WO2018214513A1 - 一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器 - Google Patents

一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018214513A1
WO2018214513A1 PCT/CN2018/070093 CN2018070093W WO2018214513A1 WO 2018214513 A1 WO2018214513 A1 WO 2018214513A1 CN 2018070093 W CN2018070093 W CN 2018070093W WO 2018214513 A1 WO2018214513 A1 WO 2018214513A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fiber
positioning
coarse
coarse positioning
barrel
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Ceased
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PCT/CN2018/070093
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
陈明阳
张丽
刘丕丕
曹国栋
徐小明
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Jiangsu University
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Jiangsu University
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Priority to US16/614,253 priority Critical patent/US11133774B2/en
Publication of WO2018214513A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018214513A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S50/00—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors
    • F24S50/20—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors for tracking
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D3/00—Control of position or direction
    • G05D3/12—Control of position or direction using feedback
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S20/00—Supporting structures for PV modules
    • H02S20/30—Supporting structures being movable or adjustable, e.g. for angle adjustment
    • H02S20/32—Supporting structures being movable or adjustable, e.g. for angle adjustment specially adapted for solar tracking
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
    • G01C1/00—Measuring angles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D3/00—Control of position or direction
    • G05D3/10—Control of position or direction without using feedback
    • G05D3/105—Solar tracker
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
    • H02S40/20—Optical components
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/04—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings formed by bundles of fibres
    • G02B6/06—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings formed by bundles of fibres the relative position of the fibres being the same at both ends, e.g. for transporting images
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
    • G02B6/4202—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details for coupling an active element with fibres without intermediate optical elements, e.g. fibres with plane ends, fibres with shaped ends, bundles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
    • G02B6/4249—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details comprising arrays of active devices and fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
    • G02B6/4298—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements coupling with non-coherent light sources and/or radiation detectors, e.g. lamps, incandescent bulbs, scintillation chambers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/47—Mountings or tracking
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a sun tracking sensor, in particular to a solar tracking sensor based on fiber guided light.
  • the most used sensors for sun tracking are photoelectric sensors, which are commonly used in the form of baffles, pyramids, and mirrors. The first two are less accurate and have poor stability, while the accuracy of the barrel is improved while limiting the tracking range.
  • Some researchers have proposed to combine the optical fiber and photoelectric sensor elements to improve the performance of the sensor.
  • the Chinese patent application number: 200910264755 entitled: A patent for a solar sensor and its measuring method, discloses a light guiding function using an optical fiber. The solar light in four directions is transmitted to the light-sensing element, and one fiber directly receives the sunlight, and is limited by the numerical aperture.
  • the external positioning of the GPS is required to perform the coarse positioning before the fiber can be accurately positioned, and the control system is controlled. It is more complicated and the maintenance cost is higher, which is not ideal in theory.
  • the high-precision tracking method commonly used for sun tracking is two-level tracking, including fine positioning and coarse positioning.
  • the two are independent of each other.
  • the present invention provides a solar tracking sensor based on optical fiber guiding light, which adopts a positioning method combining fine positioning and coarse positioning to expand the tracking range of the sensor, improve the tracking precision of the sensor, and reduce the system. the cost of.
  • the present invention achieves the above technical objects by the following technical means.
  • a solar tracking sensor based on optical fiber guiding comprising a lighting module and a signal collecting module, wherein the lighting module mainly comprises a fine positioning lighting module and a coarse positioning lighting module, wherein the signal collecting module comprises a photoelectric component and an acquisition circuit, the fine
  • the positioning lighting module comprises a convex lens, a lens barrel, a fiber fixing tube and four fine positioning fibers, and the convex lens is mounted on the top end of the lens barrel, and the incident ends of the four fine positioning fibers are fixed directly under the convex lens through the fiber fixing tube, and four fine positioning
  • the center line of the fiber is a square, and the four fine positioning fibers (41-44) are defined in four directions: A, B, C, and D.
  • the center axis of the lens barrel and the four fine positioning fibers are The end face is vertical;
  • the coarse positioning lighting module comprises four coarse positioning fiber groups uniformly distributed on the side of the lens barrel in the circumferential direction, and the four coarse positioning fiber groups are respectively located in four directions A, B, C and D, each coarse The number of the coarse positioning fibers in the positioning fiber group is the same, the incident end surface of the coarse positioning fiber passes through the surface of the lens barrel from the lens barrel, and the incident ends of the coarse positioning fibers in each coarse positioning fiber group are arranged from top to bottom. , and the angle between the incident end face of the optical fiber coarse positioning of the vertical center axis of the lens barrel is greater than ⁇ max, ⁇ max is the maximum angle of incidence coarse positioning of the optical fiber;
  • the signal acquisition module comprises four photocells, a cassette and a circuit board, the lens barrel is located on the upper surface of the cassette, and four dark cells are arranged in the cassette, four photocells are respectively placed in four dark cells, and four photocells are arranged.
  • the circuit board is disposed on the inner bottom surface of the cassette, and the photocells are integrated on the circuit board;
  • the center line of the fine positioning fiber located in the A and C directions, the center line of the coarse positioning fiber, and the center point of the photocell are all located in the same plane, the center line of the fine positioning fiber in the B and D directions, and the center of the coarse positioning fiber.
  • the center points of the wires and the photocells are all in the same plane;
  • the four fine positioning fibers and the four coarse positioning fiber groups form four lighting groups, each lighting group includes a fine positioning fiber and a coarse positioning fiber group, and the leading ends of the fine positioning fiber and a coarse positioning fiber are both Passing through the upper surface of the cassette into the cassette, the four photovoltaic cells are respectively connected to a lighting group, each photocell is connected to the leading end of the fine positioning fiber in the same direction, and is thicker in the direction opposite to the photocell The derived ends of the positioning fiber groups are connected.
  • the spot radius d formed by the convex lens (1) focusing spot on the incident end faces of the four fine positioning fibers satisfies: r' is the radius of the finely positioned fiber core.
  • the distance between the incident end face of the four fine positioning fibers and the center of the convex lens is L, Where R is the radius of the convex lens and F is the focal length of the convex lens.
  • each of the coarse fiber sets has N (N ⁇ 2) coarse positioning fibers, and the angle between the perpendicular line of the incident end face of the ith coarse positioning fiber and the central axis of the lens barrel is defined as ⁇ i from top to bottom.
  • ⁇ i satisfies: 2 ⁇ max > ⁇ i - ⁇ i-1 > 0, where N ⁇ i > 1.
  • the angle ⁇ 1 between the perpendicular line of the incident end face of the first coarse positioning fiber from the top to the bottom and the central axis of the lens barrel in each of the coarse fiber groups satisfies: ⁇ 1 ⁇ ⁇ max + ⁇ , and the ⁇ satisfies: h is the spot radius when the convex light is focused by the convex lens to the incident end face of the fine positioning fiber.
  • an angle ⁇ N between a perpendicular line of the incident end face of the Nth coarse positioning fiber from the top to the bottom of each of the coarse fiber groups and the central axis of the lens barrel satisfies: ⁇ N + ⁇ max ⁇ 90°.
  • the coarse positioning fiber and the fine positioning fiber are coated with a UV curing glue.
  • the ratio of the radius R of the convex lens to the radius r' of the fine positioning fiber core satisfies: 15 ⁇ R / r' ⁇ 5.
  • the lens barrel includes a first barrel and a second barrel
  • the first barrel is cylindrical
  • the convex lens and the fiber fixing tube are both disposed in the first barrel
  • the bottom end of the fiber fixing tube is The bottom end of the first barrel is flush
  • the second barrel is in the shape of a truncated cone
  • the second barrel is connected to the first barrel and the cassette
  • the coarse positioning fiber group is evenly distributed on the side of the second barrel in the circumferential direction.
  • the four photovoltaic cells are all silicon photo cells.
  • the invention is provided with a coarse positioning lighting module.
  • the coarse positioning lighting module can track and locate the sunlight, and the coarse positioning lighting module can be in a wide angle range.
  • the ability to collect sunlight increases the tracking range angle of the sensor of the present invention.
  • the invention adopts a positioning method combining fine positioning lighting and coarse positioning lighting to reduce the number of photovoltaic cells, thereby simplifying the design of the circuit board and reducing the cost.
  • the photovoltaic cell of the present invention is integrated on the circuit board, which improves the integration of the sensor.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a solar tracking sensor based on a fiber-optic guide according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing the arrangement of the fine positioning optical fiber and the coarse positioning optical fiber according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the fine positioning operation of the solar tracking sensor based on the optical fiber guiding light of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing experimental data of a luminous flux of a fine positioning optical fiber and an output signal of a corresponding photocell according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the rough positioning operation of the fiber tracking light-based solar tracking sensor according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 6 is a diagram showing data of two photovoltaic cell output current signals roughly positioned in a diagonal direction according to the present invention.
  • lens 101. filter; 2. lens tube; 3. fiber fixed tube; 41 ⁇ 44. fine positioning fiber; 45 ⁇ 48. coarse positioning fiber; 5. cassette; 61 ⁇ 64. photo cell; Plate; .L. the distance from the lens to the end face of the light guiding fiber; F. the focal length of the lens.
  • a light-guided solar tracking sensor includes a lighting module and a signal acquisition module, and the lighting module includes a fine positioning lighting module and a coarse positioning lighting module, and the fine positioning lighting is performed.
  • the module includes a convex lens 1, a lens barrel 2, a fiber fixing tube 3, and four fine positioning fibers 41-44.
  • the lens barrel 2 includes a first barrel and a second barrel, the first barrel is cylindrical, and the first barrel The two barrels are in the shape of a truncated cone, and the first barrel is connected to one end of the second barrel.
  • the convex lens 1 is mounted on the top end of the first lens barrel, and the filter 101 is mounted above the convex lens 1 for filtering out light waves other than visible light.
  • the incident ends of the four fine positioning optical fibers 41-44 are fixed to the optical fiber fixing tube 3 Directly below the convex lens 1, the center lines of the four fine positioning fibers 41-44 are square, and the four fine positioning fibers 41-44 are defined in four directions of A, B, C, and D, respectively.
  • the central axis of the cylinder 2 is perpendicular to the incident end surface of the fine positioning optical fiber 41-44; the distance between the incident end surface of the four fine positioning optical fibers 41-44 and the center of the convex lens is Where R is the radius of the convex lens 1, and F is the focal length of the convex lens 1.
  • the L value obtained by this expression is such that the spot radius when the convex light is focused by the convex lens 1 to the incident end face of the optical fiber when the sunlight is incident normally
  • the ratio of the radius R of the convex lens 1 to the radius r' of the fine positioning fiber core satisfies: 15 ⁇ R / r' ⁇ 5.
  • the spot radius d formed by the convex lens 1 focusing spot on the incident end faces of the four fine positioning fibers 41-44 satisfies:
  • the coarse positioning lighting module comprises four coarse positioning fiber groups 45-48 uniformly distributed on the side of the second lens barrel in the circumferential direction, and the four coarse positioning fiber groups 45-48 are located at A, B, C, and D, respectively. In the four directions, in the present embodiment, there are two coarse positioning fibers in each of the coarse positioning fiber groups, and the coarse positioning fibers are coated with ultraviolet curing glue to filter the cladding light.
  • An incident end surface of the coarse positioning optical fiber passes through a surface of the lens barrel 2 through the lens barrel 2, and an incident end of the coarse positioning optical fiber in each coarse positioning optical fiber group is arranged in order from top to bottom, and each coarse positioning optical fiber group is arranged
  • the angle between the perpendicular line of the incident end face of the i-th coarse positioning fiber and the central axis of the lens barrel 2 from the top to the bottom is defined as ⁇ i , ⁇ i satisfies: 2 ⁇ max > ⁇ i - ⁇ i-1 > 0, where N ⁇ i > 1.
  • the angle between the perpendicular line of the incident end face of the first coarse positioning fiber and the central axis of the lens barrel 2 is defined as ⁇ 1 satisfying: ⁇ 1 ⁇ ⁇ max + ⁇ , and the ⁇ satisfies: h is the spot radius when the convex lens 1 is focused to the incident end face of the fine positioning fiber 41-44 when the sunlight is incident normally.
  • the angle between the perpendicular line of the incident end face of the second coarse positioning fiber and the central axis of the lens barrel 2 is defined as ⁇ 2 satisfying: ⁇ 2 + ⁇ max ⁇ 90°.
  • the signal acquisition module comprises four photocells 61-64, a cassette 5 and a circuit board 7, the other end of which is connected to the upper surface of the cassette 5, and the cassette 5 is provided with four dark cells, four photocells 61- 64 are respectively placed in four dark cells, and four photovoltaic cells 61-64 are respectively in four directions A, B, C, and D.
  • the circuit board 7 is disposed on the inner bottom surface of the cassette 5, and the photocell 61-64 They are all integrated on the circuit board 7, and the cassette 5 is made of a black body material, which can block the light to make the photocell in a completely dark space, thereby ensuring that the photocells do not interfere with each other when receiving light.
  • the center line of the fine positioning fiber located in the A and C directions, the center line of the coarse positioning fiber, and the center point of the photocell are all located in the same plane, the center line of the fine positioning fiber in the B and D directions, and the center of the coarse positioning fiber. Both the line and the center point of the photocell are in the same plane.
  • Four fine positioning fibers 41-44 and four coarse positioning fiber groups 45-48 form four lighting groups, each of which includes a fine positioning fiber and a coarse positioning fiber group, and the fine positioning fiber and the coarse fiber
  • the lead ends of the positioning fibers pass through the upper surface of the cassette 5 into the cassette 5.
  • the four photo cells 61-64 are respectively connected to a lighting group, and each photocell is precisely positioned in the same direction as the photocell.
  • the lead ends of the fibers are connected and connected to the lead ends of the coarsely positioned fiber groups in the opposite direction.
  • the convex lens 1 when the solar light angle falls within the fine positioning range, the convex lens 1 focuses the sunlight onto the incident end surface of the fine positioning fiber, and when the sunlight light is at an angle with the central axis of the lens barrel 2, the convex lens 1 The focused spot is also offset, resulting in different concentrating energies in different finely positioned fibers, thereby determining the direction of the sun's light offset.
  • the concentrated light energy in the fine positioning fiber is the same.
  • the coarse positioning fiber may still collect light in the overlapping area of the coarse positioning angle range and the fine positioning angle range.
  • the coarse positioning fiber group and the fine positioning fiber in the diagonal direction at the same time both derive sunlight, or only the coarse positioning fiber group derives sunlight, thus setting the coarse positioning The fiber group does not affect the judgment of the direction of the solar light by the fine positioning fiber.
  • the radius of the convex lens 1 should be appropriate to provide a suitable range of sunlight for the photovoltaic cell.
  • the fine positioning optical fiber 41-44 is added with ultraviolet curing glue to protect and prevent sunlight from entering the optical fiber.
  • the convex lens 1 can also be replaced by a Fresnel lens having the same function.
  • the spot radius d formed by the light focused by the convex lens 1 on the incident end face of the fine positioning fiber 41-44 satisfies: That is, the above-mentioned spot can cover the incident end surface of the four fine positioning fibers 41-44 at the maximum, and the range of the spot coverage surface adjusted by adjusting the value of the L value, but the spot coverage surface can ensure the minimum of four fine positioning fibers 41- Light can be received by the incident end faces of 44.
  • the spot radius when the convex lens 1 is focused to reach the incident end faces of the four fine positioning fibers 41-44 should be That is, at normal incidence, the edge of the spot has two intersections with the edges of the 41-44 of the four fine positioning fibers, and the two intersections on each fiber are the diameter of the end face of the fiber, when the sunlight produces a small angle.
  • the spot will cause the maximum change of the lighting area, so that the more obvious light intensity difference can be obtained and the tracking accuracy can be improved.
  • the relationship between the output current difference of the two photovoltaic cells in the diagonal direction and the off-angle of the analog light source and the relationship between the luminous flux difference of the corresponding fine positioning fiber and the off-angle of the analog light source are shown. It can be seen from the figure that the change of the luminous flux difference of the fine positioning fiber is consistent with the change trend of the output signal difference of the photovoltaic cell, and the experiment proves that the fine positioning scheme is feasible.
  • the convex lens parameters selected in the test were 17 mm in diameter, 25 mm in focal length, 2.38 mm in spot radius, and 28 mm in distance L.
  • the fiber has a diameter of 2 mm and a length of 100 mm.
  • the spot at this time covers exactly the incident end face of the four fine positioning fibers, and the tracking accuracy is determined by the change rate of the spot area of the end face of the fine positioning fiber and the photoelectric conversion rate of the photocell.
  • the photocell can recognize a light intensity of 4.88 Lux.
  • the sensor of the present invention can achieve a tracking accuracy of 4.5° under cloudy light intensity.
  • the precision is 0.02°
  • the midday solar light intensity can reach 10 9 Lux
  • the precision can reach 0.001° or more.
  • the spot radius is When h is smaller than the radius of the spot obtained by the experiment, the difference in the amount of light guided by the two fine positioning fibers in the diagonal direction during the movement of the sun is larger, the resolution of the system is higher, and the precision is also higher.
  • the numerical aperture of the coarse positioning fiber is limited, in order to ensure that the coarse positioning fiber can collect sunlight in a wide range of angles, multiple coarse positioning fibers can be arranged at different angles in the same direction, and the multiple fibers are arranged. It is in the same plane as the central axis of the lens barrel 2. There may be some overlap between the incident angle ranges of the coarse positioning fibers located in the same coarse positioning fiber group, and the angle between the angles of the lens and the central axis of the lens barrel may reach 90° or more. As shown in FIG. 2 and FIG.
  • each coarse positioning fiber group there are two fibers for each coarse positioning fiber group, which are respectively 60° and 30° with the central axis of the lens barrel, and the maximum incident angle of the fiber is 30°, and the incident angle range of each group of two fibers.
  • the overlap angle is 30°, and the light collecting angle of 90° can be realized, so the light collecting angle of the coarse positioning fiber group located in the diagonal direction can reach 180°.
  • the sun can only produce effective incident light on one of the coarse positioning fiber groups located in the diagonal direction at any angle, while the other coarse positioning fiber group receives no light, thereby being located at the diagonal
  • the light intensity received by the photocell in the direction is more obvious, and the yaw angle of the sun can be quickly recognized.
  • the invention adopts a closed lens barrel 2 to enclose the optical fiber therein. Except for the incident end surface of the coarse positioning optical fiber, the optical fibers are all inside the lens barrel 2, thereby avoiding the influence of ambient stray light, and avoiding the direct sunlight of the lens to focus.
  • the photocell adopts the method of the cassette 5, so that the photocell can only receive the light derived from the optical fiber.
  • the coarse positioning fiber directly receives the radiation of sunlight, it is inevitably affected by the interference light, and the accuracy is naturally not high. Therefore, the combination of four fine positioning and four sets of coarse positioning can achieve wide-range tracking and high-precision stable operation.
  • the system can also collect the light number in three directions and more directions to achieve the same tracking effect.
  • the present invention only introduces the lighting design in four directions, which is relatively compact and considerable.
  • the sensor has the advantages of simple structure, high precision, high sensitivity and low cost, and is suitable for various solar energy devices, and can be popularized in civilian use.

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Abstract

一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器，通过在镜筒（2）中安装透镜（1）和分别代表四个方向的四根光纤作为精定位采光模块，并在镜筒（2）侧面安装四组光纤作为粗定位采光模块，在暗盒（5）底部安装电路板（7）和四个光电池（61-64），每个光电池（61-64）均与和其位于同方向上的精定位光纤（41-44）连接，并与和其位于对角方向的粗定位光纤（45-48）连接，采用精定位采光与粗定位相结合采光的方法，减少了光电池（61-64）的数量，从而简化了电路板（7）的设计，降低了成本，并且由于粗定位采光模块可以在宽角度范围内均能采集到太阳光，扩大了传感器的跟踪范围角。

Description

一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器 技术领域
本发明涉及太阳跟踪传感器，尤其涉及一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感。
背景技术
随着化石能源的不断消耗，使得地球上原本有限的能源量变得越来越紧迫，在所有可再生能源中，太阳能因具有数量大、能量强、清洁无污染等特点成为人类可持续发展的重要开发内容之一，但是太阳还有分布不均匀、强度不均匀等特点，这使的对太阳的开发和利用变得比较困难。
随着人类对太阳能的研究不断的深入与广泛，目前研制成功的太阳能产品如热水器、太阳能光伏发电等设备已成功投入生产使用，并为人类的生活带来了极大的方便，同时也节约了大量的能源。然而这些均为固定式太阳能产品，相对于地球作不断运动的太阳来说，真正被利用的能量微乎其微。所以现阶段涌现了大量对太阳实时跟踪的研究热潮。香港大学教授通过研究太阳角度与太阳采光率的关系得出结论，固定式太阳设备与跟踪式太阳设备的太阳光采集率差了37.7％。所以跟踪式太阳设备的开发研究具有重要的意义。用于太阳跟踪的传感器使用最多的就是光电式传感，常用的有隔板式、金字塔式、镜筒式等。前两者精度不高稳定性差，而镜筒式精度得到提高的同时却限制了跟踪范围。有研究者提出将光纤和光电传感元件结合的办法提高传感器的性能，如中国专利申请号：200910264755，名称为：一种太阳敏感器及其测量方法的专利，公开了利用光纤的导光功能将四个方位上的太阳光线传送给光感元件，而一根光纤直接接受太阳光比较弱，且受到数值孔径的限制，需要外加GPS定位先进行粗定位后才能利用光纤进行精确定位，控制系统比较复杂，维护成本也比较高，理论上并不理想。
目前太阳跟踪常用的高精度跟踪方法是二级跟踪，包括精定位和粗定位，两者相互独立，通常需要采集八路信号或者另外使用时钟跟踪模块、GPS全球定位等结合使用才能实现完整的跟踪，所以系统的控制就相对比较复杂，成本较高。
发明内容
针对现有技术中存在不足，本发明提供了一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器，通过采用精定位与粗定位相结合的定位方法，扩大传感器的跟踪范围，提高传感器的跟踪精度，降低系统的成本。
本发明是通过以下技术手段实现上述技术目的的。
一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器，包括采光模块和信号采集模块，所述采光模块主要包括精定位采光模块和粗定位采光模块，所述信号采集模块包括光电元件和采集电路，所述精定位采光模块包括凸透镜、镜筒、光纤固定管和四根精定位光纤，凸透镜安装于镜筒的顶端，四根精定位光纤的入射端通过光纤固定管固定于凸透镜的正下方，四根精定位光纤的中心连线为正方形，定义四根精定位光纤(41-44)所处的方位分别为A、B、C、D四个方向，所述镜筒的中心轴线与四根精定位光纤的端面垂直；
所述粗定位采光模块包括四个沿圆周方向均布在镜筒侧面上的粗定位光纤组，四个所述粗定位光纤组分别位于A、B、C、D四个方向上，每个粗定位光纤组中的粗定位光纤数量相同，所述粗定位光纤的入射端面从镜筒内穿过镜筒的表面，每个粗定位光纤组中的粗定位光纤的入射端从上到下依次排列，并且粗定位光纤的入射端面的垂线与镜筒中心轴线的夹角大于α max，所述α max为粗定位光纤的最大入射角；
所述信号采集模块包括四个光电池、暗盒和电路板，所述镜筒位于暗盒的上表面，暗盒内设有四个暗格，四个光电池分别置于四个暗格内，且四个光电池分别处于A、B、C、D四个方向上，所述电路板设于暗盒内部底面，且所述光电池均集成在电路板上；
位于A和C方向上的精定位光纤的中心线、粗定位光纤的中心线以及光电池的中心点均位于同一平面内，位于B和D方向上的精定位光纤的中心线、粗定位光纤的中心线以及光电池的中心点均位于同一平面内；
四根精定位光纤和四个粗定位光纤组组成四个采光组，每个采光组包括一根精定位光纤和一个粗定位光纤组，并且所述精定位光纤和一个粗定位光纤的导出端均穿过暗盒的上表面进入暗盒中，四个光电池分别与一个采光组连接，每个光电池与和其位于同一方向上的精定位光纤的导出端相连，并且与位于所述光电池对面方向上的粗定位光纤组的导出端相连接。
优选地，太阳光正入射时，凸透镜(1)聚焦光斑在四根精定位光纤的入射端面上形成的光斑半径d满足：
Figure PCTCN2018070093-appb-000001
r’为精定位光纤纤芯的半径。
优选地，所述四根精定位光纤的入射端面与凸透镜中心的距离为L，
Figure PCTCN2018070093-appb-000002
其中，R为凸透镜的半径，F为凸透镜的焦距。
优选地，所述每个粗定光纤组中有N(N≥2)根粗定位光纤，从上到下第i根粗定位光纤的入射端面垂线与镜筒中心轴线夹角定义为η i，η i满足：2α max>η i-η i-1>0，这里 N≥i>1。
优选地，每个粗定光纤组中从上到下第1根粗定位光纤的入射端面垂线与镜筒中心轴线夹角η 1满足：η 1≤α max+β，所述β满足：
Figure PCTCN2018070093-appb-000003
h为太阳光正入射时，经凸透镜聚焦到达精定位光纤的入射端面时的光斑半径。
优选地，每个粗定光纤组中从上到下第N根粗定位光纤的入射端面的垂线与镜筒的中心轴线的夹角η N满足：η N+α max≥90°。
优选地，所述粗定位光纤和精定位光纤上均涂有紫外固化胶。
优选地，所述凸透镜的半径R与精定位光纤纤芯的半径r’之比满足：15≥R/r’≥5。
优选地，所述镜筒包括第一镜筒和第二镜筒，所述第一镜筒为圆柱形，凸透镜和光纤固定管均置于第一镜筒中，所述光纤固定管的底端与第一镜筒的底端平齐，所述第二镜筒为圆台形，第二镜筒连接第一镜筒和暗盒，所述粗定位光纤组沿圆周方向均布在第二镜筒侧面上。
优选地，所述四个光电池均为硅光电池。
本发明的有益效果：
1)本发明太阳发生小角度偏移时，聚焦在精定位光纤入射端面上的光斑会灵敏的发生一定位移的偏移，位于对角方向上的两根精定位光纤接受到的光强差值变化更为明显，极大的提高了传感器的跟踪精度，同时也提高了灵敏度。
2)本发明设有粗定位采光模块，当太阳偏角大于精定位采光模块的跟踪范围角，则由粗定位采光模块对太阳光进行跟踪定位，由于粗定位采光模块可以在宽角度范围内均能采集到太阳光，扩大了本发明传感器的跟踪范围角。
3)本发明采用精定位采光与粗定位采光相结合的定位方法，减少了光电池的数量，从而简化了电路板的设计，降低了成本。
4)本发明的光电池集成在电路板上，提高了传感器的集成度。
附图说明
图1为本发明所述基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器的结构示意图。
图2为本发明所述精定位光纤与粗定位光纤的排布示意图。
图3为本发明所述基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器的精定位工作原理图。
图4为本发明一根精定位光纤的光通量及对应光电池的输出信号的实验数据图。
图5为本发明所述基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器的粗定位工作原理图。
图6为本发明粗定位在位于对角方向上的两个光电池输出电流信号数据图。
其中：
1.透镜；101.滤光片；2.镜筒；3.光纤固定管；41～44.精定位光纤；45～48.粗定位光纤；5.暗盒；61～64.光电池；7.电路板；.L.透镜到导光光纤端面的距离；F.透镜的焦距。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图以及具体实施例对本发明作进一步的说明，但本发明的保护范围并不限于此。
如图1所示，本发明所述的一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器，包括采光模块和信号采集模块，所述采光模块包括精定位采光模块和粗定位采光模块，所述精定位采光模块包括凸透镜1、镜筒2、光纤固定管3和四根精定位光纤41-44，镜筒2包括第一镜筒和第二镜筒，所述第一镜筒为圆柱形，所述第二镜筒为圆台形，第一镜筒与第二镜筒的一端连接。
凸透镜1安装于第一镜筒的顶端，滤光片101安装于凸透镜1的上方，用于过滤掉可见光之外的光波，四根精定位光纤41-44的入射端通过光纤固定管3固定于凸透镜1的正下方，四根精定位光纤41-44的中心连线为正方形，定义四根精定位光纤41-44所处的方位分别为A、B、C、D四个方向，所述镜筒2的中心轴线与精定位光纤41-44的入射端面垂直；所述四根精定位光纤41-44的入射端面与凸透镜中心的距离为
Figure PCTCN2018070093-appb-000004
其中R为凸透镜1的半径，F为凸透镜1的焦距，该表达式得到的L值使得太阳光正入射时，经凸透镜1聚焦到达光纤入射端面时的光斑半径
Figure PCTCN2018070093-appb-000005
凸透镜1的半径R与精定位光纤纤芯的半径r’之比满足：15≥R/r’≥5。为了保证精定位光纤识别到太阳光，凸透镜1聚焦光斑在四根精定位光纤41-44的入射端面上形成的光斑半径d满足：
Figure PCTCN2018070093-appb-000006
所述粗定位采光模块包括四个沿圆周方向均布在第二镜筒侧面上的粗定位光纤组45-48，四个所述粗定位光纤组45-48分别位于A、B、C、D四个方向上，本实施例中每个粗定位光纤组中有两根粗定位光纤，粗定位光纤上涂有紫外固化胶，以滤除包层光。所述粗定位光纤的入射端面由镜筒2内穿过镜筒2的表面，每个粗定位光纤组中的粗定位光纤的入射端从上到下依次排列，并且每个粗定位光纤组中从上到下第i根粗定位光 纤的入射端面垂线与镜筒2中心轴线夹角定义为η i，η i满足：2α max>η i-η i-1>0，这里N≥i>1。其中，第一根粗定位光纤的入射端面垂线与镜筒2中心轴线夹角定义为η 1满足：η 1≤α max+β，所述β满足：
Figure PCTCN2018070093-appb-000007
h为太阳光正入射时，经凸透镜1聚焦到达精定位光纤41-44的入射端面时的光斑半径。第2根粗定位光纤的入射端面垂线与镜筒2中心轴线夹角定义为η 2满足：η 2+α max≥90°。
所述信号采集模块包括四个光电池61-64、暗盒5和电路板7，第二镜筒的另一端与暗盒5的上表面连接，暗盒5内设有四个暗格，四个光电池61-64分别置于四个暗格内，且四个光电池61-64分别处于A、B、C、D四个方向上，所述电路板7设于暗盒5内部底面，且所述光电池61-64均集成在电路板7上，暗盒5是由黑体材料制成，可以挡住光线使光电池在完全黑暗的空间中，从而保证光电池接收光时互不干扰。
位于A和C方向上的精定位光纤的中心线、粗定位光纤的中心线以及光电池的中心点均位于同一平面内，位于B和D方向上的精定位光纤的中心线、粗定位光纤的中心线以及光电池的中心点均位于同一平面内。
四根精定位光纤41-44和四个粗定位光纤组45-48组成四个采光组，每个采光组中包括一根精定位光纤和一个粗定位光纤组，并且所述精定位光纤和粗定位光纤的导出端均穿过暗盒5的上表面进入暗盒5中，如图2所示，四个光电池61-64分别与一个采光组连接，每个光电池与和其位于同一方向上的精定位光纤的导出端相连，并与和其对面方向上的粗定位光纤组的导出端相连接。
如图3所示，当太阳光角度落在精定位范围内时，凸透镜1将太阳光聚焦到精定位光纤的入射端面，当太阳光光线与镜筒2中心轴线呈一夹角时，凸透镜1聚焦后的光斑也发生偏移，导致不同精定位光纤中的聚光能量不同，由此可判断太阳光偏移方向。太阳光光线与镜筒2中心轴线平行时，精定位光纤中聚光能量相同。在粗定位角度范围和精定位角度范围的重叠区域内，粗定位光纤仍然可能收集到光。但是，一方面由于其集光面远小于凸透镜1，因而收集到的光强远弱于精定位光纤；另一方面，由于四个采光组中的光电池均采集处于对角方向上的精定位光纤和粗定位光纤组所导出的太阳光，因此，同一时间内处于对角方向上的粗定位光纤组与精定位光纤均导出太阳光，或者只有粗定位光纤组导出太阳光，因而，设置粗定位光纤组不影响精定位光纤对太阳光偏移方向的判断。
凸透镜1的半径应适宜，从而为光电池提供能量大小范围合适的太阳光。为避免凸 透镜1聚焦的太阳光照射到精定位光纤的侧面，对精定位光纤41-44加紫外固化胶，加以保护和避免太阳光进入光纤中。凸透镜1也可采用具有同样功能的菲涅耳透镜来替代。
太阳光正入射时，凸透镜1所聚焦的光在精定位光纤41-44的入射端面上形成的光斑半径d满足：
Figure PCTCN2018070093-appb-000008
即上述光斑最大能够刚好覆盖四根精定位光纤41-44的入射端面，通过调节L值的大小来调节的光斑覆盖面的范围，但正入射时，光斑覆盖面最小能够保证四根精定位光纤41-44的入射端面均可收到光。理想情况下，经凸透镜1聚焦到达四根精定位光纤41-44的入射端面时的光斑半径应为
Figure PCTCN2018070093-appb-000009
即正入射时，光斑边缘与四个精定位光纤的41-44的边缘均有两个交点，并且每个光纤上的两个交点连线为该光纤导入端面的直径，当太阳光产生小角度偏差时，同样的角度偏差，这种光斑将引起最大的采光面积变化，因而可以获得更为明显光强差，提高追踪精度。
如图4所示为处于对角方向上的两个光电池的输出电流差与模拟光源偏角的关系以及对应的精定位光纤的光通量差与模拟光源偏角的关系。由图可以看出，精定位光纤的光通量差的变化与光电池的输出信号差的变化趋势是一致的，实验证明精定位方案是可行的。试验中选择的凸透镜参数分别为直径为17mm，焦距为25mm，光斑半径为2.38mm，距离L为28mm。光纤直径为2mm，长度为100mm。此时的光斑正好覆盖四根精定位光纤的入射端面，而跟踪精度由精定位光纤导入端面的光斑面积变化率与光电池的光电转换率决定，
控制部分的电路板7若采用12位精度的A/D转换器，那么光电池可识别的光强为4.88Lux，实验证明本发明传感器在阴天光强下可以达到4.5°的跟踪精度，当光强达到10 5Lux时，精度达0.02°，而夏季正午的太阳光强可达10 9Lux，精度可达0.001°以上。而本发明的理想状态下，光斑半径为
Figure PCTCN2018070093-appb-000010
时，h比实验所得的光斑半径更小，在太阳移动过程中处于对角方向上的两根精定位光纤的导光量差变化更大，系统分辨率更高，精度也会变高。
由于粗定位光纤的数值孔径有限，为保证粗定位光纤可以在宽角度范围内均能采集到太阳光，可以采用多根粗定位光纤以不同的角度排布在同一方向上，且这多根光纤与镜筒2的中轴线在同一平面内。位于同一粗定位光纤组中的粗定位光纤的入射角范围之间可以有一定的重叠，其与镜筒中心轴线的夹角范围可达90°以上。如图2和图5所示，为每粗定位光纤组有两根光纤，分别与镜筒中轴线成60°和30°，光纤的最大入射角为30°，每组两根光纤的入射角范围之间重叠了30°，可实现90°的集光角，所以位于 对角方向上的粗定位光纤组的集光角范围可达180°。而且在粗定位阶段太阳在任何角度时只能使在位于对角方向上的其中一个粗定位光纤组上产生有效入射光，而另一个粗定位光纤组则接收不到光线，由此位于对角方向上的光电池接受到的光强差就比较明显，可以快速的识别太阳的偏角情况。本发明采用封闭的镜筒2将光纤包在其内，除粗定位光纤的入射端面外，光纤均在镜筒2内部，从而避免环境杂散光的影响，为避免透镜聚焦的太阳光直接照射到光电池，采用暗盒5的方式，使得光电池只能接收光纤导出的光。
如图6所示，为粗定位组模拟光源偏角从-90°到0°的对应光电池的实验数据，该实验中的传感器上只设置了一个对角方向上的粗定位光纤组，由图6可以看到这组光电池产生的电流输出完全符合理论猜想。当光源偏角为0°时两个光电池的电流输出相同，与理论值一致。在0°到90°之间实验结果与之对称，这里不再介绍。
由于粗定位光纤直接接受太阳光的辐射，难免受到干扰光的影响，精度自然不会高。所以把四根精定位与四组粗定位结合使用，既可以实现大范围跟踪，也可实现高精度稳定运行。本系统也可以在三个方向以及更多方向上同时采集光线号可以到达同样的跟踪效果，本发明介绍的仅仅是4个方向的采光设计，较为精简可观。
此传感器结构简单，精度高，灵敏度高，成本低，适合各种太阳能设备，可以在民用方面推广普及。
所述实施例为本发明的优选的实施方式，但本发明并不限于上述实施方式，在不背离本发明的实质内容的情况下，本领域技术人员能够做出的任何显而易见的改进、替换或变型均属于本发明的保护范围。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器，包括采光模块和信号采集模块，所述采光模块主要包括精定位采光模块和粗定位采光模块，所述信号采集模块包括光电元件和采集电路，其特征在于：所述精定位采光模块包括凸透镜(1)、镜筒(2)、光纤固定管(3)和四根精定位光纤(41-44)，凸透镜(1)安装于镜筒(2)的顶端，四根精定位光纤(41-44)的入射端通过光纤固定管(3)固定于凸透镜(1)的正下方，四根精定位光纤(41-44)的中心连线为正方形，定义四根精定位光纤(41-44)所处的方位分别为A、B、C、D四个方向，所述镜筒(2)的中心轴线与四根精定位光纤(41-44)的端面垂直；
    所述粗定位采光模块包括四个沿圆周方向均布在镜筒(2)侧面上的粗定位光纤组(45-48)，四个所述粗定位光纤组(45-48)分别位于A、B、C、D四个方向上，每个粗定位光纤组中的粗定位光纤数量相同，所述粗定位光纤的入射端面从镜筒(2)内穿过镜筒(2)的表面，每个粗定位光纤组中的粗定位光纤的入射端从上到下依次排列，并且粗定位光纤的入射端面的垂线与镜筒(2)中心轴线的夹角大于α max，所述α max为粗定位光纤的最大入射角；
    所述信号采集模块包括四个光电池(61-64)、暗盒(5)和电路板(7)，所述镜筒(2)位于暗盒(5)的上表面，暗盒(5)内设有四个暗格，四个光电池(61-64)分别置于四个暗格内，且四个光电池(61-64)分别处于A、B、C、D四个方向上，所述电路板(7)设于暗盒(5)内部底面，且所述光电池(61-64)均集成在电路板(7)上；
    位于A和C方向上的精定位光纤的中心线、粗定位光纤的中心线以及光电池的中心点均位于同一平面内，位于B和D方向上的精定位光纤的中心线、粗定位光纤的中心线以及光电池的中心点均位于同一平面内；
    四根精定位光纤(41-44)和四个粗定位光纤组(45-48)组成四个采光组，每个采光组包括一根精定位光纤和一个粗定位光纤组，并且所述精定位光纤和一个粗定位光纤的导出端均穿过暗盒(5)的上表面进入暗盒(5)中，四个光电池(61-64)分别与一个采光组连接，每个光电池与和其位于同一方向上的精定位光纤的导出端相连，并且与位于所述光电池对面方向上的粗定位光纤组的导出端相连接。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器，其特征在于，太阳光正入射时，凸透镜(1)聚焦光斑在四根精定位光纤(41-44)的入射端面上形成的光斑半径d满足：
    Figure PCTCN2018070093-appb-100001
    为精定位光纤纤芯的半径。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器，其特征在于，所述四根精定位光纤(41-44)的入射端面与凸透镜中心的距离为L，
    Figure PCTCN2018070093-appb-100002
    R为凸透镜(1)的半径，F为凸透镜(1)的焦距，r’为精定位光纤纤芯的半径。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器，其特征在于，所述每个粗定光纤组中有N(N≥2)根粗定位光纤，从上到下第i根粗定位光纤的入射端面垂线与镜筒(2)中心轴线夹角定义为η i，η i满足：2α max>η i-η i-1>0，这里N≥i>1。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器，其特征在于，每个粗定光纤组中从上到下第1根粗定位光纤的入射端面垂线与镜筒(2)中心轴线夹角η 1满足：η 1≤α max+β，所述β满足：
    Figure PCTCN2018070093-appb-100003
    h为太阳光正入射时，经凸透镜(1)聚焦到达精定位光纤(41-44)的入射端面时的光斑半径。
  6. 根据权利要求4所述的一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器，其特征在于，每个粗定光纤组中从上到下第N根粗定位光纤的入射端面的垂线与镜筒(2)的中心轴线的夹角η N满足：η N+α max≥90°。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器，其特征在于，所述粗定位光纤和精定位光纤(41-44)上均涂有紫外固化胶。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器，其特征在于，所述凸透镜(1)的半径R与精定位光纤纤芯的半径r’之比满足：15≥R/r’≥5。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的一种基于光纤导光的太阳跟踪传感器，其特征在于，所述镜筒(2)包括第一镜筒和第二镜筒，所述第一镜筒为圆柱形，凸透镜(1)和光纤固定管(3)均置于第一镜筒中，所述光纤固定管(3)的底端与第一镜筒的底端平齐，所述第二镜筒为圆台形，第二镜筒连接第一镜筒和暗盒(5)，所述粗定位光纤组(45-48)沿圆周方向均布在第二镜筒侧面上。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的一种太阳跟踪的光纤式光电传感器，其特征在于，所述四个光电池(61-64)均为硅光电池。
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