WO2018152596A1

WO2018152596A1 - Ophthalmic lens system for controlling longitudinal chromatic aberration

Info

Publication number: WO2018152596A1
Application number: PCT/AU2018/050174
Authority: WO
Inventors: Arthur Ho; Klaus Ehrmann; Ravi Bakaraju; Cathleen FEDTKE
Original assignee: Brien Holden Vision Institute Ltd
Current assignee: Brien Holden Vision Institute Ltd
Priority date: 2017-02-27
Filing date: 2018-02-27
Publication date: 2018-08-30
Anticipated expiration: 2019-08-27
Also published as: WO2018152596A9; TW201841023A; WO2018152595A1; TW201841024A

Abstract

An ophthalmic lens system that includes a first lens having a first power and a first refractive index and first dispersion and a second lens, having a second power and a second refractive index and second dispersion. The first lens and the second lens are selected such that when light passes through the system, negative longitudinal chromatic aberration is produced whose amount is equal to or greater than a desired amount of negative longitudinal chromatic aberration.

Description

OPHTHALMIC LENS SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING

LONGITUDINAL CHROMATIC ABERRATION

CROSS REFERENCE

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 62/463,942, filed on February 27, 2017 and entitled "Ophthalmic Lens System for Controlling Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration" and to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 62/599,408, filed on December 15, 2017 and entitled "Ophthalmic Lens System for Controlling and/or Reversing the Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration of a

Human Eye" and is related to a PCT application (PCT/AU2018/ ) to be filed on or about February 27, 2018 and entitled "Ophthalmic Lens System for Controlling and/or Reversing the Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration of a Human Eye Using a Diffractive Optical Element," each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Provisional Application Serial No. US 62/412,507, filed on October 25, 2016, entitled "Devices, Systems and/or Methods for Myopia Control" and PCT/AU2017/051173, filed on October 25, 2017, entitled "Devices, Systems and/or Methods for Myopia Control" are each also herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In addition, the articles entitled "Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics" authored by Jim Schwiegerling and published by SPIE Press as ISBN 0-8194- 5629-2); Jalie M. "The principles of ophthalmic lenses" 3^rd Edition, 1977, The Association of Dispensing Opticians, London; pages 3-4; and Fincham W.H.A. and Freeman M.H. "Optics" 8^th Edition, 1976, Butterworth, London; pages 71-72; and Bakaraju, Ehrmann, Falk, Ho, Papas "Physical human model eye and methods of its use to analyse optical performance of soft contact lenses" Optics Express Volume 18, No. 16, August 2, 2010, Pages 16868-16882 are each herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This disclosure relates to ophthalmic lens systems and more particularly, to ophthalmic lens systems for controlling longitudinal chromatic aberration to deliver negative and/or reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration to an eye.

BACKGROUND

[0003] The optics of an eye determines whether an image is focused on the retina of an eye. Images that are focused on the retina of an eye are typically perceived as being in focus. Myopia, commonly referred to as short-sightedness, is an optical disorder of the eye and results in on-axis images being focused in front of the retina. On-axis images are those that are substantially in line with the fovea or foveal region of the retina; the region that is capable of the highest visual acuity. Hyperopia (or hypermetropia), commonly referred to as long-sightedness, is an optical disorder of the eye and results in on-axis images being focused behind the fovea of the retina.

[0004] Myopia causes distant objects (e.g., items in the scenery being viewed by the eye) to appear out of focus or blurred. Myopia may be caused by an increase in the length (sometimes called the "axial length") of the eyeball due to eye growth not matching the focus position of the eye. This excessive eye length leads to the images being focused in front of the retina. Initiation of myopia, its development and progression may be caused by increasing axial length of the eye.

[0005] There are several theories for why certain individuals become myopic. One such approach is that longitudinal chromatic aberrations may affect the development (e.g., growth and hence axial length) of the eye.

[0006] Accordingly, there is an unmet need for ophthalmic lens systems for controlling, partially controlling or substantially controlling longitudinal chromatic aberration to deliver negative and/or reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration to an eye. Exemplary embodiments may benefit from a reduction in myopia progression and/or other advantages/improvements as discussed herein. The present disclosure is directed to solving these and other problems disclosed herein. The present disclosure is also directed to pointing out one or more advantages to using exemplary ophthalmic lens systems.

SUMMARY

[0007] The present disclosure is directed to overcoming and/or ameliorating one or more of the problems described herein. Briefly, the longitudinal chromatic aberrations (LCA) present within the eye or within an eye wearing an ophthalmic lens may affect the development (e.g., growth) of the eye. There is a need for ophthalmic lens and/or lens system that may control the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye; for example, when an exemplary lens and/or an exemplary lens system is worn on the eye. The present disclosure is directed, at least in part, to ophthalmic lens and/or ophthalmic lens systems that may reverse, invert or interchange the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye and/or provide negative longitudinal chromatic aberration for the eye. The present disclosure is also directed, at least in part, to ophthalmic lens and/or ophthalmic lens systems that may substantially reverse, invert or interchange the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye and/or provide negative (or substantially negative) longitudinal chromatic aberration for the eye.

[0008] Some exemplary embodiments described herein may provide an ophthalmic lens system that includes a first lens having a first power, a first refractive index, and a first dispersion and a second lens, having a second power, a second refractive index and a second dispersion. The exemplary ophthalmic lens system may be positive in power or negative in power or may have zero power. The first lens and the second lens are selected such that when light passes through the ophthalmic lens system, for a positive or zero power ophthalmic lens system, longer wavelengths may be focused at positions closer to the lens system than shorter wavelengths. For a negative power ophthalmic lens system, the first lens and the second lens are selected such that when light passes through the ophthalmic lens system, shorter wavelengths may be focused at positions close to the lens system than longer wavelengths by an absolute (i.e. ignoring the sign) amount greater than the longitudinal chromatic aberration of an eye. This ophthalmic lens system, which includes the first lens and second lens, may be worn by a suitable eye, for example, an eye that is myopic, an eye that has progressing myopia or an eye that may develop myopia. For example, a child who is not hyperopic (long-sighted) by a small amount when young (e.g. 2 to 3 years of age), is likely to develop myopia in later years. This is an example of a suitable, non-myopic eye.

[0009] Certain exemplary embodiments provide an ophthalmic lens system comprising a first lens element and a second lens element, wherein the first and second lens elements have different dispersions such that when light passes through the lens system, wavelengths in the region of about 590 nm (nanometers) to about 800 nm are shifted to positions closer to the lens system than wavelengths in the region of about 380 nm to about 589 nm.

[0010] Certain exemplary embodiments provide an ophthalmic lens system that comprises a first lens element and a second lens element, wherein the first and second elements have different dispersions such that when light passes through the lens system, the amount (i.e., absolute amount ignoring sign) of the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration is about 0.5 D (diopters) to about 4 D.

[0011] Certain exemplary embodiments provide an ophthalmic lens system that comprises a first lens element and a second lens element, wherein the first and second elements have different dispersions such that when light passes through the lens system, the amount of the reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration is about 0.5 D to about 4 D.

[0012] Certain exemplary embodiments provide an ophthalmic lens system comprising a first lens element and a second lens element, wherein the first and second lens elements have different dispersions such that the chromatic longitudinal aberration of the eye is negative and/or reversed. In other embodiments, the disclosure provides an ophthalmic lens system comprising a first lens element and a second lens element, wherein the first and second lens elements have different dispersions such that when placed on the eye, wavelengths in the region of about 590 nm to about 800 nm are shifted to positions closer to the lens system than wavelengths in the region of about 380 nm to about 589 nm.

[0013] Certain exemplary embodiments provide an ophthalmic lens system that comprises a first lens element and a second lens element, wherein the first and second elements have different dispersions such that when placed on the eye, the amount of the negative and/or reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration is about 0.5 D to about 4 D for the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration and 0.5 D to about 4 D for the reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[0014] In certain exemplary embodiments, the first lens element with a first dispersive power may be positive powered or negative powered and the second lens element with a second dispersive power may be negative powered or positive powered.

[0015] Certain exemplary embodiments may provide an ophthalmic lens system with a total power that is positive (i.e. a lens system that converges light) that includes a first lens having a first power, a first refractive index, and a first dispersion and a second lens, having a second power, a second refractive index and a second dispersion. The first lens and the second lens are selected such that when light passes through the lens system, longer wavelengths are focused at positions closer to the lens system than shorter wavelengths. [0016] In some embodiments, the first lens and the second lens may be adjoining and in some embodiments, the first lens and the second lens may be spaced apart.

[0017] In some embodiments, the lens system may consist of two or more groups of lenses where one of the groups includes at least one lens with a first dispersion and second of the groups includes at least one lens with a second dispersion.

[0018] In some embodiments, longer wavelengths, such as those corresponding to red light, may be focused at positions located in front of shorter wavelengths, such as those corresponding to blue light.

[0019] In some embodiments, longer wavelengths, such as those corresponding to red light, may be focused at positions located in front of a medium wavelength (that lies between the longer wavelengths and the shorter wavelengths), such as those corresponding to green light and shorter wavelengths, such as those corresponding to blue light, may be focused at positions located in front of the medium wavelength.

[0020] In some embodiments, the lens system may be used to correct vision of an eye and longer wavelengths, such as those corresponding to red light, may be focused at positions located in front of the retina.

[0021] In some embodiments, wavelengths corresponding to a medium wavelength (such as green light) may be focused at positions located substantially on or close to the retina. In some embodiments, medium wavelengths such as green light may be focused at positions close to or in front of the retina, but further from the ophthalmic lens system than positions where longer wavelengths such as red light are focused to introduce myopic defocus. In some embodiments, shorter wavelengths such as blue light may be focused at positions located substantially on or behind the retina.

[0022] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may have a negative and/or reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration whereby shorter wavelengths such as blue light may be focused at positions in the eye substantially further from the ophthalmic lens system than positions in the eye where longer wavelengths such as red light are focused.

[0023] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may have a first power for a longer wavelength such as red light and a second power for a shorter wavelength such as blue light whereby the first power is substantially more positive (or less negative) than the second power. [0024] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may have a first power for a longer wavelengths such as those corresponding to red light, a second power for a shorter wavelength such as blue light and a third power for a medium wavelength (lying between the longer wavelengths and the shorter wavelengths), such as those corresponding to green light whereby the first power is substantially more positive (or less negative) than the third power and the second power is substantially more positive (or less negative) than the third power.

[0025] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may have a first power for a longer wavelength such as red light and a second power for a shorter wavelength such as blue light whereby the first power may be more positive than the second power and the absolute difference between the first and second power may be greater or substantially greater than the absolute value of the dioptric power equivalent to a longitudinal chromatic aberration of an eye or an eye corrected with a conventional lens system.

[0026] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may have a negative and/or reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration that is substantially equal in magnitude but opposite in direction (i.e, reversed) to a longitudinal chromatic aberration of an eye or an eye corrected with a conventional lens system.

[0027] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may have a negative and/or reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration that is greater in magnitude but opposite or reversed in direction to a longitudinal chromatic aberration of a natural eye or an eye corrected with a conventional lens system.

[0028] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may have a first power for a longer wavelength such as red light and a second power for a shorter wavelength such as blue light whereby the difference between the first and second powers may be substantially constant across a portion of the lens system.

[0029] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may have a first power for a longer wavelength such as red light and a second power for a shorter wavelength such as blue light whereby the difference between the first and second powers may vary across a portion of the lens system.

[0030] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may be used to reduce the progression of myopia. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may be used to reduce the progression of axial growth. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may be used to reduce the progression of axial growth and/or reduce the progression of myopia.

[0031] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may be a single-vision ophthalmic lens.

[0032] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may incorporate sphero-cylindrical power for vision correction.

[0033] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may incorporate prisms for vision correction or orthoptics applications.

[0034] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may incorporate vision correction including higher order aberrations (such as spherical aberrations, coma, astigmatism, curvature of field, distortion).

[0035] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may be a bifocal or multifocal ophthalmic lens.

[0036] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may have optical power that varies across the ophthalmic lens.

[0037] In some embodiments, the first lens of the ophthalmic lens system may be a spectacle lens and the second lens may be a spectacle lens. In some embodiments, the first lens of the ophthalmic lens system may be a spectacle lens and the second lens may be a contact lens. In some embodiments, the first lens of the ophthalmic lens system may be a contact lens and the second lens may be a spectacle lens. In some embodiments, the first lens of the ophthalmic lens system may be a contact lens and the second lens may be a contact lens.

[0038] In some embodiments, the field of view of the ophthalmic lens system may be implemented within only a part of the total field of view of an overall lens system.

[0039] In some embodiments, the shape and size of the first lens or the second lens may lie within only certain portions of an overall lens system.

[0040] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may be implemented within only certain portions of the aperture of an overall lens system. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may be incorporated into a plurality of lenslets that are distributed over at least a portion of an overall lens system.

[0041] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may be one or more of a spectacle lens, a contact lens, a corneal onlay or inlay, an intraocular lens or a combination thereof. [0042] In some embodiments, the first lens may be located in front of (e.g., closer to the light source) the second lens. In some embodiments, the second lens may be located in front of (e.g., closer to the light source) the first lens.

[0043] In some embodiments, the first lens or the second lens may be the carrier lens. In some embodiments, the first lens or the second lens may be flint glass. In some embodiments, the first lens and/or the second lens may be made of an optical material of relatively high refractive index. In some embodiments, the first lens and/or the second lens may be made of an optical material of relatively high dispersion ("relatively" meaning relative to that of the second/first lens respectively).

[0044] In some embodiments, the second lens may be a segment lens. In some embodiments, the first lens or the second lens may be crown glass. In some embodiments, the second lens may be made of an optical material of lower refractive index than the first lens. In some embodiments, the second lens may be made of an optical material of relatively lower dispersion than the first lens.

[0045] In some embodiments, the first and/or the second lens may be made in an optical material that has a gradient refractive index.

[0046] In some embodiments, the first and/or the second lens may be made in an optical material whose dispersion varies within the material (i.e. gradient dispersion).

[0047] In some embodiments, the first lens and/or the second lens may have a negative power. In some embodiments, the first lens and/or second lens may have a positive power.

[0048] Other features and advantages of the subject matter described herein will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0049] Aspects of the embodiments described herein may be understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures.

[0050] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an ophthalmic lens system.

[0051] FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0052] FIG. 3 is a table illustrating exemplary lens parameters for providing reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration in accordance with certain embodiments described herein. [0053] FIG. 4 is a schematic showing a general configuration of an ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0054] FIG. 5 is a graph plotting the refractive index and dispersion of commercially available optical glasses from the glass manufacturer Schott.

[0055] FIG. 6 is a graph plotting the refractive index and dispersion of commercially available optical glasses from the glass manufacturer CDGM.

[0056] FIG. 7 is a schematic of the layout of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0057] FIG. 8 is a schematic of the ray intercept at the focal region for two wavelengths of light for a conventional ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0058] FIG. 9 is a graph plotting the relative focal positions (chromatic focal shift) for light of a range of wavelengths for conventional ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0059] FIG. 10 is a schematic of the ray intercept at the focal region for two wavelengths for the exemplary ophthalmic lens system of FIG. 7 in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0060] FIG. 11 is a graph plotting the focal positions (chromatic focal shift) for light of a range of wavelengths for the exemplary ophthalmic lens system of FIG. 7 in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0061] FIG. 12 is a schematic of the layout of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0062] FIG. 13 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift for a conventional ophthalmic lens system.

[0063] FIG. 14 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift for the anti- chromatic segment portion of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with exemplary embodiments described herein.

[0064] FIG. 15 is a schematic of the layout of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0065] FIG. 16 is a graph plotting the chromatic dioptric shift for a conventional ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0066] FIG. 17 is a graph plotting the chromatic dioptric shift for an anti- chromatic segment portion of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein. [0067] FIG. 18 is a schematic of the optical layout of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein when in use with an eye model.

[0068] FIG. 19 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift of a myopic eye model.

[0069] FIG. 20 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift of a myopic eye model.

[0070] FIG. 21 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift for light of a range of wavelengths for a conventional ophthalmic lens system when in use with an eye model.

[0071] FIG. 22 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift of an eye wearing an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0072] FIG. 23 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift of an eye model wearing an exemplary ophthalmic lens system.

[0073] FIG. 24 is a schematic of the optical layout of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein when worn on an eye simulated by an eye model.

[0074] FIG. 25 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift of an eye model simulating a myopic eye.

[0075] FIG. 26 is a graph plotting the chromatic shift for light of a range of wavelengths for an eye model.

[0076] FIG. 27 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift for light of a range of wavelengths for an eye wearing a conventional ophthalmic lens system.

[0077] FIG. 28 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift of an eye wearing an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0078] FIG. 29 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift of an eye looking through an anti-chromatic segment portion of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0079] FIG. 30 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift for light of a range of wavelengths through the carrier portion of an ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein. [0080] FIG. 31 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift for light of a range of wavelengths through an anti-chromatic segment portion of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0081] FIG. 32 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift of the carrier-only portion of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system.

[0082] FIG. 33 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift of the segment portion of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0083] FIG. 34 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift of the carrier- only portion of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0084] FIG. 35 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift through the anti-chromatic segment portion of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0085] FIG. 36 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift of a conventional ophthalmic lens.

[0086] FIG. 37 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift of a conventional ophthalmic lens.

[0087] FIG. 38 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift of an exemplary anti- chromatic ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0088] FIG. 39 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift of an exemplary anti-chromatic ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0089] FIG. 40 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift of a conventional ophthalmic lens.

[0090] FIG. 41 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift of an exemplary anti-chromatic ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0091] FIG. 42 is a schematic of the optical layout of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein, when worn on an eye, simulated by an eye model.

[0092] FIG. 43 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift of a model eye. [0093] FIG. 44 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift of a model eye.

[0094] FIG. 45 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift of an eye wearing a conventional ophthalmic lens.

[0095] FIG. 46 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift of an eye wearing a conventional ophthalmic lens.

[0096] FIG. 47 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift of an exemplary anti-chromatic ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein when worn on an eye.

[0097] FIG. 48 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift of an eye wearing an exemplary anti-chromatic ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[0098] FIG. 49 is a schematic of the optical layout of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein, when worn on an eye, simulated with an eye model.

[0099] FIG. 50 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift of a model eye.

[00100] FIG. 51 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift of a model eye.

[00101] FIG. 52 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift of an eye wearing a conventional ophthalmic lens.

[00102] FIG. 53 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift of an eye wearing a conventional ophthalmic lens.

[00103] FIG. 54 is a graph plotting the dioptric chromatic focal shift of an exemplary anti-chromatic ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein when worn on an eye.

[00104] FIG. 55 is a graph plotting the chromatic focal shift of an eye wearing an exemplary anti-chromatic ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[00105] FIG. 56 is a graph plotting the longitudinal chromatic aberration of an eye wearing a conventional ophthalmic lens for three wavelengths.

[00106] FIG. 57 is a graph plotting the dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration of an eye wearing a conventional ophthalmic lens for three wavelengths.

[00107] FIG. 58 is a graph plotting the longitudinal chromatic aberration of an eye wearing an exemplary anti-chromatic ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein for three wavelengths. [00108] FIG. 59 is a graph plotting the dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration of an exemplary anti -chromatic ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein when worn on an eye for three wavelengths.

[00109] FIG. 60 is a graph plotting the longitudinal chromatic aberration of an eye wearing an exemplary anti -chromatic ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein for three wavelengths.

[00110] FIG. 61 is a graph plotting the dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration of an exemplary anti -chromatic ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein when worn on an eye for three wavelengths.

[00111] FIG. 62 is a graph plotting the relative retinal focal position as a function of wavelength for a theoretical eye model and a physical eye model with and without exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[00112] FIG. 63 is a graph plotting the relative retinal focal position as a function of wavelength for a simplified eye model with and without exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

[00113] FIG. 64 is a graph plotting the refractive state (i.e. correcting lens power) of three in vivo eyes with and without wearing an exemplary ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[00114] The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the provided subject matter. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed.

[00115] The subject headings used in the detailed description are included for the ease of reference of the reader and should not be used to limit the subject matter found throughout the disclosure or the claims. The subject headings should not be used in construing the scope of the claims or the claim limitations. [00116] The terms "about" as used in this disclosure is to be understood to be interchangeable with the term approximate or approximately.

[00117] The term "comprise" and its derivatives (e.g., comprises, comprising) as used in this specification is to be taken to be inclusive of features to which it refers, and is not meant to exclude the presence of additional features unless otherwise stated or implied.

[00118] As used herein, "control" or "controlling", when referring to longitudinal chromatic aberration means applying optical methods (for example, by manipulating lens power, and/or selecting refractive indices and/or dispersions) to an ophthalmic lens and/or ophthalmic lens system to modify a state (e.g. positive or negative) and/or amount of longitudinal chromatic aberration to achieve a desired state and/or amount of longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00119] As used herein "conventional" when referring to a lens and/or a lens system, means currently available lenses and/or a lens systems, which do not substantially modify longitudinal chromatic aberration in a controlled manner. As an example of conventional lens systems, currently available ophthalmic lenses are typically singlets (that is, made of a single lens or lens element). For these singlet ophthalmic lenses, longitudinal chromatic aberration is determined by the dispersion and power of the single lens and no control on longitudinal chromatic aberration can be achieved. As another example of conventional lens systems, currently available ophthalmic lenses that are not singlets are doublets (i.e. consists of two lenses or lens elements). These doublet types of lenses are multifocal spectacle lenses for which the two lens elements combine to produce additional positive power through a portion of the area of the total lens in order to provide reading power through that portion. In doublet types of lenses, the dispersions, powers and refractive indices of the two lens elements are selected to provide the additional positive reading power. These types of ophthalmic lenses that consists of two elements are sometimes called "fused" or "blended" bifocals. An example of such a lens is the bifocal spectacles for which one portion (e.g. upper portion) provides power for the eye to view to the distance and another portion (e.g. lower portion) provides power for reading. The combination of power, refractive indices and dispersion (through choice of lens material) results in an increase in positive longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00120] As used herein the phrase "native longitudinal chromatic aberration" means the longitudinal chromatic aberration of an eye (that is, without wearing a lens) or an eye that is wearing a conventional ophthalmic lens or ophthalmic lens system whereby the eye may be an in vivo human eye, or a theoretical or physical model for human eyes or for an individual human eye.

[00121] As used herein, "reverse", "invert", "interchange", or "opposite" when referring to longitudinal chromatic aberration means changing the sign of the longitudinal chromatic aberration. For example, for an eye with positive longitudinal chromatic aberration, an ophthalmic lens and/or ophthalmic lens system that reverses, inverts or interchanges the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye will, when worn, provide for the eye, a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00122] As used herein, "negative longitudinal chromatic aberration" means a longitudinal chromatic aberration whereby the focal length of an optical system (e.g., a lens, a lens system, an eye, or an eye wearing a lens and/or lens system) for a shorter wavelength is more positive than the focal length for a longer wavelength.

Alternatively and equivalently, when expressed in dioptric terms, "negative longitudinal chromatic aberration" means a longitudinal chromatic aberration whereby the power of an optical system for a longer wavelength is more positive than that for a shorter wavelength.

Dispersion and Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration

[00123] Longitudinal chromatic aberrations are caused by a property (dispersion) that exists in optical materials. As a result of dispersion, the refractive index of optical materials may be different for different wavelengths of light causing different colors/wavelengths of light to focus to different points (referred to herein also as "convergence points"). An optical material may have a higher refractive index for shorter wavelength light (e.g., blue light) than for longer wavelength light (e.g., green light or red light). Refractive index is a property of a material that describes the speed at which light travels through the material. The refractive index of the material from which a lens or optical system is made is relevant to their ability to converge or diverge light and to focus light. For example, a positive power lens with a higher refractive index than another lens but otherwise with identical geometry to that other lens would have a higher power than the other lens. Thus, dispersion, which causes the refractive index of a lens to differ for different wavelengths, causes the lens to have a different power, or different focal positions for different wavelengths of light.

[00124] Wavelength is a property of light. Throughout this specification, the unit nanometers (nm) or micrometers (μπι, or microns) may be used for values of wavelengths. In the visible spectrum (that is, light that is 'visible' or can be seen by the human eye) light wavelengths range from about 380 nm to about 400 nm (the blue end of the visible spectrum) to about 780 nm to about 800 nm (the red end of the visible spectrum). The different wavelengths are perceived by most eyes and visual system as different colors. The short wavelengths near 400 nm are perceived as a blue color, then with progressively longer wavelengths, colors such as (in order of increasing wavelength) green, yellow, orange and red (the longest wavelength towards 700 nm to 800 nm). (e.g. wavelengths of about 550 nm is typically perceived as being green).

[00125] It is known that there are individuals who are less able or unable to distinguish between colors. Such individuals, often referred to as being "color blind", may suffer from a range of color vision defects and may be, for example, protanomaly and protanopia (reduced red sensitivity), deuteranomaly and deuteranopia (reduced green sensitivity), tritanomaly and tritanopia (reduced blue sensitivity) or

achromatopsia (unable to discern colors). The underlying cause of such color defects varies. There may be eyes with certain color defectiveness that render those eyes unsuitable for using certain embodiments disclosed herein. There may be individuals who discern color anomalously but for which the photo-receptors at the retina are able to detect light of different wavelengths. Certain embodiments disclosed herein may be suitable for such individuals.

[00126] When a first wavelength is said to be shorter than a second wavelength, it means the numerical value of the first wavelength (e.g. in nanometers) is lower in value than the second wavelength. When a first wavelength is considered to be longer than a second wavelength, it means the numerical value of the first wavelength (e.g. in nanometers) is higher in value than the second wavelength.

[00127] Dispersion relates to the difference in refractive indices of two (or more) different wavelengths. Both the shorter wavelength and the longer wavelength may be within the wavelength range of the visible spectrum. For defining dispersion and/or longitudinal chromatic aberration, the shorter wavelength has a lower wavelength value (e.g. in nanometers) than the longer wavelength.

[00128] The difference in refractive index values for different wavelengths of light leads to the optical power for different wavelengths of light to be different on a given element such as ophthalmic lenses. Optical power refers to the ability of an optical system, such as an ophthalmic lens system, to focus light. A lens or optical system that converges light (i.e., can bring light to a focus) has a positive power while those that diverges light has a negative power. Optical power (or simply, "power") may be measured in diopters (D) which is the reciprocal of a linear distance (in meters) of the focusing distance. The difference in power for different wavelengths may manifest as differences in the positions of the foci (or focal position) for different wavelengths. As understood by those skilled in the art, for a positive power lens, the focus of light of a particular wavelength is a point to where, after passing through the lens, light converges (a convergence point of light) and produces a peak resolution, and/or peak intensity.

[00129] As used herein "resolution" means the ability to discern fine details in an image; the finer the detail (e.g. closer spaced thin lines) that can be discerned, the higher or greater the resolution.

[00130] As used herein "peak resolution" means the resolution at a certain position or point that is higher than the resolution in neighboring or nearby positions or points.

[00131] As used herein "intensity" mean the concentration of light (that is, amount of light over a given area) at a given position or point which may be discerned as brightness of light at that position or point to an observer; a higher intensity appears brighter.

[00132] As used herein "peak intensity" means the intensity at a certain position or point that is higher than neighboring or nearby positions or points. This point of peak resolution and/or peak intensity is the focus. The position of this point is the focal position and its distance from the lens is the focal length of the lens. Also as understood by those skilled in the art, for a negative power lens, the focus of light of a particular wavelength is a point from where, after passing through the lens, the light appears to have diverged. In this case, it is a 'virtual' focus as light appears to originate from the focus. The position of this apparent location of the focus is the focal position and its distance from the lens is the focal length of the lens. The focal length is inversely related to the power of a lens and vice versa.

[00133] There are many methods to describe the dispersion of a material. One method is to provide the values for refractive indices for a range of wavelengths. This may be a look-up table tabulating refractive indices and wavelengths.

[00134] Another method to describe dispersion is to fit mathematical equations to a known set of refractive index values over a range of wavelengths. The equation typically gives refractive index as a function of wavelength and certain sets of coefficients. From the mathematical equation, the required refractive index may be calculated for the desired wavelength. Many such equations have been formulated (e.g. Schott formula, the Sellmeier formulas, Herzberger formula, and Conrady formula).

[00135] Other methods summarize dispersion as a single 'index' based on the refractive indices of a material at select wavelengths. One form of this method is the constringence (also called the "Abbe number" or v-value or V). V is defined as:

where n_s, n_m and ni are the refractive indices at the shorter, medium (primary) and longer wavelengths respectively. The value n_m is sometimes called the "primary wavelength".

[00136] Wavelength m may be set as one of the green wavelengths such as that corresponding to the Fraunhofer D (sodium) line (about 589 nm), while the shorter and longer wavelengths are set to wavelengths such as those corresponding to the Fraunhofer F line (about 486 nm) and Fraunhofer C line (about 656 nm) lines respectively. However, for certain applications, other wavelengths and their corresponding refractive indices may be used. For example, m may be selected to be the wavelength corresponding to the mercury e line (about 546 nm).

[00137] The Fraunhofer symbols (e.g. D, C, F, etc.) is a recognized set of labels representing specific wavelengths.

[00138] Conventionally, the refractive index at a certain wavelength may be denoted by a subscript to indicate the wavelength for which the refractive index is intended - e.g., n_e for refractive index for the wavelength at the e line. Similarly, a subscript may be included with the Abbe number to indicate the wavelength around which the value is calculated - e.g., Vd being the Abbe number value with the primary wavelength at the d-line.

[00139] Other choices of wavelengths for m, s and 1 and their respective refractive indices may also be used to calculate V for specific purposes.

[00140] For example, certain approaches consider the differences in focal positions for the short (S), medium (M) and long (L) retinal receptors (i.e. the photo-receptors of the eye) for which their respective foci, due to longitudinal chromatic aberration, are positioned at different axial distances, may influence myopia development and/or progression. The L receptors may experience hyperopically defocused images relative to the M receptors and/or the S receptors which may influence myopia development and/or progression. While the peak sensitivity for the S, M and L receptors may vary from individual to individual, they are near wavelengths of 420 nm, 535 nm and 560 nm, respectively. In some embodiments, wavelengths of about 420 nm, 535 nm and 560 nm may be selected for calculating n and V.

[00141] For some embodiments, the shorter wavelength for defining longitudinal chromatic aberration may be about 380 nm, 400 nm, 420 nm, 440 nm, 460 nm, 480 nm, 500 nm, 520 nm, 540 nm, 560 nm or 580 nm.

[00142] For some embodiments, the shorter wavelength for defining longitudinal chromatic aberration may be about 405 nm, 436 nm, 480 nm, 486 nm, 546 nm, 588 nm or 589 nm.

[00143] For some embodiments, the shorter wavelength for defining longitudinal chromatic aberration may be between about 420 nm to about 440 nm or between about 534 nm and about 545 nm.

[00144] For some embodiments, the longer wavelength for defining longitudinal chromatic aberration may be about 520 nm, 540 nm, 560 nm, 580 nm, 600 nm, 620 nm, 640 nm, 660 nm, 680 nm, 700 nm, 720 nm, 740 nm, 760 nm or 780 nm.

[00145] For some embodiments, the longer wavelength for defining longitudinal chromatic aberration may be about 546 nm, 588 nm, 589 nm, 644 nm, 656 nm, 707 nm or 768 nm.

[00146] For some embodiments, the longer wavelength for defining longitudinal chromatic aberration may be between about 534 nm and about 545 nm or between about 560 nm and about 580 nm.

[00147] Throughout this disclosure, where, in a particular embodiment, values or ranges of values are ascribed to shorter wavelengths, medium wavelengths and/or longer wavelengths in consideration of longitudinal chromatic aberration, an accompanying constraint is that shorter wavelengths are shorter than medium wavelengths and longer wavelengths, and longer wavelengths are longer than medium wavelengths and shorter wavelengths, with medium wavelengths being longer than shorter wavelengths and sorter than longer wavelengths.

[00148] For some embodiments, design of the ophthalmic lens system may be facilitated by optical ray -tracing or lens design software. With such software, it may be possible to design the ophthalmic lens system to specific refractive indices at specific wavelengths (for example by using the dispersion formulae for specific glass materials).

[00149] For a positive power lens, the varying refractive indices due to dispersion may cause a shorter wavelength of light (e.g., blue light) to have a convergence point that is in front of a longer (e.g., medium) wavelength of light (e.g., green light) which may in turn have a convergence point that is in front of an even longer wavelength of light (e.g., red light).

[00150] For a negative power lens (that is, a lens that diverges light), dispersion may cause a shorter wavelength of light (e.g. blue light) to diverge more than a longer wavelength of light (e.g. green light) which may in turn diverge more than an even longer wavelength of light (e.g. red light). When a negative power lens diverge light, it creates a 'virtual' focus (or 'virtual convergence point') where the diverging light rays emerging from the lens appear to originate.

[00151] For both positive and negative power lens, a greater refractive index for the shorter wavelength light and a lower refractive index for the longer wavelength light produces values in power that are higher and lower respectively. That is, for a positive lens, the power for shorter wavelength light is more positive than the power for longer wavelength light. And for a negative lens, the power for a shorter wavelength light is more negative than the power for longer wavelength light.

[00152] Power is conventionally expressed in diopters, which is related to the reciprocal of the focal length (convergence point distance from the lens) taking into account the refractive index of the medium in which the focus or convergence point resides.

[00153] Longitudinal chromatic aberration may be described as a difference in powers between light of different wavelengths (i.e. one longer and one shorter wavelength with respect to each other) and may be quoted in diopters (D) of power.

[00154] Longitudinal chromatic aberration may be described as a difference in focal lengths, or different focal positions, between light of different wavelengths and may be quoted in linear units such as meters, millimeters, etc.

[00155] Longitudinal chromatic aberration may be expressed as a linear distance between the positions of foci or convergence points for difference wavelengths. The difference in the axial (meaning in the direction along or parallel to the axis of the lens or lens system, which may also be along the direction of travel of light through a lens or lens system) positions of the convergence points (or virtual convergence points for a negative lens) between the shorter and the longer wavelengths is the longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00156] Throughout this specification, the sign convention adopted is one sometimes called the "Cartesian system" in which distances along or parallel to the axis is measured from the lens surface to the point of interest (such as an image point or a focus) and that distance is considered positive when the direction to the point of interest from the reference surface is in the direction of travel of light. This sign convention is well established and recognized and have been published in many sources including, for example, Jalie M. "The principles of ophthalmic lenses" 3^rd Edition, 1977, The Association of Dispensing Opticians, London; pages 3-4, and Fincham W.H.A. and Freeman M.H. "Optics" 8^th Edition, 1976, Butterworth, London; pages 71-72. For example, with respect to a lens, a convergence point located in a direction from that lens that is also the direction of travel of light through that lens is at a positive distance from that lens. A point that is located 'in front of a lens (e.g. light travels from that point to the lens) is at a negative distance from that lens. A focus that lies in front of a retina (that is, between an ophthalmic lens and the retina) is at a negative distance from that retina.

[00157] A positive (or converging) lens thus has a positive focal length and a positive power. A negative lens (or diverging lens, as light rays diverge after passing through the lens) has a negative focal length and a negative power.

[00158] A positive longitudinal chromatic aberration, when expressed as a linear distance, means the positions of the convergence points are such that the distance (considering the sign of the distance as well) of the convergence point for the longer wavelength is more positive than the convergence point for the shorter wavelength.

[00159] For a positive lens (i.e. a lens with positive power, a converging lens), a positive longitudinal chromatic aberration means the focal length (i.e. distance from focus to lens) for shorter wavelengths is shorter (lower positive value) than the focal length for longer wavelengths. That is, longer wavelengths light are focused further away in the direction of travel of light. Or stated alternatively, the longer wavelength light is focused further away in the direction of travel of light. "Focused further away in the direction of travel of light" means in this case that the focus for the longer wavelengths is further from the source of light than the focus for the shorter wavelengths light. [00160] For a positive lens, a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration means the focal length for shorter wavelengths is longer (greater positive value) than the focal length for longer wavelengths. That is, the shorter wavelength light is focused further away in the direction of travel of light. Or stated alternatively, shorter wavelengths light is focused further away in the direction of travel of light than the focus for longer wavelengths light.

[00161] For a negative lens (i.e. a lens with negative power, a diverging lens), a positive longitudinal chromatic aberration means the focal length (i.e. distance from focus to lens) for longer wavelengths is shorter (lower negative value) than the focal length for shorter wavelengths. That is, the longer wavelength light is focused further in the direction of travel of light. Note that, the focus of a negative lens may be in front of the lens (i.e. between the source of light and the lens) so "Focused further away in the direction of travel of light" means the virtual focus for the longer wavelength is further from the source of light than the virtual focus for the longer wavelength light.

[00162] For a negative lens, a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration means the focal length for longer wavelengths is longer (greater negative value) than the focal length for shorter wavelengths. That is, the longer wavelength light is focused further away in the direction of travel of light.

[00163] From the foregoing, the longitudinal chromatic aberration expressed as a distance may be expressed mathematically as:

LCA(mm) = f, - f_s (Eqn. 2) where LCA(mm) denotes longitudinal chromatic aberration expressed as distance, fi is the focal length for the longer wavelength and f_s is the focal length for the shorter wavelength.

[00164] Longitudinal chromatic aberration may be expressed as a dioptric value; that is, a relative difference in power. The difference in powers between the shorter and the longer wavelengths is the dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration.

Throughout this specification, dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration is considered to be positive if the power corresponding to the shorter wavelength is more positive than that corresponding to the longer wavelength.

[00165] For a positive lens, a positive longitudinal chromatic aberration means the dioptric power of the lens for shorter wavelengths is greater (larger positive value) than the power for light of longer wavelengths. [00166] For a positive lens, a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration means the dioptric power for the lens for light of shorter wavelengths is lower (less positive value) than the power for longer wavelengths.

[00167] For a negative lens, a positive longitudinal chromatic aberration means the lens power for shorter wavelengths is less negative in value than the focal length for longer wavelengths.

[00168] For a negative lens, a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration means the power for light of shorter wavelengths is more negative in value than the focal length for longer wavelengths.

[00169] From the foregoing, the longitudinal chromatic aberration expressed as a dioptric value may be expressed mathematically as:

LCA(D) = F_S - F_l (Eqn. 3) where LCA(D) denotes longitudinal chromatic aberration expressed as dioptric power, Fi is the power for the longer wavelength and F_s is the power for the shorter wavelength.

[00170] Longitudinal chromatic aberration expressed as a linear distance or dioptrically may be specific to the wavelengths chosen so quoting of longitudinal chromatic aberration values may be accompanied by the wavelengths for which the values are obtained.

Measurement of Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration

[00171] Longitudinal chromatic aberration as linear distance of a lens or lens system may be measured by measuring the focal length of the lens or lens system for different wavelengths (e.g. by using different wavelength light sources, or by introducing filters before the lens or lens system). The focal lengths for two (or more) wavelengths may be measured and their difference calculated according to Eqn. 2 above to obtain the longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00172] The focal length at a given wavelength for a lens or lens system may be measured using a range of methods that are familiar to those skilled in the art. For example, an optical bench measurement using a collimated light source (that is, a light source that emits parallel light, which may be constructed from a light source and a collimating lens) may be used to project light through the lens to be tested onto a screen. The position of best focus (position of best intensity for a point light source, or best clarity for an extended target such as a US Air Force Target) is established by moving the axial position of the screen. Greater precision of "best focus" may be achieved if the image on the screen is magnified for example by viewing through a microscope. The distance from the screen to the lens is the focal length. For measurement of focal length of a specific wavelength, a light source that emits the required wavelength (e.g. a laser, laser diode, light emitting diode, etc.) may be used. Alternatively, light from a polychromatic (e.g. 'white' light) source may be passed through a narrow bandwidth filter (e.g. interference filters) to transmit the wavelength required to the lens.

[00173] The dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration may be calculated from the focal lengths measured for the different wavelengths per above. The focal lengths are first converted to optical power, then Eqn. 3 is used to calculate dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00174] Dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration may be measured directly by using instruments such as refractometers, focimeters, vertometers, etc., (that report the dioptric power of a lens or lens system). Some instruments are fitted with

polychromatic light so narrow band-pass filters (e.g. interference filters) may be used to isolate the wavelengths required. Some instruments have been designed and constructed to measure power at specific wavelengths. For example, one

commercially available instrument that can measure the power of a lens at a range of wavelengths is the PMTF (Lambda X, Nivelles, Belgium). From these measurements of wavelength-specific powers, Eqn. 3 may be used to calculate the dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration.

Ocular Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration

[00175] The ocular media (e.g. aqueous, vitreous, cornea, lens) of the eye possess dispersion. The presence of dispersion in the ocular media causes longitudinal chromatic aberration in the optics of the eye. In the context of vision, the human eye may be more sensitive to wavelengths corresponding to green light over other colors of light with shorter or longer wavelengths. The eye without refractive error may place the focus (i.e. convergence point) for green light on the retina to produce the perception of best focus (e.g. clear vision). In the eye, longitudinal chromatic aberration may be positive, such that while the medium wavelength light (green) may lie on or near the retina, the shorter wavelength (e.g.. blue) light may be focused in front of the retina while the longer (e.g. red) wavelength light may be focused behind the retina. [00176] Longitudinal chromatic aberration varies from individual to individual, however, according to scientific sources, the dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration may be typically in the range from about 1.1 D to about 2.2 D between about 420 nm (shorter wavelength) and about 660 nm (longer wavelength).

[00177] Certain individuals may have lower or higher longitudinal chromatic aberration than the typical range. However, the population distribution may be such that a maximum value for longitudinal chromatic aberration of 4 D may cover the majority of physiologically normal individuals. This value may set an upper limit for certain embodiments for reversal of ocular longitudinal chromatic aberration or provision of negative ocular longitudinal chromatic aberration. Longitudinal chromatic aberration for an individual may be quantified using a number of established methods such as optometers, refractometers, Scheiner discs, Vernier techniques, subjective refraction, etc., over a range of wavelengths by controlling the light source or introducing various filters as understood by those skilled in the art. For example, light sources emitting narrow wavelengths of light at the desired shorter and longer wavelengths may be used in turn to illuminate a visual acuity chart during subjective refraction. The results from the two subjective refraction for each of the wavelengths yield the refractive state of the eye at the two wavelengths.

[00178] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the various methods may produce different quantifications of longitudinal chromatic aberration. However, for evaluation of efficacy of an ophthalmic lens or ophthalmic lens system to control longitudinal chromatic aberration for which the evaluation may be relative or comparative (for example, against the eye without a lens), provided the method selected is used for quantifying longitudinal chromatic aberrations of both the eye, or the eye with a conventional ophthalmic lens, and of the eye using the ophthalmic lens or ophthalmic lens system under evaluation the results would be substantially comparable between the methods. Similarly, for comparative evaluation against a conventional lens, provided the method selected for quantification is the same for both the lens under evaluation (e.g. exemplary embodiments disclosed herein) and the conventional lens, the different methods should yield substantially comparable results.

[00179] The dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye may be calculated according to the following equation.

//.71(D) = K_l - K_s (Eqn. 4) where LCA(D) is the dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye, Ki is the refractive error (or refractive state) of the eye at the longer wavelength and K_s is the refractive error at the shorter wavelength.

[00180] Conventionally, the refractive error of the eye is denoted by the amount of ophthalmic lens power required to correct the refractive error, which is opposite in sign to the relative difference in power of the eye compared to an emmetropic state. For example, a myopic eye is relatively too positive in power compared to the position of the retina, hence the focus is in front of the retina. A negative lens is required to counter this excessive positive power to place the focus back on to the retina for clear vision. Hence, a myopic eye is assigned a negative refractive state.

[00181] In the context of vision correction, ophthalmic lens systems (e.g., spectacles, contact lenses, onlays, inlays, intraocular lenses or IOLs, etc.) may be designed such that the convergence point for wavelengths corresponding to green light is located on or substantially close to the retina of the eye to produce an image that is perceived in focus (e.g., clear) from the perspective of the individual. As a result, the convergence point for wavelengths corresponding to blue light may be in front of the retina (i.e., relatively myopic) and the convergence point for the wavelengths corresponding to red light may be behind the retina (i.e., relatively hyperopic).

[00182] For eyes with hyperopia, vision correction may be effected by introducing an ophthalmic lens or ophthalmic lens system that provide additional (positive) power to move the focus from behind the retina on to the retina. With myopia, vision correction may be effected by providing negative power to move the focus from in front of the retina on to the retina. In these cases of vision correction, upon introduction of an ophthalmic lens such as a conventional ophthalmic lens with positive longitudinal chromatic aberration, the foci for green wavelengths of light may be substantially on the retina while the foci for longer (e.g. red) wavelengths may be substantially behind the retina. Conversely, the foci for shorter (e.g. blue)

wavelengths may be substantially in front of the retina.

[00183] Some eyes possess astigmatism. This is a condition whereby the refractive state of the eye may be different along different meridians (e.g. horizontal or vertical meridional direction). Vision correction in such cases may be effected by the use of cylindrical, or toric, or sphero-cylindrical lenses. These lenses may have different powers along different meridian (called "meridional power") that respectively provide the appropriate correction for each meridian. In such eyes, the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye, or the eye using an ophthalmic lens system may differ between the two meridians of astigmatism. By treating each meridian separately, different meridional powers for the first and the second lens may be used for the different meridians so that longitudinal chromatic aberration may be effected separately for each meridian. For example, the ophthalmic lens system along one meridian of astigmatism may be configured to provide a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration while along the other meridian of astigmatism may be configured to provide a positive longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00184] In certain exemplary embodiments, positions defined relative to "the retina" without further qualification (i.e., when this term is used to define the properties of a lens or other optical system to focus light at positions defined relative to a generalized retina, rather than to a specific retina of a particular patient or user) may refer to the retina of the Arizona Eye Model as described in the "Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics" authored by Jim Schwiegerling and published by SPIE Press as ISBN 0-8194-5629-2, and refer to the interaction of an optical system or lens with that model.

[00185] The relative positions of focal points (or foci) relative to the retina are evaluated on-axis, i.e. substantially in line with the fovea or foveal region of the retina, unless the lens is designed to achieve its effects in a peripheral (extra-foveal) region only.

[00186] As the skilled person will appreciate, parameters used in that model may be varied, such as rendering the eye myopic by elongating the axial length of the eye by increasing the distance between the back of the model's crystalline lens surface and the model's retina (or conversely rendering it hyperopic by decreasing that distance). In the absence of context implying otherwise, the model may to be used in determining the effects of a lens for emmetropia; however, as will be apparent from the description herein, where an ophthalmic lens system induces a refractive correction (for example a -5 D correction at green wavelengths) then such a lens system is to be validated against an eye having the corresponding degree of refractive error (i.e. a -5 D myopic eye model).

[00187] In this way, the properties of an ophthalmic lens system can be directly and positively verified by the skilled person testing the effects of the system in conjunction with the appropriate eye model. [00188] Furthermore, in specific instances and examples described below, other eye models are described and defined against which particular lenses are tested. For example, the model used for testing AC#1 and AC#2 discussed herein.

[00189] Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of an ophthalmic lens system. As illustrated in Fig. 1, incident light 11 of various wavelengths enters a lens 10. The lens 10 may be an ophthalmic lens system (e.g., a spectacle lens, contact lens or IOL). The light 11 entering the lens 10 may include wavelengths corresponding to green light 12, wavelengths corresponding to blue light 13 and wavelengths corresponding to red light 14. As illustrated, the different wavelengths of light 12, 13, 14 may have different convergence points 15, 16, and 17 depending on their wavelength due to dispersion in the optical materials in the ophthalmic lens system. For example, as a result of dispersion, the shorter wavelengths of light (e.g., blue light) 13 may have a convergence point 15 closer to the lens 10. Longer wavelengths of light (e.g., green light) 12 may have a convergence point 16 further away from the lens 10. Even longer wavelengths of light (e.g., red light) 14 may have a convergence point 17 even further away from the lens 10. This difference in focal length results in longitudinal chromatic aberration which causes a spread of the convergence points. While the distances between the convergence points may change, the relative position of the shorter and longer wavelength convergence points typically does not change substantially as a function of optical power or refractive index of the lens.

[00190] In Fig. 1, convergence point 16 may be located at or near the retina of the eye so that wavelengths corresponding to green light are focused at or near the retina. This may be true for uncorrected eyes, eyes that do not require correction, and/or eye wearing lenses designed to correct vision. As a result, in both uncorrected eyes, eyes that do not require correction, and ophthalmic lens systems, the shorter wavelengths of light may be relatively more myopically focused (that is, focused to more anteriorly with respect to the eye) than the longer wavelengths of light. The longer wavelengths of light (e.g., red light) focused at convergence point 17 may be located behind the retina and therefore may be relatively more hyperopically focused. An eye with such a state of differences in focus has positive longitudinal chromatic aberration as the focal length for the longer wavelength (red) light is more positive than the focal length for the shorter wavelength (green) light.

[00191] If the refractive state of such an eye is measured for the different wavelengths, the refractive state for the shorter (blue) wavelength will be found to be relatively more minus in power (i.e., appear relatively myopic) than that for the medium (green) wavelength, which in turn will be relatively more minus that that for the longer wavelength (red). Thus, also by Eqn. 4, such an eye has positive longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00192] As discussed herein, certain individuals may become myopic because longitudinal chromatic aberrations (LCA) present within the natural eye or within an eye wearing an ophthalmic lens system may affect the development (e.g., growth) of the eye. In terms of refractive development of the eye, the hyperopic defocus of the longer wavelength light (e.g., red light) may contribute to or stimulate the

development and/or progression of myopia.

[00193] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to move the convergence point 17 for longer wavelengths forward. In some embodiments, an ophthalmic lens system may be configured such that the longer wavelengths of light (e.g., red light) are relatively more myopically focused than the shorter wavelengths (e.g., blue light).

[00194] In some embodiments, certain types of lenses or lens systems may be referred to as being anti-chromatic (ACr) or providing reversed chromatic aberration (rLCA) as the relative positions of the shorter and longer wavelength points of convergence are opposite that of conventional lenses or lens systems. The ophthalmic lens system may be ACr, that is, deliver rLCA. rLCA may be introduced to the eye by an ACr ophthalmic lens system.

[00195] In some embodiments, certain types of lenses or lens systems may be referred to as iso anti-chromatic (IACr) or iso-reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration (IrLCA) lenses or lens systems because they produce a longitudinal chromatic aberration that is opposite in direction (reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration (rLCA)) and is equal (or substantially equal) in magnitude to the longitudinal chromatic aberration of a conventional ophthalmic lens system.

[00196] In some embodiments, IrLCA may be produced that is equal or substantially equal and opposite to the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye.

[00197] In some embodiments, IrLCA may be produced that is equal or substantially equal and opposite to the longitudinal chromatic aberration of an eye and ophthalmic lens system combined.

[00198] Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of an ophthalmic lens system in accordance with embodiments described herein. As illustrated in Fig. 2, the lens 10 includes two elements 21 and 22. In some embodiments, the lens 10 in Fig. 2 may have the same total optical power as the lens 10 illustrated in Fig. 1.

[00199] In some embodiments, the lens 10 may be referred to as a doublet.

[00200] In some embodiments, the lens 10 may be referred to as a multi-zonal lens, or a bifocal lens or a progressive lens. The element 21 may be referred to as the carrier lens and the element 22 may be referred to as the segment lens. In some embodiments, rLCA is produced within a portion of the lens (for example, the segment of a bifocal). The segment lens 22 may be positioned such that it adjoins the depression 23 formed in the carrier lens 21, as illustrated in Fig. 2. Adjoining mean the segment and carrier may be in direct physical contact, or the segment and carrier may be held substantially in close proximity (that is, with no substantial gap) and/or alignment by some suitable material such as an optical glue. Alternatively, the lens 21 and lens 22 may be spaced apart from one another (i.e. are not in direct physical contact). In some embodiments, a gap between the lenses 21, 22 may include some material (e.g. optical glue, Canada balsam, etc.). As would be understood by a person skilled in the art, this configuration (as illustrated in Fig. 2) may yield a net power for the lens 10 which may be positive or negative or piano (that is, zero power). In some embodiments, as illustrated in Fig. 2, the power of the segment lens may be positive while the power of the carrier lens is negative. In some embodiments, the magnitudes of the powers of the carrier and segment may be reversed. The segment lens 22 and the carrier lens 21 may each have respective dispersion and refractive index characteristics and the lenses may be selected so that the combination of the different refractive indices for different wavelengths and their different optical powers, results in a reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration (rLCA). The shorter wavelengths of light (e.g., blue light) 13 may have a convergence point 15 that is further away from the lens 10 than longer wavelengths of light (e.g., green light) 12 that have a convergence point 16. Furthermore, even longer wavelengths of light (e.g., red light) 14 may have a convergence point 17 that is closer to the lens 10 than both the wavelengths corresponding to blue light 13 and wavelengths corresponding to green light 12.

[00201] This reversal in the longitudinal chromatic aberration causes the relative position of the shorter and longer wavelength convergence points to switch. As a result, for a lens or an ophthalmic lens system, convergence point 16 may be located at or near the retina of the eye so that wavelengths corresponding to green light are focused at or near the retina while the longer wavelengths of light (e.g., red light) 14 focused at convergence point 17 may be located in front of the retina and therefore may be more myopic. Shorter wavelengths of light (e.g., blue light) 13 focused at convergence point 15 may be located behind the retina and therefore may be more hyperopic.

[00202] By combining two lenses with different dispersion characteristics, it is possible to achieve an optical effect in which the longer wavelength focus will be positioned relatively more myopically than the shorter wavelength focus. In some embodiments, this arrangement of a lens or an ophthalmic lens system may reduce or eliminate the progression of myopia.

[00203] In some embodiments, rLCA is achieved by combining two or more lenses or groups of lenses with different dispersion characteristics.

[00204] In some embodiments, the segment lens 22 may cover the full area of the lens 10. In some embodiments, the segment lens 22 may cover a portion of the total area of the lens 10. In some embodiments, the segment lens 22 may span a portion of the total visual field for and eye wearing lens 10. In some embodiments, there may be multiple segment lenses 22 on lens 10.

[00205] Fig. 3 is a table illustrating exemplary lens parameters for providing reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. Fig. 3 illustrates exemplary segment lens and carrier lens powers to achieve a range of total lens power from -10 D to +10 D using crown and flint glass materials that provides reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration. For example, utilizing first-order paraxial equations and describing the dispersion of the various materials using the Abbe number (V) (which describes dispersion of the lens according to the refractive indices at three different wavelengths) suitable carrier and segment powers that provide a resultant total lens power range from - lO D to +lO D in 1 D steps may be calculated. Examples of these values are illustrated in Fig. 3.

[00206] The calculated values in Fig. 3 relate to two different optical materials. The first is optical crown (or "kron") glass and the second is flint glass. The exemplary crown and flint glasses in Fig. 3 are assumed dispersion values (i.e. Abbe number V) of 60.9 and 36 respectively. Although the materials described herein are referred to as glass, it should be well understood that other optical materials (e.g., mineral glass, organic 'glass', plastics, gels, crystals, etc.) may also be used provided the refractive index and dispersion characteristics are suitable. [00207] In certain examples illustrated in Fig. 3, the flint glass is used as the carrier lens and the crown glass is used as the segment lens. These are tabulated in the sub- table on the left side of Fig. 3. In certain examples illustrated in Fig. 3, the crown glass is used as the carrier lens and the flint glass is used as the segment lens. These are tabulated in the middle sub-table of Fig. 3. The sub-table at the far right side of Fig. 3 illustrates selected combinations of powers for achieving the resultant power (F). In some embodiments, the selected options may be based on one or more design considerations. For example, in Fig. 3, the selected values (inside boxes 30) on the far right are selected, at least in part, because both segment and carrier powers are lower in absolute value than the alternative option. In some embodiments, this design consideration may result in a thinner and/or lighter weight lens. The example values illustrated in Fig. 3 provide a longitudinal chromatic aberration that is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign (direction) from the longitudinal chromatic aberration of a conventional (singlet) lens of the same total power (e.g., a singlet lens made entirely of crown glass). This may be referred to as an anti-chromatic lens and providing reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration as the sum of the ratio of power to the dispersion value for the two glasses are not substantially zero for the two lenses as it would be in an achromatic lens (e.g., (F1/V1)+(F2/V2)=0) but instead the sum of the ratio of the power to the dispersion values for the two lenses is opposite in direction to the chromatic aberration of a conventional singlet lens (e.g.,

(F1/V1)+(F2/V2) = -(Fl+F2)/V) ). This is a specific case of providing iso reversed chromatic aberration (IrLCA), i.e. an iso-anti-chromatic (IACr) lens or lens system, in which the longitudinal chromatic aberration value is substantially equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to that of a singlet lens.

[00208] In some embodiments, the values illustrated in Fig. 3 may be applied to select the materials for the lens 10 illustrated in Fig. 2. For example, assuming the lens 10 had a total power of +6 D, the carrier lens 21 may be selected to be made of flint glass and have a power (Ff) of -23.35 D and the segment lens 22 may be selected to be made of crown glass and to have a power (Fk) of 29.35 D. This combination of lenses 21, 22 would result in a combined lens 10 with a power (F) of 6 D and which also produces longitudinal chromatic aberration which is substantially equal and opposite to that produced by a singlet lens of the same power made from the crown material. [00209] In some embodiments, the dispersion and power of the segment and carrier produces reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration that may not be equal and opposite in value to the longitudinal chromatic aberration of a conventional ophthalmic lens system.

[00210] Certain exemplary embodiments may be implemented in various combinations with other technologies for correcting vision. For example, the embodiment described in Fig. 2 may be modified such that the convergence point 16 was slightly in front of the retina. In some embodiments, this may introduce a myopic defocus.

[00211] Fig. 4 is a schematic showing a general configuration of an ophthalmic lens system in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. In Fig. 4, a lens 40 may have a first element 41 and a second element 42. The second element 42 may be called the carrier and the first element 41 may be called the segment.

[00212] In Fig. 4, the first element may have optical axis 45 and the second element may have optical axis 46. The axes 45 and 46 may coincide (i.e. the two elements 41 and 42 are coaxial), or may be parallel but separated by a distance, or may be tilted relative to each other (as shown in Fig. 4), or may be skewed relative to one another.

[00213] In Fig. 4, the first element 41 may be of size 43 and the second element 42 may be of size 44. Either size 43 or 44, or both, may be the overall size of the lens 40, or the overall clear optical size of the lens 40. Size 43 of the first element 41 may be smaller, the same size, or larger than the size 44 of the second element 44.

[00214] In Fig. 4, the first element 41 may have a front surface 46 and a back surface 47 that each possess a surface shape or profile. The second element 42 may have a front surface 48 and a back surface 49 that each possess a certain surface shape or profile. The second element 42 may have a surface 50 for combining optically with the first element 41 to produce a power and a longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00215] In Fig. 4, surfaces 46, 47, 48, 49 and 50 may each individually be convex or concave or piano to produce the desired optical surface power and/or power profile.

[00216] In Fig. 4, surfaces 46, 47, 48, 49 and 50 may have profiles that are prismatic (i.e. contains prism), spherical, cylindrical or toric, sphero-cylindrical, aspheric, conies, polynomial, Zernikes, Bezier, spline, Fourier, etc.

[00217] In Fig. 4, surface 47 of the first element 41 and surface 50 of the second element 42 may have matching shapes to facilitate adjoining of the two elements 41 and 42. Surface 47 of the first element 41 and surface 50 of the second element 42 may be different in shape or profile so lens 40 may be air spaced, or the space between surfaces 47 and 50 may be filled with material (e.g. optical glue, Canada balsam, etc.).

[00218] In Fig. 4, surface 46 of the first element 41 may have a different shape or profile to surface 48 of the second element 42 in order to provide a different power over the segment 41 and the carrier 42 of lens 40. Such a configuration may provide a multi-zonal lens (as shown in Fig. 4).

[00219] With certain combinations of refractive indices for the first element 41 and the second element 42 and surface shapes 46 through 50, the power of lens 40 through the region of the segment 41 may be more positive, the same, or more negative than the power over the region outside the segment 41.

[00220] With certain combinations of dispersion for the first element 41 and the second element 42 and surface shapes 46 through 50, the longitudinal chromatic aberration of lens 40 through the region of the segment 41 may be reversed from the longitudinal chromatic aberration over the region outside the segment 41.

[00221] With certain combinations of dispersion for the first element 41 and the second element 42 and surface shapes 46, 47, 49 and 50, the longitudinal chromatic aberration through the region of the segment 41 produced in an eye wearing lens 40 may be reversed from the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the natural eye or an eye wearing a conventional ophthalmic lens system.

[00222] A large range of target total optical power and negative and/or reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration may be achieved as there is a large range of refractive indices and dispersion in optical materials available. Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 reproduces the glass catalogue from glass manufacturers Schott and CDGM respectively illustrating the large range of glasses available with different refractive indices and dispersion.

[00223] Throughout this specification, certain examples may utilize glass materials from the Schott and/or the CDGM glass catalogues (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6). In certain examples, the glass materials utilized may be denoted by the glass code (e.g. N-BK7) followed by the catalogue that the glass is available from. The specific properties and details of the glasses may be available from

http://www.schott.com/advanced_optics/english/knowledge-center/technical-articles- and-tools/abbe-diagramm.html as of 09.02.2018 for glasses from the Schott glass catalogue while those for glasses from the CDGM catalogue may be available from http://cdgmglass.com/glass-finder.

[00224] Other optical materials (e.g. mineral glass, organic 'glass', plastic, crystals, gels, etc.), for example from catalogues of other glass manufacturers, may also be used for either or both of the first and/or the second lens provided the material has the appropriate refractive index and dispersion properties.

[00225] In some embodiments, the anti-chromatic lens described herein may be implemented as a single-vision ophthalmic lens (e.g., spectacle lenses, contact lens, onlay, inlay and/or IOL). In some embodiments, one lens may be of one type and the other lens may be of another type (e.g., a spectacle lens and a contact lens).

[00226] The visual field is the field or area (whether near or far) that the eye is viewing or is capable of viewing depending on where the eye is looking. Due to the finite aperture size of a lens or ophthalmic lens system, the extent of a visual field that may be seen when using an ophthalmic lens system is reduced. This reduced extent that can be seen through the ophthalmic lens system is the field of view of that lens or ophthalmic lens system. In some embodiments, the lenses with negative and/or reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration may be implemented within certain visual fields. For example, it may be implemented in any combination of a central 15 degrees of the field of view by using a segment of a suitable size that is centered to the visual axis; or a peripheral field beginning from 20 degrees by using an annular segment around the visual axis; or 'dropped' segments similar to the outline shape of 'lined' bifocal spectacle lenses.

[00227] In some embodiments, the lenses with negative and/or reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration may be implemented within a portion or portions of the aperture. For example, it may be implemented within: the central 50% area of the aperture, the central 30% of the aperture, the central 35% of the aperture, the central 40% of the aperture, the central 45% of the aperture, the central 55% of the aperture, the central 60% of the aperture, the central 65% of the aperture, the central 70% of the aperture, implemented within the peripheral 50% area of the aperture, the peripheral 60% area of the aperture, the peripheral 55% area of the aperture, the peripheral 45% area of the aperture, the peripheral 40% area of the aperture, the peripheral 35% area of the aperture, or the peripheral 30% area of the aperture.

[00228] As used herein, "aperture" refers to the portion of an ophthalmic lens system, a lens, a carrier or a segment through which light can pass. The "area" or "total area" of an aperture (i.e., "total aperture area") refers to the area of the entirety of the aperture through which light can pass. When a lens or segment is said to be implemented over a portion, or a percentage, or a part (or other synonymous words) of an ophthalmic lens system or lens or carrier, it means the total aperture area of the lens or segment is smaller than the total aperture area of the ophthalmic lens system, lens or carrier it resides on. The ratio of the total aperture area of the lens or segment to the total aperture area of the ophthalmic lens system, lens or carrier on which the former resides gives the percentage area of the aperture. The aperture area need not be over a contiguous area. For example, multiple lenslets (such as a lenslet array) may be implemented on a carrier. In such case, the cumulative area of aperture of all lenslets within the array makes up the total aperture area of the lenslet array. The ratio of the total aperture area of the lenslet array to the total aperture area of the carrier gives the percentage or portion of aperture area the lenslets covers on the carrier.

[00229] In some embodiments, lenslets and/or micro-lenslet arrays implementing multiple lenslets with negative and/or reverse longitudinal chromatic aberrations may be distributed over at least a portion or a substantial portion of a lens (see e.g., U.S. Provisional Application No. US 62/412,507, filed on October 25, 2016 which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).

[00230] In some embodiments, Fresnel type optics may be utilized to reduce overall lens thickness and/or weight. In some embodiments, the segment lens or lenslet providing the negative and/or reverse longitudinal chromatic aberrations may have a different optical power from the portion of the lens that does not provide a negative or reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration. For example, the segment lens may be more positive in power to introduce relative myopic defocus within those parts of the visual field.

[00231] In some embodiments, the optical power over the segment lens or lenslet providing the negative and/or reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration may be the same, or substantially the same, as the optical power over the portion of the lens that does not provide negative or reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00232] In some embodiments, the negative and/or reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration may or may not take into consideration the chromatic aberration of the physiological and/or existing structure of the eye.

[00233] Suitable refractive indices, dispersion and surface curvature (or power) may be calculated using paraxial equations as illustrated in Fig. 3 to achieve configurations for ophthalmic lens system with negative and/or reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration. Calculations for suitable ophthalmic lens system to produce negative and/or reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration may make use of computer assisted optical ray-tracing or optical design software of which many are available.

[00234] EXAMPLE 1 : Multi-zonal ophthalmic lens system that provides longitudinal chromatic aberration that is at least substantially equal and opposite to that of a conventional lens.

[00235] Fig. 7 shows the layout of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system 70 that has a segment 71 and a carrier 72 as explained in Fig. 4. This lens has a total power of about +5 D. The segment 71 is made of glass N-SK14 (Schott Glass) while the carrier 72 is made of glass F5 (Schott Glass). This exemplary lens 70 produces a longitudinal chromatic aberration that is at least substantially equal and opposite in amount to a conventional singlet lens of the same total power (i.e. about +5 D) that may be made from the same material as the carrier (i.e. F5).

[00236] The radius of curvature of the front surface of lens 70 is 61.44 mm

(convex). Its back surface has a (concave) radius of curvature of 120.70 mm. The back surface of the segment 71 and front surface of the carrier 72 have the same radius of curvature of -31.87 mm (concave leading) to allow the segment and carrier to abut in contact. The segment size for lens 70 is smaller than the size of the carrier. Thus, control of longitudinal chromatic aberration is effected through the segment portion of lens 70.

[00237] Fig. 8 shows the ray-intercept with the axis for light rays of two wavelengths for a conventional +5 D singlet made of F5. The conventional +5 D lens has the same front and back surface radii of curvature as lens 70. Rays of wavelength 588 nm 81 can be seen to be focused more anteriorly (closer to the lens or light source) than rays of wavelength 656 nm 82.

[00238] Fig. 9 shows the focal positions for the conventional +5 D lens made of F5 for the range of wavelengths from 588 nm to 656 nm relative to the focal position for 588 nm. In Fig. 9, the graph plots chromatic focal shift whereby the position of the primary wavelength (in the example, 588 nm) is considered to be the origin (i.e.

distance zero) and the focal positions for other wavelengths are plotted relative to this origin. For example, the focal position for 601.3 nm wavelength is about 3.3 μπι behind the focal position for light of 588 nm. The distance from the longer wavelength of 656 nm to the shorter wavelength of 588 nm is about 14.7 μπι. [00239] Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 show that this conventional singlet exhibits positive longitudinal chromatic aberration whereby the lens power for light of wavelength 588 nm compared to the lens power for light of wavelength 656 nm is equivalent to a dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration of about 0.04 D.

[00240] Fig. 10 shows the ray-intercept with the axis for light rays of two wavelengths transmitted through the segment portion of the exemplary lens 70. Rays of wavelength 588 nm 101 can be seen to be focused more posteriorly (further from the lens or light source) than rays of wavelength 656 nm 102.

[00241] Fig. 11 shows the focal positions for the segment portion of the exemplary lens 70 for the range of wavelengths from 588 nm to 656 nm relative to the focal position for 588 nm. The longitudinal chromatic aberration for this exemplary lens is 14.73 μιη and since the longer wavelength is now focused more anterior (towards the direction of light) than the shorter wavelength, this is a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00242] Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 demonstrate that this exemplary lens 70 produces reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration whereby the lens power for light of wavelength 588 nm is equivalent to about 0.04 D more negative than the lens power for light of wavelength 656 nm. The segment portion of exemplary lens 70 may be seen to produce substantially equal and opposite amounts of longitudinal chromatic aberration, i.e. iso-reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00243] EXAMPLE 2: Full-aperture ophthalmic lens system that provides longitudinal chromatic aberration that is at least substantially equal and opposite to that of a conventional lens

[00244] Fig. 12 shows the layout of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system 120 that has a segment 121 and a carrier 122. This lens has a total power of about +5 D. The segment 121 is made of glass N-LAK22 (Schott Glass) while the carrier 122 is made of glass SF2 (Schott Glass). This exemplary lens 120 produces a longitudinal chromatic aberration that is at least substantially equal and opposite in amount to a conventional singlet lens of the same total power (i.e. about +5 D) that may be made from the same material as the carrier (i.e., SF2).

[00245] The radius of curvature of the front surface of lens 120 is 143.33 mm (convex). Its back surface has a radius of curvature of -1640.97 mm which is substantially piano (i.e., flat). The back surface of the segment 121 and front surface of the carrier 122 have the same radius of curvature of -31.13 mm (concave leading) to allow the segment and carrier to abut in contact. The segment size for lens 120 is the same as the carrier. Thus, control of longitudinal chromatic aberration is effected over the entire aperture of lens 120.

[00246] Fig. 13 shows the dioptric chromatic focal shift for the conventional +5 D lens made of SF2 for the range of wavelengths from 535 nm to 560 nm relative to the dioptric power for 535 nm. A dioptric chromatic focal shift plot displays the dioptric power of a range of wavelengths relative to the dioptric power for the primary wavelength (in the example, 535 nm) so that the dioptric power for the primary wavelength is considered to be the origin (i.e., zero diopter) and the dioptric power for other wavelengths are plotted relative to this origin. The two wavelengths of 535 nm for the shorter and 560 nm for the longer are relevant with respect to myopia development because the position of foci respective to the peak spectral sensitivity wavelengths for M and L receptors in the retina may influence eye axial growth and/or refractive development of an eye.

[00247] Fig. 13 shows that this conventional singlet exhibits positive longitudinal chromatic aberration whereby the lens power for light of wavelength 535 nm is about 0.025 D more positive than the lens power for light of wavelength 560 nm.

[00248] Fig. 14 shows the dioptric chromatic focal shift for exemplary lens 120 for the range of wavelengths from 535 nm to 560 nm relative to the dioptric power for 535 nm.

[00249] Fig. 14 shows that this exemplary lens 120 produces reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration whereby the lens power for light of wavelength 560 nm is about 0.025 D more positive than the lens power for light of wavelength 535 nm. Exemplary lens 120 produces substantially equal and opposite amounts of longitudinal chromatic aberration, i.e., iso-reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration, relative to a conventional lens.

[00250] EXAMPLE 3 : Multi-zonal ophthalmic lens system that provides longitudinal chromatic aberration that is opposite to and larger than the amount of longitudinal chromatic aberration of a conventional lens.

[00251] Fig. 15 shows the layout of an exemplary ophthalmic lens system 150 that has a segment 151 and a carrier 152. This lens has a total power of about +10 D. The segment 151 is made of glass N-SK14 (Schott Glass) while the carrier 152 is made of glass F5 (Schott Glass). This exemplary lens 150 produces a longitudinal chromatic aberration that is opposite and greater in amount to a conventional singlet lens of the same total power (i.e. about +10 D) that may be made from the same material as the segment (i.e. F5).

[00252] The radius of curvature of the front surface of lens 150 is 57.03 mm (convex). Its back surface has a radius of curvature of 764.85 mm (very slightly concave). The back surface of the segment 151 and front surface of the carrier 152 have the same radius of curvature of -11.13 mm (concave leading) to allow the segment and carrier to abut in contact. The segment size for lens 152 is smaller than the size of the carrier. Control of longitudinal chromatic aberration is effected through the segment portion of lens 150. The power of lens 150 through the segment portion and through the carrier (outside the segment portion) is substantially the same.

[00253] Fig. 16 shows the chromatic dioptric shift for the conventional +10 D lens made of F5 for the range of wavelengths from 588 nm to 656 nm relative to the dioptric power for 588 nm.

[00254] Fig. 16 shows that this conventional singlet exhibits positive longitudinal chromatic aberration whereby the lens power for light of wavelength 588 nm is about

0.08 D more positive than the lens power for light of wavelength 656 nm.

[00255] Fig. 17 shows the chromatic dioptric shift for exemplary lens 150 for the range of wavelengths from 588 nm to 656 nm relative to the dioptric power for 588 nm.

[00256] Fig. 17 shows that this exemplary lens 150 produces reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration whereby the lens power for light of wavelength 656 nm is about 0.11 D more positive than the lens power for light of wavelength 588 nm. The segment portion of the exemplary lens 150 produces an opposite (i.e., reversed) and greater amounts of longitudinal chromatic aberration compared to a conventional lens.

[00257] EXAMPLE 4: Multi-zonal ophthalmic lens system that provides reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration to an eye.

[00258] Fig. 18 shows the optical layout of an ophthalmic lens system 180 when worn on an eye. The eye is modelled on the Arizona Eye Model 181 which is one accepted model that has been published in peer-reviewed scientific journal articles. The Arizona Eye Model has been constructed to closely simulate the optical characteristics of a typical human eye. The prescription for the Arizona Eye Model may be found in many published articles (e.g., "Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics" authored by Jim Schwiegerling and published by SPIE Press as ISBN 0-8194- 5629-2 which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). In this example, the Arizona Eye Model was rendered -5 D axially myopic by elongating the axial length of the eye by increasing the distance between the back of the crystalline lens surface 182 and the retina 183.

[00259] Fig. 19 plots the dioptric chromatic focal shift of the myopic Arizona Eye Model. This is the relative dioptric power of the eye as measured from the observer's view point (i.e. the way an eye care practitioner may measure the power of an eye from in front of the eye). The dioptric power shift is relative to the refractive state of the eye at the primary wavelength. That is, the refractive error (myopia) of -5 D of this eye at the primary wavelength of about 588 nm is plotted as 0 D. A positive power (e.g. +1 D) in this plot indicates that the eye for the indicated wavelength is relatively more positive in power (i.e. more myopic) than for the primary wavelength. The dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration of this Arizona Eye Model is about 1 D between the wavelengths of about 486 nm and about 656 nm which lies within the range of published measurements of human longitudinal chromatic aberration. This longitudinal chromatic aberration results in the focal positions for 486 nm and 656 nm wavelength light to differ by about 0.39 mm as shown in Fig. 20.

[00260] This example demonstrates an ophthalmic lens system 180 that may provide a refractive error correction and reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration when in use by an eye 181. The exemplary ophthalmic lens system 180 has power of - 5 D to provide refractive correction for the myopic eye 181. The exemplary ophthalmic lens system 180 consists of a segment 185 made of SK14 (Schott Glass) and a carrier 186 made of F5 (Schott Glass). The size of segment 185 is smaller than the overall lens (carrier 186) thus providing a multi-zonal ophthalmic lens system 180 for which reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration is provided through the region of the segment 185.

[00261] The radius of curvature of the front surface of lens 180 is 126.71 mm (convex). Its back surface has a radius of curvature of 60.35 mm (concave). The back surface of the segment 185 and front surface of the carrier 186 have the same radius of curvature of -3.64 mm (concave leading) to allow the segment and carrier to abut in contact. The power of lens 180 through the segment portion and through the carrier (outside the segment portion) is substantially the same (i.e. -5 D).

[00262] Fig. 21 plots the chromatic focal shift of eye 181 wearing a conventional lens of power -5 D that has the same front and back surface radii of curvature as lens 180 that is made wholly of F5 glass (Schott Glass). When eye 181 is corrected for refractive error by this conventional lens, the chromatic aberration remains positive, with the shorter wavelength (about 486 nm) focused further in front of the longer wavelength (about 656 nm) with a difference of about 0.34 mm.

[00263] Fig. 22 plots the chromatic focal shift of eye 181 wearing the exemplary ophthalmic lens system 180 of power -5 D. It can be seen that the longitudinal chromatic aberration has been reversed with the shorter wavelength of about 486 nm focused more posteriorly relative to the primary wavelength of about 588 nm which in turn is focused more posteriorly than the longer wavelength of about 656 nm. The longitudinal chromatic aberration range is about 0.29 mm but reversed.

[00264] Fig. 23 plots the dioptric chromatic focal shift of eye 181 wearing the exemplary ophthalmic lens system 180. The reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration is about 0.8 D.

[00265] The exemplary lens 180 when worn, provides for the eye negative longitudinal chromatic aberration that is reversed to the positive longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye.

[00266] EXAMPLE 5 : Multi-zonal ophthalmic lens system that provides reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration to an eye.

[00267] Fig. 24 shows the optical layout of an ophthalmic lens system 244 when worn on an eye. The eye is modelled on the Arizona Eye Model 221 as described before. In this example, the Arizona Eye Model was rendered -5 D axially myopic by elongating the axial length of the eye by increasing the distance between the back of the crystalline lens surface 242 and the retina 243.

[00268] Fig. 25 plots the dioptric chromatic focal shift of the Arizona Eye Model over the wavelengths of about 535 nm to about 560 nm showing a longitudinal chromatic aberration of about 0.12 D. The longitudinal chromatic aberration results in the focal positions for 535 nm and 560 nm wavelength light to differ by about 0.062 mm as shown in Fig. 26. The wavelengths of 535 nm and 560 nm were selected in this example as the difference in focal positions of the M receptors and L receptors of the eye may influence axial growth and/or myopia development or progression. The spectral sensitivity peaks for M and L receptors are about 535 nm and about 560 nm respectively.

[00269] This example demonstrates an ophthalmic lens system 244 that may provide a refractive error correction and reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration over the wavelength range of the M and L receptors when in use by an eye 241. The exemplary ophthalmic lens system 244 has power of about -5 D for primary wavelength 535 nm to provide refractive correction for the myopic eye 241. The exemplary ophthalmic lens system 244 consists of a segment 245 made of H-ZK9B glass (CDGM catalogue) and a carrier 246 made of H-F4 (CDGM catalogue). The size of segment 245 is smaller than the overall lens (carrier 246) thus providing a multi-zonal ophthalmic lens system 244 for which reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration is provided through the region of the segment 225. The power of the carrier-only portion (i.e. beyond the region of the segment) is substantially the same as that through the segment region (i.e. -5 D).

[00270] The radius of curvature of the front surface of lens 224 is 132.74 mm (convex). Its back surface has a radius of curvature of 62.53 mm (concave). The back surface of the segment 225 and front surface of the carrier 226 have the same radius of curvature of -4.65 mm (concave leading) to allow the segment and carrier to abut in contact.

[00271] Fig. 27 plots the chromatic focal shift of eye 241 wearing a conventional lens of power -5 D that has the same front and back surface radii of curvature as lens 244 that is made wholly of H-F5 glass (CDGM Catalogue). While eye 241 has been corrected for refractive error by this conventional lens, the chromatic aberration remains positive, with the shorter wavelength (about 535 nm) focused further in front than the longer wavelength (about 560 nm) with a difference of about 0.054 mm.

[00272] Fig. 28 plots the chromatic focal shift of eye 241 wearing the exemplary ophthalmic lens system of power -5 D. It can be seen that the longitudinal chromatic aberration has been reversed with the shorter wavelength of about 535 nm focused more posteriorly than the longer wavelength of about 560 nm. The longitudinal chromatic aberration range is about 0.042 mm but reversed.

[00273] Fig. 29 plots the dioptric chromatic focal shift showing a reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration of about 0.08 D.

[00274] The exemplary lens 244 in use, provides for the eye negative longitudinal chromatic aberration that is reversed to the positive longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye.

[00275] EXAMPLE 6: Bifocal ophthalmic lens system that provides reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration to an eye and relatively greater positive power through the region of its segment. [00276] The exemplary lens consists of a segment and a carrier whereby the power through the segment portion is about +6 D while the power through only the carrier (i.e. beyond the segment portion) is about +5 D. In this way, this exemplary lens provides a bifocal lens with the 'near' or 'reading' portion being the portion through the segment. Reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration is provided through the segment portion of this bifocal lens.

[00277] The reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration of this exemplary lens is designed to operate over the wavelengths of 535 nm and 560 nm. This may influence axial growth and/or the development and/or progression of myopia.

[00278] The bifocality provides relative positive power (or relative myopic defocus) to the eye over the segment portion. The provision of myopic defocus, or relative positive power, to certain regions of the field of view of the eye may influence eye growth and hence myopia progression.

[00279] The segment of the exemplary ophthalmic lens is made of K5 glass (Schott Glass) and the carrier made of N-LASF41 (Schott Glass).

[00280] The configuration of this exemplary lens follows that described in Fig. 4. The radius of curvature of the front surface of segment is 16.43 mm (convex) while the front surface of the carrier (outside the region of the segment) has a radius of curvature of 41.11 mm (convex). The back surface of the exemplary lens has a radius of curvature of 53.19 mm (concave). The back surface of the segment and front surface of the depression within the carrier where the segment resides have the same radius of curvature of -29.49 mm (concave leading) to allow the segment and carrier to abut in contact.

[00281] With the different radii of the front surfaces of the segment and carrier, this exemplary lens may be formed by deposition of a lenslet (or multiple lenslet) onto a depression (or multiple depressions) formed in the carrier. In this way, a bifocal with a single near segment, or a lens with multiple lenslet (i.e. lenslet array) may be formed that delivers both reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration and local myopic defocus which may be suitable for controlling development and/or progression of myopia.

[00282] Fig. 30 plots the chromatic focal shift of the carrier-only portion of the exemplary lens. It can be seen that the longitudinal chromatic aberration of this portion of this exemplary lens is positive and similar to conventional lenses of +5 D made of N-LASF41 glass with the shorter wavelength (about 535 nm) focused further in front than the longer wavelength (about 560 nm) with a difference of about 0.76 mm. This is equivalent to a dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration of about 0.02 D.

[00283] Fig. 31 plots the chromatic focal shift through the segment portion of the exemplary ophthalmic lens system. It can be seen that the longitudinal chromatic aberration has been reversed with the shorter wavelength of about 535 nm focused more posteriorly than the longer wavelength of about 560 nm. The longitudinal chromatic aberration range is about 0.746 mm (equivalent to about 0.03 D) but reversed with respect to the carrier-only portion of this exemplary lens.

[00284] EXAMPLE 7: Bifocal ophthalmic lens system that provides reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration and relatively greater positive power through the region of its segment.

[00285] This exemplary lens consists of a segment and a carrier whereby the power through the segment portion is about +6 D while the power through the carrier-only (i.e. beyond the segment portion) is about +5 D. In this way, this exemplary lens provides a bifocal lens with the 'near' or 'reading' portion being the portion through the segment. Reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration is provided through the segment portion of this bifocal lens. This exemplary lens provides a reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration for which the amount is about half that of a conventional lens made of the same glass material as the carrier.

[00286] The reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration of this exemplary lens is designed to operate over the wavelengths of 535 nm and 560 nm.

[00287] The bifocality provides relative positive power (or relative myopic defocus) to the eye over the segment portion. The provision of myopic defocus, or relative positive power, to certain regions of the field of view of the eye may influence eye growth and hence myopia progression.

[00288] The segment of the exemplary ophthalmic lens is made of K5 glass (Schott Glass) and the carrier made of N-LASF41 (Schott Glass).

[00289] The configuration of this exemplary lens follows that described in Fig. 4. The radius of curvature of the front surface of segment is 23.02 mm (convex) while the front surface of the carrier (outside the region of the segment) has a radius of curvature of 58.51 mm (convex). The back surface of the exemplary lens has a radius of curvature of 88.37 mm (concave). The back surface of the segment and front surface of the depression within the carrier where the segment resides have the same radius of curvature of -42.04 mm (concave leading) to allow the segment and carrier to abut in contact.

[00290] With the different the radii of the front surfaces of the segment and carrier, this exemplary lens may be formed by deposition of a lenslet (or multiple lenslet) onto a depression (or multiple depressions) formed in the carrier. In this way, a bifocal with a single near segment, or a lens with multiple lenslet (i.e. lenslet array) may be formed that delivers both reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration and local myopic defocus which may be suitable for controlling development and/or progression of myopia.

[00291] Fig. 32 plots the chromatic focal shift of the carrier-only portion of the exemplary lens. It can be seen that the longitudinal chromatic aberration of this portion of this exemplary lens is positive and similar to conventional lenses of +5 D made of N-LASF41 glass with the shorter wavelength (about 535 nm) focused further in front than the longer wavelength (about 560 nm) with a difference of about 0.742 mm. This is equivalent to a dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration of about 0.02 D.

[00292] Fig. 33 plots the chromatic focal shift through the segment portion of the exemplary ophthalmic lens system. It can be seen that the longitudinal chromatic aberration has been reversed with the longer wavelength of about 560 nm focused more anteriorly than the shorter wavelength of about 535 nm. The longitudinal chromatic aberration range is about 0.368 mm (equivalent to about 0.015 D) but reversed with respect to, and about half the amount for, the carrier-only portion of this exemplary lens.

[00293] EXAMPLE 8: Bifocal ophthalmic lens system that provides reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration and relatively greater positive power through the region of its segment.

[00294] This exemplary lens consists of a segment and a carrier whereby the power through the segment portion is about +6 D while the power through the carrier-only (i.e. beyond the segment portion) is about +5 D. In this way, this exemplary lens provides a bifocal lens with the 'near' or 'reading' portion being the portion through the segment. Reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration is provided through the segment portion of this bifocal lens. This exemplary lens provides a reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration compared to that of a conventional lens made of the same glass material as the carrier. [00295] The reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration of this exemplary lens is designed to operate over the wavelengths of 420 nm and 560 nm. The primary wavelength was selected to be that for the M receptors of 535 nm thereby setting the focal power for that wavelength.

[00296] The bifocality provides relative positive power (or relative myopic defocus) to the eye over the segment portion.

[00297] The segment of the exemplary ophthalmic lens is made of K5 glass (Schott Glass) and the carrier made of N-LASF41 (Schott Glass).

[00298] The configuration of this exemplary lens follows that described in Fig. 4. The radius of curvature of the front surface of segment is 25.38 mm (convex) while the front surface of the carrier (outside the region of the segment) has a radius of curvature of 60.782 mm (convex). The back surface of the exemplary lens has a radius of curvature of 93.80 mm (concave). The back surface of the segment and front surface of the depression within the carrier where the segment resides have the same radius of curvature of -45.74 mm (concave leading) to allow the segment and carrier to abut in contact.

[00299] Fig. 34 plots the dioptric chromatic focal shift of the carrier-only portion of the exemplary lens over the wavelength range from 420 nm to 560 nm. It can be seen that the longitudinal chromatic aberration of this portion of this exemplary lens is positive and similar to conventional lenses of +5 D made of N-LASF41 glass with the shorter wavelength (about 420 nm) focused in front of the medium wavelength (about 535 nm) which in turn is in front of the longer wavelength (about 560 nm) with a dioptric range of about 0.17 D. This is equivalent to an axial position difference in longitudinal chromatic aberration of about 6.07 mm.

[00300] Fig. 35 plots the dioptric chromatic focal shift through the segment portion of the exemplary ophthalmic lens system. It can be seen that the longitudinal chromatic aberration has been reversed with the longer wavelength of about 560 nm focused more anteriorly than the medium wavelength of about 535 nm which in turn is more anteriorly focused than the shorter wavelength of about 420 nm. The dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration range is about 0.15 D (equivalent to about 5.47 mm) but reversed with respect to the carrier-only portion of this exemplary lens.

[00301] EXAMPLE 9: A full aperture ophthalmic lens system that provides reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration. [00302] This exemplary lens consists of a segment and a carrier that are the same size and whereby the power of the exemplary lens about +5 D.

[00303] The reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration of this exemplary lens is designed to operate over the wavelengths of 420 nm and 560 nm as this may influence axial growth and/or myopia progression. The primary wavelength was selected to be that for the M receptors of 535 nm thereby setting the focal power for that

wavelength.

[00304] The segment of the exemplary ophthalmic lens is made of N-LAK22 glass (Schott Glass) and the carrier made of SF2 (Schott Glass).

[00305] The radius of curvature of the front surface is 49.07 mm (convex) while the back surface of the exemplary lens has a radius of curvature of 76.93 mm

(concave). The back surface of the segment and front surface of the depression within the carrier where the segment resides have the same radius of curvature of -52.91 mm (concave leading) to allow the segment and carrier to abut in contact.

[00306] Fig. 36 plots the chromatic focal shift of a conventional lens of +5 D that has the same back surface curvature and made of glass SF2. It can be seen that the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the conventional lens is positive with the shorter wavelength (about 420 nm) focused in front of the medium wavelength (about 535 nm) which in turn is in front of the longer wavelength (about 560 nm) over a distance of about 7.95 mm. This is equivalent to a dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration of about 0.22 D as shown in the dioptric chromatic focal shift plot in Fig. 37.

[00307] Fig. 38 plots the chromatic focal shift through the exemplary lens. It can be seen that the longitudinal chromatic aberration has been reversed with the longer wavelength of about 560 nm focused more anteriorly than the medium wavelength of about 535 nm which in turn is more anteriorly focused than the shorter wavelength of about 420 nm. The longitudinal chromatic aberration range is about 10.01 mm

(equivalent to about 0.26 D as shown in the dioptric chromatic focal shift plot in Fig. 39) but reversed and greater in amount than the conventional +5 D lens.

[00308] EXAMPLE 10: Bifocal ophthalmic lens system that provides reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration and relatively greater positive power through the region of its segment.

[00309] This exemplary lens consists of a segment and a carrier whereby the power through the segment portion is about +5 D while the power through the carrier-only (i.e. beyond the segment portion) is about +2.5 D. In this way, this exemplary lens provides a bifocal lens with a 'near add' of +2.5 D. Reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration is provided through the segment portion of this bifocal lens. This exemplary lens provides a reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration compared to that of a conventional lens made of the same glass material as the carrier.

[00310] The reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration of this exemplary lens is designed to operate over the wavelengths of 420 nm and 560 nm. The primary wavelength was selected to be that for the M receptors of 535 nm thereby setting the focal power for that wavelength.

[00311] The bifocality provides relative positive power (or relative myopic defocus) to the eye over the segment portion. Bifocal lenses have been shown to be effective in reducing myopia progression. This exemplary lens supplements the bifocality with reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration for management of myopia development or progression.

[00312] The segment of the exemplary ophthalmic lens is made of N-LAF21 glass (Schott Glass) and the carrier made of SF15 (Schott Glass).

[00313] The configuration of this exemplary lens follows that described in Fig. 4. The back surface of the exemplary lens has a radius of curvature of -540.73 mm (very slightly convex). The back surface of the segment and front surface of the depression within the carrier where the segment resides have the same radius of curvature of - 41.834 mm (concave leading) to allow the segment and carrier to abut in contact.

[00314] The radii of curvature of the front surface of segment and the carrier are the same, being 488.36 mm (convex). Such a configuration may sometimes be called a "blended bifocal" as the front surface of the segment and carrier form a single continuous surface that 'blends' into each other. Such an ophthalmic lens system may be made by forming in the carrier blank a depression that has the same surface profile as the back surface of the segment. The segment is made as a button which may be fused to the carrier depression using any of a number of techniques known to those skilled in the art, such as optical glue, or thermal coupling materials such as Canada balsam. After mounting the segment button to the carrier, the entire front surface may be grind and polished to the final radius of curvature creating an 'invisible', 'blended' junction between the segment boundary and the carrier.

[00315] Fig. 40 and Fig. 41 plots the dioptric chromatic focal shift of the conventional equivalent lens and the exemplary lens respectively, over the wavelength range from 420 nm to 560 nm. It can be seen that the longitudinal chromatic aberration of this portion of this exemplary lens is negative in that the shorter wavelength (about 420 nm) is focused behind the medium wavelength (about 535 nm) which in turn is behind the longer wavelength (about 560 nm) with a focal position range of about 0.53 mm. This is equivalent to a reversed dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration of about 0.16 D (Fig. 41) compared to a positive longitudinal chromatic aberration of about 0.13 D for the conventional lens (Fig. 40).

[00316] EXAMPLE 11 : Hybrid multi-zonal ophthalmic lens system that provides reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration to an eye.

[00317] In this example the material of the first lens (segment) 424 is made of an organic material and the material of the second lens (carrier) 425 is made of glass (CDGM Glass), as illustrated in Fig. 42.

[00318] Fig. 42 shows the optical layout of the ophthalmic lens system 420 when worn on an eye. The prescription parameters of the theoretical eye model 421 used for simulation of the results in this exemplary embodiment are provided in Table 1. In this example, the model eye 421 was rendered -1 D axially myopic by elongating the axial length of the eye by increasing the distance between the back of the crystalline lens surface 422 and the retina 423.

[00319] Table 1 : Parameter values of the 1 D myopic theoretical model eye.

Table 1 [00320] The parameter values described in Table 1 are merely illustrative of the effect being described. This model is one of the several models that may be used for the purpose of modelling and analyzing optical performance of ophthalmic lens systems. For example, in some exemplary embodiments, model eyes such as the Liou- Brennan, the Navarro, the Escudero-Navarro, the Atchison, the Arizona Eye Model may be used instead of the above model eye. The various parameters such as the cornea, lens, retina, ocular media, or combinations thereof, may also be varied to aid simulation (e.g. for the modelling of specific refractive states such as myopia).

[00321] Fig. 43 plots the dioptric chromatic focal shift of the myopic model eye 421 between the wavelengths of 535 nm and 560 nm. This is the relative dioptric power of the eye as measured from the observer's view point (i.e. the way an eye care practitioner may measure the power of an eye from in front of the eye). The dioptric power shift of the eye is relative to the refractive state of the eye at the primary wavelength. That is, the refractive error (myopia) of -1 D of this eye at the primary wavelength of about 535 nm is plotted as 0 D. A positive power (e.g. +0.12 D) in this plot indicates that the eye for the indicated wavelength is relatively more positive in power (i.e. more myopic) than for the primary wavelength. The dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration of eye 421 is about 0.14 D between the wavelengths of about 535 nm and about 560 nm. The longitudinal chromatic aberration results in the focal positions for 535 nm and 560 nm wavelength light to differ by about 0.05 mm as shown in Fig. 44.

[00322] When the myopic model eye 421 is corrected with a conventional spectacle lens made of poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA), with the front surface radius of about 79.8 mm, the back surface radius of about 68.8 mm, a center thickness of about 2 mm and a lens power of about - I D, the dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration for the eye is about 0.13 D between the wavelengths of about 535 nm and about 560 nm as shown in Fig. 45. The chromatic aberration remains positive, with the shorter wavelength (about 535 nm) focused further in front of the longer wavelength (about 560 nm). The longitudinal chromatic aberration results in the focal positions for 535 nm and 560 nm wavelength light differing by about 0.05 mm as shown in Fig. 46.

[00323] Example 11 demonstrates an ophthalmic lens system 420 that may provide a refractive error correction and reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration when in use by an eye 421. The exemplary ophthalmic lens system 420 has a power of about -1 D to provide refractive correction for the myopic eye 421. The exemplary ophthalmic lens system 420 consists of a segment 424 made of poly-methyl-methacrylate

(PMMA) and a carrier 425 made of glass H-F4 (CDGM Glass). The size of segment 424 is smaller than the overall lens (carrier 425) thus providing a multi-zonal ophthalmic lens system 420 for which reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration is provided through the region of the segment 424.

[00324] The radius of curvature of the front surface of lens 420 is 11.81 mm (convex). Its back surface has a radius of curvature of 71.17 mm (concave). The back surface of the segment 424 and front surface of the carrier 425 have the same radius of curvature of -3.55 mm (concave leading) and conic constant of -1.21 to allow the segment and carrier to abut in contact.

[00325] Fig. 47 plots the dioptric chromatic focal shift of eye 421 wearing the exemplary ophthalmic lens system 420 of power - I D. The dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration is about 0.16 D between the wavelengths of 535 nm and 560 nm. It can be seen that the longitudinal chromatic aberration has been reversed with the shorter wavelength of about 535 nm focused more posteriorly than the longer wavelength of about 560 nm. The longitudinal chromatic aberration range is about 0.06 mm but reversed and negative as shown in Fig. 48.

[00326] The exemplary lens 420 when worn, provides for the eye negative longitudinal chromatic aberration that is substantially equal and opposite to the positive longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye or eye with a conventional lens.

[00327] EXAMPLE 12: Hybrid multi-zonal ophthalmic lens system that provides reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration to an eye.

[00328] In this example the material of the first lens (segment) 494 is made of mineral glass and the material of the second lens (carrier) 495 is made of an organic material. Fig. 49 shows the optical layout of the ophthalmic lens system 490 when worn on an eye. The prescription parameters of the theoretical eye model 491 used for simulation of the results in this exemplary embodiment are provided in Table 1. In this example, the model eye 491 was rendered about - I D axially myopic by elongating the axial length of the eye by increasing the distance between the back of the crystalline lens surface 492 and the retina 493.

[00329] Fig. 50 plots the dioptric chromatic focal shift of the myopic model eye 491 between the wavelengths of 486 nm and 656 nm. This is the relative dioptric power of the eye as measured from the observer's view of point (i.e. the way an eye care practitioner may measure the power of an eye from in front of the eye). The dioptric power shift of the eye is relative to the refractive state of the eye at the primary wavelength. That is, the refractive error (myopia) of -1 D of this eye at the primary wavelength of about 535 nm is plotted as 0 D. A positive power (e.g. +0.50 D) in this plot indicates that the eye for the indicated wavelength is relatively more positive in power (i.e. more myopic) than for the primary wavelength. The dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration of eye 491 is about 0.86 D between the wavelengths of about 486 nm and about 656 nm which lies within the range of published measurements of human longitudinal chromatic aberration. The longitudinal chromatic aberration results in the focal positions for 486 nm and 656 nm wavelength light to differ by about 0.32 mm as shown in Fig. 51.

[00330] When the myopic model eye 491 is corrected with a conventional spectacle lens made of poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA), with a front surface radius of about 79.8 mm, the back surface radius of about 68.8 mm, a center thickness of about 2 mm and a lens power of about - I D, the dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration of eye is about 0.84 D between the wavelengths of about 486 nm and about 656 nm as shown in Fig. 52. The chromatic aberration remains positive, with the shorter wavelength (about 486 nm) focused further in front of the longer wavelength (about 656 nm). The longitudinal chromatic aberration results in the focal positions for 486 nm and 656 nm wavelength light differing by about 0.33 mm as shown in Fig. 53.

[00331] Example 12 demonstrates an ophthalmic lens system 490 that may provide a refractive error correction and reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration when in use by an eye 491. The exemplary ophthalmic lens system 490 has a power of about -1 D to provide refractive correction for the myopic eye 491. The exemplary ophthalmic lens system 490 consists of a first lens 494 made of glass H-ZK9B (CDGM Glass) and a second lens 495 made of poly-etherimide (ULTEM).

[00332] The radius of curvature of the front surface of lens 494 is 49.54 mm (convex). The back surface of lens 494 and front surface of lens 495 have the same radius of curvature of -16.9 mm (concave leading) and conic constant of -1.836 to allow the first and the second lens to abut in contact. The back surface of lens 495 has a radius of curvature of 68.76 mm (concave).

[00333] Fig. 54 plots the dioptric chromatic focal shift of eye 491 wearing the exemplary ophthalmic lens system 490 of power - I D. The dioptric longitudinal chromatic aberration is about 0.94 D between the wavelengths of 486 nm and 656 nm. It can be seen that the longitudinal chromatic aberration has been reversed and is now negative with the shorter wavelength of about 486 nm focused more posteriorly than the longer wavelength of about 656 nm. The longitudinal chromatic aberration range is about 0.37 mm, negative, and reversed as shown in Fig. 55.

[00334] The exemplary lens 490 when worn, provides for the eye negative longitudinal chromatic aberration that is substantially equal and opposite to the positive longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye.

[00335] EXAMPLE 13 : Design and Validation of Two Exemplary Anti-Chromatic Lenses.

[00336] In this section, the design and validation of two exemplary ophthalmic lens systems that provides reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration is described. The design was developed within the framework of a theoretical model eye. The longitudinal chromatic aberration characteristics were demonstrated by theoretical calculations, on a physical model eye, on a commercially available PMTF (Power and MTF) instrument with a simplified model eye and on three human eyes.

[00337] Description of the theoretical model eye (Modified Model Eye #1)

[00338] The prescription parameters of the theoretical eye model used for simulation of the results in this exemplary embodiment are provided in Table 2. This theoretical model eye may also be referred to as "Modified Model Eye #1". The parameter values model a 1 D myopic eye defined for the wavelength of 588 nm. As understood by those skilled in the art, other refractive error states may be modelled, for example, by modifying the vitreous depth (Surface 8 of Table 2) to simulate axial growth and myopia.

[00339] Table 2: Parameter values of the 1 D myopic theoretical model eye.

Table 2

[00340] The parameter values described in Table 2 are merely illustrative of the effect being described. This model is one of the several models that may be used for the purpose of modelling and analyzing optical performance of ophthalmic lens systems. For example, in some exemplary embodiments, model eyes such as the Liou- Brennan, the Navarro, the Escudero-Navarro, the Atchison, or the Arizona Eye Model may be used instead of the above model eye. The various parameters such as the cornea, lens, retina, ocular media, or combinations thereof, may also be varied to aid simulation (e.g. for the modelling of specific refractive states such as myopia).

[00341] The theoretical model eye (with a 5 mm pupil) was corrected with a conventional spectacle lens the parameters for which are shown in Table 3.

[00342] Fig. 56 and Fig. 57 show the longitudinal chromatic aberration in millimeters and diopters calculated over a 5 mm pupil for the 1 D myopic eye when corrected with a conventional spectacle lens. Paraxial monochromatic light with a wavelength of 486 nm (F-line) is focused -0.166 mm or -0.58 D in front of the retina, light with a wavelength of 588 nm (d-line) is focused on the retina and light with a wavelength of 656 nm (C-line) is focused +0.071 mm or +0.25 D behind the retina. The total amount of longitudinal chromatic aberration between 486 and 656 nm is 0.24 mm, which corresponds to 0.83 D. These theoretical values compare well with published longitudinal chromatic aberration measurements in human eyes.

[00343] Table 3 : Parameter values of a conventional -1 Diopter Spectacle Lens.

Table 3

[00344] Description of the anti-chromatic lenses: AC#1 and AC #2

[00345] Two anti-chromatic lenses (AC#1 and AC #2) were designed and manufactured to demonstrate the principle of reversing longitudinal chromatic aberration. Both lenses were configured as doublets and designed to reverse longitudinal chromatic aberration for the 1 D myopic model eye of Table 2. Each of the two anti-chromatic doublets consist of a first and a second lens, where the first lens is a bi-convex lens made of N-BK7 (Schott Glass) and the second lens is biconcave lens made of N-SF1 1 (Schott Glass). The parameters for the two anti- chromatic lenses with a power of -1 D are shown in Table 4.

[00346] Table 4: Parameter values of two Anti-Chromatic Lenses.

Table 4

[00347] The parameters described in Table 4 were chosen in order to demonstrate the realization of reversing longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00348] Fig. 58 and Fig. 59 show the longitudinal chromatic aberration in millimeters and diopters of the 1 D myopic theoretical model eye when corrected with exemplary lens AC#1. With AC#1, paraxial monochromatic light with a wavelength of 486 nm (F-line) is focused +0.065 mm or -0.23 D (equivalent to a +0.23 D hyperopic refractive state) behind the retina, light with a wavelength of 588 nm (d- line) is focused on the retina and light with a wavelength of 656 nm (C-line) is focused -0.016 mm or +0.06 D (equivalent to a -0.06 D myopic refractive state) in front of the retina. When compared to the theoretical model eye corrected with the conventional spectacle lens, longitudinal chromatic aberration was reversed by 34% when AC#1 is worn by the theoretical model eye.

[00349] Fig. 60 and Fig. 61 show the longitudinal chromatic aberration in millimeters and diopters of the 1 D myopic theoretical model eye when corrected with AC#2. With AC#2, paraxial monochromatic light with a wavelength of 486 nm (F- line) is focused +0.224 mm or -0.78 D behind the retina, light with a wavelength of 588 nm (d-line) is focused on the retina and light with a wavelength of 656 nm (C- line) is focused -0.076 mm or +0.26 D in front of the retina. When compared to the theoretical model eye corrected with the conventional spectacle lens, longitudinal chromatic aberration was reversed by 125% with AC#2.

[00350] Measurements of Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration on a Physical Model Eve (The MESII)

[00351] A physical model eye (which may also be referred to as "MESH") has been constructed for conducting in vitro, physical measurement of optical

performance of ophthalmic lens system that mimics the environment of the typical human eye. This physical model eye has been published in a peer-reviewed journal article (Bakaraju, Ehrmann, Falk, Ho, Papas "Physical human model eye and methods of its use to analyze optical performance of soft contact lenses" Optics Express Volume 18, No. 16, August 2, 2010, Pages 16868-16882 which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). The geometrical parameters of the physical model eye are substantially similar to those used in the theoretical model eye in Table 2. The physical model eye was used to measure longitudinal chromatic aberration of an eye with and without correction by AC#1 and AC#2. For this, the retinal position of the physical model eye was adjusted until best focus was achieved for wavelengths 550 nm.

[00352] Fig. 62 plots the focal positions relative to the retina and relative to 550 nm as a function of wavelength between the measured values on the physical model eye and the values obtained for the theoretical model eye with and without correction by AC#1 and AC#2. In this plot, a relative retinal position of zero for a wavelength means the focus for the wavelength lies on the retina (i.e. in focus for the eye). A positive value indicates that light is focused behind the retina and a negative value indicates that light is focused in front of the retina. The results in Fig. 62 show that reversals of longitudinal chromatic aberration have been achieved with the two anti- chromatic doublets and as anticipated from the theoretical results, with AC#2 showed a greater reversal than AC#1. Differences between the theoretical and the measured values may be explained by differences between the theoretical model eye parameters and the actual optical components used in the physical model eye as physical materials with the same refractive index and dispersion as those used for the theoretical model may or may not be readily available.

[00353] Measurements of Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration with the PMTF Instrument

[00354] In addition to measuring longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye using the physical model eye MESII, a commercially available PMTF (Power and MTF) instrument (Lambda-X, Nivelles, Belgium) and a simplified model eye which comply with ISOl 1979-2:2014 standards have been used to measure longitudinal chromatic aberration with and without AC#1 and AC#2. For the simplified model eye, the instrument's aberration-free achromatic cornea (Melles Griot LAO036.0 16.0) with a focal length of 36 mm was used. The parameters of this achromat are shown in Table 5.

[00355] Table 5: Parameter Values of the Aberration-Free Simplified Model Eye.

Table 5

[00356] Measurements were taken for a 3 mm pupil at the wavelengths of 480 nm, 546 nm and 633 nm. The retina positions were auto-adjusted using the Siemens target. Fig. 63 compares the measured and the theoretical retinal positions relative to 546 nm with and without AC#1 and AC#2. The measured and the theoretical results agree well with each other and show the expected greater reversal of longitudinal chromatic aberration with AC#2 than with AC#1. The measurements also confirm that longitudinal chromatic aberration with the simplified model eye is close to zero, which is to be expected considering that it is an achromatic lens. The PMTF results demonstrate that this or similar instruments may be used to validate longitudinal chromatic aberration function and/or performance of anti-chromatic lenses.

[00357] Measurements of Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration of the Eye

[00358] In addition to demonstrating and measuring reversal of longitudinal chromatic aberration using the MESII and the simplified model eye on a PMTF system, the AC#2 lens, which was designed for a reversal of 125% when compared to the conventional spectacle lens, was tested on-eye for in vivo demonstration of reversal of longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00359] In a prospective pilot trial, three non-color vision deficient participants were chosen who were either emmetropic or low myopic (< -0.75 D sphere). The right eyes of the participants were corrected on a phoropter. For the correction an electronic vision test chart (Test Chart 2000 Pro, Thompson Software Solutions, UK) was used to measure monocular high contrast visual acuity (contrast set to 100%) at a distance of 6 meters.

[00360] After correction subjects were directed to view a monitor (DELL XPS, resolution 3200 x 1800, with display luminance set to about 276 candelas per millimeter squared for white light) at the same distance with monochromatic Έ' letters (size of letter equivalent to 6/19 or 20/63 acuity) in the primary colors red, green and blue (according to the sRGB color space as standardized by the

International Electrotechnical Commission) in turn on a black background, to simulate long, medium and short wavelengths, respectively. Only one letter was presented at a time. Participants were then fogged by +1 D in order to bring the foci for all wavelengths in front of the retina. The fogging is a technique familiar to and used by eye care practitioners to eliminate a patient's tendency to accommodate (or focus to near) during an eye test. As fogging was reduced with minus lenses in -0.125 D steps, participants were asked when the presented letter was in best focus. The correcting lens power (fogging lens + minus lens) that achieved best focus first for each letter was recorded as the refractive state for the presenting wavelength for the eye, or eye with conventional lenses (used to correct the low myopes). The same procedure was repeated with the AC#2 test lens (-1 D) placed closely behind the phoropter and an additional +1 D lens was added to compensate for the -1 D power of the AC#2 lens.

[00361] In the control case, i.e. without AC#2 lens and thus no reversal of longitudinal chromatic aberration, it would be expected that red is in focus first (i.e. least amount of minus required to achieve best focus), followed by green, then blue. This is due to the fogging procedure placing the three foci for the wavelengths in front of the retina and the red focus being positioned furthest towards the retina (i.e. more posterior relative to green and blue foci). As fogging was reduced, the three foci moves progressively posteriorly towards the retina. Given the eye's positive longitudinal chromatic aberration, the red focus would reach the retina first and therefore be perceived and reported by the wearer as being clear first. With AC#2, the opposite would be expected, i.e., greatest amount of minus is required to achieve best focus for red, as longitudinal chromatic aberration is reversed by this lens system.

[00362] The results are presented in Table 6 (and plotted in Fig. 64) showing the correcting lens power that achieved best focus for each monochromatic letter. Despite some inter-subject variability between the absolute values, the results show that AC#2 effectively reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration when compared to the control.

[00363] Table 6: The correcting lens power (in Diopters) that achieved best focus for each monochromatic E letter.

Table 6

[00364] It can be seen from Table 6 that for the control condition with only conventional lenses placed in front of the eyes, the red focus exhibit relatively more hyperopic (positive power correcting lens) focus relative to the green and blue foci and conversely, the blue focus is relatively more myopic (negative lens power) relative to the green and red foci. That is, the eye, or eye with conventional ophthalmic lens or ophthalmic lens system exhibits a positive longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00365] The average difference in correcting lens power between red and blue wavelengths across the three eyes is about +0.83 D which compares well with published scientific literature values for longitudinal chromatic aberration of the human eye.

[00366] In contrast, AC#2, when used with the eye, effects the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye such that it is reversed. The red focus is relatively more myopically (negative correcting lens power) focused relative to the green and blue foci and conversely, the blue focus is relatively more hyperopic (positive lens power) relative to the green and red foci. That is, AC#2 has effectively introduced negative longitudinal chromatic aberration to the eye. The average longitudinal chromatic aberration over the three eyes is -0.5 D between the red and blue wavelengths.

[00367] With the presence of some individual variability in the reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration response, different approaches may be taken for design of such ophthalmic lens systems. For example, the longitudinal chromatic aberration of an individual may be measured using a technique described above and the ophthalmic lens system designed to introduce reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration for that specific eye. Alternatively, the longitudinal chromatic aberration of a population, or sub-population (e.g. children) may be obtained by clinical studies or from published data and used as the basis for design of ophthalmic lens systems that effects reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration for eyes wearing the lens or lens system.

[00368] The actual amount of reversal may vary depending on the specific application and intended treatment for myopia. For example, the amount of reversal may be equal and opposite to the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye. Or a greater amount may be effected such as 1.5x the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye and reversed. Greater amounts may also be of benefit.

[00369] Alternatively, there may be benefit in terms of reduction of myopia progression, or delaying of onset of myopia development, by effecting a reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration to an amount that is a portion of the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the natural eye or eye wearing conventional ophthalmic lens systems. [00370] For some embodiments, the longitudinal chromatic aberration effected for an eye (that is, the resultant ocular longitudinal chromatic aberration when the ophthalmic lens system is used with the eye) may be a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00371] For some embodiments, the longitudinal chromatic aberration effected for an eye may be equal to, or more negative than, about -0.25 D, -0.5 D, -0.75 D, -1 D, - 1.5 D, -2 D or -2.5 D between a longer wavelength and a shorter wavelength.

[00372] For some embodiments, the longitudinal chromatic aberration effected for an eye may be equal to, or more negative than, about -0.25 D, -0.5 D, -0.75 D, -1 D, - 1.5 D, -2 D or -2.5 D between a red wavelength and a blue wavelength.

[00373] For some embodiments, the longitudinal chromatic aberration effected for an eye may be equal to, or more negative than, -0.25 D, -0.5 D, -0.75 D, -1 D, -1.5 D, -2 D or -2.5 D between a longer wavelength of about 520 nm, 540 nm, 560 nm, 580 nm, 600 nm, 620 nm, 640 nm, 660 nm, 680 nm, 700 nm, 720 nm, 740 nm, 760 nm or 780 nm and a shorter wavelength of about 380 nm, 400 nm, 420 nm, 440 nm, 460 nm, 480 nm, 500 nm, 520 nm, 540 nm, 560 nm or 580 nm with the proviso that the shorter wavelength is shorter than the longer wavelength.

[00374] For some embodiments, the longitudinal chromatic aberration effected for an eye may be equal to, or more negative than, -0.25 D, -0.5 D, -0.75 D, -1 D, -1.5 D, -2 D or -2.5 D between a longer wavelength of about 546 nm, 588 nm, 589 nm, 644 nm, 656 nm, 707 nm or 768 nm and a shorter wavelength of about 405 nm, 436 nm, 480 nm, 486 nm, 546 nm, 588 nm or 589 nm with the proviso that the shorter wavelength is shorter than the longer wavelength.

[00375] For some embodiments, the longitudinal chromatic aberration effected for an eye may be equal to, or more negative than, -0.1 D, -0.2 D, -0.3 D, -0.4 D, -0.5 D, - 0.6 D, -0.7 D, -0.8 D, -0.9 D or -1 D between a longer wavelength of between about 534 nm and 545 nm or between about 560 nm and 580 nm and a shorter wavelength of between about 420 nm to 440 nm or between about 534 nm and 545 nm.

[00376] For some applications, the amount of reversal in longitudinal chromatic aberration may be established and verified away from or without an eye. In those embodiments, the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the ophthalmic lens system is selected to be of a certain amount. [00377] The ophthalmic lens system according to some embodiments is a positive or piano (i.e., 0 D) power ophthalmic lens system that has a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00378] The ophthalmic lens system according to some embodiments is a positive or piano (i.e. 0 D) power ophthalmic lens system that has a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration whereby the power for a longer wavelength is more positive than the power for a shorter wavelength that is equal to or greater than about 0.5 D, 1 D, 1.5 D, 2 D, 2.5 D, 3 D, 3.5 D, 4 D or 4.5 D.

[00379] The ophthalmic lens system according to some embodiments is a positive or piano (i.e. D) power ophthalmic lens system that has a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration of -0.5 D, -1 D, -1.5 D, -2 D, -2.5 D, -3 D, -3.5 D, -4 D or -4.5 D between a red wavelength and a blue wavelength.

[00380] The ophthalmic lens system according to some embodiments is a positive or piano (i.e. 0 D) power ophthalmic lens system that has a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration of -0.5 D, -1 D, -1.5 S, -2 D, -2.5 D, -3 D, -3.5 D, -4 D or -4.5 D between a longer wavelength of about 520 nm, 540 nm, 560 nm, 580 nm, 600 nm, 620 nm, 640 nm, 660 nm, 680 nm, 700 nm, 720 nm, 740 nm, 760 nm or 780 nm and a shorter wavelength of about 380 nm, 400 nm, 420 nm, 440 nm, 460 nm, 480 nm, 500 nm, 520 nm, 540 nm, 560 nm or 580 nm.

[00381] The ophthalmic lens system according to some embodiments is a positive or piano (i.e. 0 D) power ophthalmic lens system that has a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration of -0.5 D, -1 D, -1.5 D, -2 D, -2.5 D, -3 D, -3.5 D, -4 D or -4.5 D between a longer wavelength of about 546 nm, 588 nm, 589 nm, 644 nm, 656 nm, 707 nm or 768 nm and a shorter wavelength of about 405 nm, 436 nm, 480 nm, 486 nm, 546 nm, 588 nm or 589 nm.

[00382] The ophthalmic lens system according to some embodiments is a positive or piano (i.e. 0 D) power ophthalmic lens system that has a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration of -0.1 D, -0.2 D, -0.3 D, -0.4 D, -0.5 D, -0.6 D, -0.7 D, -0.8 D, - 0.9 D or -1 D between a longer wavelength of between about 534 nm and 545 nm or between about 560 nm and 580 nm and a shorter wavelength of between about 420 nm to 440 nm or between about 534 nm and 545 nm.

[00383] The ophthalmic lens system according to some embodiments is a negative power ophthalmic lens system that has a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration of -1 D, -1.5 D, -2 D, -2.5 D, -3 D, -3.5 D, -4 D or -4.5 D between a longer wavelength and a shorter wavelength.

[00384] The ophthalmic lens system according to some embodiments is a negative power ophthalmic lens system that has a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration of -1 D, -1.5 D, -2 D, -2.5 D, -3 D, -3.5 D, -4 D or -4.5 D between a red wavelength and a blue wavelength.

[00385] The ophthalmic lens system according to some embodiments is a negative power ophthalmic lens system that has a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration of -1 D, -1.5 D, -2 D, -2.5 D, -3 D, -3.5 D, -4 D or -4.5 D between a longer wavelength of about 520 nm, 540 nm, 560 nm, 580 nm, 600 nm, 620 nm, 640 nm, 660 nm, 680 nm, 700 nm, 720 nm, 740 nm, 760 nm or 780 nm and a shorter wavelength of about 380 nm, 400 nm, 420 nm, 440 nm, 460 nm, 480 nm, 500 nm, 520 nm, 540 nm, 560 nm or 580 nm.

[00386] The ophthalmic lens system according to some embodiments is a negative power ophthalmic lens system that has a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration of -1 D, -1.5 D, -2 D, -2.5 D, -3 D, -3.5 D, -4 D or -4.5 D between a longer wavelength of about 546 nm, 588 nm, 589 nm, 644 nm, 656 nm, 707 nm or 768 nm and a shorter wavelength of about 405 nm, 436 nm, 480 nm, 486 nm, 546 nm, 588 nm or 589 nm.

[00387] The ophthalmic lens system according to some embodiments is a negative power ophthalmic lens system that has a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration of -0.1 D, -0.2 D, -0.3 D, -0.4 D, -0.5 D, -0.6 D, -0.7 D, -0.8 D, -0.9 D or -1 D between a longer wavelength of between about 534 nm and about 545 nm or between about 560 nm and about 580 nm and a shorter wavelength of between about 420 nm to about 440 nm or between about 534 nm and about 545 nm.

[00388] For rapid screening evaluation to determine whether an ophthalmic lens system imparts negative longitudinal chromatic aberration to an eye when in use by the eye, it may not be necessary to measure the actual amount of resultant ocular longitudinal chromatic aberration (i.e. the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the eye wearing the ophthalmic lens system) as demonstrated above. A qualitative method may suffice to verify or demonstrate a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00389] For this method, the eye is given the refractive correction that achieves best vision for a chosen primary wavelength (for example, a green wavelength). The fogging technique (introduce or add positive power to the corrective lenses) is then used to reposition the foci for the shorter and longer wavelengths to be in front of the retina. In this state, the eye is typically unable to obtain clear images of light of the different wavelengths, so short, medium and long wavelengths images will appear blurred appear blurred .

[00390] The fogging lens power is then gradually reduced to progressively bring the foci of the various wavelengths back towards the retina. If vision is first clearest for longer wavelength, then the eye with the ophthalmic lens system possess a net positive longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00391] If the vision is first clearest for the shorter wavelength, then the eye with the ophthalmic lens system exhibits a net negative longitudinal chromatic aberration.

[00392] The test of clear vision for the shorter and longer wavelengths may be accomplished simultaneously, for example, by using targets that includes vision testing targets (e.g. Snellen acuity letters, 'illiterate E', Landolt "C", etc.) that are illuminated with the two different wavelengths on different target objects. Such instruments are common to many eye care clinics and known to eye care practitioners. One such instrument is the duochrome target. The duochrome target may consist of two sets of circular targets to test a patient's clarity of vision. One set of targets may be illuminated by light (or through filters) of one color or wavelengths (e.g. a shorter wavelength bluish-green color) and the other set of targets a different color or wavelength (e.g. a longer wavelength red color). Such an instrument allows the observer or patient to discern which wavelength target is relatively clearer.

[00393] 'Secondary' Spectrum and Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration

[00394] While certain embodiments may be designed with respect to one shorter and one longer wavelength for effecting longitudinal chromatic aberration, certain embodiments may be designed with respect to three (or more) wavelengths.

[00395] A phenomenon known as "irrational dispersion" exists such that the dispersions of two different optical materials that may geometrically match at two wavelengths may not match at other wavelengths. ("Geometrically match" means after the refractive indices for the wavelengths of the two materials are rescaled to align, or be the same rescaled values.) This lack of precise matching across wavelengths may produce a phenomenon called "secondary spectrum". This phenomenon may be utilized to effect longitudinal chromatic aberration such that the foci for both a longer and a shorter wavelength may be placed more anteriorly than the foci for some wavelengths (medium wavelengths) between the longer and the shorter wavelengths. That is, a positive longitudinal chromatic aberration is maintained between the medium wavelengths and the shorter wavelengths while negative longitudinal chromatic aberration is effected between the longer wavelengths and the shorter wavelengths.

[00396] Some optical materials exhibit "anomalous dispersion". In optical materials, typically the refractive indices of shorter wavelengths are higher than those for longer wavelengths. In materials that exhibit anomalous dispersion, along certain ranges of wavelengths, the typical trend is reversed whereby the refractive indices of shorter wavelengths are lower than those for longer wavelengths. Such optical materials with anomalous dispersion may be employed to effect longitudinal chromatic aberration such that the foci for both a longer and a shorter wavelength may be placed more anteriorly than the foci for some wavelengths (medium wavelengths) between the longer and the shorter wavelengths.

[00397] In some embodiments, the position of foci for longer wavelengths, such as those corresponding to red light, may be located in front of the position of foci for medium wavelengths (that lies between the longer wavelengths and the shorter wavelengths), such as those corresponding to green light and the position of foci for shorter wavelengths, such as those corresponding to blue light, may be located in front of foci for the medium wavelength.

[00398] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens system may have a first power for a longer wavelengths such as those corresponding to red light, a second power for a shorter wavelength such as blue light and a third power for a medium wavelength (lying between the longer wavelengths and the shorter wavelengths), such as those corresponding to green light whereby the first power is substantially more positive (or less negative) than the third power and the second power is substantially more positive (or less negative) than the third power.

[00399] Further advantages of the claimed subject matter will become apparent from the following examples describing certain embodiments of the claimed subject matter.

[00400] A Examples:

Al . An ophthalmic lens system with a positive power comprising:

a first lens having a first power and a first refractive index and a first dispersion;

a second lens having a second power and a second refractive index and a second dispersion; wherein the first lens and the second lens are selected such that when light passes through the system, longer wavelengths are focused at positions closer to the lens system than shorter wavelengths.

A2. An ophthalmic lens system with a negative power comprising:

a second lens having a second power and a second refractive index and a second dispersion;

wherein the first lens and the second lens are selected such that when light passes through the system, shorter wavelengths are focused at positions closer to the lens system than longer wavelengths.

A3. The ophthalmic lens system of examples Al or A2, wherein the first lens is a segment lens and the second lens is a carrier lens.

A4. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples Al, A2 or A3, wherein longer wavelengths corresponding to red light are focused at positions located in front of a retina.

A5. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of example A1-A4, wherein longer wavelengths corresponding to red light comprise a wavelength of 656 nm or approximately 656 nm.

A6. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A5, wherein longer wavelengths corresponding to green light are focused at positions located

substantially on the retina.

A7. The ophthalmic lens system of example A6, wherein the longer wavelengths corresponding to green light comprise a wavelength 588 nm or approximately 588 nm.

A8. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A7, wherein longer wavelengths corresponding to green light are focused at positions located in front of the retina, but further from the ophthalmic lens system than positions where longer wavelengths corresponding to red light are focused to introduce myopic defocus of an eye.

A9. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A8, wherein short wavelengths corresponding to blue light are focused at positions located substantially on or behind the retina. A10. The ophthalmic lens system of example A9, wherein the shorter wavelengths corresponding to blue light comprise a wavelength of 486 nm or about 486 nm. Al 1. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A10, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is adapted for use in reducing the progression of myopia of the eye.

A12. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A10, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is capable of reducing the progression of myopia of the eye. A13. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A12, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is adapted for use in reducing the progression of axial growth of the eye.

A14. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A12, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is capable of reducing the progression of axial growth of the eye.

A15. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A14, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is adapted for use in reducing the progression of axial growth and reducing the progression of myopia of the eye.

A16. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A14, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is capable of reducing the progression of axial growth and reducing the progression of myopia of the eye.

A17. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A16, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is a single-vision ophthalmic lens.

A18. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A17, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is implemented within only a portion of a total visual field of an overall corrective lens.

A19. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A17, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is implemented within only a portion of the total aperture of the carrier lens.

A20. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A19, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is incorporated into a plurality of lenslets that are distributed over at least a portion of the carrier lens.

A21. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A20, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is one of a spectacle lens, a contact lens, a corneal onlay, a corneal inlay or an intraocular lens. A22. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A21, wherein the first lens has a higher refractive index than the second lens.

A23. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples A1-A22, wherein the first lens has a higher dispersion than the second lens.

A24. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A23, wherein the first lens has a lower refractive index than the second lens.

A25. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A24, wherein the first lens has a lower dispersion than the second lens.

A26. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A25, wherein the first lens is located in front of the second lens in use, and thereby is further from the retina.

A27. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A26, wherein the first lens is located behind the second lens in use, and thereby is closer to the retina. A28. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A27, wherein the first lens has a negative power.

A29. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A28, wherein the second lens has a positive power.

A30. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A29, wherein the first lens and the second lens are selected such that when light passes through the ophthalmic lens system, without being applied to an eye or eye model, it exhibits a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration of at -0.5 D or more between a longer wavelength and a shorter wavelength, and optionally -1 D or more, -1.5 D or more, -2 D or more, -2.5 D or more, -3 D or more, -3.5 D or more, -4 D or more, or -4.5 D or more.

A31. The ophthalmic lens system of example A30, wherein the longer wavelength is a wavelength in the range 520-800 nm, and the shorter wavelength is in the range 380- 589 nm, with the proviso that the longer wavelength is greater than the shorter wavelength.

A32. The ophthalmic lens system of examples A30 or A31, wherein the longer wavelength is a red wavelength and the shorter wavelength is a blue or a green wavelength.

A33. The ophthalmic lens system of examples A30 or A31, wherein the shorter wavelength is a blue wavelength and the longer wavelength is a red or a green wavelength. A34. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A33, wherein the shorter wavelength is one or more of the following: 380 nm, 400 nm, 420 nm, 440 nm, 460 nm, 480 nm, 500 nm, 520 nm, 540 nm, 560 nm or 580 nm; and the longer wavelength is one or more of the following: 520 nm, 540 nm, 560 nm, 580 nm, 600 nm, 620 nm, 640 nm, 660 nm, 680 nm, 700 nm, 720 nm, 740 nm, 760 nm or 780 nm, with the proviso that the longer wavelengths selected are greater than the shorter wavelengths selected.

A35. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A33, wherein the shorter wavelength is one or more of the following: 405 nm, 436 nm, 480 nm, 486 nm, 546 nm, 588 nm or 589 nm; and the longer wavelength is one or more of the following: 546 nm, 588 nm, 589 nm, 644 nm, 656 nm, 707 nm or 768 nm, with the proviso that the longer wavelengths selected are greater than the shorter wavelengths selected.

A36. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A33, wherein the shorter wavelength is between about 420 nm to about 440 nm or between about 534 nm and about 545 nm; and the longer wavelength is between about 534 nm and about

545 nm or between about 560 nm and about 580 nm, with the proviso that the longer wavelengths selected are greater than the shorter wavelengths selected.

A37. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A36, wherein the retina is a retina of a model eye according to an Arizona Eye Model.

A38. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A36, wherein the retina is a retina of a model eye according to a Modified Model Eye #1.

A39. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A36, wherein the retina is a retina of a model eye according to the MESII model.

A40. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A39, wherein the model eye is rendered myopic or hyperopic to induce a refractive error corresponding to a refractive corrective power of the ophthalmic lens system.

A41. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A40, wherein the ophthalmic lens system has a reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration that is substantially equal or greater in magnitude but opposite in direction to a longitudinal chromatic aberration of a native longitudinal chromatic aberration of the Arizona Eye

Model eye or of an Arizona Eye Model eye having a refractive error corrected by a conventional lens. A42. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A40, wherein the ophthalmic lens system has a reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration that is substantially equal or greater in magnitude but opposite in direction to a longitudinal chromatic aberration of an native longitudinal chromatic aberration of the Modified Model Eye #1 or of an MESII Model eye having a refractive error corrected by a conventional lens.

A43. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A40, wherein the ophthalmic lens system has a reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration that is substantially equal or greater in magnitude but opposite in direction to a longitudinal chromatic aberration of an native longitudinal chromatic aberration of the Modified Model Eye #1 or of an MESII Model eye having a refractive error corrected by a conventional lens.

A44. The ophthalmic lens system of examples A41, A42 or A43, wherein the reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration magnitude is equal to or less than 4 D.

A45. A method for reducing a progression of myopia of an eye using an ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A44.

A46. A method for a progression of axial growth of an eye using an ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A44.

A47. A method for reducing a progression of axial growth and reducing the progression of myopia of an eye using an ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples A1-A44.

[00401] B Examples:

Bl . An ophthalmic lens system comprising:

wherein the first lens and the second lens are selected such that when light passes through the ophthalmic lens system, a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration is produced.

B2. An ophthalmic lens system comprising:

a first lens having a first power and a first refractive index and a first dispersion; a second lens having a second power and a second refractive index and a second dispersion;

wherein the first lens and the second lens are selected such that when light passes through the ophthalmic lens system, a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration is produced and a longer wavelength focal length is less positive than a shorter wavelength focal length.

B3. An ophthalmic lens system comprising:

wherein the first lens and the second lens are selected such that when light passes through the ophthalmic lens system, a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration is produced and a longer wavelength power is more positive than a shorter wavelength power.

B4. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B3, wherein the ophthalmic lens system has a positive power.

B5. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B4, wherein the longer wavelength power is more positive than the shorter wavelength power by greater than or equal to 0.5 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D.

B6. The ophthalmic lens system of examples Bl, B2 or B3, wherein the ophthalmic lens system has a negative power, and the longer wavelength power is more positive than the shorter wavelength power by greater than or equal to 0.75 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D.

B7. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B4, wherein the ophthalmic lens system, has an astigmatic power, and the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced is produced along at least one meridian of astigmatism, and a meridional power along the at least one meridian is more positive for the longer wavelength than the meridional power for the shorter wavelength by greater than or equal to 0.5 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D.

B8. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B4, wherein the ophthalmic lens system further comprises two meridians of astigmatism each having a positive meridional power; and the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced is produced along each of the two meridians of astigmatism, wherein the positive meridional power for the longer wavelength is more positive than the meridional power for the shorter wavelength by greater than or equal to 0.5 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D.

B9. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B3, wherein the ophthalmic lens system further comprises two meridians of astigmatism each having a negative meridional power; and the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced is produced along each of two meridians of astigmatism, wherein for each of the two meridians of astigmatism the meridional power is more positive for the longer wavelength than the meridional power for the shorter wavelength by greater than or equal to 0.75 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D.

B10. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B3, wherein the ophthalmic lens system further comprises a first meridian of astigmatism with a negative meridional power and a second meridian of astigmatism with a positive meridional power; and the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced is produced along each of the first meridian and the second meridian of astigmatism, wherein the negative meridional power along the first meridian of astigmatism is more positive for the longer wavelength than the negative meridional power for the shorter wavelength by greater than or equal to 0.75 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D; wherein the positive meridional power along the second meridian of astigmatism is more positive for the longer wavelength than the meridional power for the shorter wavelength by greater than or equal to 0.5 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D.

Bl 1. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B10, wherein the shorter wavelength is a blue wavelength and the longer wavelength is a green wavelength or a yellow wavelength or an orange wavelength or a red wavelength.

B12. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B10, wherein the shorter wavelength is a blue wavelength or a green wavelength and the longer wavelength is a yellow wavelength or an orange wavelength or a red wavelength.

B13. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B10, wherein the shorter wavelength is between 380 nm and 588 nm, and the longer wavelength is between

590 nm and 800 nm.

B14. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B10, wherein the shorter wavelength is between 380 nm and 545 nm, and the longer wavelength is between 547 nm and 800 nm.

B15. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B10, wherein the shorter wavelength is between 380 nm and 554 nm, and the longer wavelength is between 556 nm and 800 nm.

B16. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B10, wherein the shorter wavelength is one or more of the following: 405 nm, 436 nm, 480 nm, 486 nm, 546 nm, 588 nm or 589 nm.

B17. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B10, wherein the longer wavelength is one or more of the following: 546 nm, 588 nm, 589 nm, 644 nm, 656 nm, 707 nm or 768 nm.

B18. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B10, wherein the shorter wavelength is between 420 nm and 440 nm, or between 534 nm and 545 nm.

B19. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B10, wherein the longer wavelength is between 534 nm and 545 nm, or between 560 nm and 580 nm.

B20. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B19, wherein the first lens and the second lens are adjoining. B21. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B19, wherein the first lens and the second lens are spaced apart.

B22. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B21, wherein the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced is produced within a portion, or portions, of a total aperture area of the ophthalmic lens system, and the portion, or portions, is equal to or greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100%) of the total aperture area.

B23. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B21, wherein the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced is produced within a portion, or portions, of a total field of view of the ophthalmic lens system, and the portion, or portions, is equal to or greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%) or 100%) of the total aperture area.

B24. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B23, wherein one or more lens of the ophthalmic lens system is one or more of the following: single vision, sphero-cylindrical, toric, astigmatic, prismatic, aspheric, segmented, circular, annular, multi-zonal, bifocal, multi-focal, progressive, lenslet, lenslet array, micro-lenslet array and Fresnel.

B25. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B24, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is one or more of the following: a spectacle lens, a contact lens, a corneal onlay, a corneal inlay, an intraocular lens.

B26. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B25, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is used to provide vision correction.

B27. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B26, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is used to reduce the progression of myopia of an eye.

B28. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples Bl to B26, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is capable of reducing the progression of myopia of an eye. B29. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples B1-B26, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is adapted for use in reducing the progression of axial growth of an eye. B30. The ophthalmic lens system of any examples B1-B26, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is capable of reducing the progression of axial growth of the eye.

B31. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples B1-B26, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is adapted for use in reducing the progression of axial growth and reducing the progression of myopia of the eye. B32. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples B1-B26, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is capable of reducing the progression of axial growth and reducing the progression of myopia of the eye.

B33. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples B1-B32, wherein a retina of a model eye according to an Arizona Eye Model is used to design and configure the ophthalmic lens system.

B34. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples B1-B32, wherein a retina of a model eye according to a Modified Model Eye #1 is used to design and configure the ophthalmic lens system.

B35. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples B1-B32, wherein a retina of a model eye according to a MESII eye model is used to design and configure the ophthalmic lens system.

B36. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples B1-B35, wherein the model eye is rendered myopic or hyperopic to induce a refractive error corresponding to a refractive corrective power of the ophthalmic lens system.

B37. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of examples B1-B36, wherein the ophthalmic lens system has a reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration that is substantially equal or greater in magnitude but opposite in direction to a longitudinal chromatic aberration of a native longitudinal chromatic aberration of the Arizona Eye Model eye or of an Arizona Eye Model eye having a refractive error corrected by a conventional lens.

B38. The ophthalmic lens system of examples B33, B34, B35 or B37, wherein the reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration magnitude is substantially equal to or less than 4 D.

B38. A method for reducing a progression of myopia of an eye using an ophthalmic lens system of any of examples B1-B37.

B39. A method for a progression of axial growth of an eye using an ophthalmic lens system of any of examples B1-B37.

B40. A method for reducing a progression of axial growth and reducing the progression of myopia of an eye using an ophthalmic lens system of any of examples B1-B37.

B41. An ophthalmic lens system having at least one refractive power for correction of vision, the ophthalmic lens system comprising: a first lens and a second lens, the first lens has a first power and a first refractive index and a first dispersion and the second lens has a second power and a second refractive index and a second dispersion;

the first and second lenses of the ophthalmic lens system are configured such that they are adjoining to each other; and

the first lens and the second lens of the ophthalmic lens system are further configured such that when light passes through the ophthalmic lens system, a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration is produced,

wherein the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration is characterized by having a third power for a first wavelength and a fourth power for a second wavelength, and the first wavelength is 486 nm and the second wavelength is 656 nm, and the fourth power is more positive than the third power by an amount equal to or greater than 0.5 D.

B42. The ophthalmic lens system of example B41, wherein the size of the first lens is smaller than the size of the second lens.

B43. The ophthalmic lens system examples B41 or B42, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is used to reduce the progression of myopia.

[00402] C Examples:

CI . An ophthalmic lens system comprising:

wherein the first lens and the second lens are selected such that with an eye, the ophthalmic lens system produces a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration for the eye whereby a shorter wavelength is focused at a more positive position in the axial direction than a longer wavelength.

C2. An ophthalmic lens system comprising:

wherein the first lens and the second lens are selected such that with an eye, the ophthalmic lens system produces a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration for the eye whereby the refractive state of the eye with the ophthalmic lens system for a shorter wavelength is more positive or hyperopic relative to the refractive state of the eye with the ophthalmic lens system for a longer wavelength.

C3. The ophthalmic lens system of examples CI or C2, wherein

with the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced for the eye, the refractive state of the eye with the ophthalmic lens system for a shorter wavelength is more positive or hyperopic than the refractive state of the eye with the ophthalmic lens system for a longer wavelength by an amount greater than or equal to 0.25 D, greater than or equal to 0.5 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D.

C4. The ophthalmic lens system of examples CI or C3, wherein the ophthalmic lens system has an astigmatic power and the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced is produced along at least one meridian of astigmatism for the eye, and wherein the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced along the one meridian is characterized by the eye for the one meridian having a more positive or hyperopic refractive state for the shorter wavelength than the refractive state for the longer wavelength by greater than or equal to 0.25 D, greater than or equal to 0.5 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D.

C5. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to C4, wherein the ophthalmic lens system has an astigmatic power, and the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced is produced along each of two meridians of astigmatism for the eye, and,

wherein the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced along each of two meridians is characterized by the eye having, for each of two meridians, a more positive or hyperopic refractive state for the shorter wavelength than the refractive state for the longer wavelength by greater than or equal to 0.25 D, greater than or equal to 0.5 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D. C6. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to C5, wherein the shorter wavelength is a blue wavelength and the longer wavelength is a green wavelength or a yellow wavelength or an orange wavelength or a red wavelength.

C7. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to C5, wherein the shorter wavelength is a blue wavelength or a green wavelength and the longer wavelength is a yellow wavelength or an orange wavelength or a red wavelength.

C8. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to C5, wherein the shorter wavelength is between 380 nm and 588 nm, and the longer wavelength is between

590 nm and 800 nm.

C9. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to C5, wherein the shorter wavelength is between 380 nm and 545 nm, and the longer wavelength is between 547 nm and 800 nm.

CIO. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to C5, wherein the shorter wavelength is between 380 nm and 554 nm, and the longer wavelength is between 556 nm and 800 nm.

CI 1. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to C5, wherein the shorter wavelength is any of 405 nm, 436 nm, 480 nm, 486 nm, 546 nm, 588 nm or 589 nm. C12. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to C5, wherein the longer wavelength is any of 546 nm, 588 nm, 589 nm, 644 nm, 656 nm, 707 nm or 768 nm. C13. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to C5, wherein the shorter wavelength is between 420 nm and 440 nm, or between 534 nm and 545 nm.

C14. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to C5, wherein the longer wavelength is between 534 nm and 545 nm, or between 560 nm and 580 nm.

CI 5. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to CI 4, wherein the first lens and the second lens are adjoining.

C16. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to C14, wherein the first lens and the second lens are spaced apart.

CI 7, The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to CI 6, wherein the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced is produced within a portion, or portions, of a total aperture area of the ophthalmic lens system, and the portion, or portions, is equal to or greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100%) the total aperture area. CI 8. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to CI 6, wherein the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced is produced within a portion, or portions, of the total field of view of the ophthalmic lens system, wherein

portion or portions may be equal to or greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100%.

CI 9. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to CI 8, wherein one or more lens of the ophthalmic lens system may be single vision, sphero-cylindrical, tone, astigmatic, prismatic, aspheric, segmented, circular, annular, multi-zonal, bifocal, multi-focal, progressive, lenslet, lenslet array, micro-lenslet array, Fresnel, or combinations thereof.

C20. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to CI 9, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is one or more of the following: a spectacle lens, a contact lens, a corneal onlay, a corneal inlay or an intraocular lens.

C21. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to C20, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is used to provide vision correction.

C22. The ophthalmic lens system of any of examples CI to C21, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is used to reduce the progression of myopia.

C23. An ophthalmic lens system having at least one refractive power for correction of vision, the ophthalmic lens system comprising:

at least a first lens and a second lens, the first lens has a first power and a first refractive index and a first dispersion and the second lens has a second power and a second refractive index and a second dispersion,

wherein the first and second lenses are adjoining and the first lens and the second lens are selected such that with an eye the ophthalmic lens system produces a negative longitudinal chromatic aberration for the eye and the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration is characterized by having a first refractive state of the eye for a first wavelength at 486 nm and a second refractive state of the eye for a second wavelength at 656 nm, and the first refractive state of the eye is more positive or hyperopic relative to the second refractive state of the eye by an amount equal to or greater than 0.5 D.

C24. The ophthalmic lens system of example C23, wherein the size of the first lens is smaller than the size of the second lens.

C25. The ophthalmic lens system of examples C23 or C24, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is used to reduce the progression of myopia. [00403] The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. An ophthalmic lens system comprising:

2. An ophthalmic lens system comprising:

3. An ophthalmic lens system comprising:

4. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the ophthalmic lens system has a positive power.

5. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the longer wavelength power is more positive than the shorter wavelength power by greater than or equal to 0.5 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D.

6. The ophthalmic lens system of claims 1, 2 or 3, wherein the

ophthalmic lens system has a negative power, and the longer wavelength power is more positive than the shorter wavelength power by greater than or equal to 0.75 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D.

7. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the ophthalmic lens system, has an astigmatic power, and the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced is produced along at least one meridian of astigmatism, and a meridional power along the at least one meridian is more positive for the longer wavelength than the meridional power for the shorter wavelength by greater than or equal to 0.5 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D.

8. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the ophthalmic lens system further comprises two meridians of astigmatism each having a positive meridional power; and the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced is produced along each of the two meridians of astigmatism, wherein the positive meridional power for the longer wavelength is more positive than the meridional power for the shorter wavelength by greater than or equal to 0.5 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D.

9. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the ophthalmic lens system further comprises two meridians of astigmatism each having a negative meridional power; and the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced is produced along each of two meridians of astigmatism, wherein for each of the two meridians of astigmatism the meridional power is more positive for the longer wavelength than the meridional power for the shorter wavelength by greater than or equal to 0.75 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D.

10. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the ophthalmic lens system further comprises a first meridian of astigmatism with a negative meridional power and a second meridian of astigmatism with a positive meridional power; and the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced is produced along each of the first meridian and the second meridian of astigmatism, wherein the negative meridional power along the first meridian of astigmatism is more positive for the longer wavelength than the negative meridional power for the shorter wavelength by greater than or equal to 0.75 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D;

wherein the positive meridional power along the second meridian of astigmatism is more positive for the longer wavelength than the meridional power for the shorter wavelength by greater than or equal to 0.5 D, greater than or equal to 1.0 D, greater than or equal to 1.5 D, greater than or equal to 2.0 D, greater than or equal to 2.5 D, greater than or equal to 3.0 D, greater than or equal to 3.5 D, greater than or equal to 4.0 D, or greater than or equal to 4.5 D.

11. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the shorter wavelength is a blue wavelength and the longer wavelength is a green wavelength or a yellow wavelength or an orange wavelength or a red wavelength.

12. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the shorter wavelength is a blue wavelength or a green wavelength and the longer wavelength is a yellow wavelength or an orange wavelength or a red wavelength.

13. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the shorter wavelength is between 380 nm and 588 nm, and the longer wavelength is between 590 nm and 800 nm.

14. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the shorter wavelength is between 380 nm and 545 nm, and the longer wavelength is between 547 nm and 800 nm.

15. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the shorter wavelength is between 380 nm and 554 nm, and the longer wavelength is between 556 nm and 800 nm.

16. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the shorter wavelength is one or more of the following: 405 nm, 436 nm, 480 nm, 486 nm, 546 nm, 588 nm or 589 nm.

17. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the longer wavelength is one or more of the following: 546 nm, 588 nm, 589 nm, 644 nm, 656 nm, 707 nm or 768 nm.

18. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the shorter wavelength is between 420 nm and 440 nm, or between 534 nm and 545 nm.

19. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the longer wavelength is between 534 nm and 545 nm, or between 560 nm and 580 nm.

20. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 19, wherein the first lens and the second lens are adjoining.

21. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 19, wherein the first lens and the second lens are spaced apart.

22. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 21, wherein the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced is produced within a portion, or portions, of a total aperture area of the ophthalmic lens system, and the portion, or portions, is equal to or greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% of the total aperture area.

23. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 21, wherein the negative longitudinal chromatic aberration produced is produced within a portion, or portions, of a total field of view of the ophthalmic lens system, and the portion, or portions, is equal to or greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% of the total aperture area.

24. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 23, wherein one or more lens of the ophthalmic lens system is one or more of the following: single vision, sphero-cylindrical, toric, astigmatic, prismatic, aspheric, segmented, circular, annular, multi-zonal, bifocal, multi-focal, progressive, lenslet, lenslet array, micro- lenslet array and Fresnel.

25. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 24, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is one or more of the following: a spectacle lens, a contact lens, a corneal onlay, a corneal inlay, an intraocular lens.

26. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 25, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is used to provide vision correction.

27. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 26, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is used to reduce the progression of myopia of an eye.

28. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1 to 26, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is capable of reducing the progression of myopia of an eye.

29. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1-26, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is adapted for use in reducing the progression of axial growth of an eye.

30. The ophthalmic lens system of any claims 1-26, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is capable of reducing the progression of axial growth of the eye.

31. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1-26, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is adapted for use in reducing the progression of axial growth and reducing the progression of myopia of the eye.

32. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1-26, wherein the ophthalmic lens system is capable of reducing the progression of axial growth and reducing the progression of myopia of the eye.

33. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1-32, wherein a retina of a model eye according to an Arizona Eye Model is used to design and configure the ophthalmic lens system.

34. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1-32, wherein a retina of a model eye according to a Modified Model Eye #1 is used to design and configure the ophthalmic lens system.

35. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1-32, wherein a retina of a model eye according to a MESII eye model is used to design and configure the ophthalmic lens system.

36. The ophthalmic lens system of any of claims 1-35, wherein the model eye is rendered myopic or hyperopic to induce a refractive error corresponding to a refractive corrective power of the ophthalmic lens system.

37. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of claims 1-36, wherein the ophthalmic lens system has a reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration that is substantially equal or greater in magnitude but opposite in direction to a longitudinal chromatic aberration of a native longitudinal chromatic aberration of the Arizona Eye Model eye or of an Arizona Eye Model eye having a refractive error corrected by a conventional lens.

38. The ophthalmic lens system of one or more of claims 1-36, wherein the ophthalmic lens system has a reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration that is substantially equal, or greater, in magnitude but opposite in direction to a longitudinal chromatic aberration of a native longitudinal chromatic aberration of the Arizona Eye Model eye or of an Arizona Eye Model eye; and

wherein a first focus for a shorter wavelength and a second focus for a longer wavelength are positioned so that the first focus is located between the ophthalmic lens system and the retina and the second focus is located substantially on the retina or between the ophthalmic lens system and the retina.

39. The ophthalmic lens system of claims 33, 34, 35, or 37, wherein the reversed longitudinal chromatic aberration magnitude is substantially equal to or less than 4 D.