WO2018153448A1 - Lithium-sulfur solid state batteries - Google Patents

Lithium-sulfur solid state batteries Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018153448A1
WO2018153448A1 PCT/EP2017/054088 EP2017054088W WO2018153448A1 WO 2018153448 A1 WO2018153448 A1 WO 2018153448A1 EP 2017054088 W EP2017054088 W EP 2017054088W WO 2018153448 A1 WO2018153448 A1 WO 2018153448A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
solid state
state battery
cells
stack
positive electrode
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Ceased
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PCT/EP2017/054088
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French (fr)
Inventor
Yuya Ishihara
Yuki KATOH
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Toyota Motor Europe NV SA
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Toyota Motor Europe NV SA
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Priority to PCT/EP2017/054088 priority Critical patent/WO2018153448A1/en
Publication of WO2018153448A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018153448A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
    • H01M10/0562—Solid materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
    • H01M10/0585—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only flat construction elements, i.e. flat positive electrodes, flat negative electrodes and flat separators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
    • H01M10/615—Heating or keeping warm
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • JP 2004-095243 discloses a lithium-based secondary battery, where sulfur functions as the positive electrode active material, even when the whole solid-state lithium battery operates at room temperature.
  • the expression “vertical” is defined with respect to the direction of the gravitational force, i.e., the local gravity, and the expression “horizontal” indicates a plane or a direction perpendicular to a vertical plane or a vertical direction.
  • the positive electrode when the angle is smaller than 90°, the positive electrode may be disposed above the solid electrolyte in the vertical direction.
  • the negative electrode may present no free surfaces.
  • the negative electrode may be covered on one side by a current collector and on the other sides by the solid electrolyte. Thus, even when liquid sulfur flows in the void volume, the liquid sulfur is not in contact with the negative electrode.
  • the heating element may be used for preheating the solid state battery, for example up to 40°C.
  • the container may include a separator for separating the stack of cells and the void volume, the separator including an opening allowing a liquid to flow through the opening.
  • FIGS. 3A - 3C show schematic cross-sectional views of exemplary solid state batteries according to embodiments of the present disclosure
  • the positive electrode 12 comprises sulfur as an active material.
  • the positive electrode 12 is made of sulfur
  • the negative electrode 14 is made of metallic lithium
  • the solid electrolyte layer 16 is made of U3PS4.
  • void volume 28 For example, for making a 100 Ah (ampere hour) solid state battery, 60 g (gram) of sulfur may be used, which correspond to approximately 30 cm 3 (cubic centimetre) of sulfur having a density of 1,92 g/cm 3 at room temperature. The density of liquid sulfur being equal to 1,819 g/cm 3 at melting temperature, the void volume 28 will be equal to or greater than 32 cm 3 .
  • Fig. 3C shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary solid state battery 22 similar to the solid state battery 22 of Fig. 3A.
  • the solid state battery 22 in Fig. 3C differs from the solid state battery 22 of Fig. 3A in that in Fig. 3C, the solid state battery 22 comprises a separator 32 for separating the stack of cells 26 and the void volume 28, the separator 30 comprising a plurality of openings 34 allowing a liquid to flow through the openings 34 into the void volume 28.
  • the openings 34 are not limited in number and/or in shape to the openings 34 of Fig. 3C.
  • Figs 4A - 4D show exemplary schematic cross-sectional views of solid state batteries 22 having heating element 34.
  • the solid state battery 22 comprises two heating element 36 disposed outside the container 24.
  • the solid state battery 22 comprises one heating element 36 disposed inside de container 24.
  • the heating elements 36 disposed outside the container 24 are not limited to two heating elements.
  • One heating element 36 or more than two heating elements 36 may be disposed outside the container 24.
  • More than one heating elements 36 may be disposed inside the container 24.
  • heating elements 36 may also be disposed inside and outside the container 24 of a given solid state battery 22.
  • the stack of cells 26 represented in Figs. 3A - 5 are represented with two cells 10, it is to be understood that the number of cells may be different.
  • the negative electrode 14 of cell 10 may or may not present free surfaces.
  • the separator 32 may be used with the heating elements 36.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

A solid state battery (22) including a stack of cells (26) defining a stacking direction (20), each cell comprising a positive electrode (12), a negative electrode (14) and a solid electrolyte (16) disposed between the positive electrode (12) and the negative electrode (14), wherein the stack of cells (26) is enclosed in a container (24), wherein the stacking direction (20) forms an angle (Θ) that is different from 0° with a vertical direction (V), the vertical direction (V) being parallel to a direction of a gravitational force, wherein the positive electrode (12) comprises sulfur as an active material, and wherein the container (24) comprises a void volume (28) equal to or greater than a volume of sulfur contained in the stack of cells (26), the void volume (28) being disposed below the stack of cells (26) in the vertical direction (V).

Description

LITHIUM-SULFUR SOLID STATE BATTERIES
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE [0001] The present disclosure is related to all-solid state batteries, and more particularly to solid state batteries comprising sulfur as an active material of the positive electrode.
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] Lithium-based batteries are part of a family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and from the positive electrode to the negative electrode when charging.
[0003] There are various types of lithium-based batteries, and interest has arisen in solid-state type batteries in recent years. In such batteries, an electrolyte of the battery, previously a liquid or gel, is replaced by a solid material. For example, JP 2011-028883 discloses a secondary battery with a lithium-ion-conductive nonaqueous electrolyte. Such solid state batteries tend to have improvements in performance as a temperature increases. Moreover, these solid state batteries are safer as there is no liquid present in the batteries.
[0004] It has been demonstrated that lithium-sulfur batteries (Li-S batteries), i.e., a lithium-based battery in which the positive electrode comprises sulfur (S) have a promising high specific energy, that is higher than many other types of lithium-based batteries. Further, because of the abundance and relatively low cost of sulfur, these batteries can be produced with significant savings over other battery technologies. Moreover, these batteries are relatively light thanks to the low atomic weight of lithium and moderate atomic weight of sulfur.
[0005] For example, JP 2004-095243 discloses a lithium-based secondary battery, where sulfur functions as the positive electrode active material, even when the whole solid-state lithium battery operates at room temperature.
[0006] However, during a charging process of a Li-S battery, temperature increases during a charging process. Moreover, sulfur begins to sublime at 102°C, and melts at 115°C. If, for example, as a result of puncture or overcharging, the battery begins to overheat, the sulfur may sublime and/or melt to a liquid. If liquid sulfur reaches the negative electrode, and exothermic reaction occurs, which may result in battery damage and/or additional consequences. Thus, safety of such batteries may still be improved.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0007] Currently, it remains desirable to increase the safety of solid state batteries containing sulfur.
[0008] Therefore, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, a solid state battery is provided. The solid state battery includes a stack of cells defining a stacking direction, each cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a solid electrolyte disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the stack of cells is enclosed in a container, wherein the stacking direction forms an angle that is different from 0° with a vertical direction, the vertical direction being parallel to a direction of a gravitational force, wherein the positive electrode comprises sulfur as an active material, and wherein the container comprises a void volume equal to or greater than a volume of sulfur contained in all the positive electrodes of the stack of cells, the void volume being disposed below the stack of cells in the vertical direction.
[0009] In the following description, the expression "vertical" is defined with respect to the direction of the gravitational force, i.e., the local gravity, and the expression "horizontal" indicates a plane or a direction perpendicular to a vertical plane or a vertical direction.
[0010] By providing such a configuration, when the temperature inside the stack of cells rises above the melting temperature of the solid sulfur, the liquid sulfur that may form due to the melting of the solid sulfur of the positive electrode will be collected in the void volume thanks to the gravity. Therefore, the liquid sulfur will be contained away from the negative electrode and within the container of the solid state battery. Moreover, thanks to the angle which is different from 0°, when the sulfur melts, the liquid sulfur falls in the void volume without being in contact with the negative electrodes. Therefore, the safety of the solid state battery is improved. [0011] It is to be understood that the angle between the stack direction and the vertical direction is measured in a configuration of the solid state battery which is similar to the configuration the solid state battery will have in use.
[0012] The angle may be equal to or greater than 5°, preferably equal to or greater than 15°, more preferably equal to or greater than 25° and the angle is equal to or smaller than 90°.
[0013] When the angle is equal to 90°, the direction of the stack of cells is horizontal, i.e., the electrodes, the electrolyte, the current collectors are vertical.
[0014] In each cells, when the angle is smaller than 90°, the positive electrode may be disposed above the solid electrolyte in the vertical direction.
[0015] The liquid sulfur is less likely to be in contact with the negative electrode. Moreover, thanks to the angle being different from 0°, the liquid sulfur will flow in the void volume and even if the liquid sulfur contacts the negative electrode, only a small area of the negative electrode will be in contact during a limited time. Therefore, the heat that may be generated by such a limited contact is small and will not damage the stack of cells.
[0016] The negative electrode may present no free surfaces.
[0017] The negative electrode may be covered on one side by a current collector and on the other sides by the solid electrolyte. Thus, even when liquid sulfur flows in the void volume, the liquid sulfur is not in contact with the negative electrode.
[0018] The solid state battery may include a heating element.
[0019] The heating element may be used for preheating the solid state battery, for example up to 40°C.
[0020] The heating element may be disposed outside the container.
[0021] The heating element is disposed inside the container.
[0022] The container may include a separator for separating the stack of cells and the void volume, the separator including an opening allowing a liquid to flow through the opening.
[0023] The liquid sulfur may fall into the void volume through the opening of the separator. Once in the void volume, thanks to the separator that separates the stack of cells from the void volume, the liquid sulfur is less likely to be in contact with the negative electrodes, even when the solid state battery is mounted in a vehicle that accelerates and breaks. [0024] The present disclosure also relates to an assembly of a vehicle and a solid state battery as defined above, wherein the vehicle has a front end and a back end and wherein the solid state battery is mounted in the vehicle so that in each cell, from the front end to the back end, the positive electrode is disposed before the solid electrolyte.
[0025] With this configuration, when the vehicle breaks, the liquid sulfur, that may be contained in the void volume of the container of the solid state battery, may be displaced towards the front end of the vehicle due to the force of inertia and will be less likely to be in contact with the negative electrodes.
[0026] It is intended that combinations of the above-described elements and those within the specification may be made, except where otherwise contradictory.
[0027] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the disclosure, as claimed.
[0028] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the disclosure and together with the description, serve to explain the principles thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0029] Fig. 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary cell according to embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0030] Fig. 2 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of another exemplary cell according to embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0031] Figs. 3A - 3C show schematic cross-sectional views of exemplary solid state batteries according to embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0032] Figs. 4A - 4D show schematic cross-sectional views of exemplary solid state batteries having heating element according to embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0033] Fig. 5 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary assembly of a vehicle and a solid state battery according to embodiments of the present disclosure. DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
[0034] Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of the disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.
[0035] Fig. 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a cell 10 according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The cell 10 comprises a positive electrode 12 and a negative electrode 14. The cell 10 also comprises a solid electrolyte 16 disposed between the positive electrode 12 and the negative electrode 14, the positive electrode 12, the solid electrolyte 16 and the negative electrode 14 being disposed between two current collectors 18.
[0036] The positive electrode 12, the negative electrode 14, the solid electrolyte 16 and the current collectors 18 are generally layers of materials stacked one on top of the other, defining a stacking direction 20.
[0037] In the embodiment exemplified in Fig. 1, the layers are planar layers and the stacking direction 20 forms an angle Θ with a vertical direction V. The vertical direction V is defined with respect to the direction of the gravitational force, i.e., the local gravity.
[0038] In use, the cell 10 will present the angle Θ between the stacking direction 20 of the cell 10 in use and the vertical direction V. The angle Θ is different from 0° and is smaller than 90°.
[0039] The positive electrode 12 comprises sulfur as an active material. For example, the positive electrode 12 is made of sulfur, the negative electrode 14 is made of metallic lithium and the solid electrolyte layer 16 is made of U3PS4.
[0040] The current collectors 18 may be made of stainless steel, gold (Au), platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), aluminum (Al) or copper (Cu) or alloys comprising these materials. This list is not limitative. The two current collectors 18 may be made of the same material or the two current collectors may be made of different materials. For example, the current collector on the positive electrode side may be made of Al and the current collector on the negative electrode side may be made of Cu.
[0041] Fig. 2 shows another schematic cross-sectional view of a cell 10. Cell 10 in Fig. 2 differs from cell 10 in Fig. 1 in that the angle Θ is different and in that the solid electrolyte layer 16 covers the negative electrode 14. The negative electrode 14 presents no free surfaces. The negative electrode 14 is covered on one side by one current collector 18 and on the other sides by the solid electrolyte 16.
[0042] Fig. 3A shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary solid state battery 22. The solid state battery 22 comprises a container 24 enclosing a stack of cells 26. In Fig. 3A, the stack of cells 26 comprises two cells 10, the two adjacent cells 10 share a current collector 18. The stack of cells 26 may comprise more cells 10. The elements of the solid state battery 22 that are not requested for the comprehension of the present disclosure have been omitted and will not be describe in this disclosure.
[0043] In Fig. 3A, the angle Θ is equal to 90°.
[0044] The container 24 comprises a void volume 28 disposed below the stack of cells 26 in the vertical direction V.
[0045] The void volume 28 is equal to or greater than a volume of sulfur contained in all the positive electrodes 12 of the stack of cells 26.
[0046] For example, for making a 100 Ah (ampere hour) solid state battery, 60 g (gram) of sulfur may be used, which correspond to approximately 30 cm3 (cubic centimetre) of sulfur having a density of 1,92 g/cm3 at room temperature. The density of liquid sulfur being equal to 1,819 g/cm3 at melting temperature, the void volume 28 will be equal to or greater than 32 cm3.
[0047] Fig. 3B shows the solid state battery 22 of Fig. 3A when all the sulfur of the positive electrodes 12 of the stack of cells 26 has melted and forms liquid sulfur 30 in the container 24. Thanks to the gravity, the liquid sulfur flows into the void volume 28 which is disposed below the stack of cells 26 in the vertical direction V. Once in the void volume 28, the liquid sulfur is not in contact with the negative electrode 14.
[0048] The container 24 may be made from a material comprising stainless steel, iron or nickel or alloys comprising stainless steel, iron or nickel.
[0049] Fig. 3C shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary solid state battery 22 similar to the solid state battery 22 of Fig. 3A. The solid state battery 22 in Fig. 3C differs from the solid state battery 22 of Fig. 3A in that in Fig. 3C, the solid state battery 22 comprises a separator 32 for separating the stack of cells 26 and the void volume 28, the separator 30 comprising a plurality of openings 34 allowing a liquid to flow through the openings 34 into the void volume 28. [0050] The openings 34 are not limited in number and/or in shape to the openings 34 of Fig. 3C.
[0051] Figs 4A - 4D show exemplary schematic cross-sectional views of solid state batteries 22 having heating element 34. In Fig. 4A, the solid state battery 22 comprises two heating element 36 disposed outside the container 24. In Figs. 4B - 4D, the solid state battery 22 comprises one heating element 36 disposed inside de container 24. However, the heating elements 36 disposed outside the container 24 are not limited to two heating elements. One heating element 36 or more than two heating elements 36 may be disposed outside the container 24. The same applies to heating element 36 disposed inside the container 24. More than one heating elements 36 may be disposed inside the container 24. Moreover, heating elements 36 may also be disposed inside and outside the container 24 of a given solid state battery 22.
[0052] In Fig. 4B, the heating element 36 is disposed in a plane parallel to the layers of the stack of cells 26. In Fig. 4C, the heating element 36 is disposed on top of the layers of the stack of cells 26. Fig. 4D is a cross- sectional view of a solid state battery 22 taken in a plane parallel to one current collector 18 of the stack of cells 26 of the solid state battery 22, wherein the heating element 36 is disposed perpendicular to the layers of the stack of cells 26.
[0053] Fig. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary assembly of a vehicle 40 and a solid state battery 22. The vehicle 40 has a front end 42 and a back end 44 and the solid state battery 22 is mounted in the vehicle 40 so that in each cell 10, from the front end 42 to the back end 44, the positive electrode 12 is disposed before the solid electrolyte 16.
[0054] Although the stack of cells 26 represented in Figs. 3A - 5 are represented with two cells 10, it is to be understood that the number of cells may be different. In all the embodiments, the negative electrode 14 of cell 10 may or may not present free surfaces. The separator 32 may be used with the heating elements 36.
[0055] Throughout the description, including the claims, the term "comprising a" should be understood as being synonymous with "comprising at least one" unless otherwise stated. In addition, any range set forth in the description, including the claims should be understood as including its end value(s) unless otherwise stated. Specific values for described elements should be understood to be within accepted manufacturing or industry tolerances known to one of skill in the art, and any use of the terms "substantially" and/or "approximately" and/or "generally" should be understood to mean falling within such accepted tolerances.
[0056] Although the present disclosure herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present disclosure.
[0057] It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope of the disclosure being indicated by the following claims.

Claims

1. A solid state battery (22) comprising a stack of cells (26) defining a stacking direction (20), each cell (10) comprising a positive electrode (12), a negative electrode (14) and a solid electrolyte disposed between the positive electrode (12) and the negative electrode (14), wherein the stack of cells (26) is enclosed in a container (24), wherein the stacking direction (20) forms an angle (Θ) that is different from 0° with a vertical direction (V), the vertical direction (V) being parallel to a direction of a gravitational force, wherein the positive electrode (12) comprises sulfur as an active material, and wherein the container (24) comprises a void volume (28) equal to or greater than a volume of sulfur contained in all the positive electrodes (12) of the stack of cells (26), the void volume (28) being disposed below the stack of cells (26) in the vertical direction (V).
2. The solid state battery (22) according to claim 1, wherein the angle
(Θ) is equal to or greater than 5°, preferably equal to or greater than 15°, more preferably equal to or greater than 25° and the angle (Θ) is equal to or smaller than 90°.
3. The solid state battery (22) according to any of claims 1-2, wherein in each cells (10), when the angle (Θ) is smaller than 90°, the positive electrode (12) is disposed above the solid electrolyte (16) in the vertical direction (V).
4. The solid state battery (22) according to any of claims 1-3, wherein the negative electrode (14) presents no free surfaces.
5. The solid state battery (22) according to any of claims 1-4, comprising a heating element (36).
6. The solid state battery (22) according to any of claims 1-5, wherein the heating element (36) is disposed outside the container (24).
7. The solid state battery (22) according to any of claims 1-5, wherein the heating element (36) is disposed inside the container (24).
8. The solid state battery (22) according to any of claims 1-7, the container (24) comprising a separator (32) for separating the stack of cells (26) and the void volume (28), the separator (32) comprising an opening (34) allowing a liquid to flow through the opening (34).
9. The solid state battery (22) according to any of claims 1-8, wherein the solid state battery (22) is a lithium solid state battery.
10. Assembly of a vehicle (40) and a solid state battery (22) according to any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the vehicle (40) has a front end (42) and a back end (44) and wherein the solid state battery (22) is mounted in the vehicle (40) so that in each cell (10), from the front end (42) to the back end (44), the positive electrode (12) is disposed before the solid electrolyte (16).
PCT/EP2017/054088 2017-02-22 2017-02-22 Lithium-sulfur solid state batteries Ceased WO2018153448A1 (en)

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2004095243A (en) 2002-08-30 2004-03-25 Shinya Machida Lithium secondary battery using sulfur as positive electrode active material
JP2011028883A (en) 2009-07-22 2011-02-10 Panasonic Corp Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery
US20110165466A1 (en) * 2010-01-04 2011-07-07 Aruna Zhamu Lithium metal-sulfur and lithium ion-sulfur secondary batteries containing a nano-structured cathode and processes for producing same
US20150064520A1 (en) * 2013-08-28 2015-03-05 Robert Bosch Gmbh Solid State Battery with Volume Change Material

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2004095243A (en) 2002-08-30 2004-03-25 Shinya Machida Lithium secondary battery using sulfur as positive electrode active material
JP2011028883A (en) 2009-07-22 2011-02-10 Panasonic Corp Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery
US20110165466A1 (en) * 2010-01-04 2011-07-07 Aruna Zhamu Lithium metal-sulfur and lithium ion-sulfur secondary batteries containing a nano-structured cathode and processes for producing same
US20150064520A1 (en) * 2013-08-28 2015-03-05 Robert Bosch Gmbh Solid State Battery with Volume Change Material

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