WO2018140079A1 - Non-enhanced directional multi-gigabit frame format for wireless communication - Google Patents

Abstract

This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to a Non-Enhanced directional multi-gigabit (non-EDMG) frame format. An EDMG device may determine a communication channel. The device may determine a non-EDMG frame with data decodable by a non-EDMG device. The EDMG device may determine a first stream associated with an antenna of the EDMG device. The EDMG device may send the non-EDMG frame on the first stream.

Description

NON-ENHANCED DIRECTIONAL MULTI-GIGABIT FRAME FORMAT FOR

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/451,610, filed January 27, 2017, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in full.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for wireless communications and, more particularly, to a non-enhanced directional multi-gigabit (non- EDMG) frame format for wireless communication.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Wireless devices are becoming widely prevalent and are increasingly requesting access to wireless channels. The growing density of wireless deployments requires increased network and spectrum availability. Wireless devices may communicate with each other using directional transmission techniques, and may communicate over both enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) and non-EDMG networks.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004] FIG. 1 depicts a network diagram illustrating an example network environment with a non-EDMG frame format, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0005] FIG. 2 depicts an illustrative schematic diagram of non-EDMG frame transmission, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0006] FIG. 3A illustrates a flow diagram of an illustrative process for a non-EDMG frame transmission, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0007] FIG. 3B illustrates a flow diagram of an illustrative process for a non-EDMG frame transmission, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0008] FIG. 4 illustrates a functional diagram of an example communication station that may be suitable for use as a user device, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure. [0009] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example machine upon which any of one or more techniques (e.g., methods) may be performed, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0010] Example embodiments described herein provide certain systems, methods, and devices for a non-enhanced directional multi-gigabit (non-EDMG) frame format for wireless communication. The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustrate specific embodiments to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, and other changes. Portions and features of some embodiments may be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments. Embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims.

[0011] The IEEE 802.11 ay wireless communication standard task group has started developing 802.11 a standard in the mmWave (60GHz) band, which is an evolution of the IEEE 802.1 lad wireless communication standard, also known as WiGig. The IEEE 802.1 lay standard proposes to increase the transmission data rate applying Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and channel bonding (CB) techniques.

[0012] Devices may communicate over an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) network and/or a non-EDMG network. Devices operating in an EDMG format or network may be referred to herein as EDMG devices, while devices operating in a non-EDMG format or network may be referred to herein as non-EDMG, or legacy, devices. EDMG and non- EDMG devices may include user devices, and/or APs or other devices capable of communicating in accordance to one or more communication standards, including but not limited to IEEE 802.1 lad and/or IEEE 802. Hay.

[0013] Non-EDMG devices may not support MIMO and CB techniques used to transmit under the IEEE 802.11 ay standard. In addition, non-EDMG devices may not fully identify frames from EDMG devices. While a non-EDMG device may decode part of an EDMG frame and may recognize that a communication channel is occupied based on the reception of an EDMG frame, a non-EDMG device may not be able to decode at least a portion of an EDMG frame. For example, an EDMG frame may include fields that are formatted for EDMG devices and that may not be decoded by a non-EDMG device. In particular, an EDMG frame may include a data portion that may include Medium Access Control (MAC) data in an EDMG portion of the EDMG frame. Because the data portion may be within an EDMG portion of the EDMG frame, when a non-EDMG device decodes the EDMG frame, the non-EDMG device may decode any legacy portion of the EDMG frame, but may stop decoding when the non-EDMG device reaches the EDMG portion with the data. Therefore, any data in an EDMG frame may not be decoded by an EDMG device, which may limit the value of an EDMG frame to a non-EDMG device and may prevent an EDMG device from communicating with a non-EDMG device. It may be desirable for a non-EDMG device to not only recognize when a channel is occupied, but also be able to receive and decode data of a frame, including MAC data. The MAC data may include broadcast MAC settings that both EDMG and non-EDMG devices may accept. In addition, the data may provide additional information from an EDMG device to a non-EDMG device.

[0014] To enable a non-EDMG device to receive and decode a transmission from an EDMG device supporting MIMO and CB techniques, non-EDMG frames for MIMO and CB transmission may be formatted, duplicated, and transmitted over one or more channels. A physical (PHY) layer enhancement that allows for information within a frame to be received by a non-EDMG device from an EDMG device may indicate to a non-EDMG device that one or more EDMG devices are communicating within a communication channel. Such a non- EDMG frame may include information recognizable by non-EDMG devices so that as the non-EDMG frame is transmitted within different communication channels, non-EDMG devices in each of those channels may determine whether an EDMG device is communicating in a respective communication channel.

[0015] An EDMG frame may also be referred to as an EDMG physical layer convergence protocol data unit (PPDU), and may use a particular format. A typical EDMG frame format may be composed of a legacy preamble, a legacy header, an EDMG-Header, which may contain Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) parameters and/or Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO) parameters, an EDMG Short Training Field (EDMG-STF), an EDMG Channel Estimation Field (EDMG-CEF), a pay load data part, and optional Automatic Gain Control (AGC) field, and a beamforming training field. The legacy preamble, legacy header and new EDMG- Header may be transmitted using single spatial stream (SISO) Single Carrier (SC) PHY modulation. The SISO SC PHY modulation may provide an opportunity for the legacy non- EDMG devices to decode the legacy header and identify (e.g., using signaling bit) that the frame contains an EDMG part not compatible with the implementation of a non-EDMG device. The identification of a frame from an EDMG device by a non-EDMG device may realize a backward compatibility requirement. At the same time, EDMG devices may decode the EDMG-Header using SISO SC PHY and may extract the required parameters for MIMO frame reception. The transmission of the rest of the EDMG frame may be performed using MIMO modulation. [0016] Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a non-EDMG frame format for wireless communication.

[0017] In some demonstrative embodiments, a non-EDMG frame may use Control PHY, SC or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) PHY. The basic non-EDMG frame (independent of PHY type) may include at least the following fields:

[0018] L-STF - legacy short training field;

[0019] L-CEF - legacy channel estimation field;

[0020] L- Header - legacy header;

[0021] PSDU - data part; and

[0022] TRN field - training field used to perform beamforming training.

[0023] In some demonstrative embodiments, an EDMG device may transmit using SISO and MIMO over a single 2.16 GHz channel or over multiple Channel Bonding (CB) factor (NCB)*2.16 GHz channels. NCB defines a channel bonding factor which, for example, may be equal to 1 , 2, 3 or 4. The channel bonding factor may represent any number of bonded channels. For example, if the channel bonding factor NCB is 2, the bandwidth for transmission would be 2*2.16 GHz, or 4.32 GHz. Other examples are presented herein.

[0024] The use of non-EDMG frame duplication over multiple 2.16 GHz channels may be useful when practiced with highly-directional antennas, for example, Phase Antenna Arrays (PA As).

[0025] In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more EDMG devices may be configured to transmit non-EDMG frames to non-EDMG devices. The non-EDMG devices may receive and decode the non-EDMG frames, but may not be able to support MIMO and CB.

[0026] In some demonstrative embodiments, the non-EDMG frame may be represented by a waveform that may be represented by a function of an index multiplied by a chip time duration, plus a shift cycle time for a respective shift cycle chip in the respective bonded communication channel, and is a function of the index multiplied by the chip time duration, minus the shift cycle time for the respective shift cycle chip subtracted from a length of the waveform multiplied by the chip time duration.

[0027] In some demonstrative embodiments, if an EDMG device sends the non-EDMG frame to multiple communication channels, the EDMG device may avoid coherent transmissions and attenuation by using a time delay between each transmission in different communication channels. For example, if the non-EDMG frame were sent simultaneously to multiple communication channels, the respective transmissions may be too weak to be received by non-EDMG devices. As such, a time delay may be employed to avoid simultaneous transmissions of non-EDMG frames. This may also create transmission diversity between the channels.

[0028] In some demonstrative embodiments, the CB factor may be 1. In this case, the EDMG device may send the non-EDMG frame in one communication channel to indicate that that EDMG device is communicating in that channel.

[0029] In some demonstrative embodiments, the CB factor may be 2. In this case, the EDMG device may send the non-EDMG frame in two different communication channels that may be bonded together. The transmissions may be offset by a time delay.

[0030] In some demonstrative embodiments, the CB factor may be 3. In this case, the EDMG device may send the non-EDMG frame in three different communication channels that may be bonded together. The transmissions may be offset by time delays.

[0031] In some demonstrative embodiments, the CB factor may be 4. In this case, the EDMG device may send the non-EDMG frame in four different communication channels that may be bonded together. The transmissions may be offset by time delays.

[0032] In some demonstrative embodiments, a non-EDMG device may receive the non- EDMG frame from the EDMG device. The non-EDMG frame may indicate that the EDMG device is communicating in the communication channel in which the non-EDMG frame was received. A non-EDMG device that receives the non-EDMG frame in the communication channel may determine not to operate in that communication channel. This may provide a mechanism for an EDMG device to deter non-EDMG devices from accessing a certain channel used by the EDMG device to communicate with other EDMG devices.

[0033] The above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting. Numerous other examples, configurations, processes, etc., may exist, some of which are described in greater detail below. Example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying figures.

[0034] FIG. 1 is a network diagram illustrating an example network environment with a non-EDMG frame format, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure. Wireless network 100 may include one or more user device(s) 120 and one or more access point(s) (AP) 102, which may communicate in accordance with IEEE 802.11 communication standards, such as the IEEE 802.1 lad and/or IEEE 802. Hay specifications. The user device(s) 120 may be referred to as stations (STAs). The user device(s) 120 may be mobile devices that are non-stationary and do not have fixed locations. Although the AP 102 is shown to be communicating on multiple antennas with user devices 120, it should be understood that this is only for illustrative purposes and that any user device 120 may also communicate using multiple antennas with other user devices 120 and/or AP 102.

[0035] In some embodiments, the user devices 120 and AP 102 may include one or more computer systems similar to that of the functional diagram of FIG. 4 and/or the example machine/system of FIG. 5.

[0036] One or more illustrative user device(s) 120 and/or AP 102 may be operable by one or more user(s) 110. The user device(s) 120 (e.g., 124, 126, or 128) and/or AP 102 may include any suitable processor-driven device including, but not limited to, a mobile device or a non-mobile, e.g., a static, device. For example, user device(s) 120 and/or AP 102 may include, a user equipment (UE), a station (STA), an access point (AP), a personal computer (PC), a wearable wireless device (e.g., bracelet, watch, glasses, ring, etc.), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, an ultrabook^tm computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, an internet of things (IoT) device, a sensor device, a PDA device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device (e.g., combining cellular phone functionalities with PDA device functionalities), a consumer device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a PCS device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable GPS device, a DVB device, a relatively small computing device, a non-desktop computer, a "carry small live large" (CSLL) device, an ultra mobile device (UMD), an ultra mobile PC (UMPC), a mobile internet device (MID), an "origami" device or computing device, a device that supports dynamically composable computing (DCC), a context-aware device, a video device, an audio device, an A/V device, a set-top-box (STB), a blu-ray disc (BD) player, a BD recorder, a digital video disc (DVD) player, a high definition (HD) DVD player, a DVD recorder, a HD DVD recorder, a personal video recorder (PVR), a broadcast HD receiver, a video source, an audio source, a video sink, an audio sink, a stereo tuner, a broadcast radio receiver, a flat panel display, a personal media player (PMP), a digital video camera (DVC), a digital audio player, a speaker, an audio receiver, an audio amplifier, a gaming device, a data source, a data sink, a digital still camera (DSC), a media player, a smartphone, a television, a music player, or the like. It is understood that the above is a list of devices. However, other devices, including smart devices such as lamps, climate control, car components, household components, appliances, etc. may also be included in this list. [0037] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may be configured to communicate with each other via one or more communications networks 130 and/or 135 wirelessly or wired. Any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may include, but not limited to, any one of a combination of different types of suitable communications networks such as, for example, broadcasting networks, cable networks, public networks (e.g., the Internet), private networks, wireless networks, cellular networks, or any other suitable private and/or public networks. Further, any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may have any suitable communication range associated therewith and may include, for example, global networks (e.g., the Internet), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), or personal area networks (PANs). In addition, any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may include any type of medium over which network traffic may be carried including, but not limited to, coaxial cable, twisted-pair wire, optical fiber, a hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC) medium, microwave terrestrial transceivers, radio frequency communication mediums, white space communication mediums, ultra-high frequency communication mediums, satellite communication mediums, or any combination thereof.

[0038] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may include one or more communications antennas. The one or more communications antennas may be any suitable type of antennas corresponding to the communications protocols used by the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126 and 128), and AP 102. Some non-limiting examples of suitable communications antennas include Wi-Fi antennas, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards compatible antennas, directional antennas, non-directional antennas, dipole antennas, folded dipole antennas, patch antennas, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, omnidirectional antennas, quasi- omnidirectional antennas, or the like. The one or more communications antennas may be communicatively coupled to a radio component to transmit and/or receive signals, such as communications signals to and/or from the user devices 120 and/or AP 102.

[0039] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may be configured to perform directional transmission and/or directional reception in conjunction with wirelessly communicating in a wireless network. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may be configured to perform such directional transmission and/or reception using a set of multiple antenna arrays (e.g., DMG antenna arrays or the like). Each of the multiple antenna arrays may be used for transmission and/or reception in a particular respective direction or range of directions. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may be configured to perform any given directional transmission towards one or more defined transmit sectors. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may be configured to perform any given directional reception from one or more defined receive sectors.

[0040] MIMO beamforming in a wireless network may be accomplished using RF beamforming and/or digital beamforming. In some embodiments, in performing a given MIMO transmission, user devices 120 and/or AP 102 may be configured to use all or a subset of its one or more communications antennas to perform MIMO beamforming.

[0041] Any of the user devices 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may include any suitable radio and/or transceiver for transmitting and/or receiving radio frequency (RF) signals in the bandwidth and/or channels corresponding to the communications protocols utilized by any of the user device(s) 120 and AP 102 to communicate with each other. The radio components may include hardware and/or software to modulate and/or demodulate communications signals according to pre-established transmission protocols. The radio components may further have hardware and/or software instructions to communicate via one or more Wi-Fi and/or Wi-Fi direct protocols, as standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards. In certain example embodiments, the radio component, in cooperation with the communications antennas, may be configured to communicate via 2.4 GHz channels (e.g. 802.11b, 802. llg, 802.11η, 802.1 lax), 5 GHz channels (e.g. 802.11η, 802.11ac, 802.1 lax), or 60 GHZ channels (e.g. 802.1 lad). In some embodiments, non-Wi-Fi protocols may be used for communications between devices, such as Bluetooth, dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), Ultra- High Frequency (UHF) (e.g. IEEE 802.1 laf, IEEE 802.22), white band frequency (e.g., white spaces), or other packetized radio communications. The radio component may include any known receiver and baseband suitable for communicating via the communications protocols. The radio component may further include a low noise amplifier (LNA), additional signal amplifiers, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, one or more buffers, and digital baseband.

[0042] Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with a wireless communication network communicating over a frequency band of 2.16 GHz. However, other embodiments may be implemented utilizing any other suitable wireless communication frequency bands, for example, an extremely high frequency (EHF) band (the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band), a WLAN frequency band, a WPAN frequency band, a frequency band according to the WGA specification, and the like. [0043] In some demonstrative embodiments, the user device(s) 120 and/or the AP 102 may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more specifications, including one or more IEEE 802.11 specifications, (e.g., an IEEE 802. Hay specification, and/or any other specification and/or protocol).

[0044] In some demonstrative embodiments, and with reference to FIG. 1, there is shown a general frame format for the non-EDMG PPDU 140. The preamble 142 of the EDMG PPDU 140 may include, at least in part, a legacy Short Training Field 146 (L-STF), a legacy Channel Estimation Field 148 (L-CEF), and a legacy header 150 (L-Header). Beside the preamble 142, the non-EDMG PPDU 140 may include a data field 152 and an optional beamforming training field 154 (TRN). It is understood that the above acronyms may be different and not to be construed as a limitation as other acronyms maybe used for the fields included in a non-EDMG PPDU 140.

[0045] In some demonstrative embodiments, the L-STF field 146 may vary with channel bandwidth and may include information allowing a device to synchronize timing of a transmission.

[0046] In some demonstrative embodiments, the L-CEF field 148 may include information allowing a device to estimate a channel and compensate based on the L-Header 150 and/or data field 152.

[0047] In some demonstrative embodiments, the L-Header field 150 may provide control information. For example, a non-EDMG device may estimate a transmission time of the non- EDMG PPDU 140 using a Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) and a length of the non- EDMG PPDU 140 specified in the L-Header field 150.

[0048] In some demonstrative embodiments, the data field 152 may include data to transmit and MAC control data. The data field 152 may be variable in length. Because the data field 152 is not within an EDMG portion of a frame, a non-EDMG device may identify and decode the data field 152, allowing an EDMG device to send information to a non- EDMG device without that information being ignored and/or wasted.

[0049] In some demonstrative embodiments, the TRN field 154 may include information that allows STAs to be trained for better reception of frames from EDMG devices.

[0050] In some demonstrative embodiments, a number of fields (e.g., fields 144) of the preamble 142 may be transmitted using SISO SC PHY modulation. The fields 144 may include the L-STF field 146, the L-CEF field 148, and the L-Header field 150.

[0051] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting. [0052] In some demonstrative embodiments, the TRN field 154 is optional, and for some transmissions the TRN field 154 may be skipped. The non-EDMG PPDU 140 may be defined at the shift cyclic (SC) chip rate, Fc = 1.76 GHz, and chip time duration (Tc) = 0.57 ns.

[0053] In some demonstrative embodiments, the non-EDMG PPDU 140 may be represented by a waveform written as follows:

[0054] r_no^EDMG[nT_c) = r_STF{nT_c)+r_CE{nT_c -t ^Heade ^Data ^TRNI where r_STF (nT_c ) may represent the L-STF 146 portion of the waveform. r_CE {nT_c - t_CE ) may represent the L-CEF 148 portion of the waveform. r_Header(nT_c - t_Header ) may represent the L- Header 150 portion of the waveform. ^r _Dat pT_c - t_Dat^) may represent the data field 152 portion of the waveform. r_TRN(nT_c - t_TRN ) may represent the training field 154 portion of the waveform, n may be an index value. T_c may be a chip time duration. t_CE may be a start time of the L-CEF field 148. t_Header may be a start time of the L-Header field 150. t_Data may be a start time of the data field 152. t_TRN may be a start time of the training field 154.

[0055] In some demonstrative embodiments,

where TSTF may be a time duration of the L-STF field 146.

[0056] In some demonstrative embodiments,

where TQE may be a time duration of the L-CEF field 148.

[0057] In some demonstrative embodiments, t_Data=t_Header+T_Header, where Ί Header may be a time duration of the L-Header field 150.

[0058] In some demonstrative embodiments, ΐ_τκΝ=ί_0αία+Ί_0αία, where T_Data may be a time duration of the data field 152.

[0059] In some demonstrative embodiments, for MIMO transmission, the waveform for i- th spatial stream may include a time shift cyclic (T'sc) defined in SC chip units as (i- 1)XNCXTC, where the number of channels (Nc) = 4. The cyclic shift may be applied to avoid unintentional beamforming. T'sc may represent a time duration of all chips.

[0060] In some demonstrative embodiments, a waveform for i-th spatial stream may be defined as follows:

ΓΠΠΛ1 1 ( T \ \ ^rnon-EDM_G (^nTc + ^TSc \ ^{H =} 0,1,..., N ^~ 1 ^~ 7^_c I T

[0061] r_non__EDMG{nT_c) = i , , » where: non-EDMG c ^~ Wc ^{~ T}SC ) ^H = ^N ~ ^TSC I ^Tc .^■■■ . ^{N ~ 1}

N = length (r_non__EDMG ), Ν may be a number of channels, kngth(r_non__EDMG) may be a length of the non-EDMG frame, T_S'_C I T may represent a number of chips, T_c may be a chip time duration, and n may be an index value.

[0062] In some demonstrative embodiments, the up-sampled waveform for i-th spatial stream and a 2.16 GHz channel may be defined as follows:

[0066] Where: K may be the length of shaping filter impulse response h_Scc_B- f j \

[0067] 0, for n < 0 and n≥ length(r_n'_on__EDMG )* N_c

V ^NCB J

[0068] Where: n may be an index value, T_c may be a chip time duration, N_CB may be the channel bonding factor, and length{r_n'_on__EDUG ) may be the length of the non-EDMG frame.

[0069] In some demonstrative embodiments, the number of bonded channels may be two. A non-EDMG PPDU waveform for 4.32 GHz channel (2*2.16 GHz channels) may be defined b a waveform as follows:

[0072] In some demonstrative embodiments, AF may define a sub-channel spacing equal to 2.16 GHz. AF may represent a carrier shift.

sent the non-EDMG frame sent

over the first communication channel, and

may represent the non-EDMG frame sent over the second communication channel.

[0073] In some demonstrative embodiments, the time delays may be defined as follows: [0074] First time delay (Ati) = 0 and second time delay (At₂) in the range [0, Tc], or Ati in the range [0, Tc] and At₂ = 0; where zero delay may correspond to the primary channel. In this manner, there may be no time delay for the time when the non-EDMG frame is sent in the first communication channel, and there may be a time delay for when the second non- EDMG frame is transmitted in the second communication channel so that the first and second transmissions are offset in time.

[0075] In some demonstrative embodiments, the number of bonded channels may be three. A non-EDMG PPDU waveform for 6.48 GHz channel (3*2.16 GHz channels) may be defined by a aveform as:

[0076]

1

[0077] ^{+ r}N_r^ \ n- - + Δί„ +

EDMG frame transmitted in the first communication channel, may represent the non-EDMG frame transmitted in the second

communication channel, and r' n^ + At₃ exp + j2^AF\— \n may represent the

3

non-EDMG frame transmitted in the third communication channel.

[0080] In some demonstrative embodiments, the time delays may defined as such:

[0081] First time delay (Ati) = 0, second time delay (At₂) in the range [0, Tc], and third time delay (At₃) in the range [0, Tc], or Ati in the range [0, Tc], At₂ = 0, and At₃ in the range [0, Tc], or Ati in the range [0, Tc], At₂ in the range [0, Tc], and At₃ = 0; where zero delay may correspond to the primary channel.

[0082] In this manner, the non-EDMG frame may be sent without a time delay in the first communication channel (e.g., time zero), the second non-EDMG frame may be sent with a first time delay in the second communication channel, and the third EDMG frame may be sent with a second time delay in the third communication channel so that each of the transmissions are offset in time. The time offsets may help minimize or avoid attenuation so that the transmissions of each non-EDMG frames are not too weak for the non-EDMG devices to receive and process.

[0083] In some demonstrative embodiments, the number of bonded channels may be four. A non-EDMG waveform for 8.64 GHz channel (4*2.16 GHz channels) may be defined by a waveform as follows:

[0084] +

[0088] In some demonstrative embodiments, may represent the non-EDMG frame

transmitted in the first communication channel,

f 1

n- - At, exp n may represent the non-EDMG frame

1

transmitted in the second communication channel, may represent the non-EDMG frame

transmitted in the third communication channel, and

1

- At, exp n may represent the non-EDMG frame

transmitted in the fourth communication channel.

[0089] In some demonstrative embodiments, the time delays may be defined as such:

[0090] First time delay (Ati) = 0, second time delay (At2) in the range [0, Tc] , third time delay (At₃) in the range [0, Tc] , and fourth time delay (At₄) in the range [0, Tc], or Ati in the range [0, Tc] , At₂ = 0, At₃ in the range [0, Tc], and At₄ in the range [0, Tc], or Ati in the range [0, Tc] , At₂ in the range [0, Tc], At₃ = 0, and At₄ in the range [0, Tc], or Ati in the range [0, Tc], At₂ in the range [0, Tc], At₃ in the range [0, Tc], and A = 0; where zero delay may correspond to the primary channel. [0091] FIG. 2 depicts an illustrative schematic diagram of non-EDMG frame transmission 200, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0092] In some demonstrative embodiments, an EDMG device 202 such as an AP may communicate with one or more non-EDMG devices (e.g., STAs) 204, 206, 208, 210. The non-EDMG devices 204, 206, 208, 210 may each be in different communication channels 220, 222, 224, 226 represented by different frequencies. For example, non-EDMG device 204 may be operating in communication channel 220, non-EDMG device 206 may be operating in communication channel 222, non-EDMG device 208 may be operating in communication channel 224, and non-EDMG device 210 may be operating in communication channel 226.

[0093] In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG device 202 may send a non- EDMG frame 212, 214, 216, 218 to one or more of the communication channels 220, 222, 224, 226. Non-EDMG frames 212, 214, 216, 218 may be duplicates of a same frame sent to each STA 204, 206, 208, 210. The non-EDMG frame 212, 214, 216, 218 may be sent in a single stream within a communication channel 220, 222, 224, 226 or within multiple spatial streams in one or more communication channels 220, 222, 224, 226. Each respective transmission of the non-EDMG frame 212, 214, 216, 218 may be offset by respective time delays 228, 230, 232. For example, a first time delay 228 may be implemented when sending the non-EDMG frame 214 in the second communication channel 222. A second time delay 230 may be implemented when sending the non-EDMG frame 216 in the third communication channel 224. A third time delay 232 may be implemented when sending the non-EDMG frame 218 in the fourth communication channel 226. The time delays 228, 230, 232 may correspond to the EDMG device 202 sending the non-EDMG frame 212, 214, 216, 218 in the respective communication channels 220, 222, 224, 226 at respective times 234, 236, 238, 240. For example, the EDMG device may send the non-EDMG frame 212 in the first communication channel 220 at time 234. After the first time delay 228, the EDMG device may send the non-EDMG frame 214 in the second communication channel 222 at time 236. After the second time delay 230, the EDMG device 202 may send the non-EDMG frame 216 in the third communication channel 224 at time 238. After the third time delay 232, the EDMG device 202 may send the non-EDMG frame 218 in the fourth communication channel 226 at time 240. [0094] FIG. 3A illustrates a flow diagram of illustrative process 300 for a non-EDMG frame transmission, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0095] At block 302, a processor of an EDMG device (e.g., the AP 102 of FIG. 1) may determine one or more communication channels (e.g., communication channels 220, 222, 224, 226 of FIG. 2) in which the EDMG device may communicate. The EDMG device may select one or more communication channels to communicate with other EDMG devices (e.g., user devices 120 in FIG. 1). If the EDMG device is to send a non-EDMG frame that may be received by non-EDMG devices in multiple channels, the EDMG device may use channel bonding to select bonded communication channels. Because, however, the communication between EDMG devices may involve data that may not be received and processed by non- EDMG devices, it may be desirable for the EDMG device to indicate to any non-EDMG devices in each respective communication channel that EDMG devices are present in the respective communication channel. It may also be desirable to communicate data between an EDMG device and a non-EDMG device, so the use of a non-EDMG frame with a data portion that is sent from an EDMG device and is decodable by a non-EDMG device may be desirable.

[0096] At block 304, a processor of the EDMG device may determine a non-EDMG frame (e.g., non-EDMG PPDU 140 of FIG. 1) including one or more fields (e.g., fields 144 of FIG. 1). The fields of the non-EDMG frame may include an L-STF field, an L-CEF field, an L- Header field, a data field, and training field (e.g., L-STF 146, L-CEF 148, L-Header 150, data field 152, and TRN field 154 of FIG. 1). The data field 152 may include MAC data and other data that may be decoded by a non-EDMG device.

[0097] At block 306, a processor of the EDMG device may optionally determine time delays (e.g., time delays 228, 230, 232 of FIG. 2) based on the number of bonded communication channels in which the EDMG device has determined to communicate in block 302. For example, if the EDMG device determines that it will only communicate in one communication channel (e.g. communication channel 220 of FIG. 2), the EDMG device may skip the time delay or may determine a time delay of zero before proceeding to block 308. However, if the EDMG device has determined that it will communicate in additional bonded communication channels (e.g., communication channels 222, 224, 226 of FIG. 2), then a respective time delay may be determined for each additional bonded communication channel. The time delays may allow the EDMG device to offset the sending of the non-EDMG frame in each of the bonded communication channels so that the EDMG device does not simultaneously send multiple non-EDMG frames in multiple bonded communication channels. For example, the first time delay (e.g., time delay 228 of FIG. 2) may be used to offset the sending of the non-EDMG frame in a first bonded communication channel with the sending of the non-EDMG frame in a second bonded communication channel. If the non- EDMG frame is to be sent in the first communication channel at time zero, then the EDMG device may determine that it will send the non-EDMG frame in the second bonded communication channel at a time equal to time zero plus the time delay. If the EDMG device determines that it will also send the non-EDMG frame in a third bonded communication channel, a second time delay (e.g., time delay 230 of FIG. 2) may be determined to offset the sending of the third non-EDMG frame in the third bonded communication channel. If the EDMG device determines that it will also send the non-EDMG frame in a fourth bonded communication channel, a third time delay (e.g., time delay 232 of FIG. 2) may be determined to offset the sending of the fourth non-EDMG frame in the fourth bonded communication channel.

[0098] At block 308, a processor of the EDMG device may cause to send the non-EDMG frame in a first communication channel. The non-EDMG frame may then be received and processed by any non-EDMG devices in the first communication channel so that, for example, non-EDMG devices are aware of the presence of EDMG devices in the first communication channel, and/or so that non-EDMG devices may decode a data field of the non-EDMG frame despite the non-EDMG frame being sent by an EDMG device.

[0099] At block 310, a processor of the EDMG device optionally may cause to send the non-EDMG frame in an additional bonded communication channel. The additional bonded communication channels may be determined according to block 302. For example, the non- EDMG frame may be sent in the second communication channel according to a first time delay determined at block 306. If the non-EDMG frame is sent at time zero in the first communication channel as in block 308, the non-EDMG frame may be sent at time zero plus the time delay determined at block 306 so that transmissions at blocks 308 and 310 are offset in time. Any non-EDMG devices in the second communication channel may receive and process the non-EDMG frame so that, for example, non-EDMG devices are aware of the presence of EDMG devices in the second communication channel. The same procedure at block 310 may be repeated for any additional communication channels determined at block 302. With each additional bonded communication channel used by the EDMG device to send the non-EDMG frame, an additional time delay may be determined according to block 306 and used to send the non-EDMG frame. [00100] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[00101] FIG. 3B illustrates a flow diagram of illustrative process 350 for a non-EDMG frame transmission, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[00102] At block 352, a processor of a non-EDMG device (e.g., user device 120 in FIG. 1) in a first communication channel (e.g., communication channels 220, 222, 224, 226 in FIG. 2) may identify a non-EDMG frame (e.g., non-EDMG PPDU 140 of FIG. 1) in the first communication channel. The non-EDMG frame may be sent by a first EDMG device (e.g., the AP 102 of FIG. 1), and may include one or more fields (e.g., fields 144 of FIG. 1). The fields of the non-EDMG frame may include an L-STF field, an L-CEF field, an L-Header field, a data field, and training field (e.g., L-STF 146, L-CEF 148, L-Header 150, data field 152, and TRN field 154 of FIG. 1). The data field 152 may include MAC data and other data that may be decoded by the non-EDMG device. The non-EDMG device may be able to decode the entire non-EDMG frame, including the MAC data and other data.

[00103] At block 354, a processor of another non-EDMG device may identify a non- EDMG frame in a second communication channel. The non-EDMG frame may be the same one that was sent in the first communication channel by the first EDMG device, or may be sent by a different EDMG device operating in the second communication channel. Alternatively, the same non-EDMG device at block 352 may switch to the second communication channel after receiving the non-EDMG frame, and may identify a non- EDMG frame in the second communication channel.

[00104] Optionally, the process 350 may continue at block 356 for any additional communication channels. For example, a processor of a third non-EDMG device may receive a non-EDMG frame in a third communication channel. The non-EDMG frame may have been sent by one of the EDMG devices in the first or second communication channels, or may be another EDMG device operating in the third communication channel. Alternatively, one or both of the non-EDMG devices from the first and second communication channels (blocks 352 and 354) may switch to the third communication channel and may identify the non-EDMG frame in the third communication channel. Block 356 may be repeated for additional channels.

[00105] At block 358, a processor of each non-EDMG device in each of the communication channels that receives and identifies a non-EDMG frame from an EDMG device may decode the non-EDMG frame that has been received and identified. Decoding the non-EDMG frame from the EDMG device may include decoding a data field (e.g., data field 152 of FIG. 1) that may not be decodable by an EDMG device if the frame had been in EDMG format. However, because the non-EDMG frame may include the data field in a non- EDMG format that is not part of any EDMG fields, non-EDMG devices may be able to decode the non-EDMG frame in its entirety instead of only being able to decode non-EDMG portions of an EDMG frame. This way, non-EDMG devices may not waste resources decoding EDMG frames from which the non-EDMG devices may not receive any data. In addition, the use of a data field that is not in an EDMG format or field despite being sent from an EDMG device may allow an EDMG device to provide information that may be decoded and understood by a non-EDMG device.

[00106] At block 360, a processor of each non-EDMG device in the communication channels from blocks 352, 354, and 356 may determine that an EDMG device is communicating with another EDMG device in each respective channel. For example, a non- EDMG device that receives the non-EDMG frame in the first communication channel may determine that the EDMG device is communicating with another device in the first communication channel. A non-EDMG device that receives the non-EDMG frame in the second communication channel may determine that the EDMG device is communicating with another device in the second communication channel. A non-EDMG device that receives the non-EDMG frame in any other communication channel may determine that the EDMG device is communicating with another device in the respective communication channel. Because the non-EDMG frame, including the MAC data and other data of the non-EDMG frame, may be completely decoded by a non-EDMG device, a non-EDMG device may refrain from communicating in the respective communication channel.

[00107] At block 362, if a non-EDMG device has determined that an EDMG device is communicating with another device in a respective communication channel in which the non- EDMG device has identified the non-EDMG frame, a processor of the non-EDMG device may determine another communication channel to select for communication. Block 360 may continue until the non-EDMG device finds an unoccupied communication channel. Alternatively, the non-EDMG device may refrain from communication for a time in a communication channel the non-EDMG device has identified as occupied.

[00108] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[00109] FIG. 4 shows a functional diagram of an exemplary communication station 400 in accordance with some embodiments. In one embodiment, FIG. 4 illustrates a functional block diagram of a communication station that may be suitable for use as an AP 102 (FIG. 1) or a user device 120 (FIG. 1) in accordance with some embodiments. The communication station 400 may also be suitable for use as a handheld device, a mobile device, a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wireless terminal, a laptop computer, a wearable computer device, a femtocell, a high data rate (HDR) subscriber station, an access point, an access terminal, or other personal communication system (PCS) device.

[00110] The communication station 400 may include communications circuitry 402 and a transceiver 410 for transmitting and receiving signals to and from other communication stations using one or more antennas 401. The transceiver 410 may be a device comprising both a transmitter and a receiver that are combined and share common circuitry (e.g., communication circuitry 402). The communication circuitry 402 may include amplifiers, filters, mixers, analog to digital and/or digital to analog converters. The transceiver 410 may transmit and receive analog or digital signals. The transceiver 410 may allow reception of signals during transmission periods. This mode is known as full-duplex, and may require the transmitter and receiver to operate on different frequencies to minimize interference between the transmitted signal and the received signal. The transceiver 410 may operate in a half- duplex mode, where the transceiver 410 may transmit or receive signals in one direction at a time.

[00111] The communications circuitry 402 may include circuitry that may operate the physical layer (PHY) communications and/or media access control (MAC) communications for controlling access to the wireless medium, and/or any other communications layers for transmitting and receiving signals. The communication station 400 may also include processing circuitry 406 and memory 408 arranged to perform the operations described herein. In some embodiments, the communications circuitry 402 and the processing circuitry 406 may be configured to perform operations detailed in FIGs. 2, 3A, and 3B.

[00112] In accordance with some embodiments, the communications circuitry 402 may be arranged to contend for a wireless medium and configure frames or packets for communicating over the wireless medium. The communications circuitry 402 may be arranged to transmit and receive signals. The communications circuitry 402 may also include circuitry for modulation/demodulation, upconversion/downconversion, filtering, amplification, etc. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 406 of the communication station 400 may include one or more processors. In other embodiments, two or more antennas 401 may be coupled to the communications circuitry 402 arranged for sending and receiving signals. The memory 408 may store information for configuring the processing circuitry 406 to perform operations for configuring and transmitting message frames and performing the various operations described herein. The memory 408 may include any type of memory, including non-transitory memory, for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, the memory 408 may include a computer-readable storage device, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices and other storage devices and media.

[00113] In some embodiments, the communication station 400 may be part of a portable wireless communication device, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop or portable computer with wireless communication capability, a web tablet, a wireless telephone, a smartphone, a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, a digital camera, an access point, a television, a medical device (e.g., a heart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), a wearable computer device, or another device that may receive and/or transmit information wirelessly.

[00114] In some embodiments, the communication station 400 may include one or more antennas 401. The antennas 401 may include one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas, or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals. In some embodiments, instead of two or more antennas, a single antenna with multiple apertures may be used. In these embodiments, each aperture may be considered a separate antenna. In some multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) embodiments, the antennas may be effectively separated for spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result between each of the antennas and the antennas of a transmitting station.

[00115] In some embodiments, the communication station 400 may include one or more of a keyboard, a display, a non-volatile memory port, multiple antennas, a graphics processor, an application processor, speakers, and other mobile device elements. The display may be an LCD screen including a touch screen.

[00116] Although the communication station 400 is illustrated as having several separate functional elements, two or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. For example, some elements may include one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field- programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio- frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein. In some embodiments, the functional elements of the communication station 400 may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.

[00117] Certain embodiments may be implemented in one or a combination of hardware, firmware, and software. Other embodiments may also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device, which may be read and executed by at least one processor to perform the operations described herein. A computer-readable storage device may include any non-transitory memory mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a computer-readable storage device may include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash- memory devices, and other storage devices and media. In some embodiments, the communication station 400 may include one or more processors and may be configured with instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device memory.

[00118] FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a machine 500 or system upon which any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) discussed herein may be performed. In other embodiments, the machine 500 may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine 500 may operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in server-client network environments. In an example, the machine 500 may act as a peer machine in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environments. The machine 500 may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, a wearable computer device, a web appliance, a network router, a switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine, such as a base station. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term "machine" shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), or other computer cluster configurations.

[00119] Examples, as described herein, may include or may operate on logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules are tangible entities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations when operating. A module includes hardware. In an example, the hardware may be specifically configured to carry out a specific operation (e.g., hardwired). In another example, the hardware may include configurable execution units (e.g., transistors, circuits, etc.) and a computer readable medium containing instructions where the instructions configure the execution units to carry out a specific operation when in operation. The configuring may occur under the direction of the executions units or a loading mechanism. Accordingly, the execution units are communicatively coupled to the computer-readable medium when the device is operating. In this example, the execution units may be a member of more than one module. For example, under operation, the execution units may be configured by a first set of instructions to implement a first module at one point in time and reconfigured by a second set of instructions to implement a second module at a second point in time.

[00120] The machine (e.g., computer system) 500 may include a hardware processor 502 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory 504 and a static memory 506, some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 508. The machine 500 may further include a power management device 532, a graphics display device 510, an alphanumeric input device 512 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device 514 (e.g., a mouse). In an example, the graphics display device 510, alphanumeric input device 512, and UI navigation device 514 may be a touch screen display. The machine 500 may additionally include a storage device (i.e., drive unit) 516, a signal generation device 518 (e.g., a speaker), a non-EDMG frame structure device 519, a network interface device/transceiver 520 coupled to antenna(s) 530, and one or more sensors 528, such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, a compass, an accelerometer, or other sensor. The machine 500 may include an output controller 534, such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate with or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, a card reader, etc.)).

[00121] The storage device 516 may include a machine readable medium 522 on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 524 (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. The instructions 524 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 504, within the static memory 506, or within the hardware processor 502 during execution thereof by the machine 500. In an example, one or any combination of the hardware processor 502, the main memory 504, the static memory 506, or the storage device 516 may constitute machine-readable media.

[00122] The non-EDMG frame structure device 519 may carry out or perform any of the operations and processes (e.g., process 300 in FIG. 3 A and process 350 in FIG. 3B) described and shown above. For example, the non-EDMG frame structure device 519 may be configured to define a non-EDMG frame structure such that it may be used during communications between one or more devices (e.g., access points, user devices, etc.)

[00123] The non-EDMG frame structure device 519 may facilitate one or more options and may be defined for the transmission of non-EDMG frames from an EDMG device to a legacy non-EDMG device that may not support MIMO or CB. To achieve a transmission of non-EDMG frames from an EDMG device to a non-EDGM device, the non-EDGM frames may be duplicated over multiple channels and/or SISO.

[00124] The non-EDMG frame structure device 519 may facilitate the formation and transmission of a non-EDMG frame with at least some of the following fields:

[00125] L-STF - legacy short training field;

[00126] L-CEF - legacy channel estimation field;

[00127] L- Header - legacy header;

[00128] PSDU - data part (also referred to as a data field); or

[00129] TRN field - training field used to perform beamforming training.

[00130] In some demonstrative embodiments, the non-EDMG frame structure device 519 may determine one or more communication channels and/or one or more communication streams in which to communicate.

[00131] In some demonstrative embodiments, the non-EDMG frame structure device 519 may determine a non-EDMG frame to send in one or more communication channels to communicate with any non-EDMG devices in the communication channels.

[00132] In some demonstrative embodiments, the non-EDMG frame structure device 519 may determine a time delay for each subsequent communication channel to be used.

[00133] In some demonstrative embodiments, the non-EDMG frame structure device 519 may send a non-EDMG frame in each determined communication channel

[00134] In some demonstrative embodiments, the non-EDMG frame structure device 519 may identify a non-EDMG frame from an EDMG device in a communication channel.

[00135] In some demonstrative embodiments, the non-EDMG frame structure device 519 may cause a non-EDMG frame received from an EDMG device in a communication channel to be decoded in its entirety, including MAC data. [00136] In some demonstrative embodiments, the non-EDMG frame structure device 519 may determine that an EDMG device is communicating in a communication channel in which the non-EDMG frame structure device 519 identifies a non-EDMG frame from the EDMG device.

[00137] In some demonstrative embodiments, the non-EDMG frame structure device 519 may determine to refrain from communicating in a communication channel in which the non- EDMG frame structure device 519 identifies a non-EDMG frame from the EDMG device.

[00138] In some demonstrative embodiments, the non-EDMG frame structure device 519 may determine a different communication channel than the communication channel in which the non-EDMG frame structure device 519 identifies a non-EDMG frame from the EDMG device.

[00139] It is understood that the above are only a subset of what the non-EDMG frame structure device 519 may be configured to perform and that other functions included throughout this disclosure may also be performed by the non-EDMG frame structure device 519.

[00140] While the machine-readable medium 522 is illustrated as a single medium, the term "machine-readable medium" may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions 524.

[00141] Various embodiments may be implemented fully or partially in software and/or firmware. This software and/or firmware may take the form of instructions contained in or on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. Those instructions may then be read and executed by one or more processors to enable performance of the operations described herein. The instructions may be in any suitable form, such as but not limited to source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, and the like. Such a computer-readable medium may include any tangible non-transitory medium for storing information in a form readable by one or more computers, such as but not limited to read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; a flash memory, etc.

[00142] The term "machine -readable medium" may include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 500 and that cause the machine 500 to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non-limiting machine -readable medium examples may include solid-state memories and optical and magnetic media. In an example, a massed machine -readable medium includes a machine-readable medium with a plurality of particles having resting mass. Specific examples of massed machine -readable media may include non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., electrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM), or electrically erasable programmable readonly memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD- ROM disks.

[00143] The instructions 524 may further be transmitted or received over a communications network 526 using a transmission medium via the network interface device/transceiver 520 utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communications networks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks), plain old telephone (POTS) networks, wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, and peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. In an example, the network interface device/transceiver 520 may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communications network 526. In an example, the network interface device/transceiver 520 may include a plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques. The term "transmission medium" shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 500 and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible media to facilitate communication of such software. The operations and processes (e.g., process 300 in FIG. 3 A and process 350 in FIG. 3B) described and shown above may be carried out or performed in any suitable order as desired in various implementations. Additionally, in certain implementations, at least a portion of the operations may be carried out in parallel. Furthermore, in certain implementations, less than or more than the operations described may be performed.

[00144] The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any embodiment described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. The terms "computing device," "user device," "communication station," "station," "handheld device," "mobile device," "wireless device" and "user equipment" (UE) as used herein refers to a wireless communication device such as a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wireless terminal, a laptop computer, a femtocell, a high data rate (HDR) subscriber station, an access point, a printer, a point of sale device, an access terminal, or other personal communication system (PCS) device. The device may be either mobile or stationary.

[00145] As used within this document, the term "communicate" is intended to include transmitting, or receiving, or both transmitting and receiving. This may be particularly useful in claims when describing the organization of data that is being transmitted by one device and received by another, but only the functionality of one of those devices is required to infringe the claim. Similarly, the bidirectional exchange of data between two devices (both devices transmit and receive during the exchange) may be described as "communicating," when only the functionality of one of those devices is being claimed. The term "communicating" as used herein with respect to a wireless communication signal includes transmitting the wireless communication signal and/or receiving the wireless communication signal. For example, a wireless communication unit, which is capable of communicating a wireless communication signal, may include a wireless transmitter to transmit the wireless communication signal to at least one other wireless communication unit, and/or a wireless communication receiver to receive the wireless communication signal from at least one other wireless communication unit.

[00146] As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the use of the ordinal adjectives "first," "second," "third," etc., to describe a common object, merely indicates that different instances of like objects are being referred to and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner.

[00147] The term "access point" (AP) as used herein may be a fixed station. An access point may also be referred to as an access node, a base station, or some other similar terminology known in the art. An access terminal may also be called a mobile station, user equipment (UE), a wireless communication device, or some other similar terminology known in the art. Embodiments disclosed herein generally pertain to wireless networks. Some embodiments may relate to wireless networks that operate in accordance with one of the IEEE 802.11 standards.

[00148] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices and systems, for example, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, an onboard device, an off-board device, a hybrid device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a consumer device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communication station, a wireless communication device, a wireless access point (AP), a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device, an audio device, an audio- video (A/V) device, a wired or wireless network, a wireless area network, a wireless video area network (WVAN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a personal area network (PAN), a wireless PAN (WPAN), and the like.

[00149] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way and/or two-way radio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communication systems, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, a personal communication system (PCS) device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable global positioning system (GPS) device, a device which incorporates a GPS receiver or transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFID element or chip, a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transceiver or device, a single input multiple output (SIMO) transceiver or device, a multiple input single output (MISO) transceiver or device, a device having one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas, digital video broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi-standard radio devices or systems, a wired or wireless handheld device, e.g., a smartphone, a wireless application protocol (WAP) device, or the like.

[00150] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types of wireless communication signals and/or systems following one or more wireless communication protocols, for example, radio frequency (RF), infrared (IR), frequency- division multiplexing (FDM), orthogonal FDM (OFDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), time-division multiple access (TDMA), extended TDMA (E-TDMA), general packet radio service (GPRS), extended GPRS, code-division multiple access (CDMA), wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier modulation (MDM), discrete multi-tone (DMT), Bluetooth®, global positioning system (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee, ultra-wideband (UWB), global system for mobile communications (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, 3GPP, long term evolution (LTE), LTE advanced, enhanced data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), or the like. Other embodiments may be used in various other devices, systems, and/or networks. [00151] According to example embodiments of the disclosure, there may be a device. The client device may include memory and processing circuitry that may determine a channel bonding factor associated with one or more bonded communication channels of a frequency band. The processing circuitry may also determine a non-EDMG frame indicating that the device is operating in a bonded communication channel, the non-EDMG frame comprising a non-EDMG data field for a non-EDMG device. The processing circuitry may also cause to send the non-EDMG frame on each respective bonded communication channel at a respective time based on the channel bonding factor. The client device may be an EDMG device.

[00152] The implementations may include one or more of the following features. When the channel bonding factor is 2, to cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to cause to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to generate a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to determine a first time delay. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to cause to send the second non-EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay. When the channel bonding factor is 3, to cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to cause to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to generate a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to determine a first time delay. To cause to send the non- EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to cause to send the second non- EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to generate a third non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to determine a second time delay. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to cause to send the third non-EDMG frame on a third bonded communication channel at a third time equal to the second time plus the second time delay. When the channel bonding factor is 4, to cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to cause to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to generate a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to determine a first time delay. To cause to send the non- EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to cause to send the second non- EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to generate a third non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to determine a second time delay. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to cause to send the third non-EDMG frame on a third bonded communication channel at a third time equal to the second time plus the second time delay. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to cause to generate a fourth non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to determine a third time delay. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame may include the processing circuitry being able to cause to send the fourth non-EDMG frame on a fourth bonded communication channel at a fourth time equal to the third time plus the third time delay. When the channel bonding factor is 2, 3, or 4, to cause to send the non-EDMG frame in a respective bonded communication channel may include to cause to send the non-EDMG frame according to a waveform representing the non-EDMG frame, wherein the waveform is a function of an index multiplied by a chip time duration, plus a shift cycle time for a respective shift cycle chip in the respective bonded communication channel, and is a function of the index multiplied by the chip time duration, minus the shift cycle time for the respective shift cycle chip subtracted from a length of the waveform multiplied by the chip time duration. The non- EDMG frame may include at least one of a legacy short training field, a legacy channel estimation field, a legacy header, a data part, or a training field. Each non-EDMG frame may indicate to a non-EDMG device to avoid the respective communication channel. The device may include a transceiver configured to transmit and receive wireless signals. The device may further include one or more antennas coupled to the transceiver. To cause to send the non- EDMG frame in a respective bonded communication channel may include to cause to send the nd non-EDMG frame according to a waveform:

wherein At₁ is the first time and At₂ is the second time, and wherein r'_r '_e^_DMG is the

f _j 1

waveform, r' n— + At, ,exp represents the non-EDMG frame

J ϊ

sent in the first bonded communication channel, represents the second non-EDMG frame sent

in the second bonded communication channel, n is an index, T_c is a chip time duration, and

AF is a carrier shift between the first bonded communication channel and the second bonded communication channel. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame in a respective bonded communication channel may include to cause to send the non-EDMG frame, the second non- EDMG frame, and the third non-EDMG frame according to a waveform:

1

+ r', n— + At, +

wherein At₁ is the first time, At₂ is the second time, and At₃ is the third time, and wherein is the waveform,

EDMG frame sent in the

represents the second non-EDMG frame sent in the second bonded communication channel,

1

represents the third non-EDMG frame sent in the

third bonded communication channel, n is an index, T_c is a chip time duration, and AF is a carrier shift between the first bonded communication channel and the second bonded communication channel. To cause to send the non-EDMG frame in a respective bonded communication channel may include to cause to send the non-EDMG frame, the second non- EDMG frame, the third non-EDMG frame according to a waveform, and the fourth non- EDMG frame:

f τ λ f T \ 1 f ί

,N_CB=4 3AΑFττ_Λίτ λ

i Λ

rpre-EDMG n- = r_M 2π\ n

V τ^+Δίι)τΤ^χρ| v V 2 v J

wherein At₁ is the first time, At₂ is the second time, At₃ is the third time, and At₄ is the fourth time, and wherein ^ r!'Ie--_EE_OD_MM_GG i^{s me} waveform, sent in the

represents the second non-EDMG frame sent in the second bonded communication channel, in

the th

represents the fourth non-EDMG frame sent in the fourth bonded communication channel, n is an index, T_c is a chip time duration, and AF is a carrier shift between the first bonded communication channel and the second bonded communication channel.

[00153] According to example embodiments of the disclosure, there may be a non- transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which, when executed by one or more processors on a non-EDMG device, result in performing operations that may include determining a non-EDMG frame indicating that the device is operating in a bonded communication channel, the non-EDMG frame comprising a data field decodable by a non-EDMG device. The operations may also include determining a channel bonding factor associated with one or more bonded communications channels of a frequency band. The operations may also include causing to send the non-EDMG frame on each respective bonded communication channel at a respective time based on the channel bonding factor.

[00154] The implementations may include one or more of the following features. When the channel bonding factor is 2, causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include generating a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include determining a first time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the second non-EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the non-EDMG frame and the second non-EDMG frame according to a waveform:

f

n ^■At, ex

V i

i ,N_CB =2

wherein At₁ is the first time and At₂ is the second time, and wherein r p'_rere_-^cEDMG is the waveform, r' — + At I ·— = exp represents the non-EDMG frame

2 ϊ

sent in the first bonded communication channel, represents the second non-EDMG frame sent

in the second bonded communication channel, n is an index, T_c is a chip time duration, and

AF is a carrier shift between the first bonded communication channel and the second bonded communication channel. When the channel bonding factor is 3, causing to send the non- EDMG frame may include causing to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include generating a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include determining a first time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the second non-EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include generating a third non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include determining a second time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the third non-EDMG frame on a third bonded communication channel at a third time equal to the second time plus the second time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the non-EDMG frame, the second non-EDMG frame, and the third non-EDM frame accordin to a aveform: jlnAF

wherein At is the first time, At₂ is the second time, and At₃ is the third time, and wherein represents the non-

Z .

EDMG frame sent in the first bonded communication channel, r' J n— + At, λ 1 represents the second non-EDMG frame sent in the second bonded communication channel, f 1

n ^■At, exp ^■jlnAF represents the third non-EDMG frame sent

V

third bonded communication channel, n is an index, T_c is a chip time duration, and AF is a carrier shift between the first bonded communication channel and the second bonded communication channel. When the channel bonding factor is 4, causing to send the non- EDMG frame may include causing to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include generating a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include determining a first time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the second non-EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include generating a third non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include determining a second time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the third non-EDMG frame on a third bonded communication channel at a third time equal to the second time plus the second time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include generating a fourth non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include determining a third time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the fourth non-EDMG frame on a fourth bonded communication channel at a fourth time equal to the third time plus the third time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the non- EDMG frame, the second non-EDMG frame, the third non-EDMG frame according to a waveform, and the fourth non-EDMG frame:

f T Λ f τ Λ 1 f ^ 3AΛ ΐτ τ Λ Λ

,^■ ,iV_Ci=4

rpre-EDMG ^■At exp - ]2π\

41 v 2^~

wherein At₁ is the first time, At₂ is the second time, At₃ fourth time, and wherein rl^^_c i^{s me} waveform,

1 3AF

- Δί, exp - ]2π\ represents the non-EDMG frame sent in the

Ί 41 J first bonded communication channel, r'

represents the second non-EDMG frame sent in the second bonded communication channel,

1

- Δί, exp represents the third non-EDMG frame sent in

41

1

the third bonded communication channel, r' - At_a exp Γ ( 3AF ^'

^■ 2π\

4

represents the fourth non-EDMG frame sent in the fourth bonded communication channel, n is an index, T_c is a chip time duration, and AF is a carrier shift between the first bonded communication channel and the second bonded communication channel. The non-EDMG frame may include at least one of a legacy short training field, a legacy channel estimation field, a legacy header, a data part, or a training field, and wherein the data part comprises data for the non-EDMG device. Each non-EDMG frame may indicate to a non-EDMG device to avoid the respective communication channel. When the channel bonding factor is 2, 3, or 4, causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the non-EDMG frame according to a waveform representing the non-EDMG frame, wherein the waveform is a function of an index multiplied by a chip time duration, plus a shift cycle time for a respective shift cycle chip in the respective bonded communication channel, and is a function of the index multiplied by the chip time duration, minus the shift cycle time for the respective shift cycle chip subtracted from a length of the waveform multiplied by the chip time duration.

[00155] According to example embodiments of the disclosure, there may be a method. The method may include identifying, by a first non-EDMG device, a non-EDMG frame from an EDMG device in a first communication channel at a first time. The method may include identifying, by a second non-EDMG device, the non-EDMG frame from the EDMG device in a second communication channel at a second time that is later than the first time. The method may include decoding, by the first non-EDMG device, the non-EDMG frame. The method may include decoding, by the second non-EDMG device, the non-EDMG frame. The method may include determining, by the first non-EDMG device that the EDMG device is communicating in the first communication channel. The method may include determining, by the second non-EDMG device, that the EDMG device is communicating in the second communication channel.

[00156] The implementations may include one or more of the following features. Decoding the non-EDMG frame with the first non-EDMG device may include decoding a first data field for the first non-EDMG device, and wherein decoding the non-EDMG frame with the second non-EDMG device may include decoding a second data field for the second non- EDMG device.

[00157] According to example embodiments of the disclosure, there may be a device. The device may include memory and processing circuitry to identify a non-EDMG frame from an EDMG device in a first communication channel at a first time. The processing circuitry may decode the non-EDMG frame. The processing circuitry may determine that the EDMG device is communicating in the first communication channel, wherein the device is a non-EDMG device.

[00158] The implementations may include one or more of the following features. Decoding the non-EDMG frame may include decoding a first data field. The device may include a transceiver to transmit and receive wireless signals. The device may include one or more antennas coupled to the transceiver. [00159] According to example embodiments of the disclosure, there may be a non- transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which, when executed by one or more processors on a non-EDMG device, result in performing operations including identifying a non-EDMG frame from an EDMG device in a first communication channel at a first time. The operations may include decoding the non-EDMG frame. The operations may include determining that the EDMG device is communicating in the first communication channel.

[00160] The implementations may include one or more of the following features. Decoding the non-EDMG frame may include decoding a first data field.

[00161] According to example embodiments of the disclosure, there may be an apparatus. The apparatus may include means for identifying a non-EDMG frame from an EDMG device in a first communication channel at a first time. The apparatus may include means for decoding, with the non-EDMG device, the non-EDMG frame. The apparatus may include means for determining that the EDMG device is communicating in the first communication channel.

[00162] The implementations may include one or more of the following features. The means for decoding the non-EDMG frame comprises a means for decoding a first data field.

[00163] According to example embodiments of the disclosure, there may be a method. The method may include determining a channel bonding factor associated with one or more bonded communications channels of a frequency band. The method may include determining a non-EDMG frame indicating that the device is operating in a bonded communication channel, the non-EDMG frame comprising a data field decodable by a non-EDMG device. The method may include causing to send the non-EDMG frame on each respective bonded communication channel at a respective time based on the channel bonding factor.

[00164] The implementations may include one or more of the following features. When the channel bonding factor is 2, causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include generating a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include determining a first time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the second non-EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay. When the channel bonding factor is 3, causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include generating a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include determining a first time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the second non-EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include generating a third non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. Causing to send the non- EDMG frame may include determining a second time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the third non-EDMG frame on a third bonded communication channel at a third time equal to the second time plus the second time delay. When the channel bonding factor is 4, causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include generating a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include determining a first time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the second non-EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include generating a third non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include determining a second time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the third non-EDMG frame on a third bonded communication channel at a third time equal to the second time plus the second time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include generating a fourth non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. Causing to send the non- EDMG frame may include determining a third time delay. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the fourth non-EDMG frame on a fourth bonded communication channel at a fourth time equal to the third time plus the third time delay. When the channel bonding factor is 2, 3, or 4, causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the non-EDMG frame according to a waveform representing the non-EDMG frame, wherein the waveform is a function of an index multiplied by a chip time duration, plus a shift cycle time for a respective shift cycle chip in the respective bonded communication channel, and is a function of the index multiplied by the chip time duration, minus the shift cycle time for the respective shift cycle chip subtracted from a length of the waveform multiplied by the chip time duration. The non-EDMG frame may include at least one of a legacy short training field, a legacy channel estimation field, a legacy header, a data part, or a training field. Each non-EDMG frame may indicate to a non-EDMG device to avoid the respective communication channel. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the non-EDMG frame and the second non-EDMG frame according to a waveform:

wherein At₁ is the first time and At₂ is the second time, and wherein ^^¾DMG is the waveform, r N. _r„=2 1 exp represents the non-EDMG frame

sent in the first bonded communication channel,

' Nr. represents the second non-EDMG frame sent

in the second bonded communication channel, n is an index, T_c is a chip time duration, and

AF is a carrier shift between the first bonded communication channel and the second bonded communication channel. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include causing to send the non-EDMG frame, the second non-EDMG frame, and the third non-EDMG frame

1

+ r_M +

1

N_r„=3 | ₊ A,_S ) exp ^■ jlnAF wherein At₁ is the first time, At is the second time, and At₃ is the third time, and wherein ^rp're-EDMG ^{is the} waveform,

EDMG frame sent in the

represents the second non-EDMG frame sent in the second bonded communication channel,

(

^■N_r '3 Γ ^~7 ^exP represents the third non-EDMG frame sent

I 3

third bonded communication channel, n is an index, T_c is a chip time duration, and AF is a carrier shift between the first bonded communication channel and the second bonded communication channel. Causing to send the non-EDMG frame further comprises causing to send the non-EDMG frame, the second non-EDMG frame, the third non-EDMG frame according to a waveform, and the fourth non-EDMG frame:

wherein At₁ is the first time, At₂ is the second time, At₃ is the third time, and At₄ is the fourth time, and wherein r ^{■ 1}r'e-EDMG ^{is the} avefoim, t in the

represents the second non-EDMG frame sent in the second bonded communication channel, f _j 1

n— + At_? exp represents the third non-EDMG frame sent in

41

( T 3AF

the third bonded communication channel, r_N' n— + At₄ exp ^■]2π\

V 4 4

represents the fourth non-EDMG frame sent in the fourth bonded communication channel, n is an index, T_c is a chip time duration, and AF is a carrier shift between the first bonded communication channel and the second bonded communication channel.

[00165] According to example embodiments of the disclosure, there may be an apparatus. The apparatus may include means for determining a channel bonding factor associated with one or more bonded communications channels of a frequency band. The apparatus may include means for determining a non-EDMG frame indicating that the device is operating in a bonded communication channel, the non-EDMG frame comprising a data field decodable by a non-EDMG device. The apparatus may include means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame on each respective bonded communication channel at a respective time based on the channel bonding factor.

[00166] The implementations may include one or more of the following features. When the channel bonding factor is 2, the means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame may further include means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time. The means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include means for generating a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non- EDMG frame. The means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include means for determining a first time delay. The means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include means for causing to send the second non-EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay. When the channel bonding factor is 3, the means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time. The means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include means for generating a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. The means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include means for determining a first time delay. The means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include means for causing to send the second non-EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay. The means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include means for generating a third non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame. The means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include means for determining a second time delay. The means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include means for causing to send the third non-EDMG frame on a third bonded communication channel at a third time equal to the second time plus the second time delay. The apparatus may further include means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time, means for generating a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame, means for determining a first time delay, means for causing to send the second non-EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay, means for generating a third non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame, means for determining a second time delay, means for causing to send the third non-EDMG frame on a third bonded communication channel at a third time equal to the second time plus the second time delay, means for generating a fourth non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non- EDMG frame, means for determining a third time delay, and means for causing to send the fourth non-EDMG frame on a fourth bonded communication channel at a fourth time equal to the third time plus the third time delay. When the channel bonding factor is 2, 3, or 4, the means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame in a respective bonded communication channel may include means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame according to a waveform representing the non-EDMG frame, wherein the waveform is a function of an index multiplied by a chip time duration, plus a shift cycle time for a respective shift cycle chip in the respective bonded communication channel, and is a function of the index multiplied by the chip time duration, minus the shift cycle time for the respective shift cycle chip subtracted from a length of the waveform multiplied by the chip time duration. The non-EDMG frame may include at least one of a legacy short training field, a legacy channel estimation field, a legacy header, a data part, or a training field. The means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame and the second non-EDMG frame according to a waveform:

i ,N_CB =2

wherein At₁ is the first time and At₂ is the second time, and wherein r pre-EDMG is the waveform, represents the non-EDMG frame

sent in the first bonded communication channel,

r 1

n— + A ex represents the second non-EDMG frame sent

V 2^~

in the second bonded communication channel, n is an index, T_c is a chip time duration, and

AF is a carrier shift between the first bonded communication channel and the second bonded communication channel. The means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame, the second non-EDMG frame, and the third non-EDMG frame according to a waveform:

f

,^■ ,iV_Ci=3 1 f

' ^'pre-EDMG = r_M n ^■Δί, ex - jlnAF

V V V 3 J J + r_M +

3

( T

+ r N, _r„=3 exp ^■ jlnAF

I 3 - wherein At is the first time, At₂ is the second time, and At₃ is the third time, and wherein

represents the second non-EDMG frame sent in the second bonded communication channel,

1

' N_r ^■jlnAF represents the third non-EDMG frame sent third bonded communication channel, n is an index, T_c is a chip time duration, and AF is a carrier shift between the first bonded communication channel and the second bonded communication channel. The means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame may include means for causing to send the non-EDMG frame, the second non-EDMG frame, the third non- EDMG frame according to a waveform, and the fourth non-EDMG frame:

wherein At₁ is the first time, At₂ is the second time, At₃

fourth time, and wherein ^¾DMG i^{s me} waveform, represents the non-EDMG frame sent in the

( T 1

first bonded communication channel, r_N ^l n— + At, exp

I 4 41

represents the second non-EDMG frame sent in the second bonded communication channel, r Z . 1 1

exp represents the third non-EDMG frame sent in 1

the third bonded communication channel, r'

represents the fourth non-EDMG frame sent in the fourth bonded communication channel, n is an index, T_c is a chip time duration, and AF is a carrier shift between the first bonded communication channel and the second bonded communication channel.

[00167] Certain aspects of the disclosure are described above with reference to block and flow diagrams of systems, methods, apparatuses, and/or computer program products according to various implementations. It will be understood that one or more blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and the flow diagrams, respectively, may be implemented by computer-executable program instructions. Likewise, some blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams may not necessarily need to be performed in the order presented, or may not necessarily need to be performed at all, according to some implementations.

[00168] These computer-executable program instructions may be loaded onto a special- purpose computer or other particular machine, a processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a particular machine, such that the instructions that execute on the computer, processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus create means for implementing one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable storage media or memory that may direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable storage media produce an article of manufacture including instruction means that implement one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. As an example, certain implementations may provide for a computer program product, comprising a computer- readable storage medium having a computer-readable program code or program instructions implemented therein, said computer-readable program code adapted to be executed to implement one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational elements or steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide elements or steps for implementing the functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks.

[00169] Accordingly, blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams support combinations of means for performing the specified functions, combinations of elements or steps for performing the specified functions and program instruction means for performing the specified functions. It will also be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flow diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flow diagrams, may be implemented by special-purpose, hardware-based computer systems that perform the specified functions, elements or steps, or combinations of special-purpose hardware and computer instructions.

[00170] Conditional language, such as, among others, "can," "could," "might," or "may," unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain implementations could include, while other implementations do not include, certain features, elements, and/or operations. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or operations are in any way required for one or more implementations or that one or more implementations necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements, and/or operations are included or are to be performed in any particular implementation.

[00171] Many modifications and other implementations of the disclosure set forth herein will be apparent having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not to be limited to the specific implementations disclosed and that modifications and other implementations are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. An enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) device, the EDMG device comprising memory and processing circuitry configured to:

determine a channel bonding factor associated with one or more bonded communication channels of a frequency band;

determine a non-EDMG frame indicating that the device is operating in a bonded communication channel, the non-EDMG frame comprising a non-EDMG data field for a non- EDMG device; and

cause to send the non-EDMG frame on each respective bonded communication channel at a respective time based on the channel bonding factor.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the channel bonding factor is 2, and wherein to cause to send the non-EDMG frame comprises the processing circuitry being further configured to: cause to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time;

generate a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame; determine a first time delay; and

cause to send the second non-EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein the channel bonding factor is 3, and wherein to cause to send the non-EDMG frame comprises the processing circuitry being further configured to: cause to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time;

generate a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame; determine a first time delay;

cause to send the second non-EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay;

generate a third non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame;

determine a second time delay; and

cause to send the third non-EDMG frame on a third bonded communication channel at a third time equal to the second time plus the second time delay.

4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the channel bonding factor is 4, and wherein to cause to send the non-EDMG frame comprises the processing circuitry being further configured to: cause to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time;

generate a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame; determine a first time delay;

cause to send the second non-EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay;

generate a third non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame;

determine a second time delay;

cause to send the third non-EDMG frame on a third bonded communication channel at a third time equal to the second time plus the second time delay;

generate a fourth non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame;

determine a third time delay; and

cause to send the fourth non-EDMG frame on a fourth bonded communication channel at a fourth time equal to the third time plus the third time delay.

5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the channel bonding factor is 2, 3, or 4, wherein to cause to send the non-EDMG frame in a respective bonded communication channel comprises to cause to send the non-EDMG frame according to a waveform representing the non-EDMG frame, wherein the waveform is a function of an index multiplied by a chip time duration, plus a shift cycle time for a respective shift cycle chip in the respective bonded communication channel, and is a function of the index multiplied by the chip time duration, minus the shift cycle time for the respective shift cycle chip subtracted from a length of the waveform multiplied by the chip time duration.

6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the non-EDMG frame comprises at least one of a legacy short training field, a legacy channel estimation field, a legacy header, a data part, or a training field.

7. The device of claim 1 , wherein each non-EDMG frame further indicates to a non-

EDMG device to avoid the respective communication channel.

8. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a transceiver configured to transmit and receive wireless signals.

9. The device of claim 8, further comprising one or more antennas coupled to the transceiver.

10. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which, when executed by one or more processors on a non-EDMG device, result in performing operations comprising:

determining a channel bonding factor associated with one or more bonded

communication channels of a frequency band;

determining a non-EDMG frame indicating that the non-EDMG device is operating in a bonded communication channel, the non-EDMG frame comprising a data field decodable by a non-EDMG device; and

causing to send the non-EDMG frame on each respective bonded communication channel at a respective time based on the channel bonding factor.

11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the channel bonding factor is 2, and wherein causing to send the non-EDMG frame comprises:

causing to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time;

generating a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame; determining a first time delay; and

causing to send the second non-EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay.

12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11 , wherein causing to send the non-EDMG frame further comprises causing to send the non-EDMG frame and the second non-EDMG frame according to a waveform:

wherein At_x is the first time and At₂ is the second time, and wherein ^_re_^c|_DMG is the waveform, represents the non-EDMG frame

sent in the first bonded communication channel, represents the second non-EDMG frame sent

in the second bonded communication channel, n is an index, T_c is a chip time duration, and

AF is a carrier shift between the first bonded communication channel and the second bonded communication channel.

13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the channel bonding factor is 3, and wherein causing to send the non-EDMG frame comprises:

causing to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time;

generating a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame; determining a first time delay;

causing to send the second non-EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay;

generating a third non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame; determining a second time delay; and

causing to send the third non-EDMG frame on a third bonded communication channel at a third time equal to the second time plus the second time delay.

14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein causing to send the non-EDMG frame further comprises causing to send the non-EDMG frame, the second non- EDMG frame, and the third non-EDMG frame according to a waveform: f

i ,N_CB=3

rpre-EDMG n— + At, I ·— != expl - jlnAF

3 Ί ¹ V 1 3 J J

wherein is the first time, At₂ is the second time, and Δί₃ is the third time, and wherein the

non-ED

represents the second non-EDMG frame sent in the second bonded communication channel, represents the third non-EDMG frame sent in the

third bonded communication channel, n is an index, T_c is a chip time duration, and AF is a carrier shift between the first bonded communication channel and the second bonded communication channel.

15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the channel bonding factor is 4, and wherein causing to send the non-EDMG frame comprises:

causing to send the non-EDMG frame on a first bonded communication channel at a first time;

generating a second non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame; determining a first time delay;

causing to send the second non-EDMG frame on a second bonded communication channel at a second time equal to the first time plus the first time delay;

generating a third non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame;

determining a second time delay;

causing to send the third non-EDMG frame on a third bonded communication channel at a third time equal to the second time plus the second time delay;

generating a fourth non-EDMG frame that is a duplicate of the non-EDMG frame; determining a third time delay; and causing to send the fourth non-EDMG frame on a fourth bonded communication channel at a fourth time equal to the third time plus the third time delay.

16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein causing to send the non-EDMG frame further comprises causing to send the non-EDMG frame, the second non- EDMG frame, the third non-EDMG frame according to a waveform, and the fourth non- EDMG frame:

wherein At_l is the first time, At₂ is the second time, At₃ is the third time, and At₄ is the fourth time, and wherein r^l is the waveform, represents the non-EDMG frame sent

f _j

first bonded communication channel, r' n— + At, exp

v ^'

represents the second non-EDMG frame sent in the second bonded communication channel, in

the th

represents the fourth non-EDMG frame sent in the fourth bonded communication channel, n is an index, T_c is a chip time duration, and AF is a carrier shift between the first bonded communication channel and the second bonded communication channel.

17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the non-EDMG frame comprises at least one of a legacy short training field, a legacy channel estimation field, a legacy header, a data part, or a training field, and wherein the data part comprises data for the non-EDMG device.

18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein each non-EDMG frame further indicates to a non-EDMG device to avoid the respective communication channel.

19. A method comprising:

identifying, by a first non-EDMG device, a non-EDMG frame from an EDMG device in a first communication channel at a first time;

identifying, by a second non-EDMG device, the non-EDMG frame from the EDMG device in a second communication channel at a second time that is later than the first time; decoding, by the first non-EDMG device, the non-EDMG frame;

decoding, by the second non-EDMG device, the non-EDMG frame;

determining, by the first non-EDMG device that the EDMG device is communicating in the first communication channel; and

determining, by the second non-EDMG device, that the EDMG device is

communicating in the second communication channel.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein decoding the non-EDMG frame by the first non- EDMG device comprises decoding a first data field for the first non-EDMG device, and wherein decoding the non-EDMG frame by the second non-EDMG device comprises decoding a second data field for the second non-EDMG device.