WO2018191523A1 - Durable lubricious surfaces - Google Patents
Durable lubricious surfaces Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2018191523A1 WO2018191523A1 PCT/US2018/027340 US2018027340W WO2018191523A1 WO 2018191523 A1 WO2018191523 A1 WO 2018191523A1 US 2018027340 W US2018027340 W US 2018027340W WO 2018191523 A1 WO2018191523 A1 WO 2018191523A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- liquid
- impregnating
- interstitial regions
- texturing
- impregnated
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 575
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 115
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 69
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000003351 Brassica cretica Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000003343 Brassica rupestris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide Chemical compound ClCCSCCCl QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000010460 mustard Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000008960 ketchup Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000606 toothpaste Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940034610 toothpaste Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000015110 jellies Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000008274 jelly Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010746 mayonnaise Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000008268 mayonnaise Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000015243 ice cream Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000015094 jam Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021400 peanut butter Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 102000002322 Egg Proteins Human genes 0.000 claims description 2
- 108010000912 Egg Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 2
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000013060 biological fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013409 condiments Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013345 egg yolk Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000002969 egg yolk Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000056139 Brassica cretica Species 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 29
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 46
- -1 self-cleaning Substances 0.000 description 40
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 31
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 24
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 17
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 17
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 15
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 14
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 14
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000005411 Van der Waals force Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 11
- 235000015067 sauces Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000003796 beauty Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000005294 ferromagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000003075 superhydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 6
- 241000219198 Brassica Species 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000015872 dietary supplement Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000005661 hydrophobic surface Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010702 perfluoropolyether Substances 0.000 description 4
- QKFJKGMPGYROCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl isothiocyanate Chemical compound S=C=NC1=CC=CC=C1 QKFJKGMPGYROCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 4
- DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Brassidinsaeure Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000001124 body fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- QARVLSVVCXYDNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromobenzene Chemical compound BrC1=CC=CC=C1 QARVLSVVCXYDNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000012041 food component Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N triformin Chemical compound O=COCC(OC=O)COC=O UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QXSZNDIIPUOQMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane Chemical compound BrC(Br)C(Br)Br QXSZNDIIPUOQMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JTPNRXUCIXHOKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloronaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(Cl)=CC=CC2=C1 JTPNRXUCIXHOKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BBMCTIGTTCKYKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-heptanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCO BBMCTIGTTCKYKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 2
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001780 ECTFE Polymers 0.000 description 2
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Elaidinsaeure-aethylester Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 229940124602 FDA-approved drug Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000004812 Fluorinated ethylene propylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Perchloroethylene Chemical compound ClC(Cl)=C(Cl)Cl CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001166 anti-perspirative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003213 antiperspirant Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OGBUMNBNEWYMNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N batilol Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOCC(O)CO OGBUMNBNEWYMNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- DIKBFYAXUHHXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromoform Chemical compound BrC(Br)Br DIKBFYAXUHHXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-3-enoic acid;ethene Chemical compound C=C.OC(=O)CC=C DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-NJFSPNSNSA-N carbon disulfide-14c Chemical compound S=[14C]=S QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000013351 cheese Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001010 compromised effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002951 depilatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- NZZFYRREKKOMAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N diiodomethane Chemical compound ICI NZZFYRREKKOMAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013870 dimethyl polysiloxane Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006196 drop Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007876 drug discovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229940052303 ethers for general anesthesia Drugs 0.000 description 2
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N ethyl oleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940093471 ethyl oleate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229920000840 ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013373 food additive Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002778 food additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000012907 honey Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- SNHMUERNLJLMHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodobenzene Chemical compound IC1=CC=CC=C1 SNHMUERNLJLMHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoamylol Chemical compound CC(C)CCO PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002372 labelling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000944 linseed oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000021388 linseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011344 liquid material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012263 liquid product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006210 lotion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 2
- UQDUPQYQJKYHQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl laurate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC UQDUPQYQJKYHQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002324 mouth wash Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000956 nontoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009965 odorless effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002674 ointment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940126701 oral medication Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920009441 perflouroethylene propylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- AQZYBQIAUSKCCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N perfluorotripentylamine Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)N(C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F AQZYBQIAUSKCCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920013636 polyphenyl ether polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000013515 script Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002453 shampoo Substances 0.000 description 2
- CVPADSYHPKIYAH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;docosyl sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O CVPADSYHPKIYAH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- TYWMIZZBOVGFOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracosan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO TYWMIZZBOVGFOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BGHCVCJVXZWKCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCC BGHCVCJVXZWKCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009974 thixotropic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N triacetin Chemical compound CC(=O)OCC(OC(C)=O)COC(C)=O URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000012855 volatile organic compound Substances 0.000 description 2
- LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)[C@@H](COC)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](OC)[C@@H](OC)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)O[C@@H]2COC)OC)O[C@@H]1COC LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YYGNTYWPHWGJRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (6E,10E,14E,18E)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene Chemical compound CC(C)=CCCC(C)=CCCC(C)=CCCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)C YYGNTYWPHWGJRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N (9Z,12Z)-9,10,12,13-tetratritiooctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid Chemical compound C(CCCCCCC\C(=C(/C\C(=C(/CCCCC)\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])(=O)O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATNNLHXCRAAGJS-QZQOTICOSA-N (e)-docos-2-enoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC\C=C\C(O)=O ATNNLHXCRAAGJS-QZQOTICOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FHCLGDLYRUPKAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-tribromopropane Chemical compound BrCC(Br)CBr FHCLGDLYRUPKAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAAZPARNPHGIKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dibromoethane Chemical compound BrCCBr PAAZPARNPHGIKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZBTMRBYMKUEVEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromo-4-methylbenzene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(Br)C=C1 ZBTMRBYMKUEVEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DLKQHBOKULLWDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromonaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(Br)=CC=CC2=C1 DLKQHBOKULLWDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IQQRAVYLUAZUGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chemical compound CCCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 IQQRAVYLUAZUGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OVYMWJFNQQOJBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octanoyloxypropan-2-yl octanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(C)OC(=O)CCCCCCC OVYMWJFNQQOJBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940094997 1-tetracosanol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QLZJUIZVJLSNDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methylidenebutanoyloxy)ethyl 2-methylidenebutanoate Chemical compound CCC(=C)C(=O)OCCOC(=O)C(=C)CC QLZJUIZVJLSNDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NFIHXTUNNGIYRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-decanoyloxypropyl decanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC NFIHXTUNNGIYRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTWJRLJHJPIABL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylphenol;3-methylphenol;4-methylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1.CC1=CC=CC(O)=C1.CC1=CC=CC=C1O QTWJRLJHJPIABL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000208874 Althaea officinalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006576 Althaea officinalis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 206010011224 Cough Diseases 0.000 description 1
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000001840 Dandruff Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000006558 Dental Calculus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000001692 EU approved anti-caking agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004097 EU approved flavor enhancer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- URXZXNYJPAJJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Erucic acid Natural products CCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O URXZXNYJPAJJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004386 Erythritol Substances 0.000 description 1
- UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Erythritol Natural products OCC(O)C(O)CO UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl cellulose Chemical compound CCOCC1OC(OC)C(OCC)C(OCC)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC)C(CO)O1 ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001856 Ethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101000801619 Homo sapiens Long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ACSBG1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229940124091 Keratolytic Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 102100033564 Long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ACSBG1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000004909 Moisturizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000002853 Nelumbo nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000020 Nitrocellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019483 Peanut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004264 Petrolatum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004693 Polybenzimidazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004695 Polyether sulfone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002873 Polyethylenimine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002396 Polyurea Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004820 Pressure-sensitive adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000034809 Product contamination Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 244000179560 Prunella vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014680 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019485 Safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019486 Sunflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BHEOSNUKNHRBNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetramethylsqualene Natural products CC(=C)C(C)CCC(=C)C(C)CCC(C)=CCCC=C(C)CCC(C)C(=C)CCC(C)C(C)=C BHEOSNUKNHRBNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004904 UV filter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006085 Vigna mungo var mungo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- TVXBFESIOXBWNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Xylitol Natural products OCCC(O)C(O)C(O)CCO TVXBFESIOXBWNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJWGYAHXMCUOOM-QHOUIDNNSA-N [(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-2-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5,6-trinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dinitrooxy-6-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-4-yl] nitrate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H]1O[N+]([O-])=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@@H](CO[N+]([O-])=O)O1)O[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+](=O)[O-])[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO[N+]([O-])=O)O[C@@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H]1O[N+]([O-])=O FJWGYAHXMCUOOM-QHOUIDNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001241 acetals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004676 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001266 acyl halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001345 alkine derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002048 anodisation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002882 anti-plaque Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002216 antistatic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013011 aqueous formulation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- YCOXTKKNXUZSKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N as-o-xylenol Natural products CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1C YCOXTKKNXUZSKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003212 astringent agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015173 baked goods and baking mixes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013405 beer Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007767 bonding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229950005228 bromoform Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010634 bubble gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006172 buffering agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013590 bulk material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004067 bulking agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- NTXGQCSETZTARF-UHFFFAOYSA-N buta-1,3-diene;prop-2-enenitrile Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC#N NTXGQCSETZTARF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000014121 butter Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006217 cellulose acetate butyrate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940112822 chewing gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000015218 chewing gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000020434 chocolate syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000005687 corn oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002285 corn oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000973 cosmetic coloring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930003836 cresol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000015142 cultured sour cream Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021438 curry Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003398 denaturant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002781 deodorant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021185 dessert Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003745 detangling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- IPKKHRVROFYTEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipentyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCCC IPKKHRVROFYTEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013766 direct food additive Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- PRAKJMSDJKAYCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecahydrosqualene Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C PRAKJMSDJKAYCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940126534 drug product Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003974 emollient agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003700 epoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-KTKRTIGZSA-N erucic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019414 erythritol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-ZXZARUISSA-N erythritol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-ZXZARUISSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940009714 erythritol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZINJLDJMHCUBIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethametsulfuron-methyl Chemical compound CCOC1=NC(NC)=NC(NC(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C=2C(=CC=CC=2)C(=O)OC)=N1 ZINJLDJMHCUBIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001249 ethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019325 ethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920006244 ethylene-ethyl acrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005042 ethylene-ethyl acrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003889 eye drop Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002979 fabric softener Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019211 fat replacer Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011554 ferrofluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021323 fish oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004811 fluoropolymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000576 food coloring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019264 food flavour enhancer Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005417 food ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010855 food raising agent Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003599 food sweetener Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021474 generally recognized As safe (food) Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021473 generally recognized as safe (food ingredients) Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001087 glyceryl triacetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013773 glyceryl triacetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000003630 glycyl group Chemical class [H]N([H])C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000008169 grapeseed oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002920 hazardous waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013529 heat transfer fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002373 hemiacetals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012943 hotmelt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003906 humectant Substances 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002432 hydroperoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019531 indirect food additive Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007918 intramuscular administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001530 keratinolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003410 keratolytic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000021109 kimchi Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000832 lactitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010448 lactitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VQHSOMBJVWLPSR-JVCRWLNRSA-N lactitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]([C@H](O)CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O VQHSOMBJVWLPSR-JVCRWLNRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003451 lactitol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006193 liquid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000845 maltitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010449 maltitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VQHSOMBJVWLPSR-WUJBLJFYSA-N maltitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]([C@H](O)CO)O[C@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O VQHSOMBJVWLPSR-WUJBLJFYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940035436 maltitol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960001855 mannitol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000001035 marshmallow Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004379 membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N meso ribitol Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NMJORVOYSJLJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane clathrate Chemical compound C.C.C.C.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O NMJORVOYSJLJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- RVWOWEQKPMPWMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 12-hydroxyoctadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCC(O)CCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC RVWOWEQKPMPWMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001333 moisturizer Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003020 moisturizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002200 mouth mucosa Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940051866 mouthwash Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001220 nitrocellulos Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000820 nonprescription drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002417 nutraceutical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021436 nutraceutical agent Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CXQXSVUQTKDNFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N octamethyltrisiloxane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)C CXQXSVUQTKDNFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008375 oral care agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002905 orthoesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000008519 pasta sauces Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000312 peanut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002572 peristaltic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019271 petrolatum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940066842 petrolatum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000825 pharmaceutical preparation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012782 phase change material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940117953 phenylisothiocyanate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004987 plasma desorption mass spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009832 plasma treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000184 poly(octadecyl acrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002480 polybenzimidazole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004626 polylactic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003505 polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000379 polypropylene carbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005749 polyurethane resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001289 polyvinyl ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005381 potential energy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005713 safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003813 safflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000008113 selfheal Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013599 spices Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940031439 squalene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- TUHBEKDERLKLEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N squalene Natural products CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC=C(/C)CCC=C(/C)CC=C(C)C)C)C)C TUHBEKDERLKLEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011115 styrene butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002600 sunflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000475 sunscreen effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000516 sunscreening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003765 sweetening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001179 synovial fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229950011008 tetrachloroethylene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015961 tonic Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001256 tonic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960000716 tonics Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000699 topical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-MDZDMXLPSA-N trans-Brassidic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C\CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O DPUOLQHDNGRHBS-MDZDMXLPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002622 triacetin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003673 urethanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003249 vinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008256 whipped cream Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000811 xylitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010447 xylitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N xylitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002675 xylitol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013618 yogurt Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B17/00—Methods preventing fouling
- B08B17/02—Preventing deposition of fouling or of dust
- B08B17/06—Preventing deposition of fouling or of dust by giving articles subject to fouling a special shape or arrangement
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D65/00—Wrappers or flexible covers; Packaging materials of special type or form
- B65D65/38—Packaging materials of special type or form
- B65D65/42—Applications of coated or impregnated materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
- B05D5/08—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain an anti-friction or anti-adhesive surface
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B17/00—Methods preventing fouling
- B08B17/02—Preventing deposition of fouling or of dust
- B08B17/06—Preventing deposition of fouling or of dust by giving articles subject to fouling a special shape or arrangement
- B08B17/065—Preventing deposition of fouling or of dust by giving articles subject to fouling a special shape or arrangement the surface having a microscopic surface pattern to achieve the same effect as a lotus flower
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
- B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
- B32B3/30—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by a layer formed with recesses or projections, e.g. hollows, grooves, protuberances, ribs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
- B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D15/00—De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft
- B64D15/02—De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft by ducted hot gas or liquid
- B64D15/06—Liquid application
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D23/00—Details of bottles or jars not otherwise provided for
- B65D23/02—Linings or internal coatings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D2254/00—Tubes
- B05D2254/04—Applying the material on the interior of the tube
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/22—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to internal surfaces, e.g. of tubes
- B05D7/227—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to internal surfaces, e.g. of tubes of containers, cans or the like
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2439/00—Containers; Receptacles
Definitions
- Embodiments described herein relate generally to devices, systems and methods for producing lubricious surfaces with enhanced durability.
- Viscous liquids are ubiquitous in manufacturing. Often, viscous liquids and semi solids are manufactured or stored in metal tanks and transported through pipes. Other times viscous liquids and semi solids come into contact with non-enclosed surfaces. The interface between viscous liquids and the contact surface of the tank, pipe or other surface is a no-slip boundary, meaning that viscous liquids stick to these surfaces, resulting in costly inefficiencies, including loss of product and costs associated with cleaning tanks and pipes coated with viscous liquids, including but not limited to labor costs and waste-water disposal costs. Under some circumstances, cleaning tanks can result in safety risks for people who have to clean tanks in confined spaces. Engineered surfaces are surfaces dimensioned such that specific characteristics, properties, and interactions occur that otherwise would not likely occur.
- micro/nano-engineered surfaces in the last decade has opened up new techniques for enhancing a wide variety of physical phenomena in thermofluids sciences.
- micro/nano surface textures has provided non-wetting surfaces capable of achieving less viscous drag, reduced adhesion to ice and other materials, self-cleaning, and water repellency. These improvements result generally from diminished contact (i.e., less wetting) between the solid surfaces and adjacent liquids.
- a super hydrophobic surface includes micro/nano-scale roughness on an intrinsically hydrophobic surface, such as a hydrophobic coating.
- Super hydrophobic surfaces resist contact with water by virtue of an air-water interface within the micro/nano surface textures that allow for a higher proportion of the surface area beneath the droplet to be air.
- Impalement occurs when a liquid in contact with the surface displaces the air pockets or air layer that is trapped within the surface textures; i) the air pockets can be collapsed by external wetting pressures (such as when the superhydrophobic surface is exposed to large hydrostatic pressures or impacting liquids), ii) the air pockets can diffuse away into the surrounding liquid, iii) the surface can lose robustness upon damage to the texture, iv) the air pockets may be displaced by low surface tension liquids unless special texture design is implemented, and v) condensation or frost nuclei, which can form at the nanoscale throughout the texture, can completely transform the wetting properties and render the textured surface highly wetting.
- the system can include a liquid-encapsulated surface including a substrate, a member coupled to the substrate, and an encapsulating liquid disposed on a surface of the member.
- the surface of the member can have a chemistry such that the encapsulating liquid preferentially wets the surface and maintains lubricity in the presence of a contacting phase.
- the encapsulating liquid can be substantially immiscible with the contacting phase.
- the encapsulating liquid can have a thickness of less than about 200 microns and/or a receding contact angle of less than 20 degrees in the presence of the contacting phase.
- the system can include a liquid delivery mechanism configured to transfer the encapsulating liquid to the member.
- a removable member having a plurality of solid features e.g., micro-scale and/or nano-scale solid features
- a predetermined surface chemistry also referred to as an "engineered surface chemistry”
- the plurality of solid features are spaced sufficiently close to contain an impregnating liquid regardless of orientation of the removable texturing member.
- the space between the plurality of solid features, bounded by the surface of the removable texturing member comprise the interstitial regions wherein impregnating liquid is contained.
- the removable member can have little or no texture, but carefully chosen surface chemistry (i.e., engineered) such that when combined with an appropriate lubricious liquid the liquid encapsulates the surface of the member.
- surface chemistry of the removable member and the liquid also referred to as an "encapsulating liquid” results in a stable lubricious film of liquid disposed on the surface of the removable member via strong Van der Waals forces, which can enable a lubricious surface with enhanced durability.
- the native surface of the tank, pipeline or other surface feature defines a first surface, having a first roll off angle.
- an impregnating or encapsulating liquid is disposed within the interstitial regions through capillary forces, or bonded to the surface as a stable thin film via Van der Waals forces.
- the impregnating or encapsulating liquid disposed on the removable member defines a second surface having a second roll off angle less than the first roll off angle.
- excess liquid i.e., any liquid on the surface in excess of what is stabilized by Van der Waals forces or capillary forces
- liquid will be mobile over and between the interstitial regions of the removable member.
- the apparatus can include a liquid delivery mechanism comprising a reservoir containing a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid, configured to transfer impregnating or encapsulating liquid on demand to the interstitial regions at a controlled rate.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an apparatus that includes a liquid-impregnated surface and a liquid delivery mechanism, according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 2A shows a liquid-impregnated surface disposed to a removably-coupled texturing member configured for a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid to be disposed to the interstitial regions in a controlled manner such that the contact surface area (phi; the fraction of solid/liquid interface where a drop is in contact with the surface) remains minimized over time, according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 2B shows a liquid-impregnated surface disposed to a removably-coupled textured member not configured for a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid to be disposed to the interstitial regions, such that ⁇ > ⁇ , resulting in a shorter slip length and a larger roll off angle, according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 3A shows a high-phi configuration of a liquid-impregnated surface showing spaces between the textures partially filled and the exposed peaks of the textured member, according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 3B shows a low-phi configuration of a liquid-impregnated surface, which can be further enhanced by having an additional mobile phase of impregnation liquid or a different liquid that does not displace the impregnation liquid layer disposed to the interface between the liquid-impregnated surface and the contact liquid, according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 4A-4C are schematic illustrations of a portion of a container having a removably-coupled texturing member and a liquid delivery mechanism, according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 5 shows a flow chart illustrating a method for forming a liquid-impregnated surface with enhanced durability using a texturing member, according to an embodiment.
- hydrophobic surfaces are inspired by nature, such as for example, the lotus plant which includes air pockets trapped within the micro or nano-textures of the surface, increasing the contact angle of a contact liquid (e.g., water or any other aqueous liquid) disposed on the hydrophobic surface. As long as these air pockets are stable, the surface continues to exhibit hydrophobic behavior.
- a contact liquid e.g., water or any other aqueous liquid
- Such known hydrophobic surfaces that include air pockets present certain limitations including, for example: i) the air pockets can be collapsed by external wetting pressures, ii) the air pockets can diffuse away into the surrounding liquid, iii) the surface can lose robustness upon damage to the texture, iv) the air pockets may be displaced by low surface tension liquids unless special texture design is implemented, and v) condensation or frost nuclei, which can form at the nanoscale throughout the texture, can completely transform the wetting properties and render the textured surface highly wetting.
- Non-wetting surfaces can also be formed by disposing a liquid-impregnated or liquid-encapsulated surface on a substrate.
- Such liquid-impregnated or liquid-encapsulated surfaces can be non-wetting to any liquid, i.e. omniphobic (e.g. super hydrophobic, super oleophobic, or super metallophobic), can be configured to resist ice and frost formation, and can be highly durable.
- Liquid-impregnated surfaces can be disposed on any substrate, for example, on the inner surface of pipes, containers, or vessels, and can be configured to present a non-wetting surface to a wide variety of products, for example, food products, pharmaceuticals, over-the-counter drugs, nutraceuticals, health and beauty products, industrial greases, inks, bitumen, cement, adhesives, hazardous waste, consumer products, or any other product, such that the product can be evacuated, detached, or otherwise displaced with substantial ease on the liquid-impregnated surface.
- products for example, food products, pharmaceuticals, over-the-counter drugs, nutraceuticals, health and beauty products, industrial greases, inks, bitumen, cement, adhesives, hazardous waste, consumer products, or any other product, such that the product can be evacuated, detached, or otherwise displaced with substantial ease on the liquid-impregnated surface.
- Liquid-impregnated surfaces described herein include impregnating liquids that are impregnated into a rough surface that includes a matrix of solid features defining interstitial regions, such that the interstitial regions include pockets of impregnating liquid.
- the impregnating liquid is configured to wet the solid surface preferentially and adhere to the micro-nano textured member with strong capillary forces, such that the contact liquid has an extremely high advancing contact angle and an extremely low roll off angle (e.g., a roll off angle of about 1 degree and a contact angle of greater than about 100 degrees). This enables the contact liquid to displace with substantial ease on the liquid-impregnated surface.
- liquid-impregnated surfaces described herein provide certain significant advantages over conventional super hydrophobic surfaces including: i) the liquid-impregnated surfaces creates a low hysteresis for the product, ii) such liquid-impregnated surfaces can include self-cleaning properties, iii) can withstand high drop impact pressure (i.e., are wear resistant), iv) can self heal by capillary wicking upon damage, v) can repel a variety of contact liquids, such as semisolids, slurries, mixtures and/or non-Newtonian fluids, for example, water, edible liquids or formulations (e.g., ketchup, catsup, mustard, mayonnaise, syrup, honey, jelly, etc.), environmental fluids (e.g., sewage, rain water), bodily fluids (e.g., urine, blood, stool), or any other fluid (e.g.
- contact liquids such as semisolids, slurries, mixtures and/or non-Newtonian
- hair gel, toothpaste), vi) can reduce ice formation, vii) enhance condensation, viii) allow mold release, ix) prevent corrosion, x) reduce ice or gas hydrate adhesion, xi) prevent scaling from salt or mineral deposits, xii) reduce biofouling, and xiii) enhance condensation.
- liquid-impregnated surfaces methods of making liquid- impregnated surfaces and applications thereof, are described in U.S. Patent No. 8,574,704, entitled "Liquid-Impregnated Surfaces, Methods of Making, and Devices Incorporating the Same," filed August 16, 2012, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
- the impregnating liquid included in the liquid-impregnated surface can get displaced from within the interstitial regions defined by the solid features included in the liquid-impregnated surface.
- the shearing force exerted on the liquid- impregnated surface from a bulk fluid (e.g., a non-Newtonian fluid) flowing over the liquid- impregnated surface can shear the impregnating liquid from the liquid-impregnated surface. This can lead to gradual loss of the impregnating liquid and can lead to a decrease in the non- wetting performance of the liquid-impregnated surface.
- Embodiments of a liquid-impregnated surface utilizing a texturing member, described herein, include articles, systems and methods configured to provide a replenishing supply of the impregnating liquid to the liquid-impregnated surface. This can ensure that any volume of the impregnating liquid lost from the liquid-impregnated surface is replaced with fresh impregnating liquid such that the non-wetting properties of the liquid-impregnated surface are maintained.
- the liquid-impregnated surfaces described herein can have enhanced durability and long lifetime.
- liquid-impregnated or liquid-encapsulated surfaces described herein can be used in systems where a continuous flow or repeated flow of a liquid is desired over extended periods of times, for example, process tubes, pipes, conduits, vessels, multi-use containers, or any other article or container.
- a system including a lubricious surface can be used to increase the ease of communication of viscous liquids across the same.
- the system can include a liquid-encapsulated surface including a substrate, a member coupled to the substrate, and an encapsulating liquid disposed on a surface of the member.
- the surface of the member can have a chemistry such that the encapsulating liquid preferentially wets the surface and maintains lubricity in the presence of a contacting phase.
- the encapsulating liquid can be substantially immiscible with the contacting phase.
- the encapsulating liquid can have a thickness of less than about 200 microns and/or a receding contact angle of less than 20 degrees in the presence of the contacting phase.
- the system can include a liquid delivery mechanism configured to transfer the encapsulating liquid to the member.
- the member can be configured to be removably coupled to the substrate.
- the member can include an adhesive backing configured to be removably coupled to the substrate.
- the liquid delivery mechanism can include a porous tubular member configured to transfer a controlled volume of the encapsulating liquid to the member.
- the liquid delivery mechanism includes a reservoir configured to contain a supply of encapsulating liquid.
- the reservoir can be operably coupled and/or fluidically coupled to the member such that a supply of encapsulating liquid can flow to the member (e.g., onto a surface of the member).
- the liquid delivery mechanism can include a pumping mechanism configured to transfer encapsulating liquid from the reservoir to the member.
- the surface of the member can have little or no texture. In other words, in some embodiments, the surface of the member can be substantially smooth.
- the system can include a liquid-impregnated surface that includes a substrate and a texturing member coupled to the substrate.
- the texturing member can include a plurality of solid features defining interstitial regions between the plurality of solid features.
- an impregnating liquid can be disposed in the interstitial regions.
- the interstitial regions can be dimensioned and configured to remain impregnated by the impregnating liquid through capillarity.
- a liquid delivery mechanism can be configured to transfer the impregnating liquid to the interstitial regions.
- the texturing member can be configured to be removably coupled to the substrate.
- the texturing member can include an adhesive backing configured to be removably coupled to the substrate.
- the liquid delivery mechanism can include a porous tubular member configured to transfer a controlled volume of the impregnating liquid to the interstitial regions.
- the liquid delivery mechanism can include a reservoir configured to contain a supply of impregnating liquid, the reservoir fluidically coupled to the interstitial regions such that a supply of impregnating liquid can flow into the interstitial regions by capillary action.
- the reservoir containing the supply of impregnating liquid can have a higher pressure than the interstitial regions such that the supply of impregnating liquid is forced into the interstitial regions by the pressure differential.
- the liquid delivery mechanism can include a pumping mechanism configured to transfer impregnating liquid from the reservoir to the interstitial regions.
- the system can include a container having an interior surface defining an interior region configured to contain the liquid.
- the texturing member can be disposed on the interior surface, the texturing member having a plurality of solid features defining interstitial regions between the plurality of solid features.
- the impregnating liquid can be disposed in the interstitial regions, the interstitial regions dimensioned and configured such that capillary forces retain the impregnating liquid in the interstitial regions.
- the system can include a liquid delivery mechanism configured to transfer the impregnating liquid to the interstitial regions.
- the texturing member can be a liner configured to be disposed in the container.
- the interior surface of the container is a first surface having a first roll off angle.
- a second surface formed at least in part by the texturing member and the impregnating liquid, has a second roll off angle less than the first roll off angle.
- the second surface has an emerged area fraction ⁇ in a range of 0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.25. In some embodiments, the emerged area fraction can be 0.01 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.25. In some embodiments, the second surface can have a spreading coefficient Soew ⁇ 0. In some embodiments, the texturing member has a Wenzel roughness greater than about 1.01.
- the system can include a container having an interior surface defining an interior region configured to contain the contact liquid, a texturing member disposed on the interior surface, and an impregnating liquid disposed on the texturing member.
- the system can include a liquid delivery mechanism configured to transfer the impregnating liquid to the texturing member.
- the liquid delivery mechanism can include a porous tubular member configured to transfer a volume of the impregnating liquid to the texturing member.
- the liquid delivery mechanism can include a support member coupled to the interior surface of the container.
- the liquid delivery mechanism can define a channel configured to receive the porous tubular member.
- the support member can be disposed about the circumference of the container.
- the contact liquid can include but is not limited to at least one of a food, cosmetic, cement, asphalt, tar, ice cream, egg yolk, water, alcohol, mercury, gallium, refrigerant, toothpaste, paint, peanut butter, jelly, jam, mayonnaise, ketchup, mustard, condiment, laundry detergent, consumer product, gasoline, petroleum product, oil, biological fluid, blood, and plasma.
- a texturing member is configured to be removably coupled to a first surface, thereby creating a second surface.
- the texturing member includes a plurality of solid features, such that interstitial regions are defined between the plurality of solid features.
- An impregnating liquid is disposed in the interstitial regions and the interstitial regions are dimensioned and configured such that the impregnating liquid is retained in the interstitial regions through capillarity.
- the impregnating liquid disposed in the interstitial regions defines a third surface that has a roll off angle less than the roll off angle of the first surface.
- the apparatus can include a liquid delivery mechanism configured to transfer impregnating liquid to the interstitial regions.
- the first surface can be considered a native surface.
- the texturing member comprises an adhesive surface configured to be removable coupled to the native surface.
- the texturing member can be affixed to the native surface for a period of time when it is desirable to modify the lubricity of the native surface, but can then be removed at a later time to return the native surface to its original condition and original degree of lubricity.
- the texturing member includes a plurality of solid features configured and dimensioned such that the spaces between solid features define the interstitial regions.
- the impregnating liquid is disposed in the interstitial spaces and is retained in the interstitial regions through capillarity, thereby forming the liquid impregnated surface.
- the impregnating liquid and portions of the texturing member collectively define the liquid impregnated surface.
- the liquid impregnated surface includes a mobile excess layer of impregnating liquid.
- the liquid-impregnated surface is fluidically coupled to a reservoir such that a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid can be communicated to the interstitial regions.
- a method of forming a liquid-impregnated surface includes disposing a texturing member on a substrate (also referred to as a native surface) .
- the texturing member includes a plurality of solid features configured and dimensioned such that the space between solid features defines interstitial regions.
- the texturing member is fluidically coupled to a separate and distinct reservoir, the reservoir containing a replenishing supply of impregnation liquid.
- the interstitial regions are configured and dimensioned such that the replenishing supply of impregnation liquid is communicated to the interstitial regions of the liquid-impregnated surface through capillary action.
- the replenishing supply of impregnation liquid is communicated to the interstitial regions through hydraulic pressure exerted by a pumping mechanism.
- an impregnating liquid is applied to the texturing member disposed to a first surface with a first roll off angle such that the impregnating liquid fills the interstitial regions between the plurality of solid features and forms a second surface having a second roll off angle less than the first roll off angle.
- the method further includes reapplying the impregnating liquid to maintain the second roll off angle of the second surface less than the first roll off angle.
- the impregnating liquid can be applied from a multi-phase liquid in contact with the impregnating liquid disposed in the interstitial regions.
- the impregnating liquid is reapplied through capillary action from a replenishing supply of impregnation liquid mixed with the contact liquid.
- the liquid delivery mechanism is in fluid communication with the interstitial regions by at least one of the following: capillary action, pressure differential, temperature differential, concentration and/or surface tension gradients.
- the term "about” and “approximately” generally mean plus or minus 10% of the value stated, for example about 250 ⁇ m would include 225 ⁇ m to 275 ⁇ m, about 1,000 ⁇ m would include 900 ⁇ m to 1, 100 ⁇ m.
- contact liquid As used herein, the term “contact liquid”, “bulk material, and “product” are used interchangeably to refer to a solid or liquid that flows, for example a non-Newtonian fluid, a Bingham fluid, a high viscosity fluid, or a thixotropic fluid and is contact with a liquid- impregnated surface, unless otherwise stated.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic block diagram of an apparatus 1 that includes a native surface 10, texturing member 12, and a liquid delivery mechanism 14.
- the texturing member 12 includes a plurality of solid features 112 and an impregnating liquid 120 that define a liquid impregnated surface 111.
- the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can be in contact with a contact liquid CL, such that the contact liquid CL can easily move over the liquid-impregnated surface 111.
- the liquid-impregnated surface 111 modifies surface properties of the native surface 10 such that the contact liquid CL can more easily flow over the liquid impregnated surface 11 when compared to the native surface 10.
- the liquid delivery mechanism 14 is configured to transfer the impregnating liquid to the liquid-impregnated surface 111, as described herein.
- the native surface 10 can be any surface that is configured to contact a contact liquid.
- the native surface 10 can be an inner surface of a container and can have a first roll off angle, for example, a roll off angle of a contact liquid CL (for example, a consumer product, laundry detergent, cough syrup, an edible contact liquid, an industrial liquid, or any other contact liquid described herein).
- the native surface 10 can be a flat surface, for example an inner surface of a prismatic container, silicon wafer, glass wafer, a table top, a wall, a wind shield, a ski goggle screen, or a contoured surface, for example, a container (e.g. a beverage container), a propeller, a pipe, a tube, an inner surface, of a circular, oblong, rectangular, elliptical, oval or otherwise contoured container.
- a container e.g. a beverage container
- a propeller a pipe, a tube, an inner surface, of a circular, oblong,
- the native surface 10 can be an inner surface of a container.
- the container can include any suitable container such as, for example, tubes, bottles, vials, flasks, molds, jars, tubs, cups, caps, glasses, pitchers, barrels, bins, totes, tanks, kegs, tubs, totes, vessels, syringes, tins, pouches, lined boxes, hoses, cylinders, and cans.
- the container can be constructed in almost any desirable shape.
- the container can be constructed of rigid or flexible materials. Foil -lined or polymer-lined cardboard or paper boxes can also be used to form the container.
- the native surface 10 can include a surface of hoses, piping, conduit, nozzles, syringe needles, dispensing tips, lids, pumps, and other surfaces for containing, transporting, or dispensing the contact liquid CL.
- the native surface 10 can be formed from any suitable material including, for example plastic, glass, metal, alloys, ceramics, coated fibers, any other material, or combinations thereof.
- Suitable surfaces can include, for example, polystyrene, nylon, polypropylene, wax, fluorinated wax, natural waxes, siliconyl waxes, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, poly propylene carbonate, poly imide, polyethylene, polyurethane, graphene, polysulphone, polyethersulfone, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), fluorinated ethylenepropylene copolymer (FEP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), perfluoroalkoxytetrafluoroethylene copolymer (PFA), perfluoromethyl vinylether copolymer (MFA), ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), perfluoropolyether(PFPE), polychlorotetrafluoroethylene (PCTFE), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA
- the texturing member 12 is disposed on the native surface 10. In some embodiments, the texturing member 12 is coupled to the native surface 10 with an adhesive. In some embodiments, the texturing member 12 has an adhesive backing. In some embodiments, the texturing member 12 is removably coupled to the native surface 10. As described herein, the texturing member 12 includes a plurality of solid features 112 that define interstitial regions between the plurality of solid features 112. In some embodiments, the solid features 112 can be posts, spheres, micro/nano needles, nanograss, pores, grooves, cavities, interconnected pores, inter connected cavities, a mesh, any other random or nonrandom geometry that provides a micro and/or nano surface roughness.
- the height of the solid features 112 can be about 5 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 20 ⁇ m, 30 ⁇ m, 40 ⁇ m, 50 ⁇ m, 60 ⁇ m, 70 ⁇ m, 80 ⁇ m, 90 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m, 200 ⁇ m, 300 ⁇ m, 400 ⁇ m, 500 ⁇ m, 600 ⁇ m, 700 ⁇ m, 800 ⁇ m, 900 ⁇ m, up to about 1 mm, inclusive of all ranges therebetween, or any other suitable height for receiving the impregnating liquid 120. In some embodiments, the height of the solids features 112 can be less than about 1 ⁇ m.
- the solid features 112 can have a height of about 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm 40 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, or about 1,000 nm, inclusive of all ranges therebetween.
- the height of solid features 112 can be substantially uniform.
- the height of solid features 112 can be less than substantially uniform.
- the height of solid features 112 can be substantially non-uniform.
- the diameter or width of solid features 112 can be substantially uniform.
- the diameter of solid features 112 can be less than substantially uniform. In some embodiments, the diameter of solid features 112 can be substantially non-uniform. In some embodiments, the solid features 112 can have a wenzel roughness "r" greater than about 1.01, 1.05, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.5, 3, 5, or about 10. In some embodiments, the solid features 112 can have an interstitial spacing, for example, in the range of about 1 ⁇ m to about 100 ⁇ m, or about 1 nm to about 1 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the texturing member 12 can have hierarchical features, for example, micro-scale features that further include nano-scale features thereupon. In some embodiments, the native surface 10 can be isotropic. In some embodiments, the native surface 10 can be anisotropic.
- the texturing member can be a film.
- the texturing member can be a film with adhesive backing such that the texturing member can be applied directly to the native surface and then removed at a later time.
- the texturing member can be a thin film, to which an adhesive or bonding member can be applied, such that the texturing member can be coupled to the native surface.
- the coupling of the texturing member to the native surface can be facilitated by a crosslinking agent.
- the coupling of the texturing member to the native surface can be facilitated by applying thermal energy.
- the disposition of the texturing member to the native surface can be facilitated by at least one of mechanical stretching, mechanical expansion, pneumatic expansion, chemical reaction, electromagnetic interaction, phase-inversion, gravitational force, centrifugal force, shear force, compressive force, tensile force, frictional force, air or fluid forces, electrical force, magnetic force, spring force, any other process.
- the texturing member can be pre-treated prior to disposition to the native surface such that it retains at least one of residual stress, stored energy, other potential energies, or any combination thereof, in order to facilitate the creation of the texturing member during or after disposition of the texturing member to the native surface or to facilitate the adhesion of the texturing member to the native surface.
- the texturing member can be a part of a pre-formed structure .
- the texturing member can be a drop-in liner.
- the texturing member can be a scaffolding device.
- the texturing member can be a fabric.
- the texturing member can be formed or created and then disposed on the native surface.
- the texturing member can be applied to the native surface, removed from the native surface, and reapplied to the same native surface or another native surface.
- the texturing member can be applied, removed, and then reapplied any number of times without causing degradation of the native surface or texting member.
- the surface energy of the native surface 10 and/or the the texturing member 12 can be modified, for example, to enhance the adhesion of the texturing member 12 to the native surface 10.
- such surface modification processes can include, for example, sputter coating, silane treatment, fluoro-polymer treatment, anodization, passivation, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, oxygen plasma treatment, electric arc treatment, thermal treatment, any other suitable surface chemistry modification process or combination thereof.
- the solid features 112 can include micro-scale features such as, for example posts, pillars, spheres, nano-needles, pores, cavities, interconnected pores, grooves, ridges, spikes, peaks, interconnected cavities, bumps, mounds, particles, particle agglomerations, or any other random geometry that provides a micro and/or nano surface roughness.
- the solid features 1 12 can include particles that have micro- scale or nano-scale dimensions which can be randomly or uniformly dispersed on a surface.
- Characteristic spacing between the solid features 112 can be about 1 mm, about 900 ⁇ m, about 800 ⁇ m, about 700 ⁇ m, about 600 ⁇ m, about 500 ⁇ m, about 400, ⁇ m, about 300 ⁇ m, about 200 ⁇ m, about 100 ⁇ m, about 90 ⁇ m, about 80 ⁇ m, about 70 ⁇ m, about 60 ⁇ m, about 50 ⁇ m, about 40 ⁇ m, about 30 ⁇ m, about 20 ⁇ m, about 10 ⁇ m, about 5 ⁇ m, 1 ⁇ m, or 100 nm, about 90 nm, about 80 nm, about 70 nm, about 60 nm, about 50 nm, about 40 nm, about 30 nm, about 20 nm, about 10 nm, or about 1 nm.
- characteristic spacing between the solid features 112 can be in the range of about 100 ⁇ m to about 100 nm, about 30 ⁇ m to about 1 ⁇ m, or about 10 ⁇ m to about 1 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, characteristic spacing between solid features 112 can be in the range of about 100 ⁇ m to about 80 ⁇ m, about 80 ⁇ m to about 50 ⁇ m, about 50 ⁇ m to about 30 ⁇ m, about 30 ⁇ m to about 10 ⁇ m, about 10 ⁇ m to about 1 ⁇ m, about 1 ⁇ m to about 90 nm, about 90 nm to about 70 nm, about 70 nm to about 50 nm, about 50 nm to about 30 nm, about 30 nm, to about lOnm, or about 10 nm to about 1 nm, inclusive of all ranges therebetween.
- the solid features 112 for example solid particles can have an average dimension of about 200 ⁇ m, about 100 ⁇ m, about 90 ⁇ m, about 80 ⁇ m, about 70 ⁇ m, about 60 ⁇ m, about 50 ⁇ m, about 40 ⁇ m, about 30 ⁇ m, about 20 ⁇ m, about 10 ⁇ m, about 5 ⁇ m, 1 ⁇ m, about 100 nm, about 90 nm, about 80 nm, about 70 nm, about 60 nm, about 50 nm, about 40 nm, about 30 nm, about 20 nm, about 10 nm, or about 1 nm.
- the average dimension of the solid features 112 can be in the range of about 100 ⁇ m to about 100 nm, about 30 ⁇ m to about 10 ⁇ m, or about 20 ⁇ m to about 1 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the average dimension of the solid feature 112 can be in the range of about 100 ⁇ m to about 80 ⁇ m, about 80 ⁇ m to about 50 ⁇ m, about 50 ⁇ m to about 30 ⁇ m, or about 30 ⁇ m to about 10 ⁇ m, or 10 ⁇ m to about 1 ⁇ m, about 1 ⁇ m to about 90 nm, about 90 nm to about 70 nm, about 70 nm to about 50 nm, about 50 nm to about 30 nm, about 30 nm, to about lOnm, or about 10 nm to about 1 nm, inclusive of all ranges therebetween.
- the height of the solid features 112 can be substantially uniform.
- the surface of the texturing member 12 can have hierarchical features.
- the solid features 112 can include micro-scale features that further include nano-scale features disposed thereupon or therein.
- the solid features 112 can be porous.
- characteristic pore size e.g., pore widths or lengths
- characteristic pore size of particles can be about 5,000 nm, about 3,000 nm, about 2,000 nm, about 1,000 nm, about 500 nm, about 400 nm, about 300 nm, about 200 nm, about 100 nm, about 80 nm, about 50 nm, about 10 nm, or about lnm inclusive of all ranges therebetween.
- characteristic pore size can be in the range of about 200 nm to about 2 ⁇ m, or about 10 nm to about 1 ⁇ m inclusive of all ranges therebetween.
- controlling the pore size, the length of pores, and the number of pores can allow for greater control of the impregnating liquid flow rates, product flow rates, and overall material yield.
- the impregnating liquid 120 is disposed on the surface of the texturing member 12 such that the impregnating liquid 120 impregnates the interstitial regions defined by the plurality of solid features 112, for example, pores, cavities, or otherwise inter- feature spacing defined by the surface of the texturing member 12 such that no air remains in the interstitial regions.
- the interstitial regions can be dimensioned and configured such that the surface remains impregnated by impregnating liquid 120 through capillarity.
- the impregnating liquid 120 disposed in the interstitial regions of the plurality of solid features 112 is configured to define a liquid-impregnated surface 111 such that a second roll off angle less than the first roll of angle (i.e., the roll of angle of the unmodified native surface 10).
- the impregnating liquid 120 can have a viscosity at room temperature of less than about 1,000 cP, for example about 1 cP, 10 cP, 20 cP, 50 cP, about 100 cP, about 150 cP, about 200 cP, about 300 cP, about 400 cP, about 500 cP, about 600 cP, about 700 cP, about 800 cP, about 900 cP, or about 1,000 cP, inclusive of all ranges therebetween.
- the impregnating liquid 120 can have viscosity of less than about 1 cP, for example, about 0.1 cP, 0.2 cP, 0.3 cP, 0.4 cP, 0.5 cP, 0.6 cP, 0.7 cP, 0.8 cP, 0.9 cP, or about 0.99 cP, inclusive of all ranges therebetween.
- the impregnating liquid 120 can fill the interstitial regions defined by the solid features 112 such that the impregnating liquid 120 forms a layer at least about 5 nm thick above the plurality of solid features 112 of the texturing member 12.
- the impregnating liquid 120 forms a layer at least about 100 nm thick above the plurality of solid features 112 of the texturing member 12. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 forms a layer at least about 1 um thick above the plurality of solid features 112 of the texturing member 12. In some embodiments, the plurality of solid features can have an average roughness, Ra, less than 0.8 um, for example, in compliance with the rules and regulations of a regulatory body (e.g., the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)).
- FDA Food and Drug Administration
- the impregnating liquid 120 may be disposed in the interstitial regions defined by the solid features 112 using any suitable means.
- the impregnating liquid 120 can be sprayed (e.g., air spray, thermal spray, plasma spray) or brushed onto the texturing member 12.
- the impregnating liquid 120 can be applied to the texturing member 12 by filling or partially filling a container that contains the texturing member 12 within the volume of the container that is filled or partially filled. The excess impregnating liquid 120 is then removed from the container.
- the excess impregnating liquid 120 can be removed by adding a wash liquid (e.g., water, surfactants, acids, bases, solvents, etc.), or a heated wash liquid to the container to collect or extract the excess liquid from the container or flowing the wash liquids over the surface of the container.
- a wash liquid e.g., water, surfactants, acids, bases, solvents, etc.
- a heated wash liquid e.g., water, surfactants, acids, bases, solvents, etc.
- the excess impregnating liquid may be mechanically removed (e .g., pushed off the surface of the texturing member 12 with a solid object or fluid), absorbed off of the surface of the texturing member 12 using another porous material, or removed from the texturing member 12 via gravity or centrifugal forces.
- the impregnating liquid 120 can be disposed by spinning the texturing member 12 (e.g., a container) in contact with the liquid (e.g., a spin coating process), and condensing the impregnating liquid 120 onto the surface of the texturing member 12.
- the impregnating liquid 120 is applied by depositing a solution with the impregnating liquid and one or more volatile liquids (e.g., via any of the previously described methods) and evaporating away the one or more volatile liquids.
- the solid materials may be removed in a wash process, and reapplied after the wash process.
- the impregnating liquid 120 can be applied using a spreading liquid that spreads or pushes the impregnating liquid along the surface of the texturing member 12.
- a spreading liquid that spreads or pushes the impregnating liquid along the surface of the texturing member 12.
- the impregnating liquid 120 e.g., ethyl oleate
- spreading liquid e.g., water
- the fluid flow within the container may distribute the impregnating liquid 120 around the container as it impregnates the solid features 112.
- the impregnating liquid 120 included in the liquid- impregnated surface 111, or impregnating liquid communicated to the liquid-impregnated surface 111, for example, from the liquid delivery mechanism 14, can be saturated with the material that the solid features 112 (e.g., any of the solid features described herein) are comprised of, such that the solid features 112 do not dissolve into the impregnating liquid 120.
- the impregnating liquid 120 can include silicone oil, fisheyes remover/eliminator, KE215-HP, Transtar 6737, Eastwood fish eye eliminator, a polydimethylsiloxane, a fluorosurfactant in combination with a polar liquid such as Dupont Capstone Fluorosurfactant FS-22, FS-30, FS-31, and FS-34, a fluorosilicone such as DOW Corning® FS 1265 fluid, siltech fluorosil, liquids that are emulsions such as a mineral oil-PFPE emulsion, PFPE-PEG emulsion, etc., a perfluorocarbon liquid, fluorinated vacuum oil, halogenated vacuum oil, greases, lubricants, (such as Krytox 1506 or Fromblin 06/6), a fluorinated coolant (e.g., perfluoro-tripentylamine sold as FC-70, manufactured by
- an ionic liquid a fluorinated ionic liquid that is immiscible with water
- a silicone oil comprising PDMS a fluorinated silicone oil such as, for example polyfluorosiloxane, or polyorganosiloxanes
- a liquid metal a synthetic oil, a vegetable oil, derivative of a vegetable oil, a mono- di- or triglyceride, an electro-rheological fluid, a magneto-rheological fluid, a ferro-fluid, a dielectric liquid, a hydrocarbon liquid such as mineral oil, polyalphaolefins (PAO), fluorinated glycine, fluorinated ethers, or other synthetic hydrocarbon co-oligomers, a fluorocarbon liquid, for example, polyphenyl ether (PPE), perfluoropolyether (PFPE), or perfluoroalkanes, a refrigerant, a vacuum oil,
- PPE polyphenyl ether
- the impregnating liquid 120 can include an ionic liquid.
- ionic impregnating liquids can include, for example, tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene ), phenyl isothiocyanate (phenyl mustard oil), bromo benzene, iodobenzene, obromotoluene, alpha-chloronaphthalene, alpha-bromonaphthalene, acetylene tetrabromide, l-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (BMim), tribromohydrin (1,2,3-tribromopropane ), tetradecane, cyclohexane, ethylene dibromide, carbon disulfide, bromoform, methylene iodide (diiodomethane), stanolax, Squibb's liquid petrolatum, p-bro
- the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can include non-toxic materials, for example impregnating liquid 120 and/or solid features 112 (e.g., solid particles used to form solid features such as, for example, wax) which are non-toxic to humans and/or animals.
- non-toxic liquid-impregnated surfaces can thereby be disposed on surfaces, for example the texturing member 12, which are configured to house products formulated for human use or consumption.
- Such products can include, for example food products, drugs (e.g., FDA approved drugs), or health and beauty products.
- any solvents used in the processing of any components of the liquid-impregnated surface 111 may remain in the liquid- impregnated surface in some concentration, and thus the solvents can also be chosen to be nontoxic.
- solvents that are non-toxic in residual quantities include ethyl acetate, ethanol, or any other non-toxic solvent.
- the non-toxicity requirements can vary depending upon the intended use of the product in contact with the liquid-impregnated surface.
- liquid-impregnated surfaces configured to be used with food products or products classified as drugs would be required to have a much higher level of non-toxicity when compared with products meant to contact only the oral mucosa (e.g., toothpaste, mouth wash, etc.), or applied topically such as, for example, health and beauty products (e.g., hair gel, shampoo, cosmetics, etc.).
- the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can include materials that are a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved direct or indirect food additive, an FDA approved food contact substance, satisfy FDA regulatory requirements to be used as a food additive or food contact substance, and/or is an FDA GRAS material. Examples of such materials can be found within the FDA Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, located at the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
- the components of the liquid-impregnated surface 111 for example the impregnating liquid, can exist as a component of the food product disposed within the container.
- the components of the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can include a dietary supplement or ingredient of a dietary supplement.
- the components of the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can also include an FDA approved food additive or color additive.
- the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can include materials that exist naturally in, or are derived from plants and animals.
- the liquid-impregnated surface 111 for use with food products includes solids or impregnating liquid that is flavorless or have a high flavor threshold of below 500 ppm, are odorless or have high odor threshold, and/or are substantially transparent.
- the materials included in the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can include an FDA approved drug ingredient, for example any ingredient included in the FDA's database of approved drugs, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
- the liquid- impregnated surface 111 can include materials that satisfy FDA requirements to be used in drugs or are listed within the FDA's National Drug Discovery Code Directory, "http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ndc/default.cfm", the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
- the materials can include inactive drug ingredients of an approved drug product as listed within FDA's database, "http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ndc/default.cfm", the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
- the materials can include any materials that satisfy the requirement of materials that can be used in liquid-impregnated surfaces configured to be used with food products, and/or include a dietary supplement or ingredient of a dietary supplement.
- the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can include materials which are FDA approved and satisfy FDA drug requirements, as listed within the FDA's National Drug Discovery Code Directory, and can also include FDA approved health and beauty ingredient, that satisfy FDA requirements for materials used in health and beauty products, satisfies FDA regulatory laws included in the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), or the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA).
- FDA approved and satisfy FDA drug requirements as listed within the FDA's National Drug Discovery Code Directory
- FDA approved health and beauty ingredient that satisfy FDA requirements for materials used in health and beauty products, satisfies FDA regulatory laws included in the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), or the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA).
- the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can include materials that are an FDA approved health and beauty ingredient, that satisfy FDA requirements for materials used in health and beauty products, satisfies FDA regulatory laws included in the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), or the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA).
- the materials can include a flavor or a fragrance.
- the materials included in the liquid-impregnated surfaces 111 described can be flavorless or have high flavor thresholds below 500 ppm, and can be odorless or have a high odor threshold.
- the materials included in the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can be substantially transparent.
- the solid features 112 or impregnating liquid 120 can be selected so that they have substantially the same or similar indices of refraction. By matching their indices of refraction, they may be optically matched to reduce light scattering and improve light transmission. For example, by utilizing materials that have similar indices of refraction and have a clear, transparent property, a surface having substantially transparent characteristics can be formed.
- the materials included in the liquid-impregnated surface 111 are organic or derived from organically-grown products.
- the impregnating liquid 120 can include one or more additives.
- the additive can be configured, for example, to reduce the viscosity, vapor pressure, or solubility of the impregnating liquid.
- the additive can be configured to increase the chemical stability of the liquid-impregnated surface 111, for example, the additive can be an anti-oxidant configured to inhibit oxidation of the liquid- impregnated surface.
- the additive can be added to reduce or increase the freezing point of the liquid.
- the additive can be configured to reduce the diffusivity of oxygen or CC through the liquid-impregnated surface 111 or enable the liquid-impregnated surface 111 to absorb more ultra violet (UV) light, for example protect the product (e.g., any of the products described herein), disposed within a container on which the non-toxic liquid-impregnated surface 111 is disposed.
- the additive can be configured to provide an intentional odor, for example a fragrance (e.g., smell of flowers, fruits, plants, freshness, scents, etc.).
- the additive can be configured to provide color to the liquid-impregnated surface 111 and can include, for example a dye, or an FDA approved color additive.
- the non-toxic liquid-impregnated surface 111 includes an additive that can be released into the product, for example, a flavor or a preservative.
- the materials included in any of the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can be organic or derived from organically-grown products.
- the impregnating liquid 120 can include organic liquids that are often or sometimes non-toxic.
- Such organic liquids can, for example, include materials that fall within the following classes: lipids, vegetable oils (e.g., olive oil, light olive oil, corn oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, linseed oil, grapeseed oil, flaxseed oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, palm oil, coconut oil, or sunflower oil), fats, fatty acids, derivatives of vegetable oils or fatty acids, esters, terpenes, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, alcohols, and fatty acid alcohols, inclusive of all combinations thereof.
- vegetable oils e.g., olive oil, light olive oil, corn oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, linseed oil, grapeseed oil, flaxseed oil, peanut oil,
- the liquid-impregnated surface 111 described herein can include organic solids and/or liquids that are non-toxic and fall within the following classes: lipids, waxes, fats, fibers, cellulose, derivatives of vegetable oils, esters (such as esters of fatty acids), terpenes, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, alcohols, fatty acid alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, proteins, sugars, salts, minerals, vitamins, carbonate, ceramic materials, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, acyl halides, carbonates, carboxylates, carboxylic acids, methoxies, hydroperoxides, peroxides, ethers, hemiacetals, hemiaketals, acetals, ketals, orthoesters, orthocarbonate esters, phospholipids, lecithins, any other organic material or any combination thereof.
- esters such as esters of fatty acids
- any of the non-toxic liquid-impregnated surfaces described herein can include non-toxic materials that are boron, phosphorous, or sulfur containing compound.
- Some examples of food-safe impregnating liquids are MCT (medium chain triglyceride) oil, ethyl oleate, methyl laurate, propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, or vegetable oil, glycerine, squalene, or vegetable oils.
- any of the nontoxic liquid-impregnated surfaces can include inorganic materials, for example ceramics, metals, metal oxides, silica, glass, plastics, any other inorganic material or combination thereof.
- any of the non-toxic liquid-impregnated surfaces described herein can include, for example preservatives, sweeteners, color additives, flavors, spices, flavor enhancers, fat replacers, and components of formulations used to replace fats, nutrients, emulsifiers, surfactants, bulking agents, cleansing agents, depilatories, stabilizers, emulsion stabilizers, thickeners, flavor or fragrance, an ingredient of a flavor or fragrance, binders, texturizers, humectants, pH control agents, acidulants, leavening agents, anti-caking agents, anti-dandruff agents, anti-microbial agents, antiperspirants, anti-seborrheic agents, astringents, bleaching agents, denaturants, depilatories, emollients, foaming agents, hair conditioning agents, hair fixing agents, hair waving agents, absorbents, anti-corrosive agents, anti-foaming agents, anti-oxidants, anti-plaque
- the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can include non-toxic materials having an average molecular weight in the range of about 100 g/mol to about 600 g/mol, which are included in the Springer Material Landolt-Bornstein database located at "http://www.springermaterials.com/docs/index.html", or in the MatNavi database located at "www.mits.nims.go.jp/index_en.html".
- the impregnating liquid 120 can have a boiling point greater than 150 ° C or preferably 250 ° C, such that the impregnating liquid 120 is not classified as volatile organic compounds (VOC's).
- the impregnating liquid 120 can have a density that is substantially equal to the density of the product.
- the ratio of the solid features 112 (e.g., particles) to the impregnating liquid 120 can be configured to ensure that little or no portion of the solid features 112 protrude above the impregnating liquid-contact liquid interface.
- the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can have an "emerged area fraction" ⁇ , which is defined as a representative fraction of the projected surface area of the liquid-impregnated surface 112, corresponding to non- submerged solid (non-submerged by the impregnating liquid.
- This portion can be in contact with a contact liquid) at room temperature, of less than about 0.50, about 0.50, about 0.30, about 0.25, about 0.20, about 0.15, about 0.10, about 0.05, about 0.01, or less than about 0.005.
- ⁇ can be greater than about 0.001, about 0.005, about 0.01, about 0.05, about 0.10, about 0.15, or greater than about 0.20.
- ⁇ can be in the range of about 0 to about 0.25.
- ⁇ can be in the range of about 0 to about 0.01.
- ⁇ can be in the range of about 0.001 to about 0.25.
- ⁇ can be in the range of about 0.001 to about 0.10.
- a low ⁇ can be achieved using surface textures that are substantially pointed, caved, or are rounded. By contrast, surface textures that are flat may result in higher ratios, with too much solid material exposed at the surface.
- the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can have a spreading coefficient is spreading coefficient, defined as where ⁇ is the interfacial tension between the two phases designated by subscripts, said subscripts selected from e, v, and o, where e is a non-vapor phase (e.g., liquid or semi-solid) external to the surface and different from the impregnating liquid, v is vapor phase external to the surface (e.g., air), and o is the impregnating liquid 120.
- ⁇ is the interfacial tension between the two phases designated by subscripts, said subscripts selected from e, v, and o, where e is a non-vapor phase (e.g., liquid or semi-solid) external to the surface and different from the impregnating liquid, v is vapor phase external to the surface (e.g., air), and o is the impregnating liquid 120.
- ⁇ is the interfacial tension between the two phases designated by subscripts, said subscripts selected from
- the solid features 112 provide stable impregnation of the impregnating liquid 120 therebetween or therewithin.
- the solid feature material and texture, and the impregnating liquid material must be selected such that the following interaction properties hold: where is the critical contact angle, r is the Wenzel roughness of the surface of the texturing member 12, and where is receding contact angle of the impregnating or encapsulating liquid 120 (e.g., oil, subscript ' ⁇ ') on a smooth surface comprised of the same material as the solid features 112 (subscript V) in the presence of the contact liquid CL (subscript V) and #os(v-),receding is receding contact angle of the impregnating liquid 120 (e.g., oil, subscript ' ⁇ ') on a smooth surface comprised of the same material as the solid features 112 (subscript V) in the presence of air
- the solid features 112 provide stable impregnation of the impregnating liquid 120 therebetween or therewithin in the presence of air, such that 0os(v), where 0c is critical contact angle.
- the solid features and impregnating liquid must be sleeted which satisfy and to ensure that the film remains stable beneath the contact liquid CL, it must also hold that In some embodiments it is desirable that both hold, hi some embodiments, both such that there is not a thin Van der Waal s film spread over the surface features, and thus ⁇ > 0. In such instances the surface must be designed such that
- ⁇ is low.
- a low ⁇ can be achieved using surface textures that are substantially pointed, caved, or are rounded.
- the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can have advantageous droplet roll-off properties that minimize the accumulation of the contacting liquid CL on the surface.
- a roll off angle which is the angle of inclination of the liquid-impregnated surface 111 at which a droplet of contact liquid placed on the texturing member begins to move can be less than about 30°, less than about 25°, or less than about 20° for a specific volume of contact liquid.
- the roll off angle can vary with the volume of the contact liquid included in the droplet, but for a specific volume of the contact liquid, the roll off angle remains substantially the same.
- the impregnating liquid 120 can include one or more additives to prevent or reduce evaporation of the impregnating liquid 120.
- a surfactant can be added to the impregnating liquid 120.
- the surfactants used to prevent or reduce evaporation of the impregnating liquid 120 can include, but are not limited to, docosenoic acid, trans-13-docosenoic acid, cis-13-docosenoic acid, nonylphenoxy tri(ethyleneoxy) ethanol, methyl 12-hydroxyoctadecanate, 1-Tetracosanol, fluorochemical "L- 1006", and any combination thereof.
- the additives can include C16H33COOH, C17H33COOH, CistfeCOOH, C19H33COOH, C14H29OH, CietfeOH, CisftvOH, C20H41OH, C22H45OH, C17H35COOCH3, C15H31COOC2H5, C16H33OC2H4OH, C18H37OC2H4OH, C20H41OC2H4OH, C22H45OC2H4OH, Sodium docosyl sulfate (SDS), poly(vinyl stearate), Poly (octadecyl acrylate), Poly(octadecyl methacrylate) and any combination thereof.
- SDS Sodium docosyl sulfate
- the liquid delivery mechanism 14 is configured to transfer the impregnating liquid 120 to the interstitial regions between the solid features 112. In this manner, the liquid delivery mechanism 14 can be configured to maintain a replenishing supply of the impregnating liquid 120 to the interstitial regions such that any impregnating liquid 120 lost from the liquid- impregnated surface 111 is replaced by fresh impregnating liquid 120 by the liquid delivery mechanism 14.
- the liquid delivery mechanism 14 can include a reservoir containing a supply of impregnating liquid 120 and fluidically coupled to the interstitial regions such that a supply of impregnating liquid 120 can flow into the interstitial regions by capillary action.
- the reservoir of impregnating liquid 120 can be at a higher pressure than the interstitial regions such that the supply of impregnating liquid is forced into the interstitial regions by the pressure differential.
- the liquid delivery mechanism can include a pumping mechanism configured to transfer impregnating liquid from the reservoir to the interstitial regions.
- the liquid delivery mechanism 14 can include a reservoir fluidically coupled to the interstitial regions of a texturing member 12 such that a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid 120 can be communicated from the reservoir to the interstitial regions.
- the reservoir is not spatially-proximate to the liquid- impregnated surface 111.
- the reservoir is maintained at a higher elevation than the liquid-impregnated surface 111 such that gravitational forces cause the communication of a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid 120 to the fluidically-coupled interstitial regions.
- a pumping mechanism can be used to pump the impregnating liquid 120 from the reservoir into the interstitial regions.
- a liquid delivery mechanism 14 can be used to deliver both an initial supply and replenishing supply of impregnating liquid 120 to the interstitial regions of the solid features 112.
- an adhesive material is disposed to a first surface of the texturing member 12, in contact with the native surface 10 in order to facilitate disposition of the texturing member 12 to the native surface 10.
- adhesive materials can include but are not limited to tar, rubber cement, polymers, polyvinyl acetate, pressure- sensitive adhesives, polychloroprene, ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyester resin, polyurethane resin, thermoset epoxies, polyimides, urethanes, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl ether, styrene-butadiene, styrene-diene-styrene, polyisobutylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene, polysulfide, silicone, phenolic resin,
- the adhesive material or combination of materials may require the application of a cross-linking agent, electrical current, thermal energy, cold, pressure, solvent, friction, enzyme, surfactant, emulsifier, laminate bonding agent, suspended solid particles, catalyst, polymerization initiator, moisture, combustion, surface pre-treatment, other adhesive aiding materials or any combination thereof.
- the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can be in contact with a contact liquid CL such that the contact liquid CL moves easily over the liquid-impregnated surface 111.
- the contact liquid CL can be any liquid that is slightly miscible or immiscible with the impregnating liquid 120 such as, for example, water, edible liquids or aqueous formulations (e.g., ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, honey, etc.), environmental fluids (e.g., sewage, rain water), bodily fluids (e.g., urine, blood, stool), or any other fluid.
- the contact liquid CL can be a food product or a food ingredient such as, for example, a sticky, highly viscous, and/or non- Newtonian fluid or food product.
- Such food products can include, for example, candy, chocolate syrup, mash, yeast mash, beer mash, taffy, food oil, fish oil, marshmallow, dough, batter, baked goods, chewing gum, bubble gum, butter, peanut butter, jelly, jam, dough, gum, cheese, cream, cream cheese, mustard, yogurt, sour cream, curry, sauce, ajvar, currywurst sauce, salsa lizano, chutney, pebre, fish sauce, tzatziki, sriracha sauce, vegemite,zihurri, HP sauce/brown sauce, harissa, kochujang, hoisan sauce, kim chi, cholula hot sauce, tartar sauce, tahini, hummus, shichimi, ketchup, mustard, pasta sauce, Alfredo sauce
- the contact liquid CL can include a topical or oral drug, a cream, an ointment, a lotion, an eye drop, an oral drug, an intravenous drug, an intramuscular drug, a suspension, a colloid, or any other material form and can include any drug included within the FDA's database of approved drugs.
- the contact liquid CL can include a health and beauty product, for example, toothpaste, mouth washes, mouth creams, denture fixing compounds, any other oral hygiene product, sun screens, antiperspirants, anti-bacterial cleansers, lotions, shampoo, conditioner, moisturizers, face washes, hair-gels, medical fluids (e.g., anti-bacterial ointments or creams), any other health or beauty product, and or any combination thereof.
- the contact liquid CL can include any other non-Newtonian, thixotropic or highly viscous fluid, for example, laundry detergent, paint, oils, glues, waxes, petroleum products, fabric softeners, industrial solutions, or any other contact liquid CL.
- the problem with applying a liquid to a surface to provide lubrication in the absence of texture is that, unless certain criteria described herein are satisfied, the only way to maintain lubricity for any significant period of time is to apply a thick layer of liquid.
- applying the amount of liquid necessary to maintain lubricity can result in high-levels of liquid in the product (contacting phase), which could result in significant issues, including compromised product properties.
- the remaining liquid layer can become unstable, which leads to a surface that is not slippery (unless certain criteria described herein are satisfied).
- a calibrated resupply mechanism can be configured to maintain a thin, lubricious layer of liquid that enables sufficient shedding speed without over-supplying liquid.
- C is a constant between 0 and 1 (approaching 1 if textures are sparse).
- Increasing the thickness of the coating, h + 1, by adding mobile liquid of thickness, t therefore increases the slip length, which increases the mobility of the liquid-impregnated, or lubricious surface.
- the equation for slip length can be reorganized as The contribution to the slip length due to the mobile excess liquid, is We will henceforth refer to M as the mobility parameter for the mobile liquid.
- the underlying surface can be engineered with a texture or chemistry that (1) can stably contain liquid beneath the product, and (2) has ⁇ that low enough that the product cannot become pinned.
- the first criteria can be satisfied if
- a slippery coating to a surface with little or no texture.
- creating a surface with the precise texture and surface chemistry to stably contain an appropriate impregnating liquid and also maintain low ⁇ can be difficult and expensive, rendering such texture non-viable from an economic perspective.
- a texture however carefully designed, can become exposed to the elements and erode overtime in a harsh environment, such as that of a high-shear mixing tank.
- Implementing a liquid- impregnated surface with sub-optimal texture, or utilizing a texture that has been compromised by environmental conditions, can lead to pinning and diminished performance.
- a smooth surface with engineered surface chemistry can have fewer durability issues because there are no features to wear down.
- a traditional liquid-impregnated surface with a solid texture is not desirable and where it may be beneficial to apply a liquid to a surface with little or no texture.
- the surface can be designed that (1) maintains a stable layer of liquid beneath the product, and (2) has ⁇ that is low enough that product does not become irreversibly pinned to the surface.
- the solid-liquid combination can be designed such that there remains a thermodynamically stable layer of the lubricant tightly adhered to the surface by Van der Waals forces, even under high sheers stresses and pressure fluctuations.
- a completely stable layer that exhibits no pinning can be achieved by choosing solid-liquid combinations such that it can be even more desirable (greater stability) with combinations for which cos0 O s(e),advancing is also low (e.g. ⁇ 20° or ⁇ 10 ° or ⁇ 5 ° or ⁇ 2 ° ) and most desirable if is also satisfied.
- This latter condition is equivalent to the requirement that is the spreading coefficient of the liquid on the solid in the presence of the contact liquid. In such cases, a wetting film will never become unstable beneath the product.
- the lubricating layer can remain stable and slippery over most (at least 90%) of the surface, even after significant shear (e.g. from high speed mixing in a tank or flow through a pipe).
- significant shear e.g. from high speed mixing in a tank or flow through a pipe.
- thinner films e.g. t ⁇ 10 ⁇ m
- the above approach can be used to allow the coatings to withstand high speed mixing for several hours.
- a thin film can de-wet the surface beneath the product to expose a higher
- the thickness for a lubricating liquid can depend on a number of factors, including viscosity of the lubricant. Other factors include the price of the liquid. Where expensive or specialty liquids are being used, economic viability may require using less liquid. Another consideration is whether any amount of liquid triggers issues of compatibility with product. Finally, regulations governing the product may impose limitations on the amounts of liquid that can be used.
- the thickness of the coating can be less than about 2 microns, less than about 10 microns, less than about 50 microns, less than about 100 microns, or less than about 200 microns. In some embodiments, the thickness of the coating can be less than about 500 microns, less than about 750 microns, or less than about 1,000 microns. In some embodiments, the distribution of liquid across the surface is not uniform.
- the mobility parameter M can be at least about 0.005 ⁇ m/cP, at least about 0.01 ⁇ m/cP, at least about 0.05 ⁇ m/cP, at least about 0.1 ⁇ m/cP, or at least about 1 ⁇ m/cP, but less than about 5 ⁇ m/cP, or less than about 10 ⁇ m/cP or less than about 50 ⁇ m/cP, inclusive of all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.
- one aspect of having a liquid on a smooth surface is that at least a portion of the liquid will be mobile over the surface.
- the parameters of the mobility can depend on the properties of the liquid, properties of the surface, properties of the product (contacting phase), and other environmental conditions.
- the speed at which the product moves depends on its viscosity, average thickness, and how much that thickness is reduced when the liquid is exposed to a product under conditions such as mixing, which can create shear and pull liquid away from the wall.
- the readiness that external forces, shearing, mixing etc., can pull, emulsify, or dissolve liquid from the surface depends on the liquid and product's viscosity and chemistries, and their interfacial tensions, as well as initial thickness of the coating.
- the mobility of the liquid may depend on the product. Where, for example, the product is emptied, it may pull some of the liquid off of the surface.
- a thin, thermodynamically stable layer of the lubricant usually less than 100 nm
- the liquid can be at least partially removed from the smooth surface, the surface chemistry and the liquid can be selected such that the surface maintains sufficient slipperiness through evacuation of the product to allow the product to de-wet.
- sufficient liquid e.g., impregnating liquid or encapsulating liquid
- the combination of liquid and solid surface can be engineered and or selected in view of the product.
- Combining liquids might be useful where, for example, one of the liquids is expensive, blending it with another, lower-cost liquid can reduce the overall price of the coating.
- mobile liquids can be used to create durable, slippery, surfaces in the context of liquid impregnated surfaces formed using textured surfaces.
- the mobile excess liquid i.e., the portion above the features
- the excess mobile liquid may behave like liquid on a smooth surface.
- the excess mobile liquid can provide a slippery surface over and above the features.
- the designed thickness of the excess mobile liquid film can depend on factors discussed above, and the desire for a high-performance lubricating layer can be balanced with concerns of cost, product compatibility, and regulatory context. In some embodiments, a thin mobile excess layer will be desirable. Similarly, the mobility or speed with which the excess liquid moves over the solid structure will be determined by the characteristics of the liquid.
- the residual liquid remains trapped in the features of the liquid-impregnated surface through capillary forces.
- the liquid can be mobile both over and through the texture.
- the capillary forces in the texture can slow the movement of the liquid within the matrix of solid features (as compared to the liquid above the matrix), and only allow that movement to be tangential to the surface. Nevertheless, mobility through the features can depend upon the characteristics of the textured surface, the liquid, and the product. In some instances, the product might draw or otherwise pull the liquid through the features through mixing or evacuation.
- the impregnating or encapsulating liquid included in a liquid- impregnated or liquid-encapsulated surface can become entrained in a contact liquid (e.g., any of the contact liquids described herein), which is contacting the liquid-impregnated or liquid- encapsulated surface.
- a contact liquid e.g., any of the contact liquids described herein
- the definition of "entrainment” hereinafter refers to the loss of the impregnating liquid from the liquid-impregnated surface due to the shear stress of the contact liquid, which may or may not be miscible with the impregnating liquid.
- This shear stress results in a flow of impregnating or encapsulating liquid and any mobile excess liquid at a combined flow rate Qf described before herein, and this causes the liquid to be gradually depleted from the liquid-impregnated or liquid-encapsulated surface.
- the portion of the flow rate of mobile excess liquid is much greater that the portion of the flow rate of fluid trapped by capillary forces or Van der Waals forces, because the capillary forces or Van der Waals forces create a resistance to flow that counters the shear forces provided the contact liquid.
- the impregnating liquid and mobile liquid can be depleted by gradual dissolution into the contact liquid or by evaporation.
- the impregnating liquid can be drained via gravitation forces or buoyant forces (only flowing tangential to the surface).
- gravitation forces or buoyant forces only flowing tangential to the surface.
- the extent of dissolution and/or evaporation of the impregnating liquid can be minimized, the quantity of impregnating liquid entrained in the contact liquid can be reduced, the amount of drainage by gravitational or buoyant forces can be reduced, and/or the impregnating liquid can be continuously or periodically replenished.
- a liquid delivery mechanism can be fluidically coupled to a liquid-impregnated surface and configured to transfer impregnating liquid to interstitial regions between the solid features included in the liquid-impregnated surface.
- the liquid delivery mechanism can include a reservoir of impregnating liquid. The reservoir can be fluidically coupled to the liquid impregnated surface to provide a continuous replenishing supply of the impregnating liquid.
- FIG. 2A shows a liquid-impregnated surface 210a onto which a droplet or blob 211 of a contact liquid is disposed.
- the liquid-impregnated surface 210a has interstitial regions 220a substantially impregnated with impregnating liquid 222, such that the contact area between the droplet 211 and the solid features is reduced and the lubricity of the liquid-impregnated surface 210a is increased relative to the native surface.
- FIG. 2B shows a liquid-impregnated surface 210b onto which the same droplet 211 of liquid is disposed.
- the liquid- impregnated surface 210b has interstitial regions 220b that are only partially filled with the impregnating liquid 222, such that the surface contact area of the droplet 211 is increased and the lubricity of the liquid-impregnated surface 210b is reduced relative to the liquid- impregnated surface 210a, depicted in FIG. 2A.
- FIG. 3A shows a lower- (lower-phi) liquid-impregnated surface for which solid features disposed to the texturing member are substantially submerged or topped by the impregnating liquid, causing there to be a lower surface contact area.
- FIG. 3B shows a lower- ⁇ (higher-phi) liquid-impregnated surface for which solid features disposed to the texturing member significantly extend through the impregnating liquid, increasing the potential surface contact area.
- texturing members with a higher- ⁇ result in a higher roll off angle.
- texturing members with a lower- result in a lower roll off angle.
- the difference between an initial slip length and a second slip length after appreciable depletion of impregnating liquid for the same texturing member and liquid-impregnated surface configuration can be reduced by replenishing the impregnating liquid to the interstitial regions such that impregnating liquid extends appreciably beyond the solid surfaces.
- this replenishing supply of impregnating liquid can be supplied from a fluidically-coupled reservoir.
- communication of the replenishing supply of impregnating liquid from the reservoir to the interstitial regions of the liquid- impregnated surface on the texturing member can be aided by a pumping device. Further, the communication of the replenishing supply of impregnation liquid can be metered.
- the communication of impregnation liquid can be selective and controlled.
- the selective and controlled communication of impregnation liquid can be initiated manually by an operator at pre-set temporal intervals.
- the selective and controlled communication of impregnation liquid can be initiated manually by an operator in response to depletion of impregnation liquid from the interstitial regions, as measured by a relative increase in time needed for the liquid to move across the liquid- impregnated surface.
- the selective and controlled communication of impregnation liquid can be initiated automatically by a programmable logic controller device based upon a sensor, meter, or other feedback device.
- a container can include a liquid-impregnated surface.
- a container 400 includes a native surface 410 that defines an internal region for containing a contact liquid.
- a texturing member 412 is disposed on the native surface 410 and a liquid delivery mechanism 414 is coupled to a portion of the native surface 410 and to a portion of the texturing member 412 such that an impregnating liquid (not shown) can be delivered to the texturing member 412 to create a liquid impregnated surface.
- the texturing member 412 can be substantially similar to the texturing member 12 described above, and therefore is not described in detail herein.
- the liquid delivery mechanism 414 can include a support member 430 configured to be coupled to the native surface 410 of the container 400, and a porous tubular member 431 configured to communicate impregnating liquid to the texturing member 412.
- the support member 430 can be configured to be removably coupled to the container 400.
- the support member 430 can be coupled to the native surface 410 with an adhesive.
- the support member 430 can be coupled to the container 400 using mechanical fasteners (e.g., screws, bolts, clamps, etc.).
- the support member 430 can define a channel (not shown) into which the porous tubular member 431 can be disposed.
- the porous tubular member 431 may have a cross sectional shape is round or not round (e.g. square), or may be porous only on a portion of the tube. In some embodiments the porosity of the tubular member 431 may be random or may be a series of holes. In some embodiments the tubular member 431 may built into the support mechanism as a channel with a porous side, or the support member may have a channel built-in, with a porous cover or membrane covering the channel. In some embodiments, the pore size of for the machined channel is small enough that capillary forces containing the liquid prevent the liquid from flowing out of the porous member, unless the liquid is pressurized above a threshold, breakthrough pressure. In some embodiments the channel 431 may be machined directly into the texturing member, or directly into the native surface 410.
- the liquid delivery mechanism can be fluidically coupled to a reservoir (not shown) containing a supply of the impregnating liquid.
- the communication of a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid is aided by gravitational force due to an elevation difference between the reservoir and the porous tubular member 431.
- the communication of a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid is aided by capillary force due to the dimensions and characteristics of the solid features disposed on the texturing member 412.
- the communication of a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid is aided by a temperature differential due to a difference in temperature between the reservoir and the liquid impregnated surface.
- the communication of a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid is aided by hydraulic pressure from a pumping device, forcing impregnating liquid to flow from the reservoir to the porous tubular member 431.
- the liquid reservoir has a pressure greater than the ambient pressure, or greater than the pressure at of the atmosphere in contact with native surface or the liquid-impregnating or liquid-encapsulated surface or greater than the maximum hydrostatic pressure exhibited by the contact liquid, the greater pressure thereby forcing impregnating liquid to flow from the reservoir to the porous tubular member 431
- gravitation force alone forces the impregnating liquid from the reservoir to porous tubular member 430.
- at least one of a gravitational force, capillary force, temperature differential, hydraulic pressure, or any combination thereof aids the communication of a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid to the liquid-impregnated surface.
- the interstitial regions can be resupplied with the impregnating liquid by condensation of the impregnating liquid from a vapor phase in contact with the liquid-impregnated surface disposed on the texturing member 412.
- the liquid-impregnated surface can be held at a temperature such that the saturation concentration at the temperature of the liquid-impregnated surface is less than the concentration of the impregnating liquid material in the vapor.
- a non- solvent can be added to the impregnating liquid to reduce its solubility below the concentration at which the non-solvent was dissolved.
- the textured member may have holes distributed randomly or uniformly across a portion or all of the surface such that the impregnating or encapsulating liquid can be replenished by conveying it from behind the texturing member through the pores to the liquid-impregnated or liquid encapsulated surface. This approach can reduce the time needed to replenish the surface.
- any impregnating liquid lost from the liquid-impregnating surface can be replaced by a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid from the reservoir, according to some embodiments.
- the impregnating liquid can be communicated from the reservoir to the liquid- impregnated surface in a passive manner, for example, by capillary action, Venturi effect, pressure difference, gravity flow, or any combination thereof.
- an active pumping mechanism can be used to communicate the impregnating liquid from the reservoir to the liquid-impregnated surface.
- Such pumping mechanisms can include, for example, a centrifugal pump, a gravity pump, a siphon pump, a peristaltic pump, a diaphragm pump, syringe pump, an air pump, a vacuum pump, a manual hand pump, any other suitable pumping mechanism, or any combination thereof.
- instrumentation for example, flow valves, flow meters, controllers, PID controllers, pressure gauges, any other instrumentation, or any combination thereof, can be used to control the flow rate of the impregnating liquid to the liquid-impregnated surface.
- the flow rate of the impregnating liquid can be adjusted to ensure that the solid features on the texturing member 412 are completely impregnated with the impregnating liquid.
- the pressure can be controlled, for example, to provide a constant flow at a specific rate of the impregnating liquid to the liquid-impregnated surface.
- the impregnating liquid can also be supplied through nucleation, such as by condensation from a vapor phase, or by direct nucleation of impregnating liquid from a contact liquid solution that includes the impregnating liquid.
- the flow of impregnating liquid can also be osmotically drive, or driven via a concentration gradient.
- the wetting ridge of impregnating liquid in front of the contact liquid can replenish interstitial regions of plurality of features, as it passes over interstitial regions that are partially depleted of impregnating liquid.
- a liquid-impregnated surface can include an impregnating liquid can be a ferromagnetic liquid, i.e., a liquid that has magnetic properties (e.g., an impregnating liquid that includes ferrous or magnetic micro or nano particles).
- the solid features can be magnetic or non-magnetic.
- a magnetic field can be used to stabilize the ferromagnetic impregnating liquid within and/or on the solid features.
- the magnetic field can be configured to maintain a replenishing supply of the ferromagnetic impregnating liquid within the interstitial regions defined by the solid features.
- the magnetic field can magnetically pull an excess volume of the ferromagnetic impregnating liquid over the solid features by dragging the magnetic field over the liquid- impregnated surface.
- the liquid-impregnated surface that includes the ferromagnetic impregnating liquid can be disposed on the inner surface of a side wall of a container.
- the magnetic field can be used to resupply the ferromagnetic impregnating liquid to the inner surface of the container in a rapid manner.
- the container can include a detergent cup, a vessel, a tank, or any other container described herein.
- the magnetic field can be removed such that the replenishing supply of the ferromagnetic impregnating liquid is retained within the interstitial regions defined by the solid features included in the liquid-impregnated surface.
- a magnetic field may be used to separate from the Contact Liquid any of the ferromagnetic fluid that may be entrained or emulsified into the product.
- the liquid can be configured and/or formulated to solidify during the mixing operation.
- the lubricant can have a lower melting point that is lower than both the melting temperature of the product and the ambient temperature .
- the temperature of the wall of the tank can be lowered below the freezing temperature of lubricating (impregnating or encapsulating) liquid, to freeze the liquid in place until the product is ready to be evacuated.
- the temperature of the wall can then be increased back above the lubricating liquid's melting point, so that the frozen impregnating liquid liquefies again and the surface becomes slippery to allow the product to evacuate easily.
- the impregnating liquid can have a lower melting temperature that is lower than the melting temperature of the product, but higher than ambient temperature and when the tank is ready to be evacuated, the tank can be heated to melt the lubricating liquid, and the tank and the liquid reservoir can be heated when the liquid is replenished to the surface.
- the lubricating liquid can be a shear thickening liquid, such that under high shear conditions such as mixing, the lubricating liquid viscosity will increase, and resist being depleted from the surface.
- an external electric field, a heat source, and/or a magnetic field can be applied to the coating to temporarily increase the coating's viscosity and increase its resistance to removal by shear or other external forces.
- an electric field, a heat source, and/or a magnetic field can be applied during evacuation to cause the coating to reduce in viscosity.
- the lubricous liquid can be dissolved or emulsified into a carrier liquid to help transport the lubricating liquid more quickly over the surface, and/or to protect the lubricating liquid from evaporation.
- a carrier fluid or fluid mixture can be selected such that the lubricious liquid is completely or partially miscible or emulsifiable therein.
- the carrier liquid can be chosen that is partially or completely miscible with the product so that after that the carrier fluid dissolves into the product, the lubricating liquid, which is immiscible with the product, and is left behind on the surface.
- any of the impregnating liquid supply systems described herein can also be configured to withdraw impregnating liquid, thereby separating the impregnating liquid from the contact liquid, prior to exiting the pipe.
- This separation device can be placed at the end of a pipe or end of a region of the pipe having the liquid impregnated surface. This can reduce the amount of liquid that is released with the contact liquid at the exit of the pipe.
- the mechanism by which the impregnating liquid is depleted from the surface can be passive (such as through capillarity) or active, such as pumping the liquid away from the surface (e.g., by maintaining a reservoir pressure that is less than the pressure within the pipe).
- the holes can be dimensioned to be sufficiently small to increase the breakthrough pressure (i.e., the pressure differential required to overcome capillary pressure differences).
- the holes could be larger, provided that the plurality of solid features disposed over the holes (e.g., a mesh) have very small pores to increase the breakthrough pressure. It is also desirable that fts(e) ⁇ ⁇ for s denoting a smooth surface of the same material that the interior surface of the separation device is composed of and additionally desirable for for s being the material comprising the plurality of features.
- FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method 80 for forming a liquid-impregnated surface.
- a method 80 of forming a liquid-impregnated surface includes disposing a texturing member, 82, on a native surface. The texturing member is removably disposed on a native surface having a first roll off angle.
- An impregnating liquid is applied to the interstitial regions formed by the solid features on the texturing member, 84, such that the impregnating liquid fills the interstitial regions between the plurality of solid features on the texturing member and forms a second surface having a second roll off angle less than the first roll off angle.
- the impregnating liquid can be applied using spray coating, dip coating, spin coating, pouring, vapor deposition method or through any other method described herein.
- the method further includes reapplying the impregnating liquid to maintain the second roll off angle, 86 of the second surface less than the first roll off angle. This can, for example, maintain the super hydrophobicity or non-wettability of the liquid-impregnated surface.
- the impregnating liquid can be reapplied from a liquid delivery mechanism which can be fluidically coupled with the interstitial regions of the liquid-impregnated surface.
- the liquid delivery mechanism can be fluidically coupled with the interstitial regions by capillary action.
- the liquid delivery mechanism can be fluidically coupled with the interstitial regions by a pressure differential (e .g., a pressure difference created by a pumping mechanism), or any combination thereof.
- a texturing member is disposed on a substrate and an impregnating liquid is disposed on the texturing member to create a liquid impregnated surface.
- the texturing member can be replaced with a substantially smooth member (i.e., little or no texture) and the impregnating liquid can be replaced with an "encapsulating liquid", thereby creating a liquid encapsulated surface.
- the texturing member can be used with an encapsulating liquid.
- the encapsulating liquid can be disposed on a texturing member in excess such that there is a mobile excess layer of liquid above the texture.
- the textured can be engineered such that the textures changes shape and/or size (e.g., increase or decrease) in response to an increase or a decrease in an external field, such as an electric field, magnetic field, heat source, cooling source, or shear stress supplied by the contact fluid, such that that liquid does not completely fill the space between features, deeper within the textures and therefore more protected from depletion from external shear forces, gravity, or evaporation.
- an external field such as an electric field, magnetic field, heat source, cooling source, or shear stress supplied by the contact fluid, such that that liquid does not completely fill the space between features, deeper within the textures and therefore more protected from depletion from external shear forces, gravity, or evaporation.
- the change is size or shape can be triggered to reduced depletion whenever the extra resistance to depletion is desired, (e.g. during mixing in a mixing tank).
- the triggered increase in resistance to depletion can be configured to reduce the slipperiness of the surface, therefore, when slippery properties are preferred over resistance to liquid depletion (such as when a tank is being evacuated) the external field can be reversed to the "untriggered" state, so that that shape/size of the features returns or substantially returns to their original state, thereby restoring the slippery properties.
- the any of the aforementioned external fields can be applied or changed to change a shape in the features to increase the capillary forces holding the liquid to increase resistance to depletion, and then reversed back again when more slipperiness is desired.
- the texture material can be chosen (engineered) such that it the texture achieves the desired response to the any of the external fields.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Abstract
Embodiments, described herein relate generally to devices, systems, and methods for producing lubricious surfaces with enhanced durability and which increase the ease of communication of viscous liquids across the same. The system can include a liquid- encapsulated surface including a substrate, a member coupled to the substrate, and an encapsulating liquid disposed on a surface of the member. In some embodiments, the surface of the member can have a chemistry such that the encapsulating liquid preferentially wets the surface and maintains lubricity in the presence of a contacting phase. In some embodiments, the encapsulating liquid can be substantially immiscible with the contacting phase, and/or can have a thickness of less than about 200 microns and/or can have a receding contact angle of less than 20 degrees in the presence of the contacting phase. In some embodiments, a liquid delivery mechanism can be configured to transfer the encapsulating liquid to the member.
Description
DURABLE LUBRICIOUS SURFACES
Cross-Reference to Related Applications
[0001] This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 62/485, 183, filed April 13, 2017 and titled "Durable Lubricious Surfaces," the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by references in its entirety.
Background
[0002] Embodiments described herein relate generally to devices, systems and methods for producing lubricious surfaces with enhanced durability.
[0003] Viscous liquids are ubiquitous in manufacturing. Often, viscous liquids and semi solids are manufactured or stored in metal tanks and transported through pipes. Other times viscous liquids and semi solids come into contact with non-enclosed surfaces. The interface between viscous liquids and the contact surface of the tank, pipe or other surface is a no-slip boundary, meaning that viscous liquids stick to these surfaces, resulting in costly inefficiencies, including loss of product and costs associated with cleaning tanks and pipes coated with viscous liquids, including but not limited to labor costs and waste-water disposal costs. Under some circumstances, cleaning tanks can result in safety risks for people who have to clean tanks in confined spaces. Engineered surfaces are surfaces dimensioned such that specific characteristics, properties, and interactions occur that otherwise would not likely occur. The advent of micro/nano-engineered surfaces in the last decade has opened up new techniques for enhancing a wide variety of physical phenomena in thermofluids sciences. For example, the use of micro/nano surface textures has provided non-wetting surfaces capable of achieving less viscous drag, reduced adhesion to ice and other materials, self-cleaning, and water repellency. These improvements result generally from diminished contact (i.e., less wetting) between the solid surfaces and adjacent liquids.
[0004] One type of non-wetting surface of interest is a super hydrophobic surface. In general, a super hydrophobic surface includes micro/nano-scale roughness on an intrinsically hydrophobic surface, such as a hydrophobic coating. Super hydrophobic surfaces resist contact with water by virtue of an air-water interface within the micro/nano surface textures that allow for a higher proportion of the surface area beneath the droplet to be air.
[0005] One of the drawbacks of existing non-wetting surfaces (e.g., super hydrophobic,
super oleophobic, and super metallophobic surfaces) is that they are susceptible to impalement, which destroys the non-wetting capabilities of the surface. Impalement occurs when a liquid in contact with the surface displaces the air pockets or air layer that is trapped within the surface textures; i) the air pockets can be collapsed by external wetting pressures (such as when the superhydrophobic surface is exposed to large hydrostatic pressures or impacting liquids), ii) the air pockets can diffuse away into the surrounding liquid, iii) the surface can lose robustness upon damage to the texture, iv) the air pockets may be displaced by low surface tension liquids unless special texture design is implemented, and v) condensation or frost nuclei, which can form at the nanoscale throughout the texture, can completely transform the wetting properties and render the textured surface highly wetting. Previous efforts to prevent impalement have focused on reducing surface texture dimensions from micro-scale to nanoscale, which has had some success in preventing impalement in static or non-industrial environments, though to a lesser extent in dynamic, industrial, and other environments for which surface interactions can be forceful.
[0006] Another drawback with existing non-wetting surfaces is that they are susceptible to ice formation and adhesion. For example, when frost forms on existing super hydrophobic surfaces, the surfaces become hydrophilic. Under freezing conditions, water droplets can stick to the surface, and ice may accumulate. Removal of the ice can be difficult because the ice may interlock with the textures of the surface. Similarly, when these surfaces are exposed to solutions saturated with salts, for example as in desalination or oil and gas applications, scale builds on the surfaces, which results in loss of functionality. Similar limitations of existing non-wetting surfaces include problems with hydrate formation, and formation of other organic or inorganic deposits on the surfaces.
[0007] Thus, there is a need for non-wetting surfaces that are more robust. In particular, there is a need for non-wetting surfaces that are more durable and can maintain slippery properties even after repeated use and when used in more severe manufacturing conditions and other environments.
Summary
[0008] Embodiments, described herein relate generally to devices, systems, and methods for producing lubricious surfaces with enhanced durability and which increase the ease of communication of viscous liquids across the same. In some embodiments, the system can include a liquid-encapsulated surface including a substrate, a member coupled to the substrate,
and an encapsulating liquid disposed on a surface of the member. In some embodiments, the surface of the member can have a chemistry such that the encapsulating liquid preferentially wets the surface and maintains lubricity in the presence of a contacting phase. In some embodiments, the encapsulating liquid can be substantially immiscible with the contacting phase. In some embodiments, the encapsulating liquid can have a thickness of less than about 200 microns and/or a receding contact angle of less than 20 degrees in the presence of the contacting phase. In some embodiments, the system can include a liquid delivery mechanism configured to transfer the encapsulating liquid to the member.
[0009] In some embodiments, a removable member having a plurality of solid features (e.g., micro-scale and/or nano-scale solid features) and/or a predetermined surface chemistry (also referred to as an "engineered surface chemistry") can be disposed on a native surface and impregnated and/or encapsulated with a liquid such that a liquid impregnated surface and/or liquid encapsulated surface is created with enhanced durability. In some embodiments, the plurality of solid features are spaced sufficiently close to contain an impregnating liquid regardless of orientation of the removable texturing member. In some embodiments, the space between the plurality of solid features, bounded by the surface of the removable texturing member, comprise the interstitial regions wherein impregnating liquid is contained. In some embodiments, the removable member can have little or no texture, but carefully chosen surface chemistry (i.e., engineered) such that when combined with an appropriate lubricious liquid the liquid encapsulates the surface of the member. The combination of the surface chemistry of the removable member and the liquid (also referred to as an "encapsulating liquid") results in a stable lubricious film of liquid disposed on the surface of the removable member via strong Van der Waals forces, which can enable a lubricious surface with enhanced durability. In some embodiments, the native surface of the tank, pipeline or other surface feature defines a first surface, having a first roll off angle. In some embodiments, an impregnating or encapsulating liquid is disposed within the interstitial regions through capillary forces, or bonded to the surface as a stable thin film via Van der Waals forces. In some embodiments, the impregnating or encapsulating liquid disposed on the removable member defines a second surface having a second roll off angle less than the first roll off angle. In some embodiments, excess liquid (i.e., any liquid on the surface in excess of what is stabilized by Van der Waals forces or capillary forces), can be disposed on the surface to create a layer of liquid that is mobile above the removable member. In some embodiments, liquid will be mobile over and between the interstitial regions of the removable member. The liquid mobility allows liquid to move tangential to (along) the surface, but capillary forces or Van der Waals forces prevent liquid
from moving normal to (away from) the surface. In some embodiments, the apparatus can include a liquid delivery mechanism comprising a reservoir containing a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid, configured to transfer impregnating or encapsulating liquid on demand to the interstitial regions at a controlled rate.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0010] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an apparatus that includes a liquid-impregnated surface and a liquid delivery mechanism, according to an embodiment.
[0011] FIG. 2A shows a liquid-impregnated surface disposed to a removably-coupled texturing member configured for a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid to be disposed to the interstitial regions in a controlled manner such that the contact surface area
(phi; the fraction of solid/liquid interface where a drop is in contact with the surface) remains minimized over time, according to an embodiment. FIG. 2B shows a liquid-impregnated surface disposed to a removably-coupled textured member not configured for a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid to be disposed to the interstitial regions, such that φι > φι, resulting in a shorter slip length and a larger roll off angle, according to an embodiment.
[0012] FIG. 3A shows a high-phi configuration of a liquid-impregnated surface showing spaces between the textures partially filled and the exposed peaks of the textured member, according to an embodiment. FIG. 3B shows a low-phi configuration of a liquid-impregnated surface, which can be further enhanced by having an additional mobile phase of impregnation liquid or a different liquid that does not displace the impregnation liquid layer disposed to the interface between the liquid-impregnated surface and the contact liquid, according to an embodiment.
[0013] FIG. 4A-4C are schematic illustrations of a portion of a container having a removably-coupled texturing member and a liquid delivery mechanism, according to an embodiment.
[0014] FIG. 5 shows a flow chart illustrating a method for forming a liquid-impregnated surface with enhanced durability using a texturing member, according to an embodiment.
Detailed Description
[0015] Some known engineered surfaces with designed chemistry and roughness, possess
substantial non-wetting (hydrophobic) properties, which can be extremely useful in a wide variety of commercial and technological applications. Some hydrophobic surfaces are inspired by nature, such as for example, the lotus plant which includes air pockets trapped within the micro or nano-textures of the surface, increasing the contact angle of a contact liquid (e.g., water or any other aqueous liquid) disposed on the hydrophobic surface. As long as these air pockets are stable, the surface continues to exhibit hydrophobic behavior. Such known hydrophobic surfaces that include air pockets, however, present certain limitations including, for example: i) the air pockets can be collapsed by external wetting pressures, ii) the air pockets can diffuse away into the surrounding liquid, iii) the surface can lose robustness upon damage to the texture, iv) the air pockets may be displaced by low surface tension liquids unless special texture design is implemented, and v) condensation or frost nuclei, which can form at the nanoscale throughout the texture, can completely transform the wetting properties and render the textured surface highly wetting. These limitations are especially true for engineered surfaces in dynamic, industrial, and severe manufacturing environments.
[0016] Non-wetting surfaces can also be formed by disposing a liquid-impregnated or liquid-encapsulated surface on a substrate. Such liquid-impregnated or liquid-encapsulated surfaces can be non-wetting to any liquid, i.e. omniphobic (e.g. super hydrophobic, super oleophobic, or super metallophobic), can be configured to resist ice and frost formation, and can be highly durable. Liquid-impregnated surfaces can be disposed on any substrate, for example, on the inner surface of pipes, containers, or vessels, and can be configured to present a non-wetting surface to a wide variety of products, for example, food products, pharmaceuticals, over-the-counter drugs, nutraceuticals, health and beauty products, industrial greases, inks, bitumen, cement, adhesives, hazardous waste, consumer products, or any other product, such that the product can be evacuated, detached, or otherwise displaced with substantial ease on the liquid-impregnated surface.
[0017] Liquid-impregnated surfaces described herein, include impregnating liquids that are impregnated into a rough surface that includes a matrix of solid features defining interstitial regions, such that the interstitial regions include pockets of impregnating liquid. The impregnating liquid is configured to wet the solid surface preferentially and adhere to the micro-nano textured member with strong capillary forces, such that the contact liquid has an extremely high advancing contact angle and an extremely low roll off angle (e.g., a roll off angle of about 1 degree and a contact angle of greater than about 100 degrees). This enables
the contact liquid to displace with substantial ease on the liquid-impregnated surface. Therefore, the liquid-impregnated surfaces described herein, provide certain significant advantages over conventional super hydrophobic surfaces including: i) the liquid-impregnated surfaces creates a low hysteresis for the product, ii) such liquid-impregnated surfaces can include self-cleaning properties, iii) can withstand high drop impact pressure (i.e., are wear resistant), iv) can self heal by capillary wicking upon damage, v) can repel a variety of contact liquids, such as semisolids, slurries, mixtures and/or non-Newtonian fluids, for example, water, edible liquids or formulations (e.g., ketchup, catsup, mustard, mayonnaise, syrup, honey, jelly, etc.), environmental fluids (e.g., sewage, rain water), bodily fluids (e.g., urine, blood, stool), or any other fluid (e.g. hair gel, toothpaste), vi) can reduce ice formation, vii) enhance condensation, viii) allow mold release, ix) prevent corrosion, x) reduce ice or gas hydrate adhesion, xi) prevent scaling from salt or mineral deposits, xii) reduce biofouling, and xiii) enhance condensation. Examples of liquid-impregnated surfaces, methods of making liquid- impregnated surfaces and applications thereof, are described in U.S. Patent No. 8,574,704, entitled "Liquid-Impregnated Surfaces, Methods of Making, and Devices Incorporating the Same," filed August 16, 2012, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. Examples of materials used for forming the solid features on the surface, impregnating liquids, and applications involving edible contact liquids, are described in U.S. Patent No. 8,535,779, entitled "Self-Lubricating Surfaces for Food Packaging and Food Processing Equipment," issued September 17, 2013, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. Examples of non-toxic liquid-impregnated surfaces are described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/878,481, (the '481 application) entitled "Non-toxic Liquid- Impregnated Surfaces", filed September 16, 2013, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. Examples of lubricious liquid surfaces and methods of forming liquid surface films on the interior surfaces of containers, are described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015/0079315 entitled "Articles and Methods for Forming Liquid Films on Surfaces, in Devices Incorporating the Same," filed September 17, 2014, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
[0018] In some cases, the impregnating liquid included in the liquid-impregnated surface can get displaced from within the interstitial regions defined by the solid features included in the liquid-impregnated surface. For example, the shearing force exerted on the liquid- impregnated surface from a bulk fluid (e.g., a non-Newtonian fluid) flowing over the liquid- impregnated surface can shear the impregnating liquid from the liquid-impregnated surface.
This can lead to gradual loss of the impregnating liquid and can lead to a decrease in the non- wetting performance of the liquid-impregnated surface.
[0019] Embodiments of a liquid-impregnated surface utilizing a texturing member, described herein, include articles, systems and methods configured to provide a replenishing supply of the impregnating liquid to the liquid-impregnated surface. This can ensure that any volume of the impregnating liquid lost from the liquid-impregnated surface is replaced with fresh impregnating liquid such that the non-wetting properties of the liquid-impregnated surface are maintained. Thus, the liquid-impregnated surfaces described herein can have enhanced durability and long lifetime. The liquid-impregnated or liquid-encapsulated surfaces described herein can be used in systems where a continuous flow or repeated flow of a liquid is desired over extended periods of times, for example, process tubes, pipes, conduits, vessels, multi-use containers, or any other article or container.
[0020] In some embodiments, a system including a lubricious surface can be used to increase the ease of communication of viscous liquids across the same. In some embodiments, the system can include a liquid-encapsulated surface including a substrate, a member coupled to the substrate, and an encapsulating liquid disposed on a surface of the member. In some embodiments, the surface of the member can have a chemistry such that the encapsulating liquid preferentially wets the surface and maintains lubricity in the presence of a contacting phase. In some embodiments, the encapsulating liquid can be substantially immiscible with the contacting phase. In some embodiments, the encapsulating liquid can have a thickness of less than about 200 microns and/or a receding contact angle of less than 20 degrees in the presence of the contacting phase. In some embodiments, the system can include a liquid delivery mechanism configured to transfer the encapsulating liquid to the member. In some embodiments, the member can be configured to be removably coupled to the substrate. In some embodiments, the member can include an adhesive backing configured to be removably coupled to the substrate. In some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism can include a porous tubular member configured to transfer a controlled volume of the encapsulating liquid to the member. In some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism includes a reservoir configured to contain a supply of encapsulating liquid. In some embodiments, the reservoir can be operably coupled and/or fluidically coupled to the member such that a supply of encapsulating liquid can flow to the member (e.g., onto a surface of the member). In some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism can include a pumping mechanism configured to
transfer encapsulating liquid from the reservoir to the member. In some embodiments, the surface of the member can have little or no texture. In other words, in some embodiments, the surface of the member can be substantially smooth.
[0021] In some embodiments, the system can include a liquid-impregnated surface that includes a substrate and a texturing member coupled to the substrate. In some embodiments, the texturing member can include a plurality of solid features defining interstitial regions between the plurality of solid features. In some embodiments, an impregnating liquid can be disposed in the interstitial regions. In some embodiments, the interstitial regions can be dimensioned and configured to remain impregnated by the impregnating liquid through capillarity. In some embodiments, a liquid delivery mechanism can be configured to transfer the impregnating liquid to the interstitial regions. In some embodiments, the texturing member can be configured to be removably coupled to the substrate. In some embodiments, the texturing member can include an adhesive backing configured to be removably coupled to the substrate. In some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism can include a porous tubular member configured to transfer a controlled volume of the impregnating liquid to the interstitial regions. In some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism can include a reservoir configured to contain a supply of impregnating liquid, the reservoir fluidically coupled to the interstitial regions such that a supply of impregnating liquid can flow into the interstitial regions by capillary action. In some embodiments, the reservoir containing the supply of impregnating liquid can have a higher pressure than the interstitial regions such that the supply of impregnating liquid is forced into the interstitial regions by the pressure differential. In some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism can include a pumping mechanism configured to transfer impregnating liquid from the reservoir to the interstitial regions.
[0022] In some embodiments, the system can include a container having an interior surface defining an interior region configured to contain the liquid. In some embodiments, the texturing member can be disposed on the interior surface, the texturing member having a plurality of solid features defining interstitial regions between the plurality of solid features. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid can be disposed in the interstitial regions, the interstitial regions dimensioned and configured such that capillary forces retain the impregnating liquid in the interstitial regions. In some embodiments, the system can include a liquid delivery mechanism configured to transfer the impregnating liquid to the interstitial regions. In some embodiments, the texturing member can be a liner configured to be disposed
in the container. In some embodiments, the interior surface of the container is a first surface having a first roll off angle. In some embodiments, a second surface, formed at least in part by the texturing member and the impregnating liquid, has a second roll off angle less than the first roll off angle. In some embodiments, the second surface has an emerged area fraction φ in a range of 0 < φ < 0.25. In some embodiments, the emerged area fraction can be 0.01 < φ < 0.25. In some embodiments, the second surface can have a spreading coefficient Soew < 0. In some embodiments, the texturing member has a Wenzel roughness greater than about 1.01.
[0023] In some embodiments, the system can include a container having an interior surface defining an interior region configured to contain the contact liquid, a texturing member disposed on the interior surface, and an impregnating liquid disposed on the texturing member. In some embodiments, the system can include a liquid delivery mechanism configured to transfer the impregnating liquid to the texturing member. In some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism can include a porous tubular member configured to transfer a volume of the impregnating liquid to the texturing member. In some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism can include a support member coupled to the interior surface of the container. In some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism can define a channel configured to receive the porous tubular member. In some embodiments, the support member can be disposed about the circumference of the container. In some embodiments, the contact liquid can include but is not limited to at least one of a food, cosmetic, cement, asphalt, tar, ice cream, egg yolk, water, alcohol, mercury, gallium, refrigerant, toothpaste, paint, peanut butter, jelly, jam, mayonnaise, ketchup, mustard, condiment, laundry detergent, consumer product, gasoline, petroleum product, oil, biological fluid, blood, and plasma.
[0024] In some embodiments, a texturing member is configured to be removably coupled to a first surface, thereby creating a second surface. The texturing member includes a plurality of solid features, such that interstitial regions are defined between the plurality of solid features. An impregnating liquid is disposed in the interstitial regions and the interstitial regions are dimensioned and configured such that the impregnating liquid is retained in the interstitial regions through capillarity. The impregnating liquid disposed in the interstitial regions defines a third surface that has a roll off angle less than the roll off angle of the first surface. In some embodiments, the apparatus can include a liquid delivery mechanism configured to transfer impregnating liquid to the interstitial regions.
[0025] In some embodiments, the first surface can be considered a native surface. In some
embodiments, the texturing member comprises an adhesive surface configured to be removable coupled to the native surface. In other words, the texturing member can be affixed to the native surface for a period of time when it is desirable to modify the lubricity of the native surface, but can then be removed at a later time to return the native surface to its original condition and original degree of lubricity.
[0026] In some embodiments, the texturing member includes a plurality of solid features configured and dimensioned such that the spaces between solid features define the interstitial regions. The impregnating liquid is disposed in the interstitial spaces and is retained in the interstitial regions through capillarity, thereby forming the liquid impregnated surface. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid and portions of the texturing member collectively define the liquid impregnated surface. In some embodiments, the liquid impregnated surface includes a mobile excess layer of impregnating liquid. In some embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surface is fluidically coupled to a reservoir such that a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid can be communicated to the interstitial regions.
[0027] In some embodiments, a method of forming a liquid-impregnated surface includes disposing a texturing member on a substrate (also referred to as a native surface) . The texturing member includes a plurality of solid features configured and dimensioned such that the space between solid features defines interstitial regions. In some embodiments, the texturing member is fluidically coupled to a separate and distinct reservoir, the reservoir containing a replenishing supply of impregnation liquid. In some embodiments, the interstitial regions are configured and dimensioned such that the replenishing supply of impregnation liquid is communicated to the interstitial regions of the liquid-impregnated surface through capillary action. In some embodiments, the replenishing supply of impregnation liquid is communicated to the interstitial regions through hydraulic pressure exerted by a pumping mechanism. In some embodiments, an impregnating liquid is applied to the texturing member disposed to a first surface with a first roll off angle such that the impregnating liquid fills the interstitial regions between the plurality of solid features and forms a second surface having a second roll off angle less than the first roll off angle. The method further includes reapplying the impregnating liquid to maintain the second roll off angle of the second surface less than the first roll off angle. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid can be applied from a multi-phase liquid in contact with the impregnating liquid disposed in the interstitial regions. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid is reapplied through capillary action from a replenishing
supply of impregnation liquid mixed with the contact liquid. In some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism is in fluid communication with the interstitial regions by at least one of the following: capillary action, pressure differential, temperature differential, concentration and/or surface tension gradients.
[0028] As used herein, the term "about" and "approximately" generally mean plus or minus 10% of the value stated, for example about 250 μm would include 225 μm to 275 μm, about 1,000 μm would include 900 μm to 1, 100 μm.
[0029] As used herein, the term "contact liquid", "bulk material, and "product" are used interchangeably to refer to a solid or liquid that flows, for example a non-Newtonian fluid, a Bingham fluid, a high viscosity fluid, or a thixotropic fluid and is contact with a liquid- impregnated surface, unless otherwise stated.
[0030] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic block diagram of an apparatus 1 that includes a native surface 10, texturing member 12, and a liquid delivery mechanism 14. The texturing member 12 includes a plurality of solid features 112 and an impregnating liquid 120 that define a liquid impregnated surface 111. The liquid-impregnated surface 111 can be in contact with a contact liquid CL, such that the contact liquid CL can easily move over the liquid-impregnated surface 111. In other words the liquid-impregnated surface 111 modifies surface properties of the native surface 10 such that the contact liquid CL can more easily flow over the liquid impregnated surface 11 when compared to the native surface 10. The liquid delivery mechanism 14 is configured to transfer the impregnating liquid to the liquid-impregnated surface 111, as described herein.
[0031] The native surface 10 can be any surface that is configured to contact a contact liquid. For example, in some embodiments, the native surface 10 can be an inner surface of a container and can have a first roll off angle, for example, a roll off angle of a contact liquid CL (for example, a consumer product, laundry detergent, cough syrup, an edible contact liquid, an industrial liquid, or any other contact liquid described herein). The native surface 10 can be a flat surface, for example an inner surface of a prismatic container, silicon wafer, glass wafer, a table top, a wall, a wind shield, a ski goggle screen, or a contoured surface, for example, a container (e.g. a beverage container), a propeller, a pipe, a tube, an inner surface, of a circular, oblong, rectangular, elliptical, oval or otherwise contoured container.
[0032] In some embodiments, the native surface 10 can be an inner surface of a container.
The container can include any suitable container such as, for example, tubes, bottles, vials, flasks, molds, jars, tubs, cups, caps, glasses, pitchers, barrels, bins, totes, tanks, kegs, tubs, totes, vessels, syringes, tins, pouches, lined boxes, hoses, cylinders, and cans. In such embodiments, the container can be constructed in almost any desirable shape. In some embodiments, the container can be constructed of rigid or flexible materials. Foil -lined or polymer-lined cardboard or paper boxes can also be used to form the container. In some embodiments, the native surface 10 can include a surface of hoses, piping, conduit, nozzles, syringe needles, dispensing tips, lids, pumps, and other surfaces for containing, transporting, or dispensing the contact liquid CL. In some embodiments, the native surface 10 can be formed from any suitable material including, for example plastic, glass, metal, alloys, ceramics, coated fibers, any other material, or combinations thereof. Suitable surfaces can include, for example, polystyrene, nylon, polypropylene, wax, fluorinated wax, natural waxes, siliconyl waxes, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, poly propylene carbonate, poly imide, polyethylene, polyurethane, graphene, polysulphone, polyethersulfone, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), fluorinated ethylenepropylene copolymer (FEP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), perfluoroalkoxytetrafluoroethylene copolymer (PFA), perfluoromethyl vinylether copolymer (MFA), ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), perfluoropolyether(PFPE), polychlorotetrafluoroethylene (PCTFE), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), polyethyleneglycol (PEG), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Polylactic acid (PLA), Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), Tecnoflon cellulose acetate, poly(acrylic acid), poly(propylene oxide), Dsorbitol, erythritol, xylitol, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, and polycarbonate.
[0033] In some embodiments, the texturing member 12 is disposed on the native surface 10. In some embodiments, the texturing member 12 is coupled to the native surface 10 with an adhesive. In some embodiments, the texturing member 12 has an adhesive backing. In some embodiments, the texturing member 12 is removably coupled to the native surface 10. As described herein, the texturing member 12 includes a plurality of solid features 112 that define interstitial regions between the plurality of solid features 112. In some embodiments, the solid features 112 can be posts, spheres, micro/nano needles, nanograss, pores, grooves, cavities, interconnected pores, inter connected cavities, a mesh, any other random or nonrandom geometry that provides a micro and/or nano surface roughness. In some embodiments, the height of the solid features 112 can be about 5 μm, 10 μm, 20 μm, 30 μm,
40 μm, 50 μm, 60 μm, 70 μm, 80 μm, 90 μm, 100 μm, 200 μm, 300 μm, 400 μm, 500 μm, 600 μm, 700 μm, 800 μm, 900 μm, up to about 1 mm, inclusive of all ranges therebetween, or any other suitable height for receiving the impregnating liquid 120. In some embodiments, the height of the solids features 112 can be less than about 1 μm. For example, in some embodiments, the solid features 112 can have a height of about 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm 40 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, or about 1,000 nm, inclusive of all ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the height of solid features 112 can be substantially uniform. In some embodiments, the height of solid features 112 can be less than substantially uniform. In some embodiments, the height of solid features 112 can be substantially non-uniform. In some embodiments, the diameter or width of solid features 112 can be substantially uniform. In some embodiments, the diameter of solid features 112 can be less than substantially uniform. In some embodiments, the diameter of solid features 112 can be substantially non-uniform. In some embodiments, the solid features 112 can have a wenzel roughness "r" greater than about 1.01, 1.05, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.5, 3, 5, or about 10. In some embodiments, the solid features 112 can have an interstitial spacing, for example, in the range of about 1 μm to about 100 μm, or about 1 nm to about 1 μm. In some embodiments, the texturing member 12 can have hierarchical features, for example, micro-scale features that further include nano-scale features thereupon. In some embodiments, the native surface 10 can be isotropic. In some embodiments, the native surface 10 can be anisotropic.
[0034] In some embodiments, the texturing member can be a film. In some embodiments, the texturing member can be a film with adhesive backing such that the texturing member can be applied directly to the native surface and then removed at a later time. In some embodiments, the texturing member can be a thin film, to which an adhesive or bonding member can be applied, such that the texturing member can be coupled to the native surface. In some embodiments, the coupling of the texturing member to the native surface can be facilitated by a crosslinking agent. In some embodiments, the coupling of the texturing member to the native surface can be facilitated by applying thermal energy.
[0035] In some embodiments, the disposition of the texturing member to the native surface can be facilitated by at least one of mechanical stretching, mechanical expansion, pneumatic expansion, chemical reaction, electromagnetic interaction, phase-inversion, gravitational force, centrifugal force, shear force, compressive force, tensile force, frictional force, air or fluid
forces, electrical force, magnetic force, spring force, any other process. In some embodiments, the texturing member can be pre-treated prior to disposition to the native surface such that it retains at least one of residual stress, stored energy, other potential energies, or any combination thereof, in order to facilitate the creation of the texturing member during or after disposition of the texturing member to the native surface or to facilitate the adhesion of the texturing member to the native surface.
[0036] In some embodiments, the texturing member can be a part of a pre-formed structure . In some embodiments, the texturing member can be a drop-in liner. In some embodiments, the texturing member can be a scaffolding device. In some embodiments, the texturing member can be a fabric. In some embodiments, the texturing member can be formed or created and then disposed on the native surface. In some embodiments, the texturing member can be applied to the native surface, removed from the native surface, and reapplied to the same native surface or another native surface. In some embodiments, the texturing member can be applied, removed, and then reapplied any number of times without causing degradation of the native surface or texting member.
[0037] In some embodiments, the surface energy of the native surface 10 and/or the the texturing member 12 can be modified, for example, to enhance the adhesion of the texturing member 12 to the native surface 10. In some embodiments, such surface modification processes can include, for example, sputter coating, silane treatment, fluoro-polymer treatment, anodization, passivation, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, oxygen plasma treatment, electric arc treatment, thermal treatment, any other suitable surface chemistry modification process or combination thereof.
[0038] In some embodiments, the solid features 112 can include micro-scale features such as, for example posts, pillars, spheres, nano-needles, pores, cavities, interconnected pores, grooves, ridges, spikes, peaks, interconnected cavities, bumps, mounds, particles, particle agglomerations, or any other random geometry that provides a micro and/or nano surface roughness. In some embodiments, the solid features 1 12 can include particles that have micro- scale or nano-scale dimensions which can be randomly or uniformly dispersed on a surface. Characteristic spacing between the solid features 112 can be about 1 mm, about 900 μm, about 800 μm, about 700 μm, about 600 μm, about 500 μm, about 400, μm, about 300 μm, about 200 μm, about 100 μm, about 90 μm, about 80 μm, about 70 μm, about 60 μm, about 50 μm, about 40 μm, about 30 μm, about 20 μm, about 10 μm, about 5 μm, 1 μm, or 100 nm, about 90 nm,
about 80 nm, about 70 nm, about 60 nm, about 50 nm, about 40 nm, about 30 nm, about 20 nm, about 10 nm, or about 1 nm. In some embodiments, characteristic spacing between the solid features 112 can be in the range of about 100 μm to about 100 nm, about 30 μm to about 1 μm, or about 10 μm to about 1 μm. In some embodiments, characteristic spacing between solid features 112 can be in the range of about 100 μm to about 80 μm, about 80 μm to about 50 μm, about 50 μm to about 30 μm, about 30 μm to about 10 μm, about 10 μm to about 1 μm, about 1 μm to about 90 nm, about 90 nm to about 70 nm, about 70 nm to about 50 nm, about 50 nm to about 30 nm, about 30 nm, to about lOnm, or about 10 nm to about 1 nm, inclusive of all ranges therebetween.
[0039] In some embodiments, the solid features 112, for example solid particles can have an average dimension of about 200 μm, about 100 μm, about 90 μm, about 80 μm, about 70 μm, about 60 μm, about 50 μm, about 40 μm, about 30 μm, about 20 μm, about 10 μm, about 5 μm, 1 μm, about 100 nm, about 90 nm, about 80 nm, about 70 nm, about 60 nm, about 50 nm, about 40 nm, about 30 nm, about 20 nm, about 10 nm, or about 1 nm. In some embodiments, the average dimension of the solid features 112 can be in the range of about 100 μm to about 100 nm, about 30 μm to about 10 μm, or about 20 μm to about 1 μm. In some embodiments, the average dimension of the solid feature 112 can be in the range of about 100 μm to about 80 μm, about 80 μm to about 50 μm, about 50 μm to about 30 μm, or about 30 μm to about 10 μm, or 10 μm to about 1 μm, about 1 μm to about 90 nm, about 90 nm to about 70 nm, about 70 nm to about 50 nm, about 50 nm to about 30 nm, about 30 nm, to about lOnm, or about 10 nm to about 1 nm, inclusive of all ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the height of the solid features 112 can be substantially uniform. In some embodiments, the surface of the texturing member 12 can have hierarchical features. For example, the solid features 112 can include micro-scale features that further include nano-scale features disposed thereupon or therein.
[0040] In some embodiments, the solid features 112 (e.g., particles) can be porous. In some embodiments, characteristic pore size (e.g., pore widths or lengths) of particles can be about 5,000 nm, about 3,000 nm, about 2,000 nm, about 1,000 nm, about 500 nm, about 400 nm, about 300 nm, about 200 nm, about 100 nm, about 80 nm, about 50 nm, about 10 nm, or about lnm inclusive of all ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, characteristic pore size can be in the range of about 200 nm to about 2 μm, or about 10 nm to about 1 μm inclusive of all ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, controlling the pore size, the length of pores, and
the number of pores can allow for greater control of the impregnating liquid flow rates, product flow rates, and overall material yield.
[0041] In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 is disposed on the surface of the texturing member 12 such that the impregnating liquid 120 impregnates the interstitial regions defined by the plurality of solid features 112, for example, pores, cavities, or otherwise inter- feature spacing defined by the surface of the texturing member 12 such that no air remains in the interstitial regions. The interstitial regions can be dimensioned and configured such that the surface remains impregnated by impregnating liquid 120 through capillarity. The impregnating liquid 120 disposed in the interstitial regions of the plurality of solid features 112 is configured to define a liquid-impregnated surface 111 such that a second roll off angle less than the first roll of angle (i.e., the roll of angle of the unmodified native surface 10). In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 can have a viscosity at room temperature of less than about 1,000 cP, for example about 1 cP, 10 cP, 20 cP, 50 cP, about 100 cP, about 150 cP, about 200 cP, about 300 cP, about 400 cP, about 500 cP, about 600 cP, about 700 cP, about 800 cP, about 900 cP, or about 1,000 cP, inclusive of all ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 can have viscosity of less than about 1 cP, for example, about 0.1 cP, 0.2 cP, 0.3 cP, 0.4 cP, 0.5 cP, 0.6 cP, 0.7 cP, 0.8 cP, 0.9 cP, or about 0.99 cP, inclusive of all ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 can fill the interstitial regions defined by the solid features 112 such that the impregnating liquid 120 forms a layer at least about 5 nm thick above the plurality of solid features 112 of the texturing member 12. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 forms a layer at least about 100 nm thick above the plurality of solid features 112 of the texturing member 12. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 forms a layer at least about 1 um thick above the plurality of solid features 112 of the texturing member 12. In some embodiments, the plurality of solid features can have an average roughness, Ra, less than 0.8 um, for example, in compliance with the rules and regulations of a regulatory body (e.g., the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)).
[0042] The impregnating liquid 120 may be disposed in the interstitial regions defined by the solid features 112 using any suitable means. For example, the impregnating liquid 120 can be sprayed (e.g., air spray, thermal spray, plasma spray) or brushed onto the texturing member 12. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 can be applied to the texturing member 12 by filling or partially filling a container that contains the texturing member 12 within the
volume of the container that is filled or partially filled. The excess impregnating liquid 120 is then removed from the container. In some embodiments, the excess impregnating liquid 120 can be removed by adding a wash liquid (e.g., water, surfactants, acids, bases, solvents, etc.), or a heated wash liquid to the container to collect or extract the excess liquid from the container or flowing the wash liquids over the surface of the container. In some embodiments, the excess impregnating liquid may be mechanically removed (e .g., pushed off the surface of the texturing member 12 with a solid object or fluid), absorbed off of the surface of the texturing member 12 using another porous material, or removed from the texturing member 12 via gravity or centrifugal forces. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 can be disposed by spinning the texturing member 12 (e.g., a container) in contact with the liquid (e.g., a spin coating process), and condensing the impregnating liquid 120 onto the surface of the texturing member 12. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 is applied by depositing a solution with the impregnating liquid and one or more volatile liquids (e.g., via any of the previously described methods) and evaporating away the one or more volatile liquids. In some embodiments, the solid materials may be removed in a wash process, and reapplied after the wash process.
[0043] In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 can be applied using a spreading liquid that spreads or pushes the impregnating liquid along the surface of the texturing member 12. For example, the impregnating liquid 120 (e.g., ethyl oleate) and spreading liquid (e.g., water) may be combined in a container and agitated or stirred. The fluid flow within the container may distribute the impregnating liquid 120 around the container as it impregnates the solid features 112.
[0044] In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 included in the liquid- impregnated surface 111, or impregnating liquid communicated to the liquid-impregnated surface 111, for example, from the liquid delivery mechanism 14, can be saturated with the material that the solid features 112 (e.g., any of the solid features described herein) are comprised of, such that the solid features 112 do not dissolve into the impregnating liquid 120.
[0045] In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 can include silicone oil, fisheyes remover/eliminator, KE215-HP, Transtar 6737, Eastwood fish eye eliminator, a polydimethylsiloxane, a fluorosurfactant in combination with a polar liquid such as Dupont Capstone Fluorosurfactant FS-22, FS-30, FS-31, and FS-34, a fluorosilicone such as DOW Corning® FS 1265 fluid, siltech fluorosil, liquids that are emulsions such as a mineral oil-PFPE
emulsion, PFPE-PEG emulsion, etc., a perfluorocarbon liquid, fluorinated vacuum oil, halogenated vacuum oil, greases, lubricants, (such as Krytox 1506 or Fromblin 06/6), a fluorinated coolant (e.g., perfluoro-tripentylamine sold as FC-70, manufactured by 3M), a high temperature heat transfer fluid (e.g. Galden HT, Novec fluids, etc.), an ionic liquid, a fluorinated ionic liquid that is immiscible with water, a silicone oil comprising PDMS, a fluorinated silicone oil such as, for example polyfluorosiloxane, or polyorganosiloxanes, a liquid metal, a synthetic oil, a vegetable oil, derivative of a vegetable oil, a mono- di- or triglyceride, an electro-rheological fluid, a magneto-rheological fluid, a ferro-fluid, a dielectric liquid, a hydrocarbon liquid such as mineral oil, polyalphaolefins (PAO), fluorinated glycine, fluorinated ethers, or other synthetic hydrocarbon co-oligomers, a fluorocarbon liquid, for example, polyphenyl ether (PPE), perfluoropolyether (PFPE), or perfluoroalkanes, a refrigerant, a vacuum oil, a phase-change material, a semi-liquid, polyalkylene glycol, esters of saturated fatty and dibasic acids, polyurea, grease, synovial fluid, bodily fluid, any other aqueous fluid, any other fluid, any other impregnating liquid described herein, any other suitable fluid, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 can include an ionic liquid. Such ionic impregnating liquids can include, for example, tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene ), phenyl isothiocyanate (phenyl mustard oil), bromo benzene, iodobenzene, obromotoluene, alpha-chloronaphthalene, alpha-bromonaphthalene, acetylene tetrabromide, l-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (BMim), tribromohydrin (1,2,3-tribromopropane ), tetradecane, cyclohexane, ethylene dibromide, carbon disulfide, bromoform, methylene iodide (diiodomethane), stanolax, Squibb's liquid petrolatum, p-bromotoluene, monobromobenzene, perchloroethylene, MCT oil, carbon disulfide, phenyl mustard oil, monoiodobenzene, triacetin, triglyceride of citric acid, alpha-monochloro-naphthalene, acetylene tetrabromide, aniline, butyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, n-heptyl alcohol, cresol, oleic acid, linoleic acid, amyl phthalate, any other ionic liquid and any combination thereof.
[0046] In some embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can include non-toxic materials, for example impregnating liquid 120 and/or solid features 112 (e.g., solid particles used to form solid features such as, for example, wax) which are non-toxic to humans and/or animals. Such non-toxic liquid-impregnated surfaces can thereby be disposed on surfaces, for example the texturing member 12, which are configured to house products formulated for human use or consumption. Such products can include, for example food products, drugs (e.g., FDA approved drugs), or health and beauty products.
[0047] In some embodiments, any solvents used in the processing of any components of the liquid-impregnated surface 111, for example the solid surface, may remain in the liquid- impregnated surface in some concentration, and thus the solvents can also be chosen to be nontoxic. Examples of solvents that are non-toxic in residual quantities include ethyl acetate, ethanol, or any other non-toxic solvent.
[0048] The non-toxicity requirements can vary depending upon the intended use of the product in contact with the liquid-impregnated surface. For example, liquid-impregnated surfaces configured to be used with food products or products classified as drugs would be required to have a much higher level of non-toxicity when compared with products meant to contact only the oral mucosa (e.g., toothpaste, mouth wash, etc.), or applied topically such as, for example, health and beauty products (e.g., hair gel, shampoo, cosmetics, etc.).
[0049] In some embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can include materials that are a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved direct or indirect food additive, an FDA approved food contact substance, satisfy FDA regulatory requirements to be used as a food additive or food contact substance, and/or is an FDA GRAS material. Examples of such materials can be found within the FDA Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, located at
the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. In some embodiments, the components of the liquid-impregnated surface 111, for example the impregnating liquid, can exist as a component of the food product disposed within the container. In some embodiments, the components of the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can include a dietary supplement or ingredient of a dietary supplement. The components of the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can also include an FDA approved food additive or color additive. In some embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can include materials that exist naturally in, or are derived from plants and animals. In some embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surface 111 for use with food products includes solids or impregnating liquid that is flavorless or have a high flavor threshold of below 500 ppm, are odorless or have high odor threshold, and/or are substantially transparent.
[0050] In some embodiments, the materials included in the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can include an FDA approved drug ingredient, for example any ingredient included in the FDA's database of approved drugs, the entire contents of
which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the liquid- impregnated surface 111 can include materials that satisfy FDA requirements to be used in drugs or are listed within the FDA's National Drug Discovery Code Directory, "http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ndc/default.cfm", the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the materials can include inactive drug ingredients of an approved drug product as listed within FDA's database, "http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ndc/default.cfm", the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the materials can include any materials that satisfy the requirement of materials that can be used in liquid-impregnated surfaces configured to be used with food products, and/or include a dietary supplement or ingredient of a dietary supplement.
[0051] In such embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can include materials which are FDA approved and satisfy FDA drug requirements, as listed within the FDA's National Drug Discovery Code Directory, and can also include FDA approved health and beauty ingredient, that satisfy FDA requirements for materials used in health and beauty products, satisfies FDA regulatory laws included in the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), or the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA).
[0052] In some embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can include materials that are an FDA approved health and beauty ingredient, that satisfy FDA requirements for materials used in health and beauty products, satisfies FDA regulatory laws included in the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), or the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA). In some embodiments, the materials can include a flavor or a fragrance.
[0053] In some embodiments, the materials included in the liquid-impregnated surfaces 111 described can be flavorless or have high flavor thresholds below 500 ppm, and can be odorless or have a high odor threshold. In some embodiments, the materials included in the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can be substantially transparent. For example, the solid features 112 or impregnating liquid 120 can be selected so that they have substantially the same or similar indices of refraction. By matching their indices of refraction, they may be optically matched to reduce light scattering and improve light transmission. For example, by utilizing materials that have similar indices of refraction and have a clear, transparent property, a surface having substantially transparent characteristics can be formed. In some embodiments, the materials included in the liquid-impregnated surface 111 are organic or derived from
organically-grown products. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 can include one or more additives. The additive can be configured, for example, to reduce the viscosity, vapor pressure, or solubility of the impregnating liquid. In some embodiments, the additive can be configured to increase the chemical stability of the liquid-impregnated surface 111, for example, the additive can be an anti-oxidant configured to inhibit oxidation of the liquid- impregnated surface. In some embodiments, the additive can be added to reduce or increase the freezing point of the liquid. In some embodiments, the additive can be configured to reduce the diffusivity of oxygen or CC through the liquid-impregnated surface 111 or enable the liquid-impregnated surface 111 to absorb more ultra violet (UV) light, for example protect the product (e.g., any of the products described herein), disposed within a container on which the non-toxic liquid-impregnated surface 111 is disposed. In some embodiments, the additive can be configured to provide an intentional odor, for example a fragrance (e.g., smell of flowers, fruits, plants, freshness, scents, etc.). In some embodiments, the additive can be configured to provide color to the liquid-impregnated surface 111 and can include, for example a dye, or an FDA approved color additive. In some embodiments, the non-toxic liquid-impregnated surface 111 includes an additive that can be released into the product, for example, a flavor or a preservative.
[0054] In some embodiments, the materials included in any of the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can be organic or derived from organically-grown products. For example, the impregnating liquid 120 can include organic liquids that are often or sometimes non-toxic. Such organic liquids can, for example, include materials that fall within the following classes: lipids, vegetable oils (e.g., olive oil, light olive oil, corn oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, linseed oil, grapeseed oil, flaxseed oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, palm oil, coconut oil, or sunflower oil), fats, fatty acids, derivatives of vegetable oils or fatty acids, esters, terpenes, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, alcohols, and fatty acid alcohols, inclusive of all combinations thereof. Examples of vegetable oils suitable for use as impregnating liquid 120 are described in Gunstone, F., "Vegetable Oils in Food Technology: Composition, Properties and Uses: 2nd Ed.", Wiley, John and Sons Inc. , Pub. May 2011, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
[0055] In some embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surface 111 described herein can include organic solids and/or liquids that are non-toxic and fall within the following classes: lipids, waxes, fats, fibers, cellulose, derivatives of vegetable oils, esters (such as esters of fatty
acids), terpenes, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, alcohols, fatty acid alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, proteins, sugars, salts, minerals, vitamins, carbonate, ceramic materials, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, acyl halides, carbonates, carboxylates, carboxylic acids, methoxies, hydroperoxides, peroxides, ethers, hemiacetals, hemiaketals, acetals, ketals, orthoesters, orthocarbonate esters, phospholipids, lecithins, any other organic material or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, any of the non-toxic liquid-impregnated surfaces described herein can include non-toxic materials that are boron, phosphorous, or sulfur containing compound. Some examples of food-safe impregnating liquids are MCT (medium chain triglyceride) oil, ethyl oleate, methyl laurate, propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, or vegetable oil, glycerine, squalene, or vegetable oils. In some embodiments, any of the nontoxic liquid-impregnated surfaces can include inorganic materials, for example ceramics, metals, metal oxides, silica, glass, plastics, any other inorganic material or combination thereof. In some embodiments, any of the non-toxic liquid-impregnated surfaces described herein can include, for example preservatives, sweeteners, color additives, flavors, spices, flavor enhancers, fat replacers, and components of formulations used to replace fats, nutrients, emulsifiers, surfactants, bulking agents, cleansing agents, depilatories, stabilizers, emulsion stabilizers, thickeners, flavor or fragrance, an ingredient of a flavor or fragrance, binders, texturizers, humectants, pH control agents, acidulants, leavening agents, anti-caking agents, anti-dandruff agents, anti-microbial agents, antiperspirants, anti-seborrheic agents, astringents, bleaching agents, denaturants, depilatories, emollients, foaming agents, hair conditioning agents, hair fixing agents, hair waving agents, absorbents, anti-corrosive agents, anti-foaming agents, anti-oxidants, anti-plaque agents, anti-static agents, binding agents, buffering agents, chelating agents, cosmetic colorants, deodorants, detangling agents, emulsifying agents, film formers, foam boosting agents, gel forming agents, hair dyeing agents, hair straightening agents, keratolytics, moisturizing agents, oral care agents, pearlescent agents, plasticizers, refatting agents, skin conditioning agents, smoothing agents, soothing agents, tonics, and/or UV filters.
[0056] In some embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can include non-toxic materials having an average molecular weight in the range of about 100 g/mol to about 600 g/mol, which are included in the Springer Material Landolt-Bornstein database located at "http://www.springermaterials.com/docs/index.html", or in the MatNavi database located at "www.mits.nims.go.jp/index_en.html". In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 can have a boiling point greater than 150 °C or preferably 250°C, such that the impregnating
liquid 120 is not classified as volatile organic compounds (VOC's). In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 can have a density that is substantially equal to the density of the product.
[0057] The ratio of the solid features 112 (e.g., particles) to the impregnating liquid 120, can be configured to ensure that little or no portion of the solid features 112 protrude above the impregnating liquid-contact liquid interface. In some embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can have an "emerged area fraction" φ, which is defined as a representative fraction of the projected surface area of the liquid-impregnated surface 112, corresponding to non- submerged solid (non-submerged by the impregnating liquid. This portion can be in contact with a contact liquid) at room temperature, of less than about 0.50, about 0.50, about 0.30, about 0.25, about 0.20, about 0.15, about 0.10, about 0.05, about 0.01, or less than about 0.005. In some embodiments, φ can be greater than about 0.001, about 0.005, about 0.01, about 0.05, about 0.10, about 0.15, or greater than about 0.20. In some embodiments, φ can be in the range of about 0 to about 0.25. In some embodiments, φ can be in the range of about 0 to about 0.01. In some embodiments, φ can be in the range of about 0.001 to about 0.25. In some embodiments, φ can be in the range of about 0.001 to about 0.10. In some embodiments, a low φ can be achieved using surface textures that are substantially pointed, caved, or are rounded. By contrast, surface textures that are flat may result in higher ratios, with too much solid material exposed at the surface.
[0058] In some embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can have a spreading coefficient
is spreading coefficient, defined as
where γ is the interfacial tension between the two phases designated by subscripts, said subscripts selected from e, v, and o, where e is a non-vapor phase (e.g., liquid or semi-solid) external to the surface and different from the impregnating liquid, v is vapor phase external to the surface (e.g., air), and o is the impregnating liquid 120.
[0059] In some embodiments, the solid features 112 provide stable impregnation of the impregnating liquid 120 therebetween or therewithin. In order for the solid features to provide stable impregnation of the impregnating liquid 120 therebetween or therewithin, the solid feature material and texture, and the impregnating liquid material must be selected such that the following interaction properties hold:
where
is the critical contact angle, r is the Wenzel roughness of the surface of the texturing member 12, and where
is receding contact angle of the impregnating
or encapsulating liquid 120 (e.g., oil, subscript 'ο') on a smooth surface comprised of the same material as the solid features 112 (subscript V) in the presence of the contact liquid CL (subscript V) and #os(v-),receding is receding contact angle of the impregnating liquid 120 (e.g., oil, subscript 'ο') on a smooth surface comprised of the same material as the solid features 112 (subscript V) in the presence of air or other external vapor phase (subscript V), In some embodiments, it is sufficient for the following simplified conditions to hold:
[0060] In some embodiments, the solid features 112 provide stable impregnation of the impregnating liquid 120 therebetween or therewithin in the presence of air, such that 0os(v),
where 0c is critical contact angle. In some embodiments, the solid features 112 can be selected such that a thin Van der Waals film (typically less than 100 nm at equilibrium), can remain stably spread over the features, causing the surface to be fully encapsulated (φ = 0). For such a Van der Waals film to remain stable in air, the solid features and impregnating liquid must be sleeted which satisfy
and to ensure that the film remains stable beneath the contact liquid CL, it must also hold that
In some embodiments it is desirable that
both hold, hi some embodiments, both
such that there is not a thin Van der Waal s film spread over the surface features, and thus φ > 0. In such instances the surface must be designed such that
hold. Furthermore, in some embodiments, it can be desirable that that the textures be selected such that φ is low. In some embodiments, a low φ can be achieved using surface textures that are substantially pointed, caved, or are rounded.
[0061] In some embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surface 111 can have advantageous droplet roll-off properties that minimize the accumulation of the contacting liquid CL on the surface. Without being bound to any particular theory, in some embodiments, a roll off angle, which is the angle of inclination of the liquid-impregnated surface 111 at which a droplet of contact liquid placed on the texturing member begins to move can be less than about 30°, less than about 25°, or less than about 20° for a specific volume of contact liquid. In such embodiments, the roll off angle can vary with the volume of the contact liquid included in the droplet, but for a specific volume of the contact liquid, the roll off angle remains substantially the same.
[0062] In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 120 can include one or more
additives to prevent or reduce evaporation of the impregnating liquid 120. For example, a surfactant can be added to the impregnating liquid 120. In some embodiments, the surfactants used to prevent or reduce evaporation of the impregnating liquid 120 can include, but are not limited to, docosenoic acid, trans-13-docosenoic acid, cis-13-docosenoic acid, nonylphenoxy tri(ethyleneoxy) ethanol, methyl 12-hydroxyoctadecanate, 1-Tetracosanol, fluorochemical "L- 1006", and any combination thereof. Examples of surfactants described herein and other surfactants which can be included in the impregnating liquid can be found in White, I., "Effect of Surfactants on the Evaporation of Water Close to 100 C." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals 15.1 (1976): 53-59, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the additives can include C16H33COOH, C17H33COOH, CistfeCOOH, C19H33COOH, C14H29OH, CietfeOH, CisftvOH, C20H41OH, C22H45OH, C17H35COOCH3, C15H31COOC2H5, C16H33OC2H4OH, C18H37OC2H4OH, C20H41OC2H4OH, C22H45OC2H4OH, Sodium docosyl sulfate (SDS), poly(vinyl stearate), Poly (octadecyl acrylate), Poly(octadecyl methacrylate) and any combination thereof. Further examples of additives can be found in Barnes, G.T., "The potential for monolayers to reduce the evaporation of water from large water storages", Agricultural Water Management 95.4 (2008): 339-353, the content of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0063] The liquid delivery mechanism 14 is configured to transfer the impregnating liquid 120 to the interstitial regions between the solid features 112. In this manner, the liquid delivery mechanism 14 can be configured to maintain a replenishing supply of the impregnating liquid 120 to the interstitial regions such that any impregnating liquid 120 lost from the liquid- impregnated surface 111 is replaced by fresh impregnating liquid 120 by the liquid delivery mechanism 14. In some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism 14 can include a reservoir containing a supply of impregnating liquid 120 and fluidically coupled to the interstitial regions such that a supply of impregnating liquid 120 can flow into the interstitial regions by capillary action. In some embodiments, the reservoir of impregnating liquid 120 can be at a higher pressure than the interstitial regions such that the supply of impregnating liquid is forced into the interstitial regions by the pressure differential. In some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism can include a pumping mechanism configured to transfer impregnating liquid from the reservoir to the interstitial regions.
[0064] For example, in some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism 14 can include a reservoir fluidically coupled to the interstitial regions of a texturing member 12 such that a
replenishing supply of impregnating liquid 120 can be communicated from the reservoir to the interstitial regions. In some embodiments, the reservoir is not spatially-proximate to the liquid- impregnated surface 111. In some embodiments, the reservoir is maintained at a higher elevation than the liquid-impregnated surface 111 such that gravitational forces cause the communication of a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid 120 to the fluidically-coupled interstitial regions.
[0065] In some embodiments, a pumping mechanism can be used to pump the impregnating liquid 120 from the reservoir into the interstitial regions. In some embodiments, a liquid delivery mechanism 14 can be used to deliver both an initial supply and replenishing supply of impregnating liquid 120 to the interstitial regions of the solid features 112.
[0066] In some embodiments, an adhesive material is disposed to a first surface of the texturing member 12, in contact with the native surface 10 in order to facilitate disposition of the texturing member 12 to the native surface 10. In some embodiments, adhesive materials can include but are not limited to tar, rubber cement, polymers, polyvinyl acetate, pressure- sensitive adhesives, polychloroprene, ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyester resin, polyurethane resin, thermoset epoxies, polyimides, urethanes, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl ether, styrene-butadiene, styrene-diene-styrene, polyisobutylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene, polysulfide, silicone, phenolic resin, resorcinol resin, polyamide, polybenzimidazole, polyquinoxaline, polyethylenimine, polypropylene hot melt, ethylene- vinyl acetate, ethylene-ethyl acrylate, any other adhesive material and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the adhesive material or combination of materials may require the application of a cross-linking agent, electrical current, thermal energy, cold, pressure, solvent, friction, enzyme, surfactant, emulsifier, laminate bonding agent, suspended solid particles, catalyst, polymerization initiator, moisture, combustion, surface pre-treatment, other adhesive aiding materials or any combination thereof.
[0067] The liquid-impregnated surface 111 can be in contact with a contact liquid CL such that the contact liquid CL moves easily over the liquid-impregnated surface 111. The contact liquid CL, can be any liquid that is slightly miscible or immiscible with the impregnating liquid 120 such as, for example, water, edible liquids or aqueous formulations (e.g., ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, honey, etc.), environmental fluids (e.g., sewage, rain water), bodily fluids (e.g., urine, blood, stool), or any other fluid. In some embodiments, the contact liquid CL can be a
food product or a food ingredient such as, for example, a sticky, highly viscous, and/or non- Newtonian fluid or food product. Such food products can include, for example, candy, chocolate syrup, mash, yeast mash, beer mash, taffy, food oil, fish oil, marshmallow, dough, batter, baked goods, chewing gum, bubble gum, butter, peanut butter, jelly, jam, dough, gum, cheese, cream, cream cheese, mustard, yogurt, sour cream, curry, sauce, ajvar, currywurst sauce, salsa lizano, chutney, pebre, fish sauce, tzatziki, sriracha sauce, vegemite, chimichurri, HP sauce/brown sauce, harissa, kochujang, hoisan sauce, kim chi, cholula hot sauce, tartar sauce, tahini, hummus, shichimi, ketchup, mustard, pasta sauce, Alfredo sauce, spaghetti sauce, icing, dessert toppings, or whipped cream, liquid egg, ice cream, animal food, any other food product or combination thereof. In some embodiments, the contact liquid CL can include a topical or oral drug, a cream, an ointment, a lotion, an eye drop, an oral drug, an intravenous drug, an intramuscular drug, a suspension, a colloid, or any other material form and can include any drug included within the FDA's database of approved drugs. In some embodiments, the contact liquid CL can include a health and beauty product, for example, toothpaste, mouth washes, mouth creams, denture fixing compounds, any other oral hygiene product, sun screens, antiperspirants, anti-bacterial cleansers, lotions, shampoo, conditioner, moisturizers, face washes, hair-gels, medical fluids (e.g., anti-bacterial ointments or creams), any other health or beauty product, and or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the contact liquid CL can include any other non-Newtonian, thixotropic or highly viscous fluid, for example, laundry detergent, paint, oils, glues, waxes, petroleum products, fabric softeners, industrial solutions, or any other contact liquid CL. Additional examples of liquid-impregnated surfaces, methods of making liquid-impregnated surfaces and applications thereof, are described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0314975 entitled "Methods and Articles for Liquid-Impregnated Surfaces with Enhanced Durability," filed March 17, 2014, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
Mobile Liquid
[0068] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to apply a liquid to a surface that has little or no texture. The problem with applying a liquid to a surface to provide lubrication in the absence of texture is that, unless certain criteria described herein are satisfied, the only way to maintain lubricity for any significant period of time is to apply a thick layer of liquid. However, because all or nearly all of the liquid will be quickly stripped from the smooth surface or drained under gravity, applying the amount of liquid necessary to maintain lubricity can result in high-levels of liquid in the product (contacting phase), which could result in
significant issues, including compromised product properties. Furthermore, once most of the liquid is removed, the remaining liquid layer can become unstable, which leads to a surface that is not slippery (unless certain criteria described herein are satisfied). Furthermore, depending on the price of the liquid, applying a thick layer of lubricant can also be prohibitively expensive. Therefore, in some embodiments it can be desirable to maintain a lubricious surface with a thin layer of liquid, which will be more cost effective and result in minimal product contamination.
[0069] In addition, because some liquid is removed or otherwise drained away from the surface, it is typically necessary to resupply liquid to maintain the lubricity of the surface for further use. Failure to resupply liquid can result in diminished lubricity and reduced shedding speeds. In some instances, failure to resupply liquid may result in an entirely exposed solid surface and a complete breakdown in performance. In some embodiments, a calibrated resupply mechanism can be configured to maintain a thin, lubricious layer of liquid that enables sufficient shedding speed without over-supplying liquid.
[0070] The speed at which a product can slide increases with the slip length of the surface, b. The slip length, b, for a stable liquid surface is given by b =
where h is the thickness of the film of liquid stabilized between the textures by capillary forces, or stabilized by Van Der Waals forces, as described herein, and t is the thickness of a layer of mobile liquid that is not stabilized by capillary forces or by Van der Waals forces. C is a constant between 0 and 1 (approaching 1 if textures are sparse). Increasing the thickness of the coating, h + 1, by adding mobile liquid of thickness, t, therefore increases the slip length, which increases the mobility of the liquid-impregnated, or lubricious surface. The equation for slip length can be reorganized as
The contribution to the slip length due to the mobile excess liquid, is
We will henceforth refer to M as the mobility parameter for the mobile liquid.
[0071] Nevertheless, the above equation is only a valid estimate of average slip length if the product cannot pin to the surface, or valid up until such pinning occurs. For example, a smooth surface with a layer of mobile liquid of thickness, t, but with h = 0 (i.e., no stabilized layer of liquid, beneath the mobile liquid). In typical dynamic environments (e.g., mixing or pipeflow, or vibration from transportation), fluctuations in pressure within the moving product can cause the mobile liquid-product interface to become curved, and thus the product will come into contact with the solid surface beneath and become pinned. Gradually this area of contact
will expand and the lubrication effect will be lost. In order to prevent such pinning, the underlying surface can be engineered with a texture or chemistry that (1) can stably contain liquid beneath the product, and (2) has φ that low enough that the product cannot become pinned. In some embodiments the first criteria can be satisfied if
is a reasonable approximation when φ is low), where r is the Wenzel roughness of the surface of the texturing member 12, and where
is receding contact angle of the impregnating or encapsulating liquid 120 (e.g., oil, subscript 'ø') on a smooth surface comprised of the same material as the solid features 112 (subscript in the presence of the contact liquid CL (subscript V).
[0072] In some embodiments, it may be advantageous to apply a slippery coating to a surface with little or no texture. For example, in high shear environments with highly viscous or abrasive liquids, creating a surface with the precise texture and surface chemistry to stably contain an appropriate impregnating liquid and also maintain low φ can be difficult and expensive, rendering such texture non-viable from an economic perspective. Furthermore, a texture, however carefully designed, can become exposed to the elements and erode overtime in a harsh environment, such as that of a high-shear mixing tank. Implementing a liquid- impregnated surface with sub-optimal texture, or utilizing a texture that has been compromised by environmental conditions, can lead to pinning and diminished performance. By contrast, in some embodiments, a smooth surface with engineered surface chemistry can have fewer durability issues because there are no features to wear down. In short, there may be circumstances where a traditional liquid-impregnated surface with a solid texture is not desirable and where it may be beneficial to apply a liquid to a surface with little or no texture.
[0073] On a surface with little to no texture, however, alternative approaches can be taken to ensure the surface remains stable under pressure fluctuations. Specifically, the surface can be designed that (1) maintains a stable layer of liquid beneath the product, and (2) has φ that is low enough that product does not become irreversibly pinned to the surface. Without texture to satisfy (1), the solid-liquid combination can be designed such that there remains a thermodynamically stable layer of the lubricant tightly adhered to the surface by Van der Waals forces, even under high sheers stresses and pressure fluctuations. For example, a completely stable layer that exhibits no pinning can be achieved by choosing solid-liquid combinations such that
In some embodiments, it can be even more desirable (greater stability) with combinations for which cos0Os(e),advancing is also low (e.g. < 20°
or <10° or <5° or < 2°) and most desirable if
is also satisfied. This latter condition is equivalent to the requirement that
is the spreading coefficient of the liquid on the solid in the presence of the contact liquid. In such cases, a wetting film will never become unstable beneath the product.
[0074] In cases where
is non zero, but still very low (e.g. < 20° or <10° or <5° or < 2°), the lubricating layer can remain stable and slippery over most (at least 90%) of the surface, even after significant shear (e.g. from high speed mixing in a tank or flow through a pipe). Thus, there will be some pinning of product. In such cases it is possible to achieve much thinner films (e.g. t < 10 μm) that remain slippery even after significant shearing or pressure fluctuations. The above approach can be used to allow the coatings to withstand high speed mixing for several hours. Furthermore, as described herein, without a low enough contact angle a thin film can de-wet the surface beneath the product to expose a higher
fraction of the solid beneath and more product will be pinned as a result.
[0075] In some embodiments, the thickness for a lubricating liquid can depend on a number of factors, including viscosity of the lubricant. Other factors include the price of the liquid. Where expensive or specialty liquids are being used, economic viability may require using less liquid. Another consideration is whether any amount of liquid triggers issues of compatibility with product. Finally, regulations governing the product may impose limitations on the amounts of liquid that can be used. In some embodiments, the thickness of the coating can be less than about 2 microns, less than about 10 microns, less than about 50 microns, less than about 100 microns, or less than about 200 microns. In some embodiments, the thickness of the coating can be less than about 500 microns, less than about 750 microns, or less than about 1,000 microns. In some embodiments, the distribution of liquid across the surface is not uniform.
[0076] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to have a mobility parameter that is large enough to provide sufficient lubricity to the surface, but sufficiently low that the excess liquid does not rapidly deplete from the surface under gravity or high shear environments such as mixing. In some embodiments, the mobility parameter M can be at least about 0.005 μm/cP, at least about 0.01 μm/cP, at least about 0.05 μm/cP, at least about 0.1 μm/cP, or at least about 1 μm/cP, but less than about 5 μm/cP, or less than about 10 μm/cP or less than about 50 μm/cP, inclusive of all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.
[0077] As described herein, one aspect of having a liquid on a smooth surface is that at least a portion of the liquid will be mobile over the surface. The parameters of the mobility can depend on the properties of the liquid, properties of the surface, properties of the product (contacting phase), and other environmental conditions. For example, the speed at which the product moves depends on its viscosity, average thickness, and how much that thickness is reduced when the liquid is exposed to a product under conditions such as mixing, which can create shear and pull liquid away from the wall. Furthermore, the readiness that external forces, shearing, mixing etc., can pull, emulsify, or dissolve liquid from the surface depends on the liquid and product's viscosity and chemistries, and their interfacial tensions, as well as initial thickness of the coating. In addition, the mobility of the liquid may depend on the product. Where, for example, the product is emptied, it may pull some of the liquid off of the surface. However, provided the conditions of
are met, a thin, thermodynamically stable layer of the lubricant (usually less than 100 nm) that is substantially less mobile, and remains tightly adhered to the surface by Van der Waals forces, even under high sheer stresses and pressure fluctuations. Where
is receding contact angle of the impregnating or encapsulating liquid (e.g., oil, subscript 'ο') on the smooth surface (subscript V) in the presence of the contact liquid CL (subscript V), and
is receding contact angle of the encapsulating liquid (e.g., oil, subscript V) on the smooth surface (subscript V) in the presence of the vapor phase (e.g. air, subscript V).
[0078] While the liquid can be at least partially removed from the smooth surface, the surface chemistry and the liquid can be selected such that the surface maintains sufficient slipperiness through evacuation of the product to allow the product to de-wet. In some embodiments, sufficient liquid (e.g., impregnating liquid or encapsulating liquid) will survive mixing or other high-shear conditions to allow for product evacuation with little or no product sticking to the surface.
[0079] In some embodiments, the combination of liquid and solid surface can be engineered and or selected in view of the product. In some cases, it may be useful to use a single liquid to form the lubricating layer. In others, it may be beneficial to use combination of liquids to achieve the desired metrics, including thickness, performance, etc. Combining liquids might be useful where, for example, one of the liquids is expensive, blending it with another, lower-cost liquid can reduce the overall price of the coating. In addition, it might be useful to include additives to modify the properties of the liquid. For example, in some
embodiments, it might be possible to reduce the thickness of the liquid layer(s), by using lower viscosity liquids. However, such liquids can be volatile, and therefore undesirable. Additives, however, can reduce the volatility.
[0080] As described herein, mobile liquids can be used to create durable, slippery, surfaces in the context of liquid impregnated surfaces formed using textured surfaces. In such cases, it is possible to create a liquid impregnated surface by applying excess impregnating liquid that is mobile over the solid features. In such cases, the mobile excess liquid (i.e., the portion above the features) may behave like liquid on a smooth surface. In other words, as long as the appropriate thermodynamic conditions are satisfied (preferential wetting with a sufficiently low receding contact
the excess mobile liquid can provide a slippery surface over and above the features. However, as in the context of a liquid on a smooth surface, the designed thickness of the excess mobile liquid film can depend on factors discussed above, and the desire for a high-performance lubricating layer can be balanced with concerns of cost, product compatibility, and regulatory context. In some embodiments, a thin mobile excess layer will be desirable. Similarly, the mobility or speed with which the excess liquid moves over the solid structure will be determined by the characteristics of the liquid.
[0081] In some embodiments, once the excess mobile liquid has been removed, the residual liquid remains trapped in the features of the liquid-impregnated surface through capillary forces. In some embodiments, the liquid can be mobile both over and through the texture. In such cases, the capillary forces in the texture can slow the movement of the liquid within the matrix of solid features (as compared to the liquid above the matrix), and only allow that movement to be tangential to the surface. Nevertheless, mobility through the features can depend upon the characteristics of the textured surface, the liquid, and the product. In some instances, the product might draw or otherwise pull the liquid through the features through mixing or evacuation.
Durability Enhancement
[0082] As described herein, the impregnating or encapsulating liquid included in a liquid- impregnated or liquid-encapsulated surface can become entrained in a contact liquid (e.g., any of the contact liquids described herein), which is contacting the liquid-impregnated or liquid- encapsulated surface. The definition of "entrainment" hereinafter refers to the loss of the impregnating liquid from the liquid-impregnated surface due to the shear stress of the contact
liquid, which may or may not be miscible with the impregnating liquid. This shear stress results in a flow of impregnating or encapsulating liquid and any mobile excess liquid at a combined flow rate Qf described before herein, and this causes the liquid to be gradually depleted from the liquid-impregnated or liquid-encapsulated surface. The portion of the flow rate of mobile excess liquid is much greater that the portion of the flow rate of fluid trapped by capillary forces or Van der Waals forces, because the capillary forces or Van der Waals forces create a resistance to flow that counters the shear forces provided the contact liquid. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid and mobile liquid can be depleted by gradual dissolution into the contact liquid or by evaporation. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid can be drained via gravitation forces or buoyant forces (only flowing tangential to the surface). To increase durability of the liquid impregnated or liquid encapsulated surface 111, the extent of dissolution and/or evaporation of the impregnating liquid can be minimized, the quantity of impregnating liquid entrained in the contact liquid can be reduced, the amount of drainage by gravitational or buoyant forces can be reduced, and/or the impregnating liquid can be continuously or periodically replenished.
[0083] In some embodiments, a liquid delivery mechanism can be fluidically coupled to a liquid-impregnated surface and configured to transfer impregnating liquid to interstitial regions between the solid features included in the liquid-impregnated surface. In some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism can include a reservoir of impregnating liquid. The reservoir can be fluidically coupled to the liquid impregnated surface to provide a continuous replenishing supply of the impregnating liquid.
[0084] In some instances, capillarity or Van der Waals forces slow the depletion of impregnation liquid or encapsulating liquid, but do not completely stop the depletion. FIG. 2A shows a liquid-impregnated surface 210a onto which a droplet or blob 211 of a contact liquid is disposed. The liquid-impregnated surface 210a has interstitial regions 220a substantially impregnated with impregnating liquid 222, such that the contact area between the droplet 211 and the solid features is reduced and the lubricity of the liquid-impregnated surface 210a is increased relative to the native surface. FIG. 2B shows a liquid-impregnated surface 210b onto which the same droplet 211 of liquid is disposed. However, as shown in FIG. 2b, the liquid- impregnated surface 210b has interstitial regions 220b that are only partially filled with the impregnating liquid 222, such that the surface contact area of the droplet 211 is increased and the lubricity of the liquid-impregnated surface 210b is reduced relative to the liquid-
impregnated surface 210a, depicted in FIG. 2A.
[0085] FIG. 3A shows a lower- (lower-phi) liquid-impregnated surface for which solid features disposed to the texturing member are substantially submerged or topped by the impregnating liquid, causing there to be a lower surface contact area. FIG. 3B shows a lower- φ (higher-phi) liquid-impregnated surface for which solid features disposed to the texturing member significantly extend through the impregnating liquid, increasing the potential surface contact area. In some embodiments, texturing members with a higher-^ result in a higher roll off angle. In some embodiments, texturing members with a lower- result in a lower roll off angle. Without being bound to any particular theory, in some embodiments, the difference between an initial slip length and a second slip length after appreciable depletion of impregnating liquid for the same texturing member and liquid-impregnated surface configuration can be reduced by replenishing the impregnating liquid to the interstitial regions such that impregnating liquid extends appreciably beyond the solid surfaces. In some embodiments, this replenishing supply of impregnating liquid can be supplied from a fluidically-coupled reservoir. In some embodiments, communication of the replenishing supply of impregnating liquid from the reservoir to the interstitial regions of the liquid- impregnated surface on the texturing member can be aided by a pumping device. Further, the communication of the replenishing supply of impregnation liquid can be metered. In other words, the communication of impregnation liquid can be selective and controlled. In some embodiments, the selective and controlled communication of impregnation liquid can be initiated manually by an operator at pre-set temporal intervals. In some embodiments, the selective and controlled communication of impregnation liquid can be initiated manually by an operator in response to depletion of impregnation liquid from the interstitial regions, as measured by a relative increase in time needed for the liquid to move across the liquid- impregnated surface. In other words, the time needed for a contact liquid to drain from a tank comprising said liquid-impregnated surface or the time needed for a contact liquid to move between two points within a pipeline or the time needed for a contact liquid to move across a surface of a non-enclosed container. In some embodiments, the selective and controlled communication of impregnation liquid can be initiated automatically by a programmable logic controller device based upon a sensor, meter, or other feedback device.
[0086] Referring now to FIGS. 4A-4C, in some embodiments, a container can include a liquid-impregnated surface. For example, a container 400 includes a native surface 410 that
defines an internal region for containing a contact liquid. A texturing member 412 is disposed on the native surface 410 and a liquid delivery mechanism 414 is coupled to a portion of the native surface 410 and to a portion of the texturing member 412 such that an impregnating liquid (not shown) can be delivered to the texturing member 412 to create a liquid impregnated surface. The texturing member 412 can be substantially similar to the texturing member 12 described above, and therefore is not described in detail herein. The liquid delivery mechanism 414 can include a support member 430 configured to be coupled to the native surface 410 of the container 400, and a porous tubular member 431 configured to communicate impregnating liquid to the texturing member 412. The support member 430 can be configured to be removably coupled to the container 400. For example, in some embodiments, the support member 430 can be coupled to the native surface 410 with an adhesive. In some embodiments, the support member 430 can be coupled to the container 400 using mechanical fasteners (e.g., screws, bolts, clamps, etc.). In some embodiments, the support member 430 can define a channel (not shown) into which the porous tubular member 431 can be disposed. In some embodiments the porous tubular member 431 may have a cross sectional shape is round or not round (e.g. square), or may be porous only on a portion of the tube. In some embodiments the porosity of the tubular member 431 may be random or may be a series of holes. In some embodiments the tubular member 431 may built into the support mechanism as a channel with a porous side, or the support member may have a channel built-in, with a porous cover or membrane covering the channel. In some embodiments, the pore size of for the machined channel is small enough that capillary forces containing the liquid prevent the liquid from flowing out of the porous member, unless the liquid is pressurized above a threshold, breakthrough pressure. In some embodiments the channel 431 may be machined directly into the texturing member, or directly into the native surface 410.
[0087] In some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism can be fluidically coupled to a reservoir (not shown) containing a supply of the impregnating liquid. In some embodiments, the communication of a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid is aided by gravitational force due to an elevation difference between the reservoir and the porous tubular member 431. In some embodiments, the communication of a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid is aided by capillary force due to the dimensions and characteristics of the solid features disposed on the texturing member 412. In some embodiments, the communication of a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid is aided by a temperature differential due to a difference in temperature between the reservoir and the liquid impregnated surface. In some embodiments,
the communication of a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid is aided by hydraulic pressure from a pumping device, forcing impregnating liquid to flow from the reservoir to the porous tubular member 431. In some embodiments, the liquid reservoir has a pressure greater than the ambient pressure, or greater than the pressure at of the atmosphere in contact with native surface or the liquid-impregnating or liquid-encapsulated surface or greater than the maximum hydrostatic pressure exhibited by the contact liquid, the greater pressure thereby forcing impregnating liquid to flow from the reservoir to the porous tubular member 431 In some embodiments gravitation force alone forces the impregnating liquid from the reservoir to porous tubular member 430. In some embodiments, at least one of a gravitational force, capillary force, temperature differential, hydraulic pressure, or any combination thereof aids the communication of a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid to the liquid-impregnated surface.
[0088] In some embodiments, the interstitial regions can be resupplied with the impregnating liquid by condensation of the impregnating liquid from a vapor phase in contact with the liquid-impregnated surface disposed on the texturing member 412. In such embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surface can be held at a temperature such that the saturation concentration at the temperature of the liquid-impregnated surface is less than the concentration of the impregnating liquid material in the vapor. In some embodiments, a non- solvent can be added to the impregnating liquid to reduce its solubility below the concentration at which the non-solvent was dissolved.
[0089] In some embodiments the textured member may have holes distributed randomly or uniformly across a portion or all of the surface such that the impregnating or encapsulating liquid can be replenished by conveying it from behind the texturing member through the pores to the liquid-impregnated or liquid encapsulated surface. This approach can reduce the time needed to replenish the surface.
[0090] Any impregnating liquid lost from the liquid-impregnating surface, for example, due to shearing or entrainment within the contact liquid, can be replaced by a replenishing supply of impregnating liquid from the reservoir, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid can be communicated from the reservoir to the liquid- impregnated surface in a passive manner, for example, by capillary action, Venturi effect, pressure difference, gravity flow, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, an active pumping mechanism can be used to communicate the impregnating liquid from the reservoir
to the liquid-impregnated surface. Such pumping mechanisms can include, for example, a centrifugal pump, a gravity pump, a siphon pump, a peristaltic pump, a diaphragm pump, syringe pump, an air pump, a vacuum pump, a manual hand pump, any other suitable pumping mechanism, or any combination thereof. Furthermore, instrumentation, for example, flow valves, flow meters, controllers, PID controllers, pressure gauges, any other instrumentation, or any combination thereof, can be used to control the flow rate of the impregnating liquid to the liquid-impregnated surface. For example, the flow rate of the impregnating liquid can be adjusted to ensure that the solid features on the texturing member 412 are completely impregnated with the impregnating liquid. In some embodiments, the pressure can be controlled, for example, to provide a constant flow at a specific rate of the impregnating liquid to the liquid-impregnated surface.
[0091] In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid can also be supplied through nucleation, such as by condensation from a vapor phase, or by direct nucleation of impregnating liquid from a contact liquid solution that includes the impregnating liquid. In some embodiments, the flow of impregnating liquid can also be osmotically drive, or driven via a concentration gradient. In some embodiments, the wetting ridge of impregnating liquid in front of the contact liquid can replenish interstitial regions of plurality of features, as it passes over interstitial regions that are partially depleted of impregnating liquid.
[0092] In some embodiments, a liquid-impregnated surface can include an impregnating liquid can be a ferromagnetic liquid, i.e., a liquid that has magnetic properties (e.g., an impregnating liquid that includes ferrous or magnetic micro or nano particles). In such embodiments, the solid features can be magnetic or non-magnetic. A magnetic field can be used to stabilize the ferromagnetic impregnating liquid within and/or on the solid features. Furthermore, the magnetic field can be configured to maintain a replenishing supply of the ferromagnetic impregnating liquid within the interstitial regions defined by the solid features. For example, the magnetic field can magnetically pull an excess volume of the ferromagnetic impregnating liquid over the solid features by dragging the magnetic field over the liquid- impregnated surface. In some embodiments, the liquid-impregnated surface that includes the ferromagnetic impregnating liquid can be disposed on the inner surface of a side wall of a container. In such embodiments, the magnetic field can be used to resupply the ferromagnetic impregnating liquid to the inner surface of the container in a rapid manner. The container can include a detergent cup, a vessel, a tank, or any other container described herein. After the
replenishing supply of the ferromagnetic liquid has been supplied to the liquid-impregnated surface, the magnetic field can be removed such that the replenishing supply of the ferromagnetic impregnating liquid is retained within the interstitial regions defined by the solid features included in the liquid-impregnated surface. Furthermore, in such embodiments a magnetic field may be used to separate from the Contact Liquid any of the ferromagnetic fluid that may be entrained or emulsified into the product.
[0093] In some embodiments, such as in a production tank or vessel used to manufacturing a liquid product, it can be desirable to reduce the amount of liquid that is depleted from the surface during mixing or reaction conditions. In some embodiments, in order to increase this robustness against depletion, the liquid can be configured and/or formulated to solidify during the mixing operation. For example, the lubricant can have a lower melting point that is lower than both the melting temperature of the product and the ambient temperature . The temperature of the wall of the tank can be lowered below the freezing temperature of lubricating (impregnating or encapsulating) liquid, to freeze the liquid in place until the product is ready to be evacuated. Shortly before evacuating the product, the temperature of the wall can then be increased back above the lubricating liquid's melting point, so that the frozen impregnating liquid liquefies again and the surface becomes slippery to allow the product to evacuate easily. Alternatively, the impregnating liquid can have a lower melting temperature that is lower than the melting temperature of the product, but higher than ambient temperature and when the tank is ready to be evacuated, the tank can be heated to melt the lubricating liquid, and the tank and the liquid reservoir can be heated when the liquid is replenished to the surface.
[0094] In some embodiments the lubricating liquid can be a shear thickening liquid, such that under high shear conditions such as mixing, the lubricating liquid viscosity will increase, and resist being depleted from the surface.
[0095] In some embodiments an external electric field, a heat source, and/or a magnetic field, can be applied to the coating to temporarily increase the coating's viscosity and increase its resistance to removal by shear or other external forces. Alternatively, an electric field, a heat source, and/or a magnetic field can be applied during evacuation to cause the coating to reduce in viscosity.
[0096] In some embodiments, the lubricous liquid can be dissolved or emulsified into a carrier liquid to help transport the lubricating liquid more quickly over the surface, and/or to
protect the lubricating liquid from evaporation. Thus, a carrier fluid or fluid mixture can be selected such that the lubricious liquid is completely or partially miscible or emulsifiable therein. In some embodiments, the carrier liquid can be chosen that is partially or completely miscible with the product so that after that the carrier fluid dissolves into the product, the lubricating liquid, which is immiscible with the product, and is left behind on the surface.
Separation of entrained impregnating liquid that is entrained by the contact liquid
[0097] Any of the impregnating liquid supply systems described herein, can also be configured to withdraw impregnating liquid, thereby separating the impregnating liquid from the contact liquid, prior to exiting the pipe. This separation device can be placed at the end of a pipe or end of a region of the pipe having the liquid impregnated surface. This can reduce the amount of liquid that is released with the contact liquid at the exit of the pipe. The mechanism by which the impregnating liquid is depleted from the surface can be passive (such as through capillarity) or active, such as pumping the liquid away from the surface (e.g., by maintaining a reservoir pressure that is less than the pressure within the pipe). To prevent the contact liquid from passing through the hole or through holes to the liquid reservoir, the holes can be dimensioned to be sufficiently small to increase the breakthrough pressure (i.e., the pressure differential required to overcome capillary pressure differences). Alternatively, the holes could be larger, provided that the plurality of solid features disposed over the holes (e.g., a mesh) have very small pores to increase the breakthrough pressure. It is also desirable that fts(e) < θο for s denoting a smooth surface of the same material that the interior surface of the separation device is composed of and additionally desirable for
for s being the material comprising the plurality of features.
[0098] A liquid-impregnated surface (e.g., any liquid impregnated surfaces described herein) can be formed using various methods. FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method 80 for forming a liquid-impregnated surface. In some embodiments, a method 80 of forming a liquid-impregnated surface includes disposing a texturing member, 82, on a native surface. The texturing member is removably disposed on a native surface having a first roll off angle. An impregnating liquid is applied to the interstitial regions formed by the solid features on the texturing member, 84, such that the impregnating liquid fills the interstitial regions between the plurality of solid features on the texturing member and forms a second surface having a second roll off angle less than the first roll off angle. The impregnating liquid can be applied using spray coating, dip coating, spin coating, pouring, vapor deposition method
or through any other method described herein. The method further includes reapplying the impregnating liquid to maintain the second roll off angle, 86 of the second surface less than the first roll off angle. This can, for example, maintain the super hydrophobicity or non-wettability of the liquid-impregnated surface. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid can be reapplied from a liquid delivery mechanism which can be fluidically coupled with the interstitial regions of the liquid-impregnated surface. In some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism can be fluidically coupled with the interstitial regions by capillary action. In some embodiments, the liquid delivery mechanism can be fluidically coupled with the interstitial regions by a pressure differential (e .g., a pressure difference created by a pumping mechanism), or any combination thereof.
[0099] The embodiments of the removably coupled texturing member and liquid- impregnated surface apparatus, liquid-resupply mechanisms, and methods for producing, combining, and operating the same included in the present disclosure are examples included only for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.
[00100] As described herein, in some embodiments a texturing member is disposed on a substrate and an impregnating liquid is disposed on the texturing member to create a liquid impregnated surface. The texturing member can be replaced with a substantially smooth member (i.e., little or no texture) and the impregnating liquid can be replaced with an "encapsulating liquid", thereby creating a liquid encapsulated surface. In addition, the texturing member can be used with an encapsulating liquid. In other words, the encapsulating liquid can be disposed on a texturing member in excess such that there is a mobile excess layer of liquid above the texture.
[00101] In some embodiments the textured can be engineered such that the textures changes shape and/or size (e.g., increase or decrease) in response to an increase or a decrease in an external field, such as an electric field, magnetic field, heat source, cooling source, or shear stress supplied by the contact fluid, such that that liquid does not completely fill the space between features, deeper within the textures and therefore more protected from depletion from external shear forces, gravity, or evaporation. Thus the change is size or shape can be triggered to reduced depletion whenever the extra resistance to depletion is desired, (e.g. during mixing in a mixing tank). The triggered increase in resistance to depletion can be configured to reduce the slipperiness of the surface, therefore, when slippery properties are preferred over resistance to liquid depletion (such as when a tank is being evacuated) the external field can be reversed
to the "untriggered" state, so that that shape/size of the features returns or substantially returns to their original state, thereby restoring the slippery properties. Similarly, the any of the aforementioned external fields can be applied or changed to change a shape in the features to increase the capillary forces holding the liquid to increase resistance to depletion, and then reversed back again when more slipperiness is desired. In any of the cases above, the texture material can be chosen (engineered) such that it the texture achieves the desired response to the any of the external fields.
Claims
1. An apparatus having a liquid-encapsulated surface, comprising:
a substrate;
a member coupled to the substrate,
an encapsulating liquid disposed on a surface of the member, the surface of the member having a chemistry such that the encapsulating liquid preferentially wets the surface and maintains lubricity in the presence of a contacting phase, the encapsulating liquid being immiscible with the contacting phase, having a thickness of less than about 200 microns, and a receding contact angle of less 20 degrees in the presence of the contacting phase;
a liquid delivery mechanism configured to transfer the encapsulating liquid to the member.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the member is configured to be removably coupled to the substrate.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the member includes an adhesive backing configured to be removably coupled to the substrate.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the liquid delivery mechanism includes a porous tubular member configured to transfer a controlled volume of the encapsulating liquid to the member.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the liquid delivery mechanism includes a reservoir configured to contain a supply of encapsulating liquid, the reservoir fluidically coupled to the member such that a supply of encapsulating liquid can flow onto the member.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the liquid delivery mechanism includes a pumping mechanism configured to transfer encapsulating liquid from the reservoir to the member.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the surface of the member has little or no texture.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the surface of the member is substantially smooth.
9. An apparatus having a liquid-impregnated surface, comprising:
a substrate;
a texturing member coupled to the substrate, the texturing member having a plurality of solid features defining interstitial regions between the plurality of solid features;
an impregnating liquid disposed in the interstitial regions, the interstitial regions dimensioned and configured to remain impregnated by the impregnating liquid through capillarity; and
a liquid delivery mechanism configured to transfer the impregnating liquid to the interstitial regions.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the texturing member is configured to be removably coupled to the substrate.
11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the texturing member includes an adhesive backing configured to be removably coupled to the substrate.
12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the liquid delivery mechanism includes a porous tubular member configured to transfer a controlled volume of the impregnating liquid to the interstitial regions.
13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the liquid delivery mechanism includes a reservoir configured to contain a supply of impregnating liquid, the reservoir fluidically coupled to the interstitial regions such that a supply of impregnating liquid can flow into the interstitial regions by capillary action.
14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the reservoir containing the supply of impregnating liquid is at a higher pressure than the interstitial regions such that the supply of impregnating liquid is forced into the interstitial regions by the pressure differential.
15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the liquid delivery mechanism includes a pumping mechanism configured to transfer impregnating liquid from the reservoir to the interstitial regions.
16. An apparatus, comprising:
a container having an interior surface and defining an interior region configured to contain a liquid;
a texturing member disposed on the interior surface, the texturing member having a plurality of solid features defining interstitial regions between the plurality of solid features; an impregnating liquid disposed in the interstitial regions, the interstitial regions dimensioned and configured such that capillary forces retain the impregnating liquid in the interstitial regions; and
a liquid delivery mechanism configured to transfer the impregnating liquid to the interstitial regions.
17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the texturing member is a liner configured to be disposed in the container.
18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the interior surface of the container has a first roll off angle, and wherein the texturing member and the impregnating liquid collectively form a second surface with a second roll off angle less than the first roll off angle.
19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the second surface has an emerged area fraction φ in a range of 0 < φ < 0.25.
20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein 0.01 < φ < 0.25.
21. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the second surface has a spreading coefficient
22. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the texturing member has a Wenzel roughness greater than about 1.01.
23. An apparatus, comprising:
a container having an interior surface and defining an interior region configured to contain a contact liquid;
a texturing member disposed on the interior surface,
an impregnating liquid disposed on the texturing member; and
a liquid delivery mechanism configured to transfer the impregnating liquid to the texturing member.
24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the liquid delivery mechanism includes a porous tubular member configured to transfer a volume of the impregnating liquid to the texturing member.
25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the liquid delivery mechanism includes a support member coupled to the interior surface of the container, the liquid delivery mechanism defining a channel configured to receive the porous tubular member.
26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the support member is disposed about the circumference of the container.
27. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the contact liquid includes at least one of a food, cosmetic, cement, asphalt, tar, ice cream, egg yolk, water, alcohol, mercury, gallium, refrigerant, toothpaste, paint, peanut butter, jelly, jam, mayonnaise, ketchup, mustard, condiment, laundry detergent, consumer product, gasoline, petroleum product, oil, biological fluid, blood, and plasma.
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA3060261A CA3060261A1 (en) | 2017-04-13 | 2018-04-12 | Durable lubricious surfaces |
EP18784410.5A EP3609797A4 (en) | 2017-04-13 | 2018-04-12 | Durable lubricious surfaces |
US16/153,056 US20190039796A1 (en) | 2017-04-13 | 2018-10-05 | Durable lubricious surfaces |
US16/789,146 US20200255198A1 (en) | 2017-04-13 | 2020-02-12 | Durable lubricious surfaces |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201762485183P | 2017-04-13 | 2017-04-13 | |
US62/485,183 | 2017-04-13 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US16/153,056 Continuation US20190039796A1 (en) | 2017-04-13 | 2018-10-05 | Durable lubricious surfaces |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2018191523A1 true WO2018191523A1 (en) | 2018-10-18 |
Family
ID=63792847
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2018/027340 WO2018191523A1 (en) | 2017-04-13 | 2018-04-12 | Durable lubricious surfaces |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US20190039796A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3609797A4 (en) |
CA (1) | CA3060261A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2018191523A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2020096767A1 (en) * | 2018-11-08 | 2020-05-14 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | A system comprising a high surface area solid capable of continuously refreshing an infused or encapsulating liquid coating and a method of using the system for comtanimant removal from a gas or a liquid |
US11439927B2 (en) | 2018-11-08 | 2022-09-13 | ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company | Species extraction |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101660886B1 (en) * | 2012-07-13 | 2016-09-28 | 도요세이칸 그룹 홀딩스 가부시키가이샤 | Packaging container with excellent content slipperiness |
CN106125846B (en) * | 2016-07-08 | 2018-06-26 | 广东欧珀移动通信有限公司 | Flexible screen support construction, flexible display screen module and mobile terminal |
TW202132006A (en) | 2020-02-05 | 2021-09-01 | 德商拜耳廠股份有限公司 | Spray unit |
TW202132004A (en) | 2020-02-05 | 2021-09-01 | 德商拜耳廠股份有限公司 | Spray unit |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20130032316A1 (en) * | 2011-08-05 | 2013-02-07 | Rajeev Dhiman | Liquid-Impregnated Surfaces, Methods of Making, and Devices Incorporating the Same |
US20140314975A1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-10-23 | LiquiGlide Inc. | Methods and articles for liquid-impregnated surfaces with enhanced durability |
US20150079315A1 (en) * | 2013-09-17 | 2015-03-19 | LiquidGlide Inc. | Articles and methods for forming liquid films on surfaces, in devices incorporating the same |
US20150179321A1 (en) * | 2013-12-20 | 2015-06-25 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Controlled liquid/solid mobility using external fields on lubricant-impregnated surfaces |
US20150196940A1 (en) * | 2012-07-13 | 2015-07-16 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces having improved stability |
US20150273518A1 (en) * | 2014-03-25 | 2015-10-01 | Liquiglide, Inc. | Spray Processes and Methods for Forming Liquid-Impregnated Surfaces |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3044441A (en) * | 1960-05-06 | 1962-07-17 | American Can Co | Spray coating apparatus |
CN103703085B (en) * | 2011-01-19 | 2016-09-28 | 哈佛学院院长等 | Smooth fluid injection porous surface and its biological applications |
EP2839118B1 (en) * | 2012-04-20 | 2020-10-28 | National Oilwell Varco, L.P. | Centrifugal applicator |
US9555925B2 (en) * | 2012-10-16 | 2017-01-31 | Afl Telecommunications Llc | Stacking apparatus, stacking sleeve, and sleeve-pallet |
KR20150086522A (en) * | 2012-11-19 | 2015-07-28 | 메사추세츠 인스티튜트 오브 테크놀로지 | Apparatus and methods employing liquid-impregnated surfaces |
US20150007931A1 (en) * | 2013-07-05 | 2015-01-08 | Nike, Inc. | Method of manufacturing a multi-layer golf ball |
WO2015039085A1 (en) * | 2013-09-16 | 2015-03-19 | LiquiGlide Inc. | Non-toxic liquid-impregnated surfaces |
-
2018
- 2018-04-12 WO PCT/US2018/027340 patent/WO2018191523A1/en unknown
- 2018-04-12 CA CA3060261A patent/CA3060261A1/en active Pending
- 2018-04-12 EP EP18784410.5A patent/EP3609797A4/en active Pending
- 2018-10-05 US US16/153,056 patent/US20190039796A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2020
- 2020-02-12 US US16/789,146 patent/US20200255198A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20130032316A1 (en) * | 2011-08-05 | 2013-02-07 | Rajeev Dhiman | Liquid-Impregnated Surfaces, Methods of Making, and Devices Incorporating the Same |
US20150196940A1 (en) * | 2012-07-13 | 2015-07-16 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces having improved stability |
US20140314975A1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-10-23 | LiquiGlide Inc. | Methods and articles for liquid-impregnated surfaces with enhanced durability |
US20150079315A1 (en) * | 2013-09-17 | 2015-03-19 | LiquidGlide Inc. | Articles and methods for forming liquid films on surfaces, in devices incorporating the same |
US20150179321A1 (en) * | 2013-12-20 | 2015-06-25 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Controlled liquid/solid mobility using external fields on lubricant-impregnated surfaces |
US20150273518A1 (en) * | 2014-03-25 | 2015-10-01 | Liquiglide, Inc. | Spray Processes and Methods for Forming Liquid-Impregnated Surfaces |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP3609797A4 * |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2020096767A1 (en) * | 2018-11-08 | 2020-05-14 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | A system comprising a high surface area solid capable of continuously refreshing an infused or encapsulating liquid coating and a method of using the system for comtanimant removal from a gas or a liquid |
US11439927B2 (en) | 2018-11-08 | 2022-09-13 | ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company | Species extraction |
US11590447B2 (en) | 2018-11-08 | 2023-02-28 | Exxon Mobil Technology and Engineering Company | Porous liquid and methods of making and using the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA3060261A1 (en) | 2018-10-18 |
US20190039796A1 (en) | 2019-02-07 |
EP3609797A4 (en) | 2021-02-24 |
EP3609797A1 (en) | 2020-02-19 |
US20200255198A1 (en) | 2020-08-13 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20200255198A1 (en) | Durable lubricious surfaces | |
EP2969257B1 (en) | Apparatus having a durable liquid-impregnated surface. | |
US20150076030A1 (en) | Non-toxic liquid impregnated surfaces | |
US11046853B2 (en) | Systems and methods for creating durable lubricious surfaces via interfacial modification | |
Peppou-Chapman et al. | Life and death of liquid-infused surfaces: a review on the choice, analysis and fate of the infused liquid layer | |
KR102240529B1 (en) | Self-lubricating surfaces for food packaging and processing equipment | |
US9625075B2 (en) | Apparatus with a liquid-impregnated surface to facilitate material conveyance | |
US11603222B2 (en) | Articles and methods for forming liquid films on surfaces, in devices incorporating the same | |
US20220282177A1 (en) | Lubricious surfaces, systems and method for making the same | |
US20140314991A1 (en) | Methods and articles for liquid-impregnated surfaces for the inhibition of vapor or gas nucleation | |
Lorenz et al. | Role of hydrophobicity on interfacial fluid flow: Theory and some applications | |
US20150144522A1 (en) | Nucleation and destabilization of liquids on liquid-impregnated surfaces |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 18784410 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 3060261 Country of ref document: CA |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2018784410 Country of ref document: EP Effective date: 20191113 |