升压。在此基础上，来流高压天然气通过压力驱动式加热调压单元进行加热、气化/减压后再接入调压装置。
所述的压力驱动式加热调压单元由涡流管、空温式换热器和喷射器构成，其中，喷射器的入口连接空温式换热器出口，喷射器的出口连接涡流管的入口；涡流管的冷端与空温式换热器入口相连，涡流管的热端与调压装置相连。
所述的来流高压天然气与从空温式换热器中排出的低压天然气在喷射器中混合，形成一股中压天然气后由喷射器出口进入涡流管；经涡流管的切向喷嘴降压后形成高速涡旋，由于涡流管的能量分离效应，将天然气分离成两股，一股天然气由于涡流管内的加热作用升温，并通过热端控制阀将天然气温度调至管网允许温度后送至调压装置；另一股从涡流管冷端出口排出的天然气通入空温式换热器中，向空气中吸收热量；从空温式换热器出口排出的天然气被喷射器内的高速射流引射进入喷射器。
所述的涡流管热端排出的天然气进入调节装置进行降压，达到输送压力最终通入分输站下流或者城市管网。
 有益效果
本发明通过喷射器压力驱动使得天然气在喷射器，涡流管冷端出口以及空温式加热器中循环流动等方式回收来流天然气压力能。由于涡流管冷端的制冷能力，使得从涡流管入口的一部分天然气温度进一步降低，通入空温式换热器后，低温低压天然气可持续向空气中吸收热量提高温度。而涡流管热端的制热能力可使入口的另一部分天然气被加热温度升高排向分输站下流或者城市管网。同时在天然气升温的过程中实现了降低管道高压天然气的压力，以达到无需消耗电能或者水浴加热的方式就可同时实现高压天然气加热、降压的目的，极大程度上降低了从来流天然气管道中出来的高压天然气加热所需的能耗。本发明可以应用于CGN、PNG的各级减压、并从环境大气获取热量补偿减压过程中的热量，也可应用于LNG气化站，在低温环境温度条件下，实现从大气取热用于液化天然气气化过程热补偿，都可以产生显著的节约能源、保护环境效果。
 附图说明
图1为基于回收来流压力能的超低温环境取热天然气调温调压系统示意图；图中：1-1 涡流管；1-2 空温式换热器；1-3 喷射器；
图2为在CNG减压站采用本发明的解决方案系统示意图；图中：；2-1 CNG储罐；2-2 喷射器；2-3空温式换热器；2-4 涡流管；2-5 调压装置；
图3为在PNG减压站/分输站采用本发明的解决方案系统示意图；图中：3-1 来流PNG；3-2 喷射器；3-3 涡流管；3-4 空温式加热器；3-5 下游调压；
图4为在LNG气化站采用本发明的解决方案系统示意图；图中：4-1 LNG储罐；4-2 LNG储罐自带增压器；4-3 空温式气化器；4-4 低温液体增压泵；4-5 调压装置；4-6 涡流管；4-7 空温式换热器；4-8 喷射器。
 本发明的实施方式
以下结合技术方案和附图详细叙述本发明的具体实施方式。
一种基于回收来流压力能的超低温环境取热天然气调温调压系统，包括来流高压天然气、调压装置、压力驱动式加热调压单元。所述的压力驱动式加热调压单元包括涡流管1-1、空温式换热器1-2和喷射器1-3。
来流高压天然气通过压力驱动式加热调压单元进行加热、气化/减压后再接入调压装置。
该压力驱动式加热调压单元由涡流管1-1、空温式换热器1-2和喷射器1-3构成，三者依次相连，形成闭合回路。其中，喷射器1-3的入口连接空温式换热器1-2出口，喷射器1-3的出口连接涡流管1-1的入口；涡流管1-1的冷端与空温式换热器1-2入口相连，涡流管1-1的热端与调压装置相连，涡流管1-1热端流出本系统进入后续装置。来流高压天然气进入喷射器1-3的天然气成为主工作流体，在喷射器1-3内的拉法尔喷嘴中膨胀加速，形成超音速射流，引射从空温式换热器1-2出口排出的低压天然气，二者在喷射器1-3中的混合室进行动量、能量交换，混合形成一股流体后再由喷射器1-3内的扩压室升压，在喷射器1-3出口形成一股中压流体后通入涡流管1-1；天然气进入涡流管1-1后，经过涡流管1-1内的切向喷嘴膨胀、降压后形成高速涡旋，由于涡流管1-1的能量分离效应，将天然气分离成两股，一股天然气由于涡流管1-1的加热作用升温，并通过位于热端的控制阀将天然气温度调至管网允许温度以上后送至后续下游装置；另一股天然气由于涡流管1-1内的制冷作用降温，经涡流管1-1的冷端进入空温式换热器1-2向空气中吸收热量，升温后的天然气从空温式换热器1-2出口排出，从喷射器1-3的引射流体入口回到喷射器3。
所述的来流高压天然气包括压缩天然气、管道天然气、液化天然气，在以上系统基础上，针对不同的来流天然气情况，以下给出三种具体实施方案。
(1) 来流为压缩天然气(CNG)
当应用背景为压缩天然气时，可以利用储罐自身压力实现低温空气取热的压缩天然气减压系统，主要由2-1 CNG储罐；2-2 喷射器；2-3空温式换热器；2-4 喷射器；2-5 调压装置组成。
从CNG储罐2-1运送进减压站的压缩天然气进入本发明所述的压力驱动式加热调压单元加热调压后再接入调压装置2-5。
该压力驱动式加热调压单元由喷射器2-2、涡流管2-4、空温式换热器2-3构成，三者依次相连，形成闭合回路，其中，涡流管2-4的冷端与空温式换热器2-3相连，涡流管2-4的热端与调压装置2-5 相连；从CNG储罐2-1排出的高压天然气进入喷射器2-2的天然气成为主工作流体，在喷射器2-2内的拉法尔喷嘴中膨胀加速，形成超音速射流，引射从空温式换热器2-3出口排出的低压天然气，二者在喷射器2-2中的混合室进行动量、能量交换，混合形成一股流体后再由喷射器2-2内的扩压室升压，在喷射器2-2出口形成一股中压流体后通入涡流管2-4；天然气进入涡流管2-4后，经过涡流管2-4内的切向喷嘴膨胀、降压后形成高速涡旋，由于涡流管2-4的能量分离效应，将天然气分离成两股，一股天然气由于涡流管2-4的加热作用升温，并通过位于热端的控制阀将天然气温度调至管网允许温度后送至调压装置2-5；另一股天然气由于涡流管2-4内的制冷作用降温，经涡流管2-4的冷端进入空温式换热器2-3向空气中吸收热量，升温后的天然气从空温式换热器2-3出口排出，从喷射器2-2的引射流体入口回到喷射器2-2。
(2) 来流为管道天然气(PNG)
从来流PNG3-1输运进天然气分输站或城市门站站的高压天然气进入本发明所述的压力驱动式加热调压、单元加热调压后再接入调压装置3-5。
该压力驱动式加热调压单元由喷射器3-2、涡流管3-3、空温式换热器3-4构成，三者依次相连，形成闭合回路，其中，涡流管3-3的冷端与空温式换热器3-4相连，涡流管3-3的热端与调压装置3-5相连；从来流PNG3-1排出的高压天然气进入喷射器3-2的天然气成为主工作流体，在喷射器3-2内的拉法尔喷嘴中膨胀加速，形成超音速射流，引射从空温式换热器3-4出口排出的低压天然气，二者在喷射器3-2中的混合室进行动量、能量交换，混合形成一股流体后再由喷射器3-2内的扩压室升压，在喷射器3-2出口形成一股中压流体后通入涡流管3-3；天然气进入涡流管3-3后，经过涡流管3-3内的切向喷嘴膨胀、降压后形成高速涡旋，由于涡流管3-3的能量分离效应，将天然气分离成两股，一股天然气由于涡流管3-3的加热作用升温，并通过位于热端的控制阀将天然气温度调至管网允许温度以上后送至调压装置3-5；另一股天然气由于涡流管3-3内的制冷作用降温，经涡流管3-3的冷端进入空温式换热器3-4向空气中吸收热量，升温后的天然气从空温式换热器3-4出口排出，从喷射器3-2的引射流体入口回到喷射器3-2。
(3) 来流为液化天然气(LNG)
如图2所示，本发明的一种利用压力驱动的液化天然气气化加热系统，主要由LNG储罐4-1、LNG储罐自带增压器4-2、空温式气化器4-3、低温液体增压泵4-4、调压装置4-5、涡流管4-6、空温式换热器4-7、喷射器8组成。
LNG在空温式气化器4-3中与空气换热后，产生相变转化为气态天然气，并升高温度，经空温式气化器4-3气化升温后的天然气温度达到管网允许温度时，直接经管道进入调压装置4-5；经空温式气化器4-3气化后的天然气未能达到管网允许温度时，启动低温液体增压泵4-4，增压后从空温式气化器4-3排出的天然气进入压力驱动式加热单元加热后再接入调压装置4-5。
本发明所述的压力驱动式加热单元由喷射器4-8、涡流管4-6、空温式换热器4-7构成，三者依次相连，形成闭合回路，其中，涡流管4-6的冷端与空温式换热器4-7相连，涡流管4-6的热端与调压装置4-5相连；从空温式气化器4-3排出的高压天然气进入喷射器4-8的天然气成为主工作流体，在喷射器4-8内的拉法尔喷嘴中膨胀加速，形成超音速射流，引射从空温式换热器4-7出口排出的低压天然气，二者在喷射器4-8中的混合室进行动量、能量交换，混合形成一股流体后再由喷射器4-8内的扩压室升压，在喷射器4-8出口形成一股中压流体后通入涡流管4-6；天然气进入涡流管4-6后，经过涡流管4-6内的切向喷嘴膨胀、降压后形成高速涡旋，由于涡流管4-6的能量分离效应，将天然气分离成两股，一股天然气由于涡流管4-6的加热作用升温，并通过位于热端的控制阀将天然气温度调至5℃以上后送至调压装置4-5；另一股天然气由于涡流管4-6内的制冷作用降温，经涡流管4-6的冷端进入空温式换热器4-7向空气中吸收热量，升温后的天然气从空温式换热器4-7出口排出，从喷射器4-8的引射流体入口回到喷射器4-8。
根据进出口质量守恒，对本发明提出的压力驱动式加热单元进行系统分析，可得涡流管冷流比和喷射器喷射系数存在如下关系：
（1+λ）（1-ε）=1  或 ε=1-1/(1+λ)                          （1）
其中ε为涡流管冷流比，定义为冷端出口质量流量和入口质量流量之比；λ为喷射器喷射系数，定义为被引射气体质量流量与引射气体质量流量之比。
从公式（1）中可得，冷流比ε正比于喷射系数λ，即提高喷射系数可以提高冷流比。
对于涡流管能量分离性能而言，对于某一固定结构的涡流管，提升涡流管热端制热能力的手段有提高入口压力或增大冷流比。若采用提高涡流管入口压力的方式，由于涡流管4-6的入口连接喷射器8出口，喷射器8引射流体为了引射低压的流体需要较大的压降，在实现同样的喷射系数条件下，增加涡流管4-6入口压力势必要求提高喷射器引射压力。若采用增大冷流比来提升涡流管4-6制热能力的办法，则要求提高喷射器8的喷射系数。对于喷射器引射性能而言，在喷射器结构固定，被引射流体工况一定的条件下，提升喷射器喷射系数也可以采用提高喷射器入口压力的办法。综上所述，为了提升涡流管4-6热端制热能力，使其出口天然气温度达到管网允许温度，可以采用提高喷射器8引射入口流体压力的办法。故而本发明在储罐4-1和空温式气化器4-3之间设置低温液体增压泵4-4，对从储罐4-1出口流出的低温LNG进行升压，使从空温式气化器4-3出口的气态天然气的压力达到喷射器8引射入口流体的设计压力值。

Claims (1)

  1. 一种基于回收来流压力能的超低温环境取热天然气调温调压系统，包括来流高压天然气、调压装置，其特征在于，还包括压力驱动式加热调压单元，来流高压天然气通过压力驱动式加热调压单元进行加热、气化/减压后再接入调压装置；所述的压力驱动式加热调压单元包括涡流管（1-1）、空温式换热器（1-2）和喷射器（1-3）；所述的来流高压天然气包括压缩天然气、管道天然气、液化天然气；
    所述的压力驱动式加热调压单元由涡流管（1-1）、空温式换热器（1-2）和喷射器（1-3）构成，其中，喷射器（1-3）的入口连接空温式换热器（1-2）出口，喷射器（1-3）的出口连接涡流管（1-1）的入口；涡流管（1-1）的冷端与空温式换热器（1-2）入口相连，涡流管（1-1）的热端与调压装置相连；
    所述的来流高压天然气与从空温式换热器（1-2）中排出的低压天然气在喷射器（1-3）中混合，形成一股中压天然气后由喷射器（1-3）出口进入涡流管（1-1）；经涡流管（1-1）的切向喷嘴降压后形成高速涡旋，由于涡流管（1-1）的能量分离效应，将天然气分离成两股，一股天然气由于涡流管（1-1）内的加热作用升温，并通过热端控制阀将天然气温度调至管网允许温度后送至调压装置；另一股从涡流管（1-1）冷端出口排出的天然气通入空温式换热器（1-2）中，向空气中吸收热量；从空温式换热器（1-2）出口排出的天然气被喷射器（1-3）内的高速射流引射进入喷射器（1-3）；
    所述的涡流管（1-1）热端排出的天然气进入调节装置进行降压，达到输送压力最终通入分输站下流或者城市管网。
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