WO2018201282A1 - Pd-1h as target in modulation of pool size of inducible regulatory t cells - Google Patents
Pd-1h as target in modulation of pool size of inducible regulatory t cells Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018201282A1 WO2018201282A1 PCT/CN2017/082735 CN2017082735W WO2018201282A1 WO 2018201282 A1 WO2018201282 A1 WO 2018201282A1 CN 2017082735 W CN2017082735 W CN 2017082735W WO 2018201282 A1 WO2018201282 A1 WO 2018201282A1
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- the present invention is related to a method for modulating pool size of inducible regulatory T cells in a subject.
- the present invention further relates to a method for treating T cell immunity mediated diseases in a subject.
- the invention also concerns use of a PD-1H agonist or antagonist in the preparation of a pharmaceutical compositions for modulating a pool size of inducible regulatory T cells in a subject.
- the invention also concerns use of a PD-1H agonist or antagonist in the preparation of a pharmaceutical compositions for treating T cell immunity mediated diseases in a subject.
- Treg Regulatory T cell
- Treg is a subset of CD4 + T cells with broad functions from maintenance of self-tolerance to regulation of magnitude of immune responses.
- Treg is not terminally differentiated and can be converted to other CD4 + T cell subsets including Th1 and Th17 during inflammation.
- the transcription factor Foxp3 plays an essential role in the establishment of a functional and committed regulatory T cell lineage.
- Foxp3 + Treg cells can be divided into the thymus-derived natural Treg cells (nTreg) and the inducible Treg cells (iTreg) by TGF- ⁇ , which regulate the differentiation of iTreg cells and stabilization of thymus-derived nTreg.
- iTreg cells In the periphery, the differentiation of iTreg cells is largely driven by the microenvironment. For example, inflammatory cytokines IFN- ⁇ and IL-4 inhibit TGF- ⁇ -induced iTreg cells, while IL-6 directs Th17 cell differentiation in the presence of TGF- ⁇ .
- the plasticity of Treg cells may thus determine the direction of an ongoing immune response and control inflammation as shown in several mouse models including models of colitis, acute graft versus host diseases (GVHD) , and asthma.
- GVHD acute graft versus host diseases
- PD-1H (also called Gi24, Dies1, B7-H5, VISTA and DD1) is a cell surface immunoglobulin superfamily molecule with immune modulatory functions in addition to its myriad of roles regulating the differentiation of osteoblast, adipocyte, and embryonic stem cells and cell apoptosis.
- PD-1H is constitutively expressed on hematopoietic cells, such as T cells, NK cells, monocytes, NK cells and DCs, but not on B cells.
- PD-1H deficiency Unlike CTLA-4 knockout (KO) mice that rapidly develop lymphoproliferative phenotypes and fatal systemic autoimmune diseases, PD-1H deficiency has a much more mild phenotype: young PD-1H KO mice have normal numbers of T cells, NK cells, B cells, macrophages, and monocytes while older mice experience spontaneous T cell activation, and increased levels of memory cells and larger spleen size were observed when mice aged. Furthermore, PD-1H deficient mice were more susceptible to acute inflammation and immune response to antigens as shown in accelerated Con A-induced acute hepatitis and GVHD.
- PD-1H has been shown to function on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells as either a ligand or a receptor, respectively, in several in vitro and in vivo studies. Consistent with these findings, agonistic mAb to PD-1H have proven to be immune inhibitors for various types of immune responses to antigens, whereas antagonistic mAb were shown to be immune stimulators. Although the counter-receptor (s) of PD-1H have yet to be identified, a recent study indicated that PD-1H/DD1 could mediate its effect via a hemophilic interaction.
- PD-1H is constitutively expressed on Treg and several subsequent studies implicate its role in the regulation of Treg functions.
- PD-1HIg fusion protein promoted the induction of Foxp3 + iTreg in the presence of TGF- ⁇ in both mice and human CD4 + T cells in vitro.
- Infusion of a PD-1H mAb in the B16-OVA tumor model reduced the differentiation of tumor antigen-specific iTreg cells. This result was interpreted as a blockade of the PD-1H interaction with its putative counter-receptor by this mAb.
- PD-1H agonist mAb MH5A was shown to promote TGF- ⁇ induced Treg cells in vitro, and infusion of MH5A suppressed progression of GVHD in mouse models, accompanied by expansion of iTreg. While these data suggest a possible role of PD-1H in Treg induction and function, it has yet to be elucidated whether PD-1H has a direct effect on Treg cells. More importantly, the mechanisms underlying the modulatory effect of Treg cells by PD-1H are unknown.
- PD-1H deficient iTreg could also rapidly convert to CD4 + T helper 1 or T helper 17 cells in inflammatory environment. These results indicate that PD-1H is required for maintenance of iTreg pool size by promoting its differentiation and preventing its conversion to other CD4 + T cell subsets. These findings may have important implications for manipulating Tregs to control inflammation.
- a method for modulating a pool size of inducible regulatory T cells in a subject comprises administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist.
- a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for modulating a pool size of inducible regulatory T cells in a subject.
- a method for treating T cell immunity mediated diseases in a subject comprises administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist.
- a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating T cell immunity mediated diseases in a subject.
- the administration of PD-1H agonist causes increased level of inducible regulatory T cells in the subject. In some embodiments of the invention, the administration of PD-1H antagonist causes decreased level of inducible regulatory T cells in the subject. In some embodiments of the invention, the administration is carried out intravenously.
- the PD-1H agonist is a monoclonal antibody against PD-1H.
- the PD-1H antagonist is an antisense oligomer selected from dsRNA, siRNA and shRNA directed to PD-1H encoding polynucleotides. In some embodiments of the invention, the subject is a human being.
- the T cell immunity mediated diseases include inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cancer.
- the present invention demonstrates that PD-1H inhibits the conversion of iTreg cells into Th1 and Th17 cells in an inflammatory environment, at least partially due to its role in the maintenance of Foxp3 expression and an iTreg phenotype. These findings have important implications in the regulation of Treg growth and function. Meanwhile, PD-1H inhibits activation of T cells to limit initiation of T cell-mediated immune responses, as previously shown, it promotes growth and conversion of iTreg during immune responses. In addition to regulating early stage T cell activation, PD-1H appears to participate in the regulation of T cell tolerance by regulating Treg pool size. Thus the PD-1H pathway may represent a promising target to control and manipulate T cell-mediated immunity in inflammation, autoimmune disease and cancer.
- FIG. 1 Effect of PD-1H in de novo generation of Foxp3 + iTreg cells.
- A T cells purified from WT OT-II or PD-1H KO OT-II mice were first labeled with 5 ⁇ M CFSE and subsequently transferred i.v. to B6 mice at 2x10 6 /mouse. Mice were fed with 1.5%OVA in the drinking water 24 hours later for 5 days. Foxp3 frequency on the gated CD4 + CFSE + V ⁇ 5.1/5.2 TCR + was analyzed by flow cytometry in the representative mice.
- FIG. 1 Effect of PD-1H on the conversion and function of iTreg.
- A PD-1H deficiency in the natural development of iTreg in gut-associated lymphoid organs.
- the percentages of CD25 + Foxp3 + Treg cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) , payer’s patch (PP) and lamina intestinal (LP) were determined by cell surface CD25 and intracellular Foxp3 expression with specific antibodies in flow cytometry.
- C In vitro induction of iTreg. CD4 + CD25 - CD62Lhi T cells from the WT and PD-1H KO mice were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 in the presence or absence of 5 ng/ml TGF- ⁇ for 3-5 days. The frequency of CD25 + Foxp3 + cells was determined by intracellular staining.
- CD8 + T cells or CD4 + T cells were purified from B6 mice, labeled with CFSE and co-cultured with sorted GFP + iTreg cells in the presence of anti-CD3 at the indicated Treg/Teff cells ratio.
- the decrease of CSFE upon inclusion of iTreg cells was determined by comparison with the wells without the addition of iTreg cells. Data showed are representative of at least 3 independent experiments. Teff only: T cells without anti-CD3 stimulation; Control: Teff cells with anti-CD3 without the inclusion of iTreg cells.
- FIG. 3 Effect of the cytokine milieu on the PD-1H-mediated defects on the conversion of iTreg cells.
- A Cytokine profile in the induction of iTreg cells in the absence of PD-1H. T cells were induced to iTreg in vitro as described above and the culture supernatants were collected at day 4 to determine cytokine levels by mouse Th1/TH2/Th17 CBA kits.
- B Neutralizing mAb to IFN- ⁇ and IL4 were added to the culture at the beginning of the culture to induce iTreg cells from WT or PD-1H KO T cells in vitro. CD25 + Foxp3 + cells were assessed 3-5 days after the culture. The presented results were from a pair of mice.
- C The histogram graphic presentation of the data from (B) are from a group of 5 mice. Data shown are representative of at least 3 independent experiments.
- FIG. 4 Effect of PD-1H on the stability of iTreg cells in the EAE model.
- CD45.2 + Foxp3 (GFP + ) iTreg cells from WT or KO were obtained by cell sorting after induction in vitro.
- the control mice were inoculated with PBS. EAE disease progression and severity was monitored as clinical score (see Methods) .
- the data shown represent 1 of 3 experiments with similar results and disease phenotypes.
- B, C The spleen and draining LN (dLN) cells at Day 13 of EAE induction were gated on CD45.2 + CD4 + and analyzed for Foxp3 (GFP + ) iTreg cells.
- D Absolute numbers of CD45.2 + Foxp3 + in the spleen and dLN from the EAE mice were counted.
- E The spleen and dLN cells from EAE mice at day 13 were re-stimulated ex vivo using PMA/Ionomycin/BFA for 4 hours.
- FIG. 5 PD-1H promotes the commitment of iTreg cells.
- A The transferred iTreg cells from each group (gate on CD45.2 + CD4 + ) in the EAE model were analyzed on Day 13. The spleen and dLN cells were intracellularly stained with pSTAT3 or pSTAT5 with specific mAb.
- B Same as A but phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5 on transferred iTreg cells is displayed as plotted value.
- C The DNA methylation status of the CNS2 region was determined by bisulfite sequencing. Each line represents one clone (one DNA strand) ; open cycle, un-methylated cites; filled circles, methylated cites.
- FIG. 6 PD-1H affects de novo differentiation of iTreg cells.
- A WT and KO OT-II T cells (CD25 - T cells) were transferred into host mice separately. The transferred OT-II T cells were labeled with CFSE before transferred. This figure showed here is the dilution of CFSE and Foxp3 induction.
- B WT (CD45.1/CD45.2) OT-II T cells and KO (CD45.2) OT-II naive T cells were mixed at ratio 1: 1 and co-transferred into host mice (CD45.1) . After orally feeding the host mice with 1.5%OVA, the mLN and PP were analyzed and the frequency of Foxp3 were determined by intracellular staining.
- C Absolut number of Foxp3 + T cells in the indicate organs were counted.
- FIG. 7 PD-1H regulates differentiation of iTreg cells in a lymphopenic environment.
- B Absolute numbers of CD25 + Foxp3 + T cells in the indicated organs from the Rag1 KO mice were counted.
- C Cytokine production of transferred CD4 + T cells were analyzed. The cells from indicated organs were in vitro activated for 4 hours in the presence of PMA/Inomycin/BFA and then analyzed by intracellular staining. Data showed were representative of 2 independent experiments.
- FIG. 8 PD-1H plays a redundant role on the generation and suppressive function of nTreg cells.
- FIG. 9 determines pool size of Treg cells in bone marrow chimeric mice.
- A Total number of 10 million mixed bone marrow cells from CD45.1 WT mice and CD45.2 mice were transfer into sub-lethal irradiated mouse (CD45.1/CD45.2) . Mice were analyzed 10 weeks after reconstruction. Gating strategy of WT and KO T cells was showed.
- B Foxp3 frequency in the indicated organs was determined by intracellular staining.
- C Foxp3 frequency in the spleen were summarized, and absolute number of Foxp3 + cell and Foxp3 - cells were showed. Data shown are one of two independent experiments.
- FIG. 10 PD-1H agonist mAb slightly promotes the differentiation of iTreg cells.
- T cells were sorted from the WT Foxp3 (GFP) mice and subsequently stimulated with pre-coated anti-CD3 with either control mouse IgG or mam82 in the presence of TGF- ⁇ for 4 days.
- CD25 + Foxp3 (GFP + ) iTreg cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.
- B Induction of iTreg cells at different time points were showed. The results shown are from 3 individual experiments. Data shown are representative of at least 3 independent experiments.
- FIG. 11 Analysis of CD4 + Th1 and Th17 cells in the recipients upon transferring with WT or PD-1H KO iTreg cells in the EAE model.
- A T cells from WT or PD-1H KO Foxp3 (GFP) mice were differentiated into iTreg cells in vitro as described above. IFN- ⁇ and IL-4 neutralizing mAb were added to the cultures to promote the generation of iTreg. Foxp3 (GFP + ) cells were sorted and the purity was assessed by FACS.
- B, C The recipient CD45.1 + CD4 + T cells in the EAE model upon the transfer of iTreg cells were re-stimulated ex vivo by PMA/Ionomycin/BFA.
- the IFN- ⁇ + or IL-17 + cells of recipient CD4 + T cells were determined by intracellular staining gated on CD45.2-CD4 + T cells.
- the data from a representative pair of mice were shown in (B) and the plot graphic presentation of data in shown in a group of 4 or 5 mice (C) . Data shown were representative of at least 3 independent experiments.
- FIG. 12 PD-1H deficient iTreg cells fails to retain their suppressive function and Foxp3 expression.
- the terms “treat” or “treatment” refer to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological change or disorder, such as the progression of cancer.
- Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total) , whether detectable or undetectable.
- “Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.
- Those in need of treatment include those already with the condition or disorder as well as those prone to have the condition or disorder or those in which the condition or disorder is to be prevented.
- subject or “individual” or “animal” or “patient” or “mammal, ” is meant any subject, particularly a mammalian subject, for whom diagnosis, prognosis, or therapy is desired.
- Mammalian subjects include humans, domestic animals, farm animals, and zoo, sport, or pet animals such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, horses, cattle, cows, and so on.
- the subject herein is preferably a human.
- phrases such as “to a patient in need of treatment” or “a subject in need of treatment” includes subjects, such as mammalian subjects, that would benefit from administration of an antibody or composition of the present disclosure used, e.g., for detection, for a diagnostic procedure and/or for treatment.
- the term "agonist” refers to any agent that increases the level and/or activity of PD-1H.
- the term “agonist” refers to an agent which increases the expression and/or activity of the PD-1H by at least 10%or more, e.g. by 10%or more, 50%or more, 100%or more, 200%or more, 500%or more, or 1000%or more.
- Non-limiting examples of agonists of PD-1H can include PD-1H polypeptides or agonist fragments thereof and nucleic acids encoding a PD-1H polypeptide.
- an antagonist refers to any agent that decreases the level and/or activity of PD-1H.
- An antagonist is a compound that competes with a specific protein, a ligand for example, on binding to another protein, a receptor for example. Such binding usually, induces a specific biological response or action that is blocked by the competing antagonist.
- the present invention employs, among others, antisense oligomer and similar species for use in modulating the function or effect of nucleic acid molecules encoding PD-1H. This is accomplished by providing oligonucleotides which specifically hybridize with one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding PD-1H.
- target nucleic acid and “nucleic acid molecule encoding PD-1H” have been used for convenience to encompass DNA encoding PD-1H, RNA (including pre-mRNA and mRNA or portions thereof) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA.
- the hybridization of an oligomer of this invention with its target nucleic acid is generally referred to as "antisense” .
- antisense inhibition is typically based upon hydrogen bonding-based hybridization of oligonucleotide strands or segments such that at least one strand or segment is cleaved, degraded, or otherwise rendered inoperable. In this regard, it is presently preferred to target specific nucleic acid molecules and their functions for such antisense inhibition.
- the antisense oligomer is selected from a DNA oligonucleotide, an RNA oligonucleotide (e.g., micro RNAs) , and a chimeric oligonucleotide.
- the antisense oligomer is selected from dsRNA, siRNA, and shRNA.
- An aspect of the disclosure provides a method for modulating a pool size of inducible regulatory T cells in a subject.
- the method comprises administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the PD-1H agonist or the PD-1H antagonist.
- the disclosure provides the PD-1H agonist or the PD-1H antagonist as described above for use in a method for modulating a pool size of inducible regulatory T cells in a subject.
- the PD-1H agonist, the PD-1H antagonist or the pharmaceutical composition is administered parenterally, e.g. intravenously, intramuscularly, percutaneously or intracutaneously.
- the administration of a PD-1H agonist causes an increased level of inducible regulatory T cells in the subject, for example expansion of the iTreg cells.
- the administration of a PD-1H antagonist causes a decreased level of inducible regulatory T cells in the subject.
- the decreased level of iTreg cells is accompanied by enhanced production of Th1 and/or Th17 cells.
- a method for treating or alleviating diseases involved with T cell immunity comprises administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the PD-1H agonist or the PD-1H antagonist.
- a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the PD-1H agonist or the PD-1H antagonist.
- An aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of PD-1H agonist or PD-1H antagonist, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the pharmaceutical composition is useful for modulating a pool size of inducible regulatory T cells in a subject.
- the PD-1H agonist or PD-1H antagonist may be prepared in a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
- carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, vehicles, coatings, diluents, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, buffers, carrier solutions, suspensions, colloids, and the like.
- carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, vehicles, coatings, diluents, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, buffers, carrier solutions, suspensions, colloids, and the like.
- the use of such media and agents for pharmaceutical active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.
- compositions that do not produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction when administered to a human.
- pharmaceutically acceptable refers to molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction when administered to a human.
- aqueous composition that contains a protein as an active ingredient is well understood in the art.
- injectables either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid prior to injection can also be prepared.
- mice Eight-week-old C57BL/6 (B6) mice were purchased from Sun Yat-sen University Animal Supply Center. PD-1H-KO mice in B6 background were described previously. The transgenic strain CD45.1, OT-II, Foxp3 (GFP) , Rag1 KO were all purchased from The Jackson Laboratory. The littermate mice of PD-1H KO and wild type (control mice) were generated from PD-1H heterozygotes and maintained in the same conditions. Foxp3 (GFP) mice and OT-II mice were backcrossed to the PD-1H KO mice respectively to generate PD-1H deficient Foxp3 (GFP) reporter mice and PD-1H deficient OT-II mice.
- B6 The transgenic strain CD45.1, OT-II, Foxp3 (GFP) , Rag1 KO were all purchased from The Jackson Laboratory. The littermate mice of PD-1H KO and wild type (control mice) were generated from PD-1H heterozygotes and maintained in the same conditions. Foxp3 (
- mice were maintained in a specific pathogen-free facility, and all animal experiments were performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, with the approval of the Scientific Investigation Board of Sun Yat-sen University (Guangdong, China) .
- MH5A hamster anti-mouse PD-1H
- anti-hamster-IgG-PE eBioscience
- hamster IgG eBioscience
- All other fluorescently labeled antibodies including CD4, CD25, CD44, CD69, Foxp3, TCR V ⁇ 5.1/5.2, p-STAT3, p-STAT5, CTLA-4, Lag-3, GITR, IOCS, CD45.1 and CD45.2 were purchased from eBioscience and BD Pharmingen.
- the anti-IFN- ⁇ (clone XMG1.2) , anti-IL-4 (clone 11B11) , anti-IL-6 (clone MP5–20F3) neutralizing Abs were purchased from R&D System.
- the intracellular staining for Foxp3 and other intracellular cytokines were performed according to BD’s Cytofix/Cytoperm kit manual.
- Cytokine analysis was performed using the mouse Th1/Th2/Th17 CBA kits (BD Bioscience) .
- the mouse pan-T isolation kit, CD8 + T cell isolation kit, CD4 + T cell isolation kit, CD25 micro beads kit, and the CD4 + T cell isolation kits were purchased from Miltenyi Biotec (Cambridge, MA) .
- Flow cytometry analysis was performed using a BD FACSVerse (BD Biosciences) and data analyzed using FlowJo software (Tree Star) .
- CD4 + CD25 - CD44loCD62hi T cells were isolated using the CD4 + T cells isolation kit (Miltenyi Biotec) .
- CD4 + CD25 - Foxp3 (GFP-) T cells and CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 (GFP + ) nTreg were sorted by FACSAria (BD Biosciences) after the purification using the CD4 + T cell isolation kit.
- the CD4 + T cells were first enriched using the CD4 + T cells isolation kit, and CD25 + T cell were subsequently depleted using the CD25 microbead kit (Miltenyi Biotec) to obtain the CD4 + CD25 - T cells.
- the purity of the cells sorted using this method was typically more than 95%.
- CD4 + CD25 - Foxp3 (GFP-) T cells were stimulated in vitro with plate-bound anti-CD3 (clone 2C11 at 2 ⁇ g/ml, eBioscience) plus soluble anti-CD28 (1 ⁇ g/ml) in the presence or absence of recombinant TGF- ⁇ (5 ng/ml, R&D Systems) and IL-2 (5 ng/ml, PeproTech) for 3-5 days. Conversion of Foxp3 + Treg cells were then analyzed by flow cytometry based on the expression of GFP or intracellular staining for Foxp3.
- the cells were cultured in the plate coated PD-1H agonist mam82 (10 ⁇ g/ml) after plate-coated with anti-CD3 (1 ⁇ g/ml) .
- the mAb to IL-4, IL-6, and IFN- ⁇ at 10 ⁇ g/ml were added to the wells at the beginning of the cultures.
- the cultured supernatants were collected at the indicated time points for the cytokine analysis.
- Treg cells suppressive function assay was performed as previous described. Briefly, the CD8 + T cells (in some experiment using the CD4 + T cells) were first labeled with 1 ⁇ M CFSE (Life Technologies) and subsequently co-cultured at 1x10 5 in the presence of 1x10 5 mitomycin C-treated syngeneic spleen cells as feeder cells. The cultures were added with or without Treg cells at indicated ratios in U-bottomed 96-well plates for 72 h, and subsequently added anti-mouse CD3 (1 ⁇ g/mL) for stimulation. The proliferations of T cells were assayed by CFSE dilution. In some experiments, soluble mouse control IgG or PD-1H agonist mam82 (10 ⁇ g/ml) were added to the cultures. In these cases, feeder cells were PD-1H KO spleen cells.
- CD4 + CD25 - T cells were isolated from OT-II mice (or PD-1HKO OT-II mice) as described before and labeled with 5 ⁇ M CFSE before adoptive transfer.
- 2x10 6 cells were injected i.v. into WT B6 mice.
- the drinking water in the cages was replaced with 1.5%OVA solution (grade V; Sigma-Aldrich) 24 hours later for 5 consecutive days.
- the mesenteric LN and PP were collected and the TCR-specific Foxp3 + Treg cells were determined using intracellular staining for Foxp3 by flow cytometry.
- Bone marrow chimeras Bone marrow chimeras. Bone marrows from the tibia and femurs of WT (CD45.1) and PD-1H KO mice (CD45.2) were mixed at ratio 1: 1 and a total 1x10 7 cells were transferred into sub-lethal irradiated (6Gy) congenic WT mice (CD45.1/CD45.2) . The indicated organs were analyzed 10 week later after reconstruction. The frequency of Foxp3 + cells were determined by intracellular staining.
- EAE disease model The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was performed as previous described. Briefly, 7-8wk old female mice were immunized s.c. with 200 ⁇ g MOG35-55 (Life Technologies) in complete Freund’s adjuvant (Difco) . Mice were given 400 ng pertussis toxin (List Biological Labs) in 500 ⁇ l PBS i.p. on day 0 and 2 post-immunization. For adoptive transfer, 1x10 6 WT Foxp3 (GFP + ) iTreg cells or PD-1HKO Foxp3 (GFP + ) iTreg cells were injected i.v. before the immunization on day 0.
- mice The same volume of PBS (saline) was injected i.v. into the WT mice that served as the control.
- the spleen and dLN of each group were collected, and cell suspensions were re-stimulated with PMA/Ionomycin/BD GolgiPlug for an additional 4 hours.
- the level of IFN- ⁇ and IL-17 was assessed using intracellular staining and analyzed by FACS (BD Cytofix/Cytoperm kit) .
- CD4 + CD45RB hi T cells (CD45.1, 4x10 5 ) were co-injected via i.p. with or without 2x10 5 iTreg cells (CD45.2) into Rag1 KO mice.
- Mice were weighed once a week, after 10 weeks, the colon tissue were collected and histological stained with H&E. Spleen and mLN cells were collected and ex vivo activated using PMA/Inomycin/BFA for 4 hours and then analyzed the cytokine production.
- the Foxp3 (GFP + ) iTreg cells were sorted, and genomic DNA was purified with DNeasy Blood &Tissue Kit (Qiagen) .
- the bisulfite conversion of DNA was performed using EZ DNA Methylation-Gold Kit (ZYMO research) .
- the CNS2 region of Foxp3 enhancer was amplified with the primer set as previously described, and T/Acloned into pMD18-T vector (Clonetech) .
- Ten inserted plasmids from each group were purified and sequenced and the methylation results were analyzed by BiQ Analyzer 2.0.
- PD-1H is required for de novo induction of Treg cells
- OT-II TCR transgenic mice were backcrossed to PD-1H KO mice to generate a new KO OT-II strain.
- CD4 + T cells purified from the spleen cells of WT OT-II or the KO OT-II mice were depleted of CD25 + T cells (to avoid nTreg contamination) and subsequently transferred into WT B6 mice. Mice were then fed with 1.5%OVA in their drinking water for 5 consecutive days (Fig. 1A) .
- Foxp3 + V 5.1/5.2 + OT-II cells could be detected in the gut-related lymphoid organs including mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) and Peyer’s patch (PP) while less cells could be detected in the spleen, peripheral LN, and lamina propria (LP) (data not shown) , indicating a Treg response in the gut-related lymphoid organs to OVA.
- Foxp3 + V 5.1/5.2 + OT-II cells were significantly decreased in the mLN and PP than WT OT-II (Fig.
- CD4 + T cells from WT (CD45.1) and KO (CD45.2) mice were mixed at ratio 1:1, and transferred into Rag1 KO mice.
- the percentage and absolute number of CD25 + Foxp3 + T cells in the indicated organs were analyzed 3 weeks later (Fig. 7) .
- PD-1H is required for expansion, but not generation and function, of iTreg cells
- PD-1H KO mice display normal numbers of nTreg cells in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes.
- the phenotype and suppressive function of nTreg cells in PD-1H KO mice was also comparable to those in WT littermates (Fig. 8) .
- iTreg cells are generated mainly in the gut under either a steady state or inflammation we next examined whether the lack of PD-1H affects iTreg generation and function. Although a similar proportion of Foxp3 + Treg cells in the mLN and PP has been found in both PD-1H KO mice and WT littermates, Foxp3 + cells in the LP of PD-1H KO mice were significantly lower, although the absolute number of Foxp3 + cells was unchanged in the absence of PD-1H (Fig. 2A and 2B) .
- CD4 + CD25 - CD62L hi cells were purified from WT and PD-1H KO spleen cells, and stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 in the presence of TGF- ⁇ .
- the frequency of Foxp3 + iTreg cells that were differentiated from WT naive T cells were significantly higher than that from the KO naive T cells (Fig. 2C) .
- iTreg cells from WT or PD-1H KO Foxp3 (GFP) mice were induced in vitro as described above and purified by sorting.
- the Teff were generated by anti-CD3 stimulation of purified CD4 + CD25 - CD62L hi T cells.
- the WT or KO iTreg cells were co-cultured with effector cells at the indicated Treg/Teff ratios in the presence of irradiated spleen cells, as antigen-presenting cells plus soluble anti-CD3 for 3 days.
- the Teff were CFSE-labeled before the co-culture and the decreased CFSE dilutions were used as an indication of Treg suppression.
- iTreg cells from both WT and KO mice suppressed proliferation of Teff with comparable activity. Consistent with these findings, we did not find significant differences in the expression of activation marker CD25, GITR, Lag-3, CTLA-4, ICOS, or PD-1 in WT vs. KO iTreg (Fig. 2F) . Therefore, PD-1H does not affect the suppressive function of iTreg despite its effect on the differentiation of iTreg.
- T cells were sorted from WT Foxp3 (GFP) knock-in mice and subsequently stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 in the presence of TGF- ⁇ .
- Induction of GFP + CD25 + iTreg cells was measured upon the stimulation.
- Inclusion of mam82 slightly increased Foxp3 + CD25 + iTreg expansion albeit the effect appeared moderate (Fig. 10A and 10B) .
- This moderate effect may be due to a rapid loss of cell surface PD-1H on T cells in vitro.
- PD-1H regulates iTreg differentiation via cytokines
- cytokines may modulate the differentiation of iTreg cells in the absence of PD-1H.
- purified CD4 + T cells were first stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 and the cultured supernatants were collected for cytokine detection.
- activated KO CD4 + T cells produced higher levels of IFN- ⁇ and IL-17 compared with WT CD4 + T cells (Fig. 3A) .
- TGF- ⁇ In the presence of TGF- ⁇ , production of these cytokines was further increased, while there was no change in TNF- ⁇ (data not shown) .
- PD-1H KO CD4 + T cells produced more IL-4 with or without TGF- ⁇ (Fig. 3A) . Because these cytokines are produced by different subsets of CD4 + T cells, our findings support PD-1H as a pan inhibitor of T helper cells.
- Neutralizing mAb to IL-4 and/or IFN- ⁇ were added to the cultures to exploit the effect of these cytokines in the induction of iTreg cells. As showed, neutralizing either IL-4 or IFN- ⁇ partially restored differentiation of PD-1H KO iTreg cells compared to the WT control, while inclusion of both mAbs restored the majority of the activity. As the controls, IFN- ⁇ /IL-4 neutralizing mAbs, either used alone or in combination, could also enhance iTreg differentiation (Fig. 3B and 3C) . These findings indicate that impaired iTreg differentiation in the absence of PD-1H is due, at least in part, to altered cytokine production by T cells.
- Loss of PD-1H facilitates the conversion of iTreg to Th17 in an inflammatory environment
- PD-1H has a direct effect on already differentiated iTreg cells.
- a murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was performed to test the stability of Foxp3 + iTreg cells. Briefly, WT or PD-1H KO Foxp3 (GFP + ) iTreg cells were generated as described above and sorted by flow cytometry based on GFP positivity (>97%Foxp3 + , Fig. 11A) .
- CD45.2 + iTreg cells at a concentration of 1 x 10 6 /mouse were transferred intravenously into CD45.1 + B6 mice before the immunization, where the number of transferred WT iTreg is not sufficient to prevent EAE progression. Mice were then immunized with myelin basic protein to induce EAE as previously described.
- the transfer of WT iTreg cells slightly delayed the onset of disease compared with the control.
- STAT5 activation drives Treg lineage commitment whereas STAT3 is inhibitory for Foxp3 expression and promotes Th17 cell response.
- PD-1H KO iTreg cells up to 47%p-STAT3 expressed significantly higher levels of phosphorylated STAT-3 (p-STAT3) than the WT iTreg cells in the spleen and dLN of EAE mice.
- comparable levels of p-STAT5 were found in both WT and PD-1H KO iTreg cells (Fig. 5A and 5B) , implicating a role for STAT3 but not STAT5 in PD-1H function.
- PD-1H is a critical cell surface signaling molecule that controls the pool size of inducible Treg via two different mechanisms.
- PD-1H is required for the generation of iTreg from T cells. This effect is largely mediated via suppression of inflammatory cytokine such as IFN- ⁇ , IL-4, and IL-17.
- the pool size of iTreg that responds to environmental stimulation decreases.
- PD-1H does not affect the suppressive function of iTreg on a per cell level, the decreased pool size of iTreg may eventually affect the overall suppressive function of Treg during immune responses.
- PD-1H signaling prevents the conversion of iTreg to Th1 and Th17 in an inflammatory environment.
- PD-1H is essential for the generation of iTreg from T cells, the suppressive function of both nTreg and iTreg is not affected. Especially, PD-1H is not required for the generation and suppressive function of nTreg cells, which are thymus-derived and selected by self-antigens (Fig. 8) . This result may partially explain why spontaneous autoimmune diseases or lymphoproliferative symptoms were not observed in young PD-1H KO mice. Nevertheless, spontaneously generated iTreg cells in mice were clearly affected (Fig.
- Treg is not terminally differentiated and it has been shown that iTreg can be converted into Th1 or Th17 subsets by specific cytokine or inflammatory environment. This plasticity of Treg cells makes it difficult to develop therapeutic strategies during chronic inflammation.
- This invention demonstrates that PD-1H is required for the stability of Foxp3, a hallmark of Treg lineage, and maintains the phenotype of Treg. Loss of PD-1H led to a rapid decrease of iTreg in various in vitro and in vivo systems and models.
- the invention supports that PD-1H inhibits the conversion of iTreg cells into Th1 and Th17 cells in an inflammatory environment, at least partially due to its role in the maintenance of Foxp3 expression and an iTreg phenotype.
- PD-1H inhibits activation of T cells to limit initiation of T cell-mediated immune responses, as previously shown, it promotes growth and conversion of iTreg during immune responses.
- PD-1H appears to participate in the regulation of T cell tolerance by regulating Treg pool size.
- the PD-1H pathway may represent a promising target to control and manipulate T cell-mediated immunity in inflammation, autoimmune disease and cancer.
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Abstract
Disclosed are methods for modulating a pool size of inducible regulatory T cells or for treating T cell immunity mediated diseases in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a PD-1 H agonist or a PD-1 H antagonist. Also disclosed are uses of a PD-1 H agonist or a PD-1 H antagonist in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for modulating a pool size of inducible regulatory T cells or for treating T cell immunity mediated diseases in a subject.
Description
The present invention is related to a method for modulating pool size of inducible regulatory T cells in a subject. The present invention further relates to a method for treating T cell immunity mediated diseases in a subject. The invention also concerns use of a PD-1H agonist or antagonist in the preparation of a pharmaceutical compositions for modulating a pool size of inducible regulatory T cells in a subject. The invention also concerns use of a PD-1H agonist or antagonist in the preparation of a pharmaceutical compositions for treating T cell immunity mediated diseases in a subject.
BACKGOUND
Regulatory T cell (Treg) is a subset of CD4+ T cells with broad functions from maintenance of self-tolerance to regulation of magnitude of immune responses. Treg is not terminally differentiated and can be converted to other CD4+ T cell subsets including Th1 and Th17 during inflammation. It has been shown that the transcription factor Foxp3 plays an essential role in the establishment of a functional and committed regulatory T cell lineage. Foxp3+ Treg cells can be divided into the thymus-derived natural Treg cells (nTreg) and the inducible Treg cells (iTreg) by TGF-β, which regulate the differentiation of iTreg cells and stabilization of thymus-derived nTreg. In the periphery, the differentiation of iTreg cells is largely driven by the microenvironment. For example, inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4 inhibit TGF-β-induced iTreg cells, while IL-6 directs Th17 cell differentiation in the presence of TGF-β. The plasticity of Treg cells may thus determine the direction of an ongoing immune response and control inflammation as shown in several mouse models including models of colitis, acute graft versus host diseases (GVHD) , and asthma.
PD-1H (also called Gi24, Dies1, B7-H5, VISTA and DD1) is a cell surface immunoglobulin superfamily molecule with immune modulatory functions in addition to its myriad of roles regulating the differentiation of osteoblast, adipocyte, and embryonic stem cells and cell apoptosis. PD-1H is constitutively expressed on hematopoietic cells, such as T cells, NK cells, monocytes, NK cells and DCs, but not on B cells. Unlike CTLA-4 knockout (KO) mice that rapidly develop lymphoproliferative phenotypes and fatal systemic autoimmune diseases, PD-1H deficiency has a much more mild phenotype: young PD-1H KO mice have normal numbers of T cells, NK cells, B cells, macrophages, and monocytes while older mice experience spontaneous T cell activation, and increased levels of memory cells and larger spleen size were observed when mice aged. Furthermore, PD-1H deficient mice were more susceptible to acute inflammation and immune response to antigens as shown in accelerated Con A-induced acute hepatitis and GVHD. PD-1H has been shown to function on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells as either a ligand or a receptor, respectively, in several in vitro and in vivo studies. Consistent with these findings, agonistic mAb to PD-1H have proven to be immune inhibitors for various types of immune responses to antigens, whereas antagonistic mAb were shown to be immune stimulators. Although
the counter-receptor (s) of PD-1H have yet to be identified, a recent study indicated that PD-1H/DD1 could mediate its effect via a hemophilic interaction.
Earlier studies show that PD-1H is constitutively expressed on Treg and several subsequent studies implicate its role in the regulation of Treg functions. PD-1HIg fusion protein promoted the induction of Foxp3+ iTreg in the presence of TGF-β in both mice and human CD4+ T cells in vitro. Infusion of a PD-1H mAb in the B16-OVA tumor model reduced the differentiation of tumor antigen-specific iTreg cells. This result was interpreted as a blockade of the PD-1H interaction with its putative counter-receptor by this mAb. A different PD-1H agonist mAb MH5A, however, was shown to promote TGF-β induced Treg cells in vitro, and infusion of MH5A suppressed progression of GVHD in mouse models, accompanied by expansion of iTreg. While these data suggest a possible role of PD-1H in Treg induction and function, it has yet to be elucidated whether PD-1H has a direct effect on Treg cells. More importantly, the mechanisms underlying the modulatory effect of Treg cells by PD-1H are unknown.
SUMMARY
In the instant invention, we report that genetic ablation of PD-1H in mice blocks the differentiation of naive T cells to Foxp3+ inducible Treg cells (iTreg) with significant decrease of iTreg in lymphoid organs. This effect of PD-1H is highly specific for iTreg because both naturally generated iTreg in gut-related tissues and in vitro induced iTreg by TGF- were decreased whereas the genesis of natural Treg (nTreg) remains normal. Suppressive function of both iTreg and nTreg, however, is not affected by loss of PD-1H. In addition to decreased production, PD-1H deficient iTreg could also rapidly convert to CD4+ T helper 1 or T helper 17 cells in inflammatory environment. These results indicate that PD-1H is required for maintenance of iTreg pool size by promoting its differentiation and preventing its conversion to other CD4+ T cell subsets. These findings may have important implications for manipulating Tregs to control inflammation.
In one aspect of the invention, a method for modulating a pool size of inducible regulatory T cells in a subject is provided. The method comprises administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist.
In another aspect of the invention, provided is use of a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for modulating a pool size of inducible regulatory T cells in a subject.
In another aspect of the invention, a method for treating T cell immunity mediated diseases in a subject is provided. The method comprises administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist.
In another aspect of the invention, provided is use of a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating T cell immunity mediated diseases in a subject.
In some embodiments of the invention, the administration of PD-1H agonist causes increased level of inducible regulatory T cells in the subject. In some embodiments of the invention, the administration of PD-1H antagonist causes decreased level of
inducible regulatory T cells in the subject. In some embodiments of the invention, the administration is carried out intravenously. In some embodiments of the invention, the PD-1H agonist is a monoclonal antibody against PD-1H. In some embodiments of the invention, the PD-1H antagonist is an antisense oligomer selected from dsRNA, siRNA and shRNA directed to PD-1H encoding polynucleotides. In some embodiments of the invention, the subject is a human being. In some embodiments of the invention, the T cell immunity mediated diseases include inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cancer.
The present invention demonstrates that PD-1H inhibits the conversion of iTreg cells into Th1 and Th17 cells in an inflammatory environment, at least partially due to its role in the maintenance of Foxp3 expression and an iTreg phenotype. These findings have important implications in the regulation of Treg growth and function. Meanwhile, PD-1H inhibits activation ofT cells to limit initiation of T cell-mediated immune responses, as previously shown, it promotes growth and conversion of iTreg during immune responses. In addition to regulating early stage T cell activation, PD-1H appears to participate in the regulation of T cell tolerance by regulating Treg pool size. Thus the PD-1H pathway may represent a promising target to control and manipulate T cell-mediated immunity in inflammation, autoimmune disease and cancer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
Figure 1. Effect of PD-1H in de novo generation of Foxp3+iTreg cells. (A) T cells purified from WT OT-II or PD-1H KO OT-II mice were first labeled with 5 μM CFSE and subsequently transferred i.v. to B6 mice at 2x106/mouse. Mice were fed with 1.5%OVA in the drinking water 24 hours later for 5 days. Foxp3 frequency on the gated CD4+CFSE+Vβ5.1/5.2 TCR+ was analyzed by flow cytometry in the representative mice. (B, C) Summary of an experiment with each symbol representing an individual mouse (n=5) . Data shown are representative of 3 independent experiments.
Figure 2. Effect of PD-1H on the conversion and function of iTreg. (A) PD-1H deficiency in the natural development of iTreg in gut-associated lymphoid organs. The percentages of CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) , payer’s patch (PP) and lamina propria (LP) were determined by cell surface CD25 and intracellular Foxp3 expression with specific antibodies in flow cytometry. PD-1H KO mice and their WT littermates (n=5 per group) were used for analysis. The left panel represents paired individual mouse from each group and the right panel is a summary of one representative experiments (n=5 in each group) . (B) Absolute numbers of CD25+Foxp3+ Treg in the gut-associated lymphoid organs. (C) In vitro induction of iTreg. CD4+CD25-CD62Lhi T cells from the WT and PD-1H KO mice were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 in the presence or absence of 5 ng/ml TGF-β for 3-5 days. The frequency of CD25+Foxp3+cells was determined by intracellular staining. (D, E) Assessment suppressive function of iTreg in vitro.CD4+ T cells from the WT or PD-1H KO Foxp3 (GFP) mice were induced to become Foxp3 (GFP+) iTreg cells as described above. CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells were purified from B6 mice, labeled with CFSE and co-cultured with sorted GFP+ iTreg cells in the presence of anti-CD3 at
the indicated Treg/Teff cells ratio. The decrease of CSFE upon inclusion of iTreg cells was determined by comparison with the wells without the addition of iTreg cells. Data showed are representative of at least 3 independent experiments. Teff only: T cells without anti-CD3 stimulation; Control: Teff cells with anti-CD3 without the inclusion of iTreg cells. (F) The expression of CD25, GITR, Lag-3, CTLA-4, ICOS and PD-1 on the iTreg from WT or PD-1H KO Foxp3 (GFP) mice were determined by flow cytometry gating on the CD4+Foxp3 (GFP+) cells.
Figure 3. Effect of the cytokine milieu on the PD-1H-mediated defects on the conversion of iTreg cells. (A) Cytokine profile in the induction of iTreg cells in the absence of PD-1H.T cells were induced to iTreg in vitro as described above and the culture supernatants were collected at day 4 to determine cytokine levels by mouse Th1/TH2/Th17 CBA kits. (B) Neutralizing mAb to IFN-γ and IL4 were added to the culture at the beginning of the culture to induce iTreg cells from WT or PD-1H KO T cells in vitro. CD25+Foxp3+ cells were assessed 3-5 days after the culture. The presented results were from a pair of mice. (C) The histogram graphic presentation of the data from (B) are from a group of 5 mice. Data shown are representative of at least 3 independent experiments.
Figure 4. Effect of PD-1H on the stability of iTreg cells in the EAE model. (A) CD45.2+Foxp3 (GFP+) iTreg cells from WT or KO were obtained by cell sorting after induction in vitro. 1 x 106 WT or PD-1H KO Foxp3 (GFP+) iTreg cells were transferred i.v. into the CD45.1 B6 mice (n=4 or 5 per group) before the immunization with MOG35-55 peptide. The control mice were inoculated with PBS. EAE disease progression and severity was monitored as clinical score (see Methods) . *P<0.05, (two-way ABOVA test) . The data shown represent 1 of 3 experiments with similar results and disease phenotypes. (B, C) The spleen and draining LN (dLN) cells at Day 13 of EAE induction were gated on CD45.2+CD4+ and analyzed for Foxp3 (GFP+) iTreg cells. (D) Absolute numbers of CD45.2+Foxp3+ in the spleen and dLN from the EAE mice were counted. (E) The spleen and dLN cells from EAE mice at day 13 were re-stimulated ex vivo using PMA/Ionomycin/BFA for 4 hours. Cells were gated on CD4+CD45.2+GFP+ for analysis of IFN-γ+ or IL-17+ expression using intracellular staining. The data from a representative pair of mice are shown. (F) Graphic presentation of data in the (E) shown in a group of 4 or 5 mice. Data shown are representative of at least 3 independent experiments.
Figure 5. PD-1H promotes the commitment of iTreg cells. (A) The transferred iTreg cells from each group (gate on CD45.2+CD4+) in the EAE model were analyzed on Day 13. The spleen and dLN cells were intracellularly stained with pSTAT3 or pSTAT5 with specific mAb. (B) Same as A but phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5 on transferred iTreg cells is displayed as plotted value. (C) The DNA methylation status of the CNS2 region was determined by bisulfite sequencing. Each line represents one clone (one DNA strand) ; open cycle, un-methylated cites; filled circles, methylated cites.
Figure 6. PD-1H affects de novo differentiation of iTreg cells. (A) WT and KO OT-II T cells (CD25-T cells) were transferred into host mice separately. The transferred OT-II T cells were labeled with CFSE before transferred. This figure showed here is the
dilution of CFSE and Foxp3 induction. (B) WT (CD45.1/CD45.2) OT-II T cells and KO (CD45.2) OT-II naive T cells were mixed at ratio 1: 1 and co-transferred into host mice (CD45.1) . After orally feeding the host mice with 1.5%OVA, the mLN and PP were analyzed and the frequency of Foxp3 were determined by intracellular staining. (C) Absolut number of Foxp3+ T cells in the indicate organs were counted.
Figure 7. PD-1H regulates differentiation of iTreg cells in a lymphopenic environment. (A) CD4+CD62Lhi T cells from WT mice (CD45.2) and PD-1H KO mice (CD45.1) were mixed at ratio of 1: 1 and total 2 million cells were transferred into Rag1 KO mice (n=4) and Foxp3 upregulation were determined 20 days later. This figure showed the change of ratio of WT and KO CD4+ T cell before and after transfer. The frequency of Foxp3+ cells were determined by intracellular staining. (B) Absolute numbers of CD25+Foxp3+ T cells in the indicated organs from the Rag1 KO mice were counted. (C) Cytokine production of transferredCD4+ T cells were analyzed. The cells from indicated organs were in vitro activated for 4 hours in the presence of PMA/Inomycin/BFA and then analyzed by intracellular staining. Data showed were representative of 2 independent experiments.
Figure 8. PD-1H plays a redundant role on the generation and suppressive function of nTreg cells. (A) The percentage of CD25+Foxp3+ nTreg in the spleen and LN was determined by Flow cytometry using intracellular staining for Foxp3 and cell surface staining of CD25. Six weeks old littermates from WT and PD-1H KO mice (n=5) were used. The absolute numbers of Foxp3+CD25+ T cells in the spleen and LN were counted. (B) The expression of CD25, GITR, Lag-3, CTLA-4, ICOS and PD-1 on the nTreg from WT or PD-1H KO Foxp3 (GFP) mice were determined by flow cytometry gating on the CD4+Foxp3 (GFP+) cells. (C) Foxp3 (GFP+) nTreg from WT or PD-1H KO Foxp3 (GFP) mice were sorted and co-cultured at various Treg/Teff ratios with CFSE-labeled CD8+Teff cells in the presence of mitomycin C treated spleen cells plus anti-CD3 for 3 days. The CFSE dilution was determined by flow cytometry. Data shown are representative of at least 3 independent experiments.
Figure 9. PD-1H determines pool size of Treg cells in bone marrow chimeric mice. (A) Total number of 10 million mixed bone marrow cells from CD45.1 WT mice and CD45.2 mice were transfer into sub-lethal irradiated mouse (CD45.1/CD45.2) . Mice were analyzed 10 weeks after reconstruction. Gating strategy of WT and KO T cells was showed. (B) Foxp3 frequency in the indicated organs was determined by intracellular staining. (C) Foxp3 frequency in the spleen were summarized, and absolute number of Foxp3+ cell and Foxp3-cells were showed. Data shown are one of two independent experiments.
Figure 10. PD-1H agonist mAb slightly promotes the differentiation of iTreg cells. (A) T cells were sorted from the WT Foxp3 (GFP) mice and subsequently stimulated with pre-coated anti-CD3 with either control mouse IgG or mam82 in the presence of TGF-β for 4 days. CD25+Foxp3 (GFP+) iTreg cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. (B) Induction of iTreg cells at different time points were showed. The results shown are from 3 individual experiments. Data shown are representative of at least 3 independent experiments.
Figure 11. Analysis of CD4+ Th1 and Th17 cells in the recipients upon transferring with WT or PD-1H KO iTreg cells in the EAE model. (A) T cells from WT or PD-1H KO Foxp3 (GFP) mice were differentiated into iTreg cells in vitro as described above. IFN-γ and IL-4 neutralizing mAb were added to the cultures to promote the generation of iTreg. Foxp3 (GFP+) cells were sorted and the purity was assessed by FACS. (B, C) The recipient CD45.1+CD4+ T cells in the EAE model upon the transfer of iTreg cells were re-stimulated ex vivo by PMA/Ionomycin/BFA. The IFN-γ+or IL-17+ cells of recipient CD4+ T cells were determined by intracellular staining gated on CD45.2-CD4+ T cells. The data from a representative pair of mice were shown in (B) and the plot graphic presentation of data in shown in a group of 4 or 5 mice (C) . Data shown were representative of at least 3 independent experiments.
Figure 12. PD-1H deficient iTreg cells fails to retain their suppressive function and Foxp3 expression. (A) Weight of Rag1 KO host mice (n=5 per group) at various time after transfer of CD25-CD45RBhi CD45.1 T cells alone or together with CD45.2+Foxp3 (GFP+) iTreg cells from WT or KO mice (See the method) . The weight changes of recipient mice after transfer were normalized to their initial weight before transfer. *P<0.05, (two-way ABOVA test) . (B) H&E staining of colon tissues (Scale Bar: 100 μm) and clinical score (C) from the Rag1 KO host mice after inducing of colitis (week 10, n=5) . (D, E, F) Percentage of Foxp3+ T cell among the CD45.2 Treg cells in the spleen and dLN from the Rag1 KO host mice were analyzed and absolute numbers of Foxp3+CD45.2 T cells were counted based on the ratio and live cells. (G) Flow cytometry analyzing the expression of IFN-γ and IL-17 in the CD45.2 Treg cells in the indicated organs from the Rag1 KO mice. Spleen cells and dLN cells were stimulated with PMA/Inomycin/BFA in vitro for 4 hours and stained for intracellular cytokine. (H) Summary of data in the (G) , each dot represents one mouse. (I) Flow cytometry analyzing the expression of IFN-γ and IL-17 in the Teff cells (CD45.1) in the indicated organs from the Rag1 KO host mice. Spleen cells and dLN cells were stimulated with PMA/Inomycin/BFA in vitro for 4 hours and stained for intracellular cytokine. Data shown are representative one of 2 independent experiments.
Definitions
As used herein, the terms “treat” or “treatment” refer to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological change or disorder, such as the progression of cancer. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total) , whether detectable or undetectable. “Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment. Those in need of treatment include those already with the condition or disorder as well as those prone to have the condition or disorder or those in which the condition or disorder is to be prevented.
By “subject” or “individual” or “animal” or “patient” or “mammal, ” is meant any subject, particularly a mammalian subject, for whom diagnosis, prognosis, or therapy is desired. Mammalian subjects include humans, domestic animals, farm animals, and zoo, sport, or pet animals such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, horses, cattle, cows, and so on. The subject herein is preferably a human.
As used herein, phrases such as “to a patient in need of treatment” or “a subject in need of treatment” includes subjects, such as mammalian subjects, that would benefit from administration of an antibody or composition of the present disclosure used, e.g., for detection, for a diagnostic procedure and/or for treatment.
As used herein, the term "agonist" refers to any agent that increases the level and/or activity of PD-1H. As used herein, the term "agonist" refers to an agent which increases the expression and/or activity of the PD-1H by at least 10%or more, e.g. by 10%or more, 50%or more, 100%or more, 200%or more, 500%or more, or 1000%or more. Non-limiting examples of agonists of PD-1H can include PD-1H polypeptides or agonist fragments thereof and nucleic acids encoding a PD-1H polypeptide.
As used herein, the term "antagonist" refers to any agent that decreases the level and/or activity of PD-1H. An antagonist is a compound that competes with a specific protein, a ligand for example, on binding to another protein, a receptor for example. Such binding usually, induces a specific biological response or action that is blocked by the competing antagonist. Antagonists have affinity but no efficacy for their cognate binding protein and binding will disrupt the interaction and inhibit the function of such cognate protein. Antagonists mediate their effects by binding to the active (orthosteric=right place) site or to allosteric (=other place) sites on any cognate protein (or receptor, in case applicable) , or they may interact at unique binding sites not normally involved in the biological regulation of the cognate protein.
The present invention employs, among others, antisense oligomer and similar species for use in modulating the function or effect of nucleic acid molecules encoding PD-1H. This is accomplished by providing oligonucleotides which specifically hybridize with one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding PD-1H. As used herein, the terms "target nucleic acid" and "nucleic acid molecule encoding PD-1H" have been used for convenience to encompass DNA encoding PD-1H, RNA (including pre-mRNA and mRNA or portions thereof) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA. The hybridization of an oligomer of this invention with its target nucleic acid is generally referred to as "antisense" . Consequently, the preferred mechanism believed to be included in the practice of some preferred embodiments of the invention is referred to herein as "antisense inhibition. " Such antisense inhibition is typically based upon hydrogen bonding-based hybridization of oligonucleotide strands or segments such that at least one strand or segment is cleaved, degraded, or otherwise rendered inoperable. In this regard, it is presently preferred to target specific nucleic acid molecules and their functions for such antisense inhibition. In some embodiments, the antisense oligomer is selected from a DNA oligonucleotide, an RNA oligonucleotide (e.g., micro RNAs) , and a chimeric oligonucleotide. For example, the antisense oligomer is selected from dsRNA, siRNA, and shRNA.
Met hods and Therapies
An aspect of the disclosure provides a method for modulating a pool size of inducible regulatory T cells in a subject. The method comprises administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the PD-1H agonist or the PD-1H antagonist. Equally, the disclosure provides the PD-1H agonist or the PD-1H antagonist as described above for use in a method for modulating a pool size of inducible regulatory T cells in a subject.
In certain embodiments, the PD-1H agonist, the PD-1H antagonist or the pharmaceutical composition is administered parenterally, e.g. intravenously, intramuscularly, percutaneously or intracutaneously.
In certain embodiments, the administration of a PD-1H agonist causes an increased level of inducible regulatory T cells in the subject, for example expansion of the iTreg cells. In certain embodiments, the administration of a PD-1H antagonist causes a decreased level of inducible regulatory T cells in the subject. In some embodiments, the decreased level of iTreg cells is accompanied by enhanced production of Th1 and/or Th17 cells.
In certain embodiments, a method for treating or alleviating diseases involved with T cell immunity is provided. The method comprises administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the PD-1H agonist or the PD-1H antagonist. The term “diseases involved with T cell immunity” used herein is meant diseases or disorders related to T cell immunity including inflammations, autoimmune diseases and cancers.
Composit ions
An aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of PD-1H agonist or PD-1H antagonist, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical composition is useful for modulating a pool size of inducible regulatory T cells in a subject. The PD-1H agonist or PD-1H antagonist may be prepared in a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
As used herein, "carrier" includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, vehicles, coatings, diluents, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, buffers, carrier solutions, suspensions, colloids, and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutical active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.
The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction when administered to a human. The preparation of an aqueous composition that contains a protein as an active ingredient is well understood in the art. Typically, such compositions are prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions;
solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid prior to injection can also be prepared.
Examples
Materials and Methods
Mice. Eight-week-old C57BL/6 (B6) mice were purchased from Sun Yat-sen University Animal Supply Center. PD-1H-KO mice in B6 background were described previously. The transgenic strain CD45.1, OT-II, Foxp3 (GFP) , Rag1 KO were all purchased from The Jackson Laboratory. The littermate mice of PD-1H KO and wild type (control mice) were generated from PD-1H heterozygotes and maintained in the same conditions. Foxp3 (GFP) mice and OT-II mice were backcrossed to the PD-1H KO mice respectively to generate PD-1H deficient Foxp3 (GFP) reporter mice and PD-1H deficient OT-II mice. Mice were maintained in a specific pathogen-free facility, and all animal experiments were performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, with the approval of the Scientific Investigation Board of Sun Yat-sen University (Guangdong, China) .
Antibodies, kits and flow cytometry analysis. For cell surface staining of mouse PD-1H, MH5A (hamster anti-mouse PD-1H) was used23, followed by anti-hamster-IgG-PE (eBioscience) ; hamster IgG (eBioscience) was used as the isotype control. The PD-1H agonist mAb clone mam82 (mouse anti-mouse IgG1) were described previously. All other fluorescently labeled antibodies including CD4, CD25, CD44, CD69, Foxp3, TCR Vβ5.1/5.2, p-STAT3, p-STAT5, CTLA-4, Lag-3, GITR, IOCS, CD45.1 and CD45.2 were purchased from eBioscience and BD Pharmingen. For neutralizing assays, the anti-IFN-γ(clone XMG1.2) , anti-IL-4 (clone 11B11) , anti-IL-6 (clone MP5–20F3) neutralizing Abs were purchased from R&D System. The intracellular staining for Foxp3 and other intracellular cytokines were performed according to BD’s Cytofix/Cytoperm kit manual. Cytokine analysis was performed using the mouse Th1/Th2/Th17 CBA kits (BD Bioscience) . The mouse pan-T isolation kit, CD8+ T cell isolation kit, CD4+ T cell isolation kit, CD25 micro beads kit, and theCD4+ T cell isolation kits were purchased from Miltenyi Biotec (Cambridge, MA) . Flow cytometry analysis was performed using a BD FACSVerse (BD Biosciences) and data analyzed using FlowJo software (Tree Star) .
Cell sorting and purification. The single cell suspension of spleen and LN were collected, and theCD4+CD25-CD44loCD62hi T cells were isolated using theCD4+ T cells isolation kit (Miltenyi Biotec) . For the Foxp3 (GFP) knock-in mice, the CD4+CD25-Foxp3 (GFP-) T cells and CD4+CD25+Foxp3 (GFP+) nTreg were sorted by FACSAria (BD Biosciences) after the purification using the CD4+ T cell isolation kit. In the indicated experiments, the CD4+ T cells were first enriched using the CD4+ T cells isolation kit, and CD25+ T cell were subsequently depleted using the CD25 microbead kit (Miltenyi Biotec) to obtain the CD4+CD25-T cells. The purity of the cells sorted using this method was typically more than 95%.
In vitro conversion of iTreg cells. The sorted CD4+CD25-Foxp3 (GFP-) T cells were stimulated in vitro with plate-bound anti-CD3 (clone 2C11 at 2 μg/ml, eBioscience) plus
soluble anti-CD28 (1 μg/ml) in the presence or absence of recombinant TGF-β (5 ng/ml, R&D Systems) and IL-2 (5 ng/ml, PeproTech) for 3-5 days. Conversion of Foxp3+ Treg cells were then analyzed by flow cytometry based on the expression of GFP or intracellular staining for Foxp3. In the indicated experiments, the cells were cultured in the plate coated PD-1H agonist mam82 (10 μg/ml) after plate-coated with anti-CD3 (1 μg/ml) . For the cytokine neutralization experiments, the mAb to IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-γ at 10 μg/ml were added to the wells at the beginning of the cultures. The cultured supernatants were collected at the indicated time points for the cytokine analysis.
Suppressive assay of Treg cells. The Treg cells suppressive function assay was performed as previous described. Briefly, theCD8+ T cells (in some experiment using the CD4+
T cells) were first labeled with 1 μM CFSE (Life Technologies) and subsequently co-cultured at 1x105 in the presence of 1x105 mitomycin C-treated syngeneic spleen cells as feeder cells. The cultures were added with or without Treg cells at indicated ratios in U-bottomed 96-well plates for 72 h, and subsequently added anti-mouse CD3 (1 μg/mL) for stimulation. The proliferations of T cells were assayed by CFSE dilution. In some experiments, soluble mouse control IgG or PD-1H agonist mam82 (10 μg/ml) were added to the cultures. In these cases, feeder cells were PD-1H KO spleen cells.
Oral tolerance mouse model. De novo generation of Foxp3+ iTreg cells were performed according to published protocols. Briefly, theCD4+CD25-T cells were isolated from OT-II mice (or PD-1HKO OT-II mice) as described before and labeled with 5 μM CFSE before adoptive transfer. Typically, 2x106 cells were injected i.v. into WT B6 mice. The drinking water in the cages was replaced with 1.5%OVA solution (grade V; Sigma-Aldrich) 24 hours later for 5 consecutive days. On day 6, the mesenteric LN and PP were collected and the TCR-specific Foxp3+ Treg cells were determined using intracellular staining for Foxp3 by flow cytometry.
Bone marrow chimeras. Bone marrows from the tibia and femurs of WT (CD45.1) and PD-1H KO mice (CD45.2) were mixed at ratio 1: 1 and a total 1x107 cells were transferred into sub-lethal irradiated (6Gy) congenic WT mice (CD45.1/CD45.2) . The indicated organs were analyzed 10 week later after reconstruction. The frequency of Foxp3+ cells were determined by intracellular staining.
EAE disease model. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was performed as previous described. Briefly, 7-8wk old female mice were immunized s.c. with 200 μg MOG35-55 (Life Technologies) in complete Freund’s adjuvant (Difco) . Mice were given 400 ng pertussis toxin (List Biological Labs) in 500 μl PBS i.p. on day 0 and 2 post-immunization. For adoptive transfer, 1x106 WT Foxp3 (GFP+) iTreg cells or PD-1HKO Foxp3 (GFP+) iTreg cells were injected i.v. before the immunization on day 0. The same volume of PBS (saline) was injected i.v. into the WT mice that served as the control. The mice were observed daily and clinical scores were determined (in a blinded manner) on a scale of 0-5 as follows: 0=healthy; 1= limp tail; 2= limp tail and hind limp weakness; 3= hind limp paralysis; 4= all hind limps paralysis and forelimb
weakness; 5= moribund condition. For ex vivo analysis of cells obtained from EAE mice, the spleen and dLN of each group were collected, and cell suspensions were re-stimulated with PMA/Ionomycin/BD GolgiPlug for an additional 4 hours. The level of IFN-γ and IL-17 was assessed using intracellular staining and analyzed by FACS (BD Cytofix/Cytoperm kit) .
T cell transfer model of chronic colitis. Briefly, Foxp3+ iTreg cell from the WT and PD-1H KO mice were prepared and sorted as described above. Syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhi T cells (CD45.1, 4x105) were co-injected via i.p. with or without 2x105 iTreg cells (CD45.2) into Rag1 KO mice. Mice were weighed once a week, after 10 weeks, the colon tissue were collected and histological stained with H&E. Spleen and mLN cells were collected and ex vivo activated using PMA/Inomycin/BFA for 4 hours and then analyzed the cytokine production.
DNA Methylation analysis. The Foxp3 (GFP+) iTreg cells were sorted, and genomic DNA was purified with DNeasy Blood &Tissue Kit (Qiagen) . The bisulfite conversion of DNA was performed using EZ DNA Methylation-Gold Kit (ZYMO research) . The CNS2 region of Foxp3 enhancer was amplified with the primer set as previously described, and T/Acloned into pMD18-T vector (Clonetech) . Ten inserted plasmids from each group were purified and sequenced and the methylation results were analyzed by BiQ Analyzer 2.0.
Graphs and Statistical analysis. The graphs and data analyses were generated using Graph Pad Software. Statistical analysis were performed with an unpaired student t test, P values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. Error bars in figures represent standard error (SE) . For the disease progression, the two-way ANOVA test (*p<0.05) was used to analyze. All the experiments were repeated at least 3 times.
Results
PD-1H is required for de novo induction of Treg cells
We first explored the role of PD-1H in an oral tolerance model in which oral feeding of chicken ovalbumin (OVA) is shown to promote expansion and de novo generation of iTreg cells in the periphery. OT-II TCR transgenic mice were backcrossed to PD-1H KO mice to generate a new KO OT-II strain. CD4+ T cells purified from the spleen cells of WT OT-II or the KO OT-II mice were depleted of CD25+ T cells (to avoid nTreg contamination) and subsequently transferred into WT B6 mice. Mice were then fed with 1.5%OVA in their drinking water for 5 consecutive days (Fig. 1A) . Consistent with previously published findings, Foxp3+V 5.1/5.2+ OT-II cells could be detected in the gut-related lymphoid organs including mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) and Peyer’s patch (PP) while less cells could be detected in the spleen, peripheral LN, and lamina propria (LP) (data not shown) , indicating a Treg response in the gut-related lymphoid organs to OVA. In the absence of PD-1H, Foxp3+V 5.1/5.2+ OT-II cells were significantly decreased in the mLN and PP than WT OT-II (Fig. 1 B and 1C) , although division rates in WT and KO OT-II cells in both mLN and PP were comparable based on the CFSE dilution (Fig. 6A) . Similar results were observed when co-transferred naive WT OT-II cells and KO OT-II cells into the OVA feeding mice (Fig. 6B and 6C) . We found that
in the same host mice, PD-1H deficiency on OT-II cells led to impaired differentiation of Foxp3+ T cells compared with co-transferred WT OT-II cells (Fig. 6B and 6C) . Our results indicate that the loss of PD-1H impairs the induction of OVA-specific iTreg cells in vivo.
Homeostasis proliferation upon transferringCD4+ T cells into the lymphopenic mice could upregulate Foxp3 expression and these Foxp3+ iTreg cells acquired suppressive function in vitro. To determine whether PD-1H affects this process, CD4+ T cells from WT (CD45.1) and KO (CD45.2) mice were mixed at ratio 1:1, and transferred into Rag1 KO mice. The percentage and absolute number of CD25+Foxp3+ T cells in the indicated organs were analyzed 3 weeks later (Fig. 7) . We found that total numbers of the KO CD4+ T cells increased twice more than the WT CD4+T cells in the spleen (data not shown) . However, a significant lower frequency of CD25+Foxp3+ iTreg cells were found in the spleen, LN and mLN within the KO CD4+ T cells compared with the WT CD4+T cells. In addition, PD-1H loss on CD4+ T cells also led to decreased number of Foxp3+ iTreg cells compare with the WT CD4+ T cells both in the LN and mLN, although insignificant change was observed in the spleen (Fig. 7B) . Besides, we found that the recovered KO CD4+ T cells produced significantly higher IFN-γ and IL-17 cytokines compared with the WT CD4+ T cells in the lymphopenic environment (Fig. 7C) . We conclude that PD-1H is required for de novo generation of Foxp3+ iTreg cells.
PD-1H is required for expansion, but not generation and function, of iTreg cells
PD-1H KO mice display normal numbers of nTreg cells in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. In addition, the phenotype and suppressive function of nTreg cells in PD-1H KO mice was also comparable to those in WT littermates (Fig. 8) . These findings are consistent with previous observations that young PD-1H KO mice had no obvious autoimmune-like phenotypes. Therefore, PD-1H does not seem to be required for the development and functional maturation of nTreg in lymphoid organs.
Because iTreg cells are generated mainly in the gut under either a steady state or inflammation we next examined whether the lack of PD-1H affects iTreg generation and function. Although a similar proportion of Foxp3+ Treg cells in the mLN and PP has been found in both PD-1H KO mice and WT littermates, Foxp3+ cells in the LP of PD-1H KO mice were significantly lower, although the absolute number of Foxp3+ cells was unchanged in the absence of PD-1H (Fig. 2A and 2B) . Similar results were also found in the LP when the PD-1H KO/WT mice were backcrossed to Foxp3 (GFP) mice in which the GFP gene was under the control of the Foxp3 promoter (data not shown) . These data suggest a defect in the differentiation of iTreg cells in the absence of PD-1H in vivo. To further validate our findings in the PD-1H KO mice, the mixed bone marrow chimera was generated. The sub-lethally irradiated B6 mice were adoptively transferred with mixed bone marrow from WT (CD45.1) and KO mice (CD45.2) . The frequency of Foxp3+ cells in the indicated organs were analyzed 10 week later. We found that total numbers of KO T cells increased nearly two folds than WT T cells (Fig. 9A) . In contrast, the KO Foxp3+ T cells were significantly lower than both WT T cells and the recipient T cells in the peripheral organs (Fig. 9B and 9C) . In the spleen of chimeric mice, the absolute numbers of KO Foxp3+ T cells were also lower than WT T cells whereas the Foxp3-effector T cells (Teff) expanded much more vigorously (Fig. 9C) .
These data indicate PD-1H is co-inhibitory for the activation and hemostasis of T cells but promotes the development of Foxp3+ Treg cells in vivo.
We next tested if the loss of PD-1H could affect the conversion of iTreg cells in vitro.CD4+CD25-CD62Lhi cells were purified from WT and PD-1H KO spleen cells, and stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 in the presence of TGF-β. The frequency of Foxp3+iTreg cells that were differentiated from WT naive T cells were significantly higher than that from the KO naive T cells (Fig. 2C) . Taken together, we conclude that PD-1H is required for de novo differentiation of iTreg.
To further test if the PD-1H loss affects iTreg function, iTreg cells from WT or PD-1H KO Foxp3 (GFP) mice were induced in vitro as described above and purified by sorting. The Teff were generated by anti-CD3 stimulation of purified CD4+CD25-CD62Lhi T cells. The WT or KO iTreg cells were co-cultured with effector cells at the indicated Treg/Teff ratios in the presence of irradiated spleen cells, as antigen-presenting cells plus soluble anti-CD3 for 3 days. The Teff were CFSE-labeled before the co-culture and the decreased CFSE dilutions were used as an indication of Treg suppression. As showed in Fig. 2D and 2E, iTreg cells from both WT and KO mice suppressed proliferation of Teff with comparable activity. Consistent with these findings, we did not find significant differences in the expression of activation marker CD25, GITR, Lag-3, CTLA-4, ICOS, or PD-1 in WT vs. KO iTreg (Fig. 2F) . Therefore, PD-1H does not affect the suppressive function of iTreg despite its effect on the differentiation of iTreg.
We finally tested the effect of a PD-1H agonistic mAb mam82 on iTreg expansion. T cells were sorted from WT Foxp3 (GFP) knock-in mice and subsequently stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 in the presence of TGF-β. Induction of GFP+CD25+ iTreg cells was measured upon the stimulation. Inclusion of mam82 slightly increased Foxp3+CD25+ iTreg expansion albeit the effect appeared moderate (Fig. 10A and 10B) . This moderate effect, however, may be due to a rapid loss of cell surface PD-1H on T cells in vitro. Collectively, our data indicate that PD-1H is required for the generation of iTreg fromT cells, but does not affect their suppressive functions.
PD-1H regulates iTreg differentiation via cytokines
It was showed previously that activated PD-1H KO CD4+ T cells in vitro produced higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-17 than WT T cells. Furthermore, co-transferT cells from WT and KO mice into lymphopenic mice results in decreased Foxp3+ T cells and increased IFNγ + and IL-17+ cells in the KO versus WT T cells (Fig. 7) . Therefore, cytokines may modulate the differentiation of iTreg cells in the absence of PD-1H. To test this, purified CD4+ T cells were first stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 and the cultured supernatants were collected for cytokine detection. Consistent with our previous findings, activated KO CD4+ T cells produced higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-17 compared with WT CD4+ T cells (Fig. 3A) . In the presence of TGF-β, production of these cytokines was further increased, while there was no change in TNF-α (data not shown) . In addition, PD-1H KO CD4+ T cells produced more IL-4 with or without TGF-β
(Fig. 3A) . Because these cytokines are produced by different subsets of CD4+ T cells, our findings support PD-1H as a pan inhibitor of T helper cells.
Neutralizing mAb to IL-4 and/or IFN-γ were added to the cultures to exploit the effect of these cytokines in the induction of iTreg cells. As showed, neutralizing either IL-4 or IFN-γ partially restored differentiation of PD-1H KO iTreg cells compared to the WT control, while inclusion of both mAbs restored the majority of the activity. As the controls, IFN-γ/IL-4 neutralizing mAbs, either used alone or in combination, could also enhance iTreg differentiation (Fig. 3B and 3C) . These findings indicate that impaired iTreg differentiation in the absence of PD-1H is due, at least in part, to altered cytokine production by T cells.
Loss of PD-1H facilitates the conversion of iTreg to Th17 in an inflammatory environment
Next, we determined whether PD-1H has a direct effect on already differentiated iTreg cells. A murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was performed to test the stability of Foxp3+ iTreg cells. Briefly, WT or PD-1H KO Foxp3 (GFP+) iTreg cells were generated as described above and sorted by flow cytometry based on GFP positivity (>97%Foxp3+, Fig. 11A) . Foxp3 (GFP+) CD45.2+ iTreg cells at a concentration of 1 x 106/mouse were transferred intravenously into CD45.1+ B6 mice before the immunization, where the number of transferred WT iTreg is not sufficient to prevent EAE progression. Mice were then immunized with myelin basic protein to induce EAE as previously described. In this setting, the transfer of WT iTreg cells slightly delayed the onset of disease compared with the control. However, the transfer of PD-1H KO iTreg cells led to more serious disease as indicated by the clinical score, although no significant difference was found during the peak of disease (Fig. 4A) . Interestingly, H&E staining of spinal of EAE mice showed minor difference of lymphocyte infiltration between KO Treg transferred mice and WT Treg transferred mice (data not shown) . We then analyzed stability of Foxp3 expression in the transferred Treg cells during the disease progression. Compared with iTreg from WT mice, the Foxp3 frequency (GFP+) of KO iTreg was reduced by more than 50%in both spleen and dLN (Fig. 4B and 4C) . Besides, the absolute number of KO Foxp3+ cells in the dLN was significant fewer compared with the WT Foxp3+ cells in the dLN, although the numbers of Foxp3+ T cells in the spleen were comparable (Fig. 4C) . Thus, our results suggest a role for PD-1H in the maintenance of iTreg phenotype and function.
In the context of convertibility of Treg to other CD4+ T cell subsets, our findings suggest a conversion of iTreg to effector T cell subsets including Th1 and Th17 that are implicated as pathogenic in EAE. To exploit this possibility, cells of spleen and dLN from host mice at day 13 were stimulated with PMA/Ionomycin for 4 hours and CD45.2+CD4+gated cells were examined for GFP (indication of Foxp3 expression) , IFN-γand IL-17 using intracellular staining. A moderate increase in the ratio of converted Th1-like cells (IFN-γ+Foxp3-) was observed in the spleen and dLN of mice transferred with PD-1H KO iTreg cells compared with those transferred with WT iTreg cells (Fig. 4E) . Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the absolute number of converted
Th1-like cells IFN-γ+ cells in these two groups of mice (Fig. 4E) , suggesting that the conversion of iTreg to Th1 is minimal. However, a large portion of PD-1H KO iTreg cells (16.7%in the spleen and 6.1%in the dLN) were converted into IL-17+ cells and there was minimal conversion of IL-17+ cells from WT iTreg cells (less than 2%in both spleen and dLN) (Fig. 4E and 4F) . Using the same strategy, we analyzed the recipient CD4+ T cells (gated on the CD45.1+) , which showed comparable levels of IFN-γ+ and IL-17+cells in both groups of mice transferred with either WT or PD-1H KO iTreg cells (Fig. 11B and 11C) . These results indicate that loss of PD-1H facilitates conversion of iTreg to Th17-like cells in the inflammatory environment. Therefore, the effect of PD-1H KO iTreg cells partially facilitating EAE progression (Fig. 4A) could be a result of increased conversion of iTreg to Th17 in an inflammatory environment.
We also evaluated the effect of PD-1H KO Treg on a T-cell transfer model of chronic colitis The WT and KO Foxp3 (GFP+) Treg (CD45.2) were prepared as described above, mixed with congenic CD45.1 Teff (CD45RBhiCD25-CD4+) respectively, and subsequently transferred into Rag1 KO mice. In this experimental setting, we did not observe obvious weight loss during the disease progression, even when transferring CD45RBhi Teff alone (Fig. 12A) . However, co-transfer of PD-1H KO Treg/Teff led to massive leukocyte infiltration and severe tissue damage in the colon by H&E staining while co-transfer of WT Treg/Teff showed no obvious damage of colon tissue (Fig. 12B and 12C) . To determine whether the attenuated suppressive ability of PD-1H KO Treg cells is associated with the loss of Foxp3 expression, we assessed Foxp3 expression in the spleen and mLN of host Rag1 KO mice. Consistent with Treg functional loss, Foxp3 expression was downregulated in the PD-1H KO Treg (11%in spleen and 39%in mLN) compared with the WT Treg (17%in spleen and 54%in mLN) (Fig. 12D and 12E) . However, absolute numbers of Foxp3+ T cells was insignificant between PD-1H KO Treg vs.WT Treg co-transferred mice (Fig. 12F) . Furthermore, significantly more IFN-γ+ cells in the mice transferred with PD-1H KO Treg (30.7%in spleen and 14.9%in mLN) vs. WT Treg (7%in spleen and 3.95%in mLN) (Fig. 12G) . Finally, more IL-17+ T cells appeared upon the transfer of PD-1H KO Treg (13.3%in spleen and 9.8%in mLN) than the WT Treg (3.64%in spleen and 4.44%in mLN) (Fig. 12G and 12H) . No difference of IFN-γ + and IL-17+ Teff (CD45.1) in spleen and mLN were observed after the transfer of PD-1H KO Treg/Teff vs. WT Treg/Teff (Fig. 12I) . Our results indicate that lack of PD-1H on Treg leads to rapid conversation of Treg to other effector CD4 subsets which may facilitate the inflammation. Therefore, PD-1H is required to maintain the suppressive function and Foxp3 expression of Treg cells under inflammation.
Increased STAT3 activity and Foxp3 enhancer methylation in PD-1HKO iTreg cells
STAT5 activation drives Treg lineage commitment whereas STAT3 is inhibitory for Foxp3 expression and promotes Th17 cell response. To examine whether the loss of PD-1H shapes the STAT pathways in Treg cells, we analyzed the activation of STAT-5 and STAT-3 in the EAE model. PD-1H KO iTreg cells (up to 47%p-STAT3) expressed significantly higher levels of phosphorylated STAT-3 (p-STAT3) than the WT iTreg cells in the spleen and dLN of EAE mice. However, comparable levels of p-STAT5 were found
in both WT and PD-1H KO iTreg cells (Fig. 5A and 5B) , implicating a role for STAT3 but not STAT5 in PD-1H function.
Previous studies showed that the DNA methylation status of the CNS2 (conserved noncoding DNA sequence 2) region of the Foxp3 enhancer was particularly important for the maintenance of Foxp3 expression. Here, we determined the methylation of the CNS2 region in the PD-1H KO iTreg cells. As shown in Fig. 5C, in vitro induced WT iTreg showed almost half as much demethylation of the CNS2 region (40.8%on average) . However, PD-1H KO iTreg cells showed significantly less demethylation (17.5%on average) , and hypermethylation of the CNS2 region of Foxp3 enhancer was 82.5%on average. This observation explains the instability of PD-1H KO iTreg cells on Foxp3 expression. Altogether, our data demonstrate that PD-1H deficiency has a significant impact on Treg’s differentiation and phenotype stability.
The results presented here show that PD-1H is a critical cell surface signaling molecule that controls the pool size of inducible Treg via two different mechanisms. First, PD-1H is required for the generation of iTreg fromT cells. This effect is largely mediated via suppression of inflammatory cytokine such as IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17. As a result, the pool size of iTreg that responds to environmental stimulation decreases. Although PD-1H does not affect the suppressive function of iTreg on a per cell level, the decreased pool size of iTreg may eventually affect the overall suppressive function of Treg during immune responses. Second, PD-1H signaling prevents the conversion of iTreg to Th1 and Th17 in an inflammatory environment. This effect may be due to the direct regulatory role of PD-1H on Foxp3 expression on iTreg cells. By promoting the generation of iTreg and preventing conversion of iTreg to Th1 and Th17, PD-1H helps to keep a constant level of iTreg during inflammation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study that describes the mechanisms that underlie PD-1H’s mediation and mechanisms to control regulatory T cells.
While the coinhibitory function of PD-1H has been demonstrated in early studies, the mechanisms underlying this effect have yet to be elucidated. Wang and colleagues showed that PD-1HIg partially promoted the differentiation of iTreg cells in the presence of TGF-β, and that this effect could be found in both mice and human CD4+ T cells. In addition, a mAb to PD-1H reduced the differentiation of tumor antigen-specific iTreg cells in vivo. In these studies, PD-1H is believed to be a ligand that engages a yet unidentified inhibitory receptor on Treg to mediate this effect. Our results using PD-1H deficient mice and PD-1H agonistic mAb showed that PD-1H acts as a co-inhibitory receptor on T cells. It should also be noted that the role of PD-1H in the suppression of immune responses may be more complex and may work through more than one single mechanism. Our recent studies demonstrate that PD-1H-mediated suppression of T cell tolerance to allogeneic antigens is mediated by two distinct mechanisms: an early arrest of cell proliferation and a late induction of Treg to maintain graft tolerance. Here, we reveal a critical role for PD-1H in the control of Treg pool size which may contribute to the induction of long-term tolerance of T cell responses.
The effect of PD-1H on Treg is a highly selective event. Although PD-1H is essential for the generation of iTreg fromT cells, the suppressive function of both nTreg
and iTreg is not affected. Especially, PD-1H is not required for the generation and suppressive function of nTreg cells, which are thymus-derived and selected by self-antigens (Fig. 8) . This result may partially explain why spontaneous autoimmune diseases or lymphoproliferative symptoms were not observed in young PD-1H KO mice. Nevertheless, spontaneously generated iTreg cells inmice were clearly affected (Fig. 2A) , which were previously described in activated CD4+ T cells in the presence TGF-β and retinoic acid, and this population was mainly accumulated in the gut and in the skin mucosa. Although reduced frequency of Foxp3+ iTreg cells were found in the intestine, especially in the LP of the PD-1H KO mice, the absolute numbers of Foxp3+iTreg in LP were no change (Fig. 2A) . This may partially explain why PD-1H KO mice do not develop spontaneous pathogenic diseases in the gut. We also validated this finding in PD-1H KO mice that were bred with Foxp3 (GFP) mice (where GFP expression was under the control of a Foxp3 promoter) to generate PD-1HKO Foxp3 (GFP) mice (data not shown) . These findings were further confirmed using an oral tolerance model for de novo generation of iTreg cells in vivo as previously described. Consistent with the findings in the gut of PD-1H KO mice, PD-1H deficiency led to impaired de novo generation of antigen specific Foxp3+ iTreg cells in both mLN and PP (Fig. 1A and 1B) . In addition, conversion ofCD4+ T cells into iTreg cells in vitro in the presence of TGF-β further proved that PD-1H deficiency reduced differentiation of iTreg cells (Fig. 2C) . Finally, PD-1H deficiency in iTreg cells showed comparable suppressive functions when compared with the WT iTreg cells, although minor differences could be found when the Treg/Teff ratio was high (Fig. 2D and 2E) . Besides, we showed that, in lymphopenic environment, loss of PD-1H on CD4+ T cells led to reduced numbers of Foxp3+ Treg in peripheral organs after homeostasis proliferation, while producing large quality of pro-inflammatory cells which further impeded the differentiation of Treg in vivo (Fig. 7) . Similar finding was also found in bone marrow chimeric mice, loss of PD-1H on the hematopoietic derived cells lead to higher recovery of myeloid cell such as neutrophil, macrophage (data not showed) and production of pro-inflammatory cytokine thus may impede the pool size of Treg cells in the peripheral (Fig. 9) . Thus, our findings support a highly selective role for PD-1H in the generation of iTreg.
Treg is not terminally differentiated and it has been shown that iTreg can be converted into Th1 or Th17 subsets by specific cytokine or inflammatory environment. This plasticity of Treg cells makes it difficult to develop therapeutic strategies during chronic inflammation. This invention demonstrates that PD-1H is required for the stability of Foxp3, a hallmark of Treg lineage, and maintains the phenotype of Treg. Loss of PD-1H led to a rapid decrease of iTreg in various in vitro and in vivo systems and models. Our preliminary studies indicate that iTreg cells in the absence of PD-1H tend to be reprogrammed into Th17 cells in inflammatory conditions, which may explain our observations that transfer of PD-1H KO iTreg did not suppress but promote EAE disease. In this model, conversion of iTreg is predominantly biased to Th17 but much less to Th1. PD-1H may also affect the conversion of iTreg to Th1 because high levels of IFN-γ were detected in CD4+ T cells in the absence of PD-1H. Interestedly, our results showed that IL-4 levels were also significantly increased and these data implicate a possible role for
PD-1H in the control of Th2. The role of PD-1H in the regulation and conversion of iTreg to other T cell subsets has yet to be elucidated.
Altogether, the invention supports that PD-1H inhibits the conversion of iTreg cells into Th1 and Th17 cells in an inflammatory environment, at least partially due to its role in the maintenance of Foxp3 expression and an iTreg phenotype. These findings have important implications in the regulation of Treg growth and function. Meanwhile, PD-1H inhibits activation ofT cells to limit initiation of T cell-mediated immune responses, as previously shown, it promotes growth and conversion of iTreg during immune responses. In addition to regulating early stage T cell activation, PD-1H appears to participate in the regulation of T cell tolerance by regulating Treg pool size. Thus the PD-1H pathway may represent a promising target to control and manipulate T cell-mediated immunity in inflammation, autoimmune disease and cancer.
It should be understood that although the present disclosure has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification, improvement and variation of the disclosures embodied therein herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications, improvements and variations are considered to be within the scope of this disclosure. The materials, methods, and examples provided here are representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the disclosure.
All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety, to the same extent as if each were incorporated by reference individually. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. The disclosures illustratively described herein may suitably be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations, not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, the terms “comprising, ” “including, ” containing, ” etc. shall be read expansively and without limitation. Additionally, the terms and expressions employed herein have been used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the disclosure claimed.
Claims (24)
- A method for modulating a pool size of inducible regulatory T cells in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the administration of PD-1H agonist causes increased level of inducible regulatory T cells in the subject.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the administration of PD-1H antagonist causes decreased level of inducible regulatory T cells in the subject.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the administration is carried out intravenously.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the PD-1H agonist is a monoclonal antibody against PD-1H.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the PD-1H antagonist is an antisense oligomer selected from dsRNA, siRNA and shRNA directed to PD-1H encoding polynucleotides.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a human being.
- A method for treating T cell immunity mediated diseases in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist.
- The method of claim 8, wherein the administration of PD-1H agonist causes increased level of inducible regulatory T cells in the subject.
- The method of claim 8, wherein the administration of PD-1H antagonist causes decreased level of inducible regulatory T cells in the subject.
- The method of claim 8, wherein the administration is carried out intravenously.
- The method of claim 8, wherein the PD-1H agonist is a monoclonal antibody against PD-1H.
- The method of claim 8, wherein the PD-1H antagonist is an antisense oligomer selected from dsRNA, siRNA and shRNA directed to PD-1H encoding polynucleotides.
- The method of claim 8, wherein the subject is a human being.
- The method of claim 8, wherein the T cell immunity mediated diseases include inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cancer.
- Use of a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for modulating a pool size of inducible regulatory T cells in a subject.
- The use of claim 16, wherein the PD-1H agonist is a monoclonal antibody against PD-1H.
- The use of claim 16, wherein the PD-1H antagonist is an antisense oligomer selected from dsRNA, siRNA and shRNA directed to PD-1H encoding polynucleotides.
- The use of claim 16, wherein the subject is a human being.
- Use of a PD-1H agonist or a PD-1H antagonist in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating T cell immunity mediated diseases in a subject.
- The use of claim 20, wherein the PD-1H agonist is a monoclonal antibody against PD-1H.
- The use of claim 20, wherein the PD-1H antagonist is an antisense oligomer selected from dsRNA, siRNA and shRNA directed to PD-1H encoding polynucleotides.
- The use of claim 20, wherein the subject is a human being.
- The use of claim 20, wherein the T cell immunity mediated diseases include inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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| WO2016090347A1 (en) * | 2014-12-05 | 2016-06-09 | Immunext, Inc. | Identification of vsig8 as the putative vista receptor and its use thereof to produce vista/vsig8 modulators |
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| WO2016090347A1 (en) * | 2014-12-05 | 2016-06-09 | Immunext, Inc. | Identification of vsig8 as the putative vista receptor and its use thereof to produce vista/vsig8 modulators |
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