WO2018111172A1 - An exhaust system and a method for controlling a flow of exhaust gases - Google Patents

An exhaust system and a method for controlling a flow of exhaust gases Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018111172A1
WO2018111172A1 PCT/SE2017/051191 SE2017051191W WO2018111172A1 WO 2018111172 A1 WO2018111172 A1 WO 2018111172A1 SE 2017051191 W SE2017051191 W SE 2017051191W WO 2018111172 A1 WO2018111172 A1 WO 2018111172A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
exhaust
bypass
port
control
exhaust system
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SE2017/051191
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Henrik HÅKANSSON HOLST
Thomas Johansson
Robert Nilsson
Patrik WIKSTRÖM
Original Assignee
Scania Cv Ab
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Scania Cv Ab filed Critical Scania Cv Ab
Priority to CN201780076962.7A priority Critical patent/CN110062840B/en
Priority to KR1020197018559A priority patent/KR20190086545A/en
Priority to EP17881431.5A priority patent/EP3551855B1/en
Publication of WO2018111172A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018111172A1/en

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0871—Regulation of absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. purging
    • F01N3/0878—Bypassing absorbents or adsorbents
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
    • F01N3/0835—Hydrocarbons
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2053—By-passing catalytic reactors, e.g. to prevent overheating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2892—Exhaust flow directors or the like, e.g. upstream of catalytic device
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/70—Organic compounds not provided for in groups B01D2257/00 - B01D2257/602
    • B01D2257/702—Hydrocarbons
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2258/00—Sources of waste gases
    • B01D2258/01—Engine exhaust gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2410/00—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2590/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus adapted to particular use, e.g. for military applications, airplanes, submarines
    • F01N2590/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus adapted to particular use, e.g. for military applications, airplanes, submarines for marine vessels or naval applications
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
    • F01N2900/16—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the exhaust apparatus, e.g. particulate filter or catalyst
    • F01N2900/1602—Temperature of exhaust gas apparatus
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/40—Engine management systems

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1, use of such an exhaust system in a marine engine, and a method for controlling a flow of exhaust gases within an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine.
  • marine engines can be equipped with an aftertreatment system reducing the amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx) present in the exhaust gases.
  • NOx nitrogen oxides
  • policies of marine insurance societies demand that if the marine engine is equipped with an aftertreatment system, measures must be taken so that the flow of exhaust gases from the engine is never choked. The reason for this is that marine engines are used for propulsion and auxiliary power generation at sea, where even a smaller reduction of available power may become a safety critical issue. Available engine power must therefore take precedence over emission level compliance.
  • Another objective is to reduce the wear on the aftertreatment system which may arise due to operation at unfavourable operating conditions and which may lead to reduced reaction rate within the catalytic converter.
  • At least the primary objective is, according to a first aspect of the invention, achieved by means of the initially defined exhaust system, which is characterised in that it comprises: - a bypass conduit connected to the engine exhaust conduit upstream of the aftertreatment system for allowing exhaust gases to bypass the aftertreatment system,
  • control system configured to determine an amount of hydrocarbons currently stored in the catalytic converter and control the main port and the bypass port in independence of each other based on at least said amount of hydrocarbons and/or based on a temperature within the aftertreatment system.
  • This exhaust system is useful in particular for diesel engines in marine applications and in diesel generators (gensets). It allows exhaust gases to bypass the aftertreatment system if the amount of hydrocarbons (HC) stored in the catalytic converter is such that this is suitable in order not to cause choking or degeneration of the flow of exhaust gases, or an exothermic reaction. This is typically the case if the stored amount of HC is high, in which case the flow of exhaust gases carried through the aftertreatment system can be cut off by means of the main port, while the bypass port is opened such that the exhaust gases are carried via the bypass conduit. When suitable, such as when the temperature of the exhaust gases is sufficiently high, the main port can be gradually opened so that controlled HC evaporation may take place.
  • HC hydrocarbons
  • the bypass port can remain open during the opening of the main port, which improves the control of the HC evaporation process in comparison with a system having a single port, or having ports that cannot be individually controlled.
  • the double individually controllable ports therefore improves emission control in applications wherein available engine power must take precedence over emission levels.
  • the catalytic converter is in this exhaust system typically a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) unit, which may be combined with an ammonia slip catalytic converter unit.
  • SCR selective catalytic reduction
  • An oxidation catalyst may be used together with or without an SCR unit, and a particulate filter may also be used in combination with an SCR unit and/or an oxidation catalyst.
  • the aftertreatment system should also comprise a mixer for mixing urea into the exhaust gases upstream of the catalytic converter.
  • the aftertreatment system may include one or more catalytic converter(s), such as two catalytic converters in the form of SCR units connected in parallel downstream of the mixer.
  • the exhaust system comprises an upstream temperature sensor configured to measure an upstream temperature of the exhaust gases immediately upstream of the at least one catalytic converter, and the control system is further configured to control the main port and the bypass port based on signals from said upstream temperature sensor.
  • the upstream temperature may e.g. be used to determine the amount of HC and to control the main port during evaporation of HC.
  • the control system is configured to determine the amount of hydrocarbons based on the upstream temperature and on data relating to current operating conditions of the internal combustion engine. This is a reliable and cost-efficient way of determining the amount of stored HC in the catalytic converter without having to use a HC sensor.
  • said data relating to current operating conditions include at least engine load and engine rotational speed.
  • the exhaust system further comprises a downstream temperature sensor configured to measure a downstream temperature of the exhaust gases immediately downstream of the at least one catalytic converter, and the control system is further configured to control the main port and the bypass port based on signals from the downstream temperature sensor.
  • the downstream temperature can be used to detect whether an exothermic reaction is taking place within the catalytic converter.
  • the system in this configuration also comprises an upstream temperature sensor, in which case the main port and the bypass port can be operated based on a temperature difference between the upstream and downstream temperatures.
  • the exhaust system can be configured to fully open both ports if the downstream temperature exceeds the upstream temperature by more than a predetermined amount, or if the downstream temperature increases rapidly.
  • control system is configured to control the main port and the bypass port according to predetermined control states including at least an onstream state in which the main port is fully open and the bypass port is fully closed, and a bypassed state in which the bypass port is fully open and the main port is fully closed.
  • control states may be included, such as control states in which the main port is controlled in dependence on e.g. the upstream temperature and/or the exhaust pressure.
  • the main port may in some control states be partly open while the bypass port is fully open.
  • control system is configured to select a suitable control state in response to the results of a diagnostic test designed to detect conditions that require a change of control states.
  • Such conditions may include high exhaust gas pressure, high or low temperatures upstream and/or downstream of the catalytic converter, preferably in combination with the amount of stored HC, etc.
  • control system is further configured to, when switching between the control states, open one of said ports fully before starting to close the other one of said ports. This ensures a non-obstructed flow of exhaust gases through the exhaust system.
  • the predetermined control states further include an exotherm state, in which both ports are fully open. By fully opening both ports, the exhaust gases can pass freely through both of the aftertreatment system and the bypass conduit, and the relatively cold exhaust gases may thereby cool down the overheated catalytic converter.
  • the predetermined control states further include an evaporation state, in which the bypass port is fully open and the main port is controlled based on at least said amount of hydrocarbons currently stored in the catalytic converter. This allows the flow of exhaust gases through the aftertreatment system to be adjusted such that evaporation of HC stored in the catalytic converter can take place.
  • the exhaust system comprises mechanical means for putting the exhaust system in the bypassed state if a power to the control system is switched off. This ensures that exhaust gases can always pass freely through the bypass conduit if the power to the actuators is for some reason cut off.
  • the exhaust system further comprises a pressure sensor configured to measure an exhaust gas pressure upstream of the bypass conduit, wherein the control system is further configured to control at least the bypass port based on a signal from said exhaust gas pressure sensor. If the measured pressure does not coincide with the pressure as expected given the current operating conditions of the engine, the degree of openness of the bypass port and optionally the main port can be adjusted.
  • the bypass port and the main port are controllable using individually controllable valves.
  • the valves should preferably provide possibilities for continuous adjustment between a fully open state and a fully closed state.
  • said valves are butterfly valves. This is a cost-efficient choice of valve that may be continuously adjusted between an open state and a closed state.
  • the above mentioned primary objective is achieved by means of use of the proposed exhaust system as the exhaust system of a marine engine or a diesel generator.
  • the above mentioned primary objective is achieved by means of a method for controlling a flow of exhaust gases within the proposed exhaust system, comprising the steps of:
  • Fig. 1 shows an exhaust system according to an embodiment of the invention
  • Fig.2 schematically shows the exhaust system from fig. 1 in more detail
  • Fig. 3 a diagram illustrating operation of the exhaust system
  • Fig.4 a flow chart illustrating a method according to the invention DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
  • FIG. 1 A schematic drawing of an exhaust system 1 of an internal combustion engine 2 according to an embodiment of the invention is shown in fig. 1.
  • An aftertreatment system 3 is connected to the engine 2 via an engine exhaust conduit 4.
  • the aftertreatment system 3 includes a main exhaust conduit 5 connected to the engine exhaust conduit 4, a mixer 6 to which urea, for example AdBlue® is injected from a urea storage tank 7 via urea supply conduits 8, and a catalytic converter 9.
  • a bypass conduit 10 is connected to the exhaust conduit 4 upstream of the aftertreatment system 3, for allowing exhaust gases to bypass the aftertreatment system 3.
  • Fig. 2 shows the exhaust system from fig. 1 in more detail.
  • the catalytic converter 9 here includes a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) unit 22 and an ammonia slip catalytic converter unit 23.
  • An adjustable bypass valve 11 is positioned in an inlet to the bypass conduit 10 such that an adjustable bypass port is provided.
  • an adjustable main valve 12 main port is positioned such that an adjustable main port is provided.
  • a control system configured to control the main port via the main valve 12 and the bypass port via the bypass valve 11 is provided.
  • the control system comprises a control unit 13 communicating with a bypass actuator 14, actuating the bypass valve 11 , and with a main actuator 15, actuating the main valve 12.
  • the actuators 14, 15 are here in the form of a communication area network (CAN) controlled electrical motors with the possibility to provide actual valve position feedback to the control system.
  • the degree of openness of the bypass valve 11 and of the main valve 12 can thereby be controlled in independence of each other. No mechanical link is provided between the bypass valve 11 and the main valve 12.
  • An upstream temperature sensor 16 for measuring an upstream temperature T up of the exhaust gases is provided immediately upstream of the catalytic converter 9.
  • a downstream temperature sensor 17 for measuring a downstream temperature T down of the exhaust gases is provided immediately downstream of the catalytic converter 9, wherein "immediately downstream” here means within one (1) meter from an outlet of the catalytic converter 9.
  • a NOx sensor 18 is provided for measuring the amount of NOx gases downstream of the catalytic converter 9.
  • Data from the sensors 16, 17, 18 are communicated to an exhaust emission control unit 19 configured to communicate with the control unit 13 via a CAN- bus.
  • the data are in the control unit 13 used to calculate an amount of urea to be supplied to the mixer 6, and the exhaust emission control unit 19 is thereafter used to control the supply of urea to the mixer 6.
  • the exhaust system further comprises an exhaust pressure sensor 20 located in the engine exhaust conduit 4, i.e. upstream of the bypass valve 11 and the main valve 12. Also various other sensors may be provided, such as e.g. a NOx sensor for sensing the amount of NOx gases in the exhaust gases.
  • the control system is configured to control the degree of openness of each of the main valve 12 and the bypass valve 11 based on, at least, an amount of hydrocarbons (HC) currently stored in the catalytic converter 9.
  • the amount of HC stored in the catalytic converter 9 can be determined in the control unit 13 based on the upstream temperature T up as measured by the upstream temperature sensor 16 and on data relating to current operating conditions of the internal combustion engine 2, received via the engine coordinator unit 21.
  • the amount of HC that the engine 2 emits at different operating conditions is typically known. It may e.g. be determined beforehand in a lab.
  • the amount of HC emitted is included in a model used to determine the amount of HC currently stored in the catalytic converter 9.
  • Another option is to include a sensor for sensing the amount of HC present in the exhaust gases.
  • the amount of HC may also be determined based on data relating to current operation conditions of the engine 2 together with a modelled temperature within the catalytic converter 9.
  • the control system is in the shown embodiment further configured to control the degree of openness of the valves 11, 12 based on signals from the downstream temperature sensor 17. If the downstream temperature T down is larger than the upstream temperature T up, or if the downstream temperature T down grows rapidly, this may indicate that an exothermic reaction is taking place in the catalytic converter 9.
  • a condition may be set such that T down > T up triggers an opening of the bypass valve 11 and a closing of the main valve 12.
  • the condition may also be set such that the difference between the downstream temperature T down and the upstream temperature T up has to exceed a certain threshold.
  • the control system may be configured to operate the main valve 12 and the bypass valve 11 according to predetermined control states.
  • predetermined control states may include:
  • bypass valve 11 is fully open and the main valve 12 is fully closed.
  • This may be the default mechanical setting caused by valve return springs as the power to the actuators 14, 15 is turned off.
  • Different sub-states may also be defined, such as an evaporation state during which evaporation of HC takes place, in which state the main valve 12 is slowly opened and controlled in response to sensor signals and engine operational data, while the bypass valve 11 is kept fully open.
  • the control system is configured to switch to a desired control state based on diagnostic detection functions carried out during operation of the engine 2.
  • detection functions may be used to detect e.g. an exothermic reaction, excessive catalyst and urea injector temperatures, excessive engine exhaust pressure, etc.
  • Fig. 3 shows an example of operation of an exhaust system 1 according to the invention in the evaporation state described above.
  • the curves show engine rotational speed ⁇ , degree of closure %MV of the main valve 12, modelled temperature T mod within the SCR unit 22, upstream temperature T up and amount of stored HC as functions of time.
  • the engine 2 is initially running at a low engine rotational speed ⁇ , the main valve 12 is closed, the modelled temperature T mod as well as the upstream temperature T up is low, while the amount of stored HC is relatively high.
  • the bypass valve 11 is fully open during the illustrated time period.
  • the upstream temperature T up increases suddenly and the main valve 12 is therefore partly closed to limit the temperature increase within the catalytic converter 9.
  • the degree of closure %MV of the main valve is thereafter controlled so as to reach a target temperature for HC evaporation.
  • a target temperature for HC evaporation typically, decreased engine load and rotational speed ⁇ results in a more open main valve 12.
  • Stored HC starts to evaporate from the catalytic converter 9 after approximately 110 s, when the temperature therein is sufficiently high.
  • a method according to an embodiment of the invention is schematically illustrated in fig.4.
  • a step S1 various parameters including temperatures upstream and downstream of the catalytic converter 9 and pressure in the engine exhaust conduit 4 are sensed.
  • the amount of HC stored in the catalytic converter 9 is determined in a step S2.
  • the bypass valve 11 and the main valve 12 are controlled by means of the actuators 14, 15 based on the determined amount of HC stored in the catalytic converter 9.
  • steps that include controlling the bypass valve 11 and/or the main valve 12 based on e.g. sensor signals from one or more of the sensors 16-18 described above may be included.
  • a modelled temperature within the catalytic converter 9 may be used in the step of controlling the valves 11, 12.
  • the exhaust system according to the invention may comprise more than one catalytic converter, such as for example two SCR units connected in parallel downstream of the mixer, each SCR unit having an ammonia slip catalytic converter unit connected downstream.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)

Abstract

An exhaust system (1) of an internal combustion engine (2), comprising an engine exhaust conduit (4) and an aftertreatment system (3) including a main exhaust conduit (5) connected to the engine exhaust conduit and at least one catalytic converter (9), further comprising a bypass conduit (10) for allowing exhaust gases to bypass the aftertreatment system, an adjustable bypass port and an adjustable main port for controlling each of a flow of exhaust gases carried via the bypass conduit and the aftertreatment system respectively, and a control system configured to determine an amount of hydrocarbons currently stored in the catalytic converter and control the main port and the bypass port in independence of each other based on at least said amount of hydrocarbons and/or a temperature within the aftertreatment system.

Description

An exhaust system and a method for controlling a flow of exhaust gases
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1, use of such an exhaust system in a marine engine, and a method for controlling a flow of exhaust gases within an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine. BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART
In order to comply with current emission regulations, marine engines can be equipped with an aftertreatment system reducing the amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx) present in the exhaust gases. However, policies of marine insurance societies demand that if the marine engine is equipped with an aftertreatment system, measures must be taken so that the flow of exhaust gases from the engine is never choked. The reason for this is that marine engines are used for propulsion and auxiliary power generation at sea, where even a smaller reduction of available power may become a safety critical issue. Available engine power must therefore take precedence over emission level compliance.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is a primary objective of the present invention to provide an, in at least some aspect, improved solution suitable for treating exhaust gases from a marine internal combustion engine. In particular, it is an objective to provide an exhaust system which on one hand fulfils emission regulations, and which on the other hand is not at risk of becoming choked, thereby compromising engine power. Another objective is to reduce the wear on the aftertreatment system which may arise due to operation at unfavourable operating conditions and which may lead to reduced reaction rate within the catalytic converter.
At least the primary objective is, according to a first aspect of the invention, achieved by means of the initially defined exhaust system, which is characterised in that it comprises: - a bypass conduit connected to the engine exhaust conduit upstream of the aftertreatment system for allowing exhaust gases to bypass the aftertreatment system,
- an adjustable bypass port by means of which a flow of exhaust gases carried via the bypass conduit can be controlled,
- an adjustable main port by means of which a flow of exhaust gases carried via the aftertreatment system can be controlled, and
- a control system configured to determine an amount of hydrocarbons currently stored in the catalytic converter and control the main port and the bypass port in independence of each other based on at least said amount of hydrocarbons and/or based on a temperature within the aftertreatment system.
This exhaust system is useful in particular for diesel engines in marine applications and in diesel generators (gensets). It allows exhaust gases to bypass the aftertreatment system if the amount of hydrocarbons (HC) stored in the catalytic converter is such that this is suitable in order not to cause choking or degeneration of the flow of exhaust gases, or an exothermic reaction. This is typically the case if the stored amount of HC is high, in which case the flow of exhaust gases carried through the aftertreatment system can be cut off by means of the main port, while the bypass port is opened such that the exhaust gases are carried via the bypass conduit. When suitable, such as when the temperature of the exhaust gases is sufficiently high, the main port can be gradually opened so that controlled HC evaporation may take place. Since the main port and the bypass port are individually controllable, the bypass port can remain open during the opening of the main port, which improves the control of the HC evaporation process in comparison with a system having a single port, or having ports that cannot be individually controlled. The double individually controllable ports therefore improves emission control in applications wherein available engine power must take precedence over emission levels.
Another case in which it is desirable to bypass the aftertreatment system is when the temperature in the catalytic converter is low, in which case there is a risk of storing a large amount of HC in the catalytic converter. A large amount of HC stored in the catalytic converter may later on lead to an exothermic reaction in the catalytic converter, and it is therefore desirable to keep the amount of stored HC small. The catalytic converter is in this exhaust system typically a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) unit, which may be combined with an ammonia slip catalytic converter unit. An oxidation catalyst may be used together with or without an SCR unit, and a particulate filter may also be used in combination with an SCR unit and/or an oxidation catalyst. When the catalytic converter is an SCR unit, the aftertreatment system should also comprise a mixer for mixing urea into the exhaust gases upstream of the catalytic converter. The aftertreatment system may include one or more catalytic converter(s), such as two catalytic converters in the form of SCR units connected in parallel downstream of the mixer.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the exhaust system comprises an upstream temperature sensor configured to measure an upstream temperature of the exhaust gases immediately upstream of the at least one catalytic converter, and the control system is further configured to control the main port and the bypass port based on signals from said upstream temperature sensor. The upstream temperature may e.g. be used to determine the amount of HC and to control the main port during evaporation of HC. According to one embodiment of the invention, the control system is configured to determine the amount of hydrocarbons based on the upstream temperature and on data relating to current operating conditions of the internal combustion engine. This is a reliable and cost-efficient way of determining the amount of stored HC in the catalytic converter without having to use a HC sensor.
According to one embodiment of the invention, said data relating to current operating conditions include at least engine load and engine rotational speed. According to one embodiment of the invention, the exhaust system further comprises a downstream temperature sensor configured to measure a downstream temperature of the exhaust gases immediately downstream of the at least one catalytic converter, and the control system is further configured to control the main port and the bypass port based on signals from the downstream temperature sensor. The downstream temperature can be used to detect whether an exothermic reaction is taking place within the catalytic converter. Preferably, the system in this configuration also comprises an upstream temperature sensor, in which case the main port and the bypass port can be operated based on a temperature difference between the upstream and downstream temperatures. For example, the exhaust system can be configured to fully open both ports if the downstream temperature exceeds the upstream temperature by more than a predetermined amount, or if the downstream temperature increases rapidly.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the control system is configured to control the main port and the bypass port according to predetermined control states including at least an onstream state in which the main port is fully open and the bypass port is fully closed, and a bypassed state in which the bypass port is fully open and the main port is fully closed. Also other control states may be included, such as control states in which the main port is controlled in dependence on e.g. the upstream temperature and/or the exhaust pressure. The main port may in some control states be partly open while the bypass port is fully open.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the control system is configured to select a suitable control state in response to the results of a diagnostic test designed to detect conditions that require a change of control states. Such conditions may include high exhaust gas pressure, high or low temperatures upstream and/or downstream of the catalytic converter, preferably in combination with the amount of stored HC, etc.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the control system is further configured to, when switching between the control states, open one of said ports fully before starting to close the other one of said ports. This ensures a non-obstructed flow of exhaust gases through the exhaust system.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the predetermined control states further include an exotherm state, in which both ports are fully open. By fully opening both ports, the exhaust gases can pass freely through both of the aftertreatment system and the bypass conduit, and the relatively cold exhaust gases may thereby cool down the overheated catalytic converter. According to one embodiment of the invention, the predetermined control states further include an evaporation state, in which the bypass port is fully open and the main port is controlled based on at least said amount of hydrocarbons currently stored in the catalytic converter. This allows the flow of exhaust gases through the aftertreatment system to be adjusted such that evaporation of HC stored in the catalytic converter can take place.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the exhaust system comprises mechanical means for putting the exhaust system in the bypassed state if a power to the control system is switched off. This ensures that exhaust gases can always pass freely through the bypass conduit if the power to the actuators is for some reason cut off.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the exhaust system further comprises a pressure sensor configured to measure an exhaust gas pressure upstream of the bypass conduit, wherein the control system is further configured to control at least the bypass port based on a signal from said exhaust gas pressure sensor. If the measured pressure does not coincide with the pressure as expected given the current operating conditions of the engine, the degree of openness of the bypass port and optionally the main port can be adjusted.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the bypass port and the main port are controllable using individually controllable valves. The valves should preferably provide possibilities for continuous adjustment between a fully open state and a fully closed state. According to one embodiment of the invention, said valves are butterfly valves. This is a cost-efficient choice of valve that may be continuously adjusted between an open state and a closed state.
According to another aspect of the invention, the above mentioned primary objective is achieved by means of use of the proposed exhaust system as the exhaust system of a marine engine or a diesel generator. According to another aspect of the invention, the above mentioned primary objective is achieved by means of a method for controlling a flow of exhaust gases within the proposed exhaust system, comprising the steps of:
determining an amount of hydrocarbons currently stored in the catalytic converter,
- based on at least said amount of hydrocarbons, controlling the adjustable bypass port,
- in independence of the bypass port and based on at least said amount of hydrocarbons, controlling the adjustable main port.
Advantages and advantageous features of such a method appear from the above description of the proposed exhaust system.
Other advantageous features as well as advantages of the present invention will appear from the following description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will in the following be further described by means of example with reference to the appended drawings, wherein
Fig. 1 shows an exhaust system according to an embodiment of the invention,
Fig.2 schematically shows the exhaust system from fig. 1 in more detail,
Fig. 3 a diagram illustrating operation of the exhaust system, and Fig.4 a flow chart illustrating a method according to the invention DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
A schematic drawing of an exhaust system 1 of an internal combustion engine 2 according to an embodiment of the invention is shown in fig. 1. An aftertreatment system 3 is connected to the engine 2 via an engine exhaust conduit 4. The aftertreatment system 3 includes a main exhaust conduit 5 connected to the engine exhaust conduit 4, a mixer 6 to which urea, for example AdBlue® is injected from a urea storage tank 7 via urea supply conduits 8, and a catalytic converter 9. Furthermore, a bypass conduit 10 is connected to the exhaust conduit 4 upstream of the aftertreatment system 3, for allowing exhaust gases to bypass the aftertreatment system 3.
Fig. 2 shows the exhaust system from fig. 1 in more detail. As can be seen, the catalytic converter 9 here includes a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) unit 22 and an ammonia slip catalytic converter unit 23. An adjustable bypass valve 11 is positioned in an inlet to the bypass conduit 10 such that an adjustable bypass port is provided. In an inlet to the main exhaust conduit 5, an adjustable main valve 12 main port is positioned such that an adjustable main port is provided. Furthermore, a control system configured to control the main port via the main valve 12 and the bypass port via the bypass valve 11 is provided. The control system comprises a control unit 13 communicating with a bypass actuator 14, actuating the bypass valve 11 , and with a main actuator 15, actuating the main valve 12. The actuators 14, 15 are here in the form of a communication area network (CAN) controlled electrical motors with the possibility to provide actual valve position feedback to the control system. The degree of openness of the bypass valve 11 and of the main valve 12 can thereby be controlled in independence of each other. No mechanical link is provided between the bypass valve 11 and the main valve 12. An upstream temperature sensor 16 for measuring an upstream temperature T up of the exhaust gases is provided immediately upstream of the catalytic converter 9. A downstream temperature sensor 17 for measuring a downstream temperature T down of the exhaust gases is provided immediately downstream of the catalytic converter 9, wherein "immediately downstream" here means within one (1) meter from an outlet of the catalytic converter 9. Furthermore, a NOx sensor 18 is provided for measuring the amount of NOx gases downstream of the catalytic converter 9.
Data from the sensors 16, 17, 18 are communicated to an exhaust emission control unit 19 configured to communicate with the control unit 13 via a CAN- bus. The data are in the control unit 13 used to calculate an amount of urea to be supplied to the mixer 6, and the exhaust emission control unit 19 is thereafter used to control the supply of urea to the mixer 6. The exhaust system further comprises an exhaust pressure sensor 20 located in the engine exhaust conduit 4, i.e. upstream of the bypass valve 11 and the main valve 12. Also various other sensors may be provided, such as e.g. a NOx sensor for sensing the amount of NOx gases in the exhaust gases. An engine coordinator unit 21, configured to communicate with the control unit 13 via a CAN-bus, provides the control unit 13 with data relating to current operating conditions of the internal combustion engine, such as engine rotational speed ω and engine load.
The control system is configured to control the degree of openness of each of the main valve 12 and the bypass valve 11 based on, at least, an amount of hydrocarbons (HC) currently stored in the catalytic converter 9. The amount of HC stored in the catalytic converter 9 can be determined in the control unit 13 based on the upstream temperature T up as measured by the upstream temperature sensor 16 and on data relating to current operating conditions of the internal combustion engine 2, received via the engine coordinator unit 21. The amount of HC that the engine 2 emits at different operating conditions is typically known. It may e.g. be determined beforehand in a lab. The amount of HC emitted is included in a model used to determine the amount of HC currently stored in the catalytic converter 9. Another option is to include a sensor for sensing the amount of HC present in the exhaust gases. The amount of HC may also be determined based on data relating to current operation conditions of the engine 2 together with a modelled temperature within the catalytic converter 9. The control system is in the shown embodiment further configured to control the degree of openness of the valves 11, 12 based on signals from the downstream temperature sensor 17. If the downstream temperature T down is larger than the upstream temperature T up, or if the downstream temperature T down grows rapidly, this may indicate that an exothermic reaction is taking place in the catalytic converter 9. A condition may be set such that T down > T up triggers an opening of the bypass valve 11 and a closing of the main valve 12. Of course, the condition may also be set such that the difference between the downstream temperature T down and the upstream temperature T up has to exceed a certain threshold.
The control system may be configured to operate the main valve 12 and the bypass valve 11 according to predetermined control states. Such predetermined control states may include:
- An onstream state in which the main valve 12 is fully open and the bypass valve 11 is fully closed. All exhaust gases passes by the catalytic converter 9. This is the normal mode of operation during propulsion and for auxiliary power applications running in emission- controlled areas.
- A bypassed state in which the bypass valve 11 is fully open and the main valve 12 is fully closed. This may be the default mechanical setting caused by valve return springs as the power to the actuators 14, 15 is turned off.
- An exotherm state in which the bypass valve 11 and the main valve 12 are both fully open.
Different sub-states may also be defined, such as an evaporation state during which evaporation of HC takes place, in which state the main valve 12 is slowly opened and controlled in response to sensor signals and engine operational data, while the bypass valve 11 is kept fully open.
The control system is configured to switch to a desired control state based on diagnostic detection functions carried out during operation of the engine 2. Such detection functions may be used to detect e.g. an exothermic reaction, excessive catalyst and urea injector temperatures, excessive engine exhaust pressure, etc.
Fig. 3 shows an example of operation of an exhaust system 1 according to the invention in the evaporation state described above. The curves show engine rotational speed ω, degree of closure %MV of the main valve 12, modelled temperature T mod within the SCR unit 22, upstream temperature T up and amount of stored HC as functions of time. In the example, the engine 2 is initially running at a low engine rotational speed ω, the main valve 12 is closed, the modelled temperature T mod as well as the upstream temperature T up is low, while the amount of stored HC is relatively high. The bypass valve 11 is fully open during the illustrated time period.
After approximately 30 s, there is an abrupt increase in engine load and engine rotational speed ω. The mass flow of exhaust gases increases, which triggers an opening of the main valve 12.
After about 75 s, the upstream temperature T up increases suddenly and the main valve 12 is therefore partly closed to limit the temperature increase within the catalytic converter 9. The degree of closure %MV of the main valve is thereafter controlled so as to reach a target temperature for HC evaporation. Typically, decreased engine load and rotational speed ω results in a more open main valve 12. Stored HC starts to evaporate from the catalytic converter 9 after approximately 110 s, when the temperature therein is sufficiently high.
A method according to an embodiment of the invention is schematically illustrated in fig.4. In a step S1, various parameters including temperatures upstream and downstream of the catalytic converter 9 and pressure in the engine exhaust conduit 4 are sensed. Based on signals from at least the upstream temperature sensor 16 and on data relating to current operation conditions of the engine 2, the amount of HC stored in the catalytic converter 9 is determined in a step S2. In a step S3, the bypass valve 11 and the main valve 12 are controlled by means of the actuators 14, 15 based on the determined amount of HC stored in the catalytic converter 9. Of course, steps that include controlling the bypass valve 11 and/or the main valve 12 based on e.g. sensor signals from one or more of the sensors 16-18 described above may be included. Furthermore, a modelled temperature within the catalytic converter 9 may be used in the step of controlling the valves 11, 12.
The exhaust system according to the invention may comprise more than one catalytic converter, such as for example two SCR units connected in parallel downstream of the mixer, each SCR unit having an ammonia slip catalytic converter unit connected downstream.
The invention is of course not in any way restricted to the embodiments described above, but many possibilities to modifications thereof would be apparent to a person with skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. An exhaust system (1) of an internal combustion engine (2), comprising:
- an engine exhaust conduit (4),
- an aftertreatment system (3) including a main exhaust conduit (5) connected to the engine exhaust conduit (4) and at least one catalytic converter (9),
characterised in
that the exhaust system (1) further comprises
- a bypass conduit (10) connected to the engine exhaust conduit (4) upstream of the aftertreatment system (3) for allowing exhaust gases to bypass the aftertreatment system (3),
- an adjustable bypass port by means of which a flow of exhaust gases carried via the bypass conduit (10) can be controlled,
- an adjustable main port by means of which a flow of exhaust gases carried via the aftertreatment system (3) can be controlled, and
- a control system configured to determine an amount of hydrocarbons currently stored in the catalytic converter (9) and control the main port and the bypass port in independence of each other based on at least said amount of hydrocarbons and/or based on a temperature within the aftertreatment system (3).
2. The exhaust system according to claim 1, further comprising an upstream temperature sensor (16) configured to measure an upstream temperature (T up) of the exhaust gases immediately upstream of the at least one catalytic converter (9), wherein the control system is further configured to control the main port and the bypass port based on signals from said upstream temperature sensor (16).
3. The exhaust system according to claim 2, wherein the control system is configured to determine the amount of hydrocarbons based on the upstream temperature (T up) and on data relating to current operating conditions of the internal combustion engine (2).
4. The exhaust system according to claim 3, wherein said data relating to current operating conditions include at least engine load and engine rotational speed (ω).
5. The exhaust system according to any one of claims 2-4, further comprising a downstream temperature sensor (17) configured to measure a downstream temperature (T down) of the exhaust gases immediately downstream of the at least one catalytic converter (9), wherein the control system is further configured to control the main port and the bypass port based on signals from the downstream temperature sensor (17).
6. The exhaust system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the control system is configured to control the main port and the bypass port according to predetermined control states including at least an onstream state in which the main port is fully open and the bypass port is fully closed, and a bypassed state in which the bypass port is fully open and the main port is fully closed.
7. The exhaust system according to claim 6, wherein the control system is further configured to, when switching between the control states, open one of said ports fully before starting to close the other one of said ports.
8. The exhaust system according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the predetermined control states further include an exotherm state, in which both ports are fully open.
9. The exhaust system according to any one of claims 6-8, wherein the predetermined control states further include an evaporation state, in which the bypass port is fully open and the main port is controlled based on at least said amount of hydrocarbons currently stored in the catalytic converter (9).
10. The exhaust system according to any one of claims 6-9, wherein the control system is configured to select a suitable control state in response to the results of a diagnostic test designed to detect conditions that require a change of control states.
11. The exhaust system according to any one of claims 6-10, wherein the exhaust system (1) comprises mechanical means for putting the exhaust system (1) in the bypassed state if a power to the control system is switched off.
12. The exhaust system according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a pressure sensor (20) configured to measure an exhaust gas pressure upstream of the bypass conduit (10), wherein the control system is further configured to control at least the bypass port based on a signal from said exhaust gas pressure sensor (20).
13. The exhaust system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the bypass port and the main port are controllable using individually controllable valves (11 , 12), preferably butterfly valves.
14. Use of the exhaust system (1) according to any one of the preceding claims as the exhaust system of a marine engine or a diesel generator.
15. A method for controlling a flow of exhaust gases within an exhaust system (1) of an internal combustion engine (2) according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising the steps of:
determining an amount of hydrocarbons currently stored in the catalytic converter (9),
- determining a temperature within the aftertreatment system (3),
- based on at least said amount of hydrocarbons and/or said temperature, controlling the adjustable bypass port,
- in independence of the bypass port and based on at least said amount of hydrocarbons and/or said temperature, controlling the adjustable main port.
PCT/SE2017/051191 2016-12-12 2017-11-30 An exhaust system and a method for controlling a flow of exhaust gases WO2018111172A1 (en)

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