WO2017121160A1 - 一种低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤 - Google Patents

一种低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤 Download PDF

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WO2017121160A1
WO2017121160A1 PCT/CN2016/102805 CN2016102805W WO2017121160A1 WO 2017121160 A1 WO2017121160 A1 WO 2017121160A1 CN 2016102805 W CN2016102805 W CN 2016102805W WO 2017121160 A1 WO2017121160 A1 WO 2017121160A1
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layer
photonic crystal
air hole
crystal fiber
air holes
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French (fr)
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罗文勇
刘志坚
李伟
柯一礼
赵磊
杜城
胡福明
雷琼
杜琨
康志文
但融
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Fiberhome Telecommunication Technologies Co Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02319—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by core or core-cladding interface features
    • G02B6/02333—Core having higher refractive index than cladding, e.g. solid core, effective index guiding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/032—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with non solid core or cladding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of photonic crystal fibers, in particular to a low loss radiation resistant birefringent photonic crystal fiber.
  • High-birefringence fibers in communications, sensing, and other fields have a wide range of applications.
  • Optical fiber sensing technology with polarization-maintaining fiber as the core component especially fiber optic gyro technology and fiber-optic hydrophone technology, has received more attention.
  • the polarization-maintaining fiber has an excellent birefringence effect, so that the difference between the propagation constants of the two orthogonal composition modes HEx11 and HEy11 of the fundamental mode transmitted therein is increased, and the coupling probability of the two orthogonal modes is reduced, thereby The polarization of the transmission line maintains its polarization state well.
  • the conventional polarization-maintaining fiber needs to adopt the core layer doping and the stress region is doped with boron, it is sensitive to external environmental interference.
  • One of the most concerned issues of fiber optic gyro devices with conventional polarization-maintaining fibers as their core components is their temperature characteristics. Because when the temperature of the polarization-maintaining fiber changes from high to low or from low to high, since the stress characteristics of the materials in the various regions inside are different, when the temperature changes, stress fluctuations occur between the regions, resulting in stress fluctuations. The characteristics of optical signal transmission in different areas are different. Although people have invented four-pole, eight-pole and other symmetrical winding methods, they still cannot completely avoid this problem.
  • the conventional polarization maintaining fiber needs to ensure total reflection in the core layer, it is necessary to incorporate in the core layer.
  • the amount of enthalpy which also causes attenuation degradation in the irradiation environment, affecting the transmission of optical signals.
  • Photonic Crystal Fibers have many unique and novel physical properties that are difficult or impossible to achieve with conventional quartz single mode fibers (polarization maintaining fibers).
  • the single-mode transmission of the core layer can be realized by arranging the air holes in the cladding layer, and the special air hole arrangement structure can be used to realize the geometry of the arrangement structure when the optical signal is transmitted in the core layer. Birefringence results in a good birefringence effect.
  • the photonic crystal fiber can obtain optical fibers with different mode field area, birefringence size and dispersion characteristics by various methods due to structural flexibility. These potential advantages lay the foundation for the replacement of polarization-maintaining fiber products in terms of transmission characteristics, structure, cost-performance ratio, and operating band expansion.
  • the existing photonic crystal fiber is also limited to the simple replacement of the performance of the conventional polarization maintaining fiber, that is, the arrangement of the air holes realizes a good birefringence effect to replace the birefringence effect of the conventional polarization maintaining fiber.
  • the existing photonic crystal fiber cannot meet the use requirements in special environmental applications such as aerospace, and therefore, it has been delayed. It is suitable for the practical research results of birefringent photonic crystal fiber developed by higher precision fiber optic gyroscope.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a low-loss radiation-resistant birefringent photonic crystal fiber which has good low loss and radiation resistance while achieving birefringence, and can satisfy, for example, Requirements for use in special environmental applications such as aerospace.
  • a low loss radiation-resistant birefringent photonic crystal fiber including a central core, and the outer portion of the central core is internally to externally
  • the outer layer is coated with an air hole layer and a quartz cladding layer, and the outer portion of the quartz cladding layer is coated with a coating layer, wherein the center core comprises a pure silicon core and a deep fluorine-doped outer layer coated on the outer side of the pure silicon core a concave inner cladding;
  • the air hole layer includes a four-layer loop composed of air holes from the inside to the outside: a first layer loop, a second layer loop, a third layer loop, and a fourth layer loop
  • the air hole is divided into a large air hole and a small air hole, and the first layer ring is composed of two large air holes and a plurality of small air holes, and the second layer ring, the third layer ring and the fourth layer ring are both The air holes of the four-layer ring are
  • the first layer loop includes two large air holes and four small air holes, and the two large air holes are symmetrically distributed around the center core; the second layer ring is composed of 12 The small air hole is composed; the third layer ring and the fourth layer ring are all composed of 18 small air holes, and the fourth layer ring is arranged with a regular hexagonal hexagonal portion with a gap.
  • the small air hole has a radius of 1.2 um to 3.0 um; and the large air hole has a radius of 2.4 um to 4.8 um.
  • the relative refractive index difference between the pure silicon core and the deep fluorine-doped concave inner cladding is -0.50% to -0.05%; the refractive index of the quartz connecting wall and the pure silicon fiber
  • the cores have equal refractive indices.
  • the radius of the pure silicon core is 2.0 um to 4.0 um; the radius of the deep fluorine-doped concave inner cladding is 2.5 um to 5.0 um; and the radius of the quartz connecting wall is 2.5 Um ⁇ 5.0um.
  • the quartz cladding has a diameter of 80 um to 135 um; and the coating layer has a diameter of 135 um to 250 um.
  • the large air hole and the small air hole adopt a partition
  • the vertical air pressure control is formed by high temperature melting; the control air pressure of the large air hole is larger than the control air pressure of the small air hole.
  • the ratio of the control air pressure of the large air hole to the control air pressure of the small air hole is 1.0 to 1.3.
  • the coating layer is a single layer coating layer, which is made of a polyimide material and is heat-cured.
  • the coating layer is a double-layer coating
  • the Young's modulus of the inner coating layer is 0.2 MPa to 10 MPa
  • the Young's modulus of the outer coating layer is 450 MPa to 2000 MPa
  • the inner coating and the outer coating are both thermally cured or cured by ultraviolet curing.
  • the present invention optimizes the arrangement of the air hole layers of the conventional photonic crystal fiber, and forms a four-layer loop structure composed of air holes, wherein the first layer ring consists of two large air holes and a plurality of small holes.
  • the air hole is composed of a second layer ring, a third layer ring and a fourth layer ring, which are all composed of a plurality of small air holes, and the air holes of the four layer rings are arranged in a regular hexagon shape, which can realize birefringence.
  • the light is effectively confined in the core region to realize low-loss optical signal transmission, so that the attenuation of the photonic crystal fiber of the present invention at 1550 nm is controlled within 1 dB/km (decibel/km), and crosstalk can be achieved - 25dB ⁇ -30dB / km, the beat length can reach 0.5 ⁇ 4.5mm.
  • the core of the present invention adopts a pure silicon core, which is coated with a deep fluorine-doped concave inner cladding.
  • the pure silicon core avoids the introduction of the "color center" material, can effectively achieve the anti-irradiation characteristics, and the designed deep fluorine-doped concave inner cladding can not only block the immersion of some external pollution, but further The anti-irradiation performance of the optical fiber is ensured, so that the photonic crystal fiber of the present invention has an induced loss increase of 1550 nm of less than 2 dB/km at a total irradiation dose of 100 krad.
  • the present invention is optimized by air holes, pure silicon core and deep fluorine doping
  • the design of the concave inner cladding enables the photonic crystal fiber to achieve good birefringence and good low loss and radiation resistance, which can meet the needs of special environmental applications such as aerospace.
  • the radius of the pure silicon core is 2.0 um to 4.0 um
  • the radius of the concave inner cladding layer is 2.5 um to 5.0 um
  • the radius of the quartz connecting wall is 2.5 um to 5.0 um.
  • the photonic crystal fiber can work well under a small bending radius.
  • the bending radius is 2mm
  • the crosstalk of the fiber at 1550nm can still reach below -25dB/km, and the additional attenuation is less than 0.5dB. Winding a smaller size fiber optic ring.
  • the outer portion of the quartz cladding is coated with a single layer or a double layer coating layer.
  • the coating layer is made of a polyimide material and subjected to heat curing; if it is a double-layer coating layer, the inner coating has a Young's modulus of 0.2 MPa.
  • the material of 10 MPa is coated with a material having a Young's modulus of 450 MPa to 2000 MPa, and the inner coating and the outer coating are both thermally cured or cured by ultraviolet curing.
  • the special coating composition design can make the birefringent photonic crystal fiber have excellent full-temperature performance. In the range of -45 °C to 85 °C, the 1550 nm full-temperature crosstalk variation is less than 0.5 dB, which can be in space. Good work in harsh environments such as nuclear radiation.
  • the diameter of the quartz cladding is 80 um to 135 um, and the diameter of the coating layer is 135 um to 250 um, and birefringent photonic crystal fibers of different diameters can be formed according to different application requirements, and the application range is wide.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a low-loss radiation-resistant birefringent photonic crystal fiber according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of an end face of a low-loss radiation-resistant birefringent photonic crystal fiber according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of a center core and a first layer loop in the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing a waveguide structure of a pure silicon core in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • an embodiment of the present invention provides a low-loss radiation-resistant birefringent photonic crystal fiber, including a center core 1, and an outer portion of the center core 1 is sequentially covered with air holes from the inside to the outside.
  • Layer 2 and quartz cladding 3, the exterior of the quartz cladding 3 is coated with a single or double coating layer 4.
  • the central core 1, the air hole layer 2 and the quartz cladding 3 constitute a quartz portion of the optical fiber.
  • the central core 1 comprises a pure silicon core 11 and a deep fluorine-doped concave inner cladding 12 coated on the outside of the pure silicon core 11.
  • the deep fluorine-doped concave inner cladding 12 can block The immersion of some external pollution has certain anti-irradiation performance, and can also provide a better design basis for the low loss transmission of photonic crystal fibers.
  • the air hole layer 2 includes four layers of rings composed of air holes from the inside to the outside: a first layer ring, a second layer ring, a third layer ring and a fourth layer ring, the air holes are divided into large
  • the air hole 21 and the small air hole 22 have a radius larger than the radius of the small air hole 22, and the first layer ring is composed of two large air holes 21 and a plurality of small air holes 22, and the second layer ring,
  • the third layer ring and the fourth layer ring are each composed of a plurality of small air holes 22, and the air holes of the four layer rings are arranged in a regular hexagon shape, and all the air holes are connected by a quartz connecting wall.
  • the first layer loop is disposed next to the center core 1, and includes two large air holes 21 and four small air holes 22, and the two large air holes 21 are symmetrically distributed around the center core 1;
  • the layer ring is composed of 12 small air holes 22;
  • the third layer ring and the fourth layer ring are each composed of 18 small air holes 22, and the fourth layer ring is arranged as a regular hexagonal hexagon. There are gaps.
  • the total number of air holes of the four-layer loop is 54, wherein the number of large air holes 21 is two, and the number of small air holes 22 is 52.
  • the radius r is small air holes 22 is small 1.2um ⁇ 3.0um; large radius r of the air hole 21 is large 2.4um ⁇ 4.8um.
  • the refractive index of the pure silicon core 11 is n fiber (since it is a pure silicon core, it corresponds to the refractive index value of the pure silicon core quartz), and the radius is r fiber ; concave inner cladding refractive index is n-cladding 12, a radius r packet; provided connecting walls quartz walls having a refractive index n and radius r wall.
  • ⁇ is the relative refractive index difference.
  • the waveguide structure of the pure silicon core 11 is a refractive index guiding type waveguide structure, and the relative refractive index difference between the pure silicon core 11 and the deep fluorine-doped concave inner cladding layer 12 is ⁇ n.
  • the fiber diameter is -0.50% to -0.05%, and the refractive index n wall of the quartz connecting wall is equal to the refractive index n fiber of the pure silicon core 11, so that the photonic crystal fiber can achieve an excellent birefringence effect around 1550 nm.
  • pure silica core fiber 11 has a radius r 2.0um ⁇ 4.0um, deep fluorine-doped depressed cladding the inner radius r of the package 12 is 2.5um 5.0um, the quartz wall of the connecting wall radius r of ⁇ 2.5um ⁇ 5.0um Under the optimized air hole structure design, the photonic crystal fiber can work well under a very small bending radius. When the bending radius is 2mm, the crosstalk of the fiber at 1550nm can still reach below -25dB/km, and the additional attenuation is less than 0.5. dB, which allows for the winding of smaller-sized fiber rings.
  • the diameter of the quartz cladding layer 3 is 80 um to 135 um, and the diameter of the coating layer 4 is 135 um to 250 um, which can form different diameters according to different application requirements. Refracted photonic crystal fibers.
  • the large air hole 21 and the small air hole 22 are controlled by a partition independent air pressure and melt-molded at a high temperature.
  • the control air pressure P1 of the large air hole 21 is greater than the control air pressure P2 of the small air hole 22, so that the expansion ratio of the central hole formed by the large air hole 21 during the fiber forming process is larger than the outer ring ring composed of the small air hole 22.
  • the expansion ratio Specifically, the ratio of the control air pressure P1 of the large air hole 21 to the control air pressure P2 of the small air hole 22 is 1.0 to 1.3.
  • the coating layer 4 is made of a polyimide material and thermally cured to obtain a photonic crystal fiber.
  • the working temperature reaches 350 degrees or more.
  • the Young's modulus of the inner coating layer of the coating layer 4 is 0.2 MPa to 10 MPa, and the Young's modulus of the outer coating layer of the coating layer 4
  • the amount of 450 MPa to 2000 MPa, and the inner coating and the outer coating are both heat-cured or UV-cured, so that the obtained photonic crystal fiber has excellent full-temperature performance, in the range of -45 ° C to 85 ° C,
  • the 1550 nm full temperature crosstalk variation is less than 0.5 dB.
  • the attenuation reaches 1 dB/km or less, and the crosstalk reaches -25 dB/km, which has excellent low loss performance; at a total irradiation dose of 100 krad, 1550 nm
  • the induced loss increase value is less than 2dB/km and has excellent anti-irradiation performance.
  • the design principle of the low loss radiation resistant birefringent photonic crystal fiber in the present invention is as follows:
  • Birefringent photonic crystal fibers are designed with a refractive index-guided waveguide structure, which is consistent with the light guiding mechanism of conventional polarization-maintaining fibers, and is a total reflection principle. This requires that the core has a higher refractive index than the cladding.
  • the refractive index-guided implementation of the conventional polarization-maintaining fiber is such that the core is doped with erbium to raise its refractive index, and the cladding is pure quartz, so that the refractive index of the core is higher than the refractive index of the cladding.
  • a plurality of air holes are distributed in the cladding, and the air holes will reduce the overall refractive index of the region in which it is located, thereby making the package
  • the effective refractive index of the layer is reduced, so that the core is not doped with erbium, and the refractive index of the core can be made larger than the refractive index of the cladding, thereby achieving total reflection to transmit the optical signal. This will provide the basis for the design of radiation-resistant photonic crystal fibers.
  • the main anti-irradiation implementation is to avoid introducing materials that cause "color center” defects, such as metal ions such as bismuth and aluminum, in the core of the light guide.
  • materials that cause "color center” defects such as metal ions such as bismuth and aluminum
  • the photonic crystal fiber is introduced into the air hole by the cladding layer to greatly reduce the effective refractive index of the cladding layer, this creates conditions for combining the characteristics of the anti-irradiation fiber and the photonic crystal fiber.
  • the core of the photonic crystal fiber of the present invention adopts a pure silicon core 11 and the cladding is arranged in an air hole ring manner, which can realize total reflection light guiding and can effectively realize radiation resistance characteristics (because it is avoided) The introduction of "color center" materials).
  • the surrounding silicon core 11 of the birefringent photonic crystal fiber is symmetrically introduced with two air holes (i.e., large air holes 21) which are inconsistent with other air hole sizes.
  • the size of the two air holes is larger than the size of the other air holes, so that the effective refractive index of the cladding is sufficiently depressed in the region where the air holes are located, so that the mode field of the core transmission direction of the two air holes is compressed.
  • the mode of transmission in the core is an elliptical mode field, thereby achieving birefringence.
  • the present invention optimizes the arrangement of air holes, the number of rings, and the like, and forms a four-layer loop composed of air holes, and the air holes of the four layers of rings are all positive six.
  • the edge arrangement can effectively realize the low loss characteristic, and combined with the above-mentioned deep fluorine-doped concave inner cladding 12 design, thereby realizing a birefringent photonic crystal fiber with good low loss and radiation resistance, which satisfies, for example, aerospace. Demand for use in special environmental applications such as aviation.
  • the low loss radiation-resistant birefringent photonic crystal fiber of the present invention will be specifically described below by means of two embodiments.
  • Example 1 Five kinds of birefringent photonic crystal fibers treated with ultraviolet light curing using two layers of coating layer 4: fiber 1, fiber 2, fiber 3, fiber 4 and fiber 5, fiber 1, fiber 2, fiber 3, The specific parameters of fiber 4 and fiber 5 are shown in Table 1.
  • the coating layer 4 was a double layer, the implementation of five kinds of optical fibers was carried out. It can be seen from the embodiment that when the operating wavelength is 1550 nm, the attenuation is controlled below 1 dB/km, the optimal value can reach 0.5 dB/km, and the crosstalk can reach -25 dB/km to -30 dB/km. It can reach 0.5mm ⁇ 4.5mm and has excellent low loss performance.
  • the crosstalk of the fiber at 1550nm can still reach -25dB/km, and the additional attenuation is still less than 0.5dB, which has superior bending resistance;
  • the 1550nm induced loss increase value is less than 2dB/km, which has excellent anti-irradiation performance; in the range of -45°C ⁇ 85°C, the 1550nm full-temperature crosstalk variation is less than 0.5dB, which is excellent. Full temperature performance.
  • Example 2 5 kinds of birefringent photonic crystal fibers treated with a single layer of coating layer 4, which are thermally cured: optical fiber 6, optical fiber 7, optical fiber 8, optical fiber 9 and optical fiber 10, optical fiber 6, optical fiber 7, optical fiber 8, The specific parameters of the optical fiber 9 and the optical fiber 10 are shown in Table 2.
  • the coating layer 4 was a single layer, the implementation of five kinds of optical fibers was also carried out. It can be seen from the embodiment that when the operating wavelength is 1550 nm, the attenuation can still be controlled below 1 dB/km, the optimal value can reach 0.8 dB/km, and the crosstalk can reach -25 dB/km to -30 dB/km. The length of the beat can reach 0.5mm ⁇ 4.5mm, and it also has excellent low loss performance. When the bending radius is 2mm, the crosstalk of the fiber at 1550nm can still reach -25dB/km, and the additional attenuation is still less than 0.5dB, which is also superior.
  • the 1550nm induced loss increase value is less than 2dB/km, which also has excellent anti-irradiation performance; in the range of -45°C ⁇ 85°C, the 1550nm full-temperature crosstalk variation is less than 0.5dB, also has excellent full temperature performance.

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Abstract

一种低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤，包括中心纤芯(1)，中心纤芯(1)包括纯硅纤芯(11)和包覆于纯硅纤芯(11)外部的深掺氟下凹内包层(12)。中心纤芯(1)的外部由内到外依次包覆有空气孔层(2)和石英包层(3)。石英包层(3)的外部涂覆有涂覆层(4)。空气孔层(2)由内至外包括由空气孔组成的四层环圈。第1层环圈由2个大空气孔(21)和多个小空气孔(22)组成。第2、第3和第4层环圈均由多个小空气孔(22)组成。四层环圈的空气孔均呈正六边形排列。所有空气孔之间通过石英连接壁连接。该光纤在实现双折射的同时具备低损耗和抗辐照性能，满足航天航空等特殊环境应用场合下的使用需求。

Description

一种低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤 技术领域
本发明涉及光子晶体光纤领域，具体来讲是一种低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤。
背景技术
在通信、传感等领域高双折射光纤有着广泛的应用。以保偏光纤为核心元件的光纤传感技术，特别是光纤陀螺技术和光纤水听技术受到更多的重视。保偏光纤具有优良的双折射效应，使在其内部传输的基模的两个正交组成模式HEx11与HEy11的传播常数差别增大，减小了这两个正交模式的耦合几率，从而在传输线偏振光时能良好地保持其偏振态。随着光通信系统和光纤传感等领域从幅度调制向相位或偏振态调制的深入发展，光纤技术取得了长足的进展。保偏光纤所具有的线偏振保持能力，使得保偏光纤在许多与偏振相关的应用领域具有使用价值。
但是，由于常规保偏光纤需要采用芯层掺锗，应力区掺硼的结构设计，因此其对外界的环境干扰比较敏感。当前以常规保偏光纤为核心元件的光纤陀螺器件最关心的问题之一就包括其温度特性。因为当保偏光纤的温度由高到低或由低到高发生变化时，由于其内部的各个区域的材料的应力特性不一样，因此在温度变化时，各个区域间将因此产生应力起伏，造成不同区域的光信号传输的特性不同。虽然人们相继发明四极、八极等对称绕法，但仍无法完全避免该问题。另外，由于常规保偏光纤为了保证在芯层形成全反射，需要在芯层掺入一定 量的锗，这也导致其在辐照环境下会发生衰减劣化，给光信号的传输带来影响。
为了解决上述问题，目前新兴的技术是光子晶体光纤(Photonic Crystal Fibers，PCF)。光子晶体光纤具备许多独特而新颖的物理特性，这些特性是常规石英单模光纤(保偏光纤)很难或无法实现的。利用光子晶体光纤的灵活特性，可以通过在包层排布空气孔，实现芯层单模传输，同时利用特殊的空气孔排布结构，可以实现光信号在芯层传输时因排布结构的几何双折射从而带来良好的双折射效应。相比常规保偏光纤采用应力区或非圆纤芯的方法，光子晶体光纤由于结构的灵活性，可以采用多种不同的方法获得具有不同模场面积、双折射大小和色散等特性的光纤。这些潜在的优势，从传输特性、结构、性能价格比、工作波段扩展等诸多方面为保偏光纤产品更新换代奠定了基础。
但是，现有的光子晶体光纤还局限在对常规保偏光纤性能的简单代替上，即通过空气孔的排布实现良好的双折射效应以替代常规保偏光纤的双折射效应。而对于光纤损耗的降低，抗辐照性能的提升都还存在一定的限制，使现有的光子晶体光纤无法满足例如航天航空等特殊环境应用场合下的使用需求，因此，也迟迟未能有适合于更高精度光纤陀螺研制的双折射光子晶体光纤的实用化研究成果。
发明内容
针对现有技术中存在的缺陷，本发明的目的在于提供一种低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤，在实现双折射的同时，具备良好的低损耗和抗辐照性能，能够满足例如航天航空等特殊环境应用场合下的使用需求。
为达到以上目的，本发明采取的技术方案是：一种低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤，包括中心纤芯，中心纤芯的外部由内到外依 次包覆有空气孔层和石英包层，石英包层的外部涂覆有涂覆层，其中，所述中心纤芯包括纯硅纤芯和包覆于纯硅纤芯外部的深掺氟下凹内包层；所述空气孔层由内至外包括由空气孔组成的四层环圈：第1层环圈、第2层环圈、第3层环圈和第4层环圈，所述空气孔分为大空气孔和小空气孔，第1层环圈由2个大空气孔和多个小空气孔组成，第2层环圈、第3层环圈和第4层环圈均由多个小空气孔组成，四层环圈的空气孔均呈正六边形排列，所有空气孔之间通过石英连接壁连接；所述双折射光子晶体光纤的工作波长为1550nm时，其衰减达到1dB/km以下，串音达到-25dB/km；在100krad总辐照剂量下，1550nm感生损耗增加值小于2dB/km。
在上述技术方案的基础上，所述第1层环圈包括2个大空气孔和4个小空气孔，2个大空气孔以中心纤芯为中心对称分布；第2层环圈由12个小空气孔组成；第3层环圈、第4层环圈均由18个小空气孔组成，且第4层环圈所排列成的正六边形的六角处留有空隙。
在上述技术方案的基础上，所述小空气孔的半径为1.2um～3.0um；所述大空气孔的半径为2.4um～4.8um。
在上述技术方案的基础上，所述纯硅纤芯与深掺氟下凹内包层之间的相对折射率差为-0.50％～-0.05％；所述石英连接壁的折射率与纯硅纤芯的折射率相等。
在上述技术方案的基础上，所述纯硅纤芯的半径为2.0um～4.0um；所述深掺氟下凹内包层的半径为2.5um～5.0um；所述石英连接壁的半径为2.5um～5.0um。
在上述技术方案的基础上，所述石英包层的直径为80um～135um；所述涂覆层的直径为135um～250um。
在上述技术方案的基础上，所述大空气孔、小空气孔采用分区独 立气压控制，经高温熔融成型而成；大空气孔的控制气压大于小空气孔的控制气压。
在上述技术方案的基础上，所述大空气孔的控制气压与小空气孔的控制气压的比值为1.0～1.3。
在上述技术方案的基础上，所述涂覆层为单层的涂层，其采用聚酰亚胺材料，并经热固化处理而成。
在上述技术方案的基础上，所述涂覆层为双层的涂层，其内涂层的杨氏模量为0.2MPa～10MPa，其外涂层的杨氏模量为450MPa～2000MPa，且内涂层、外涂层均经热固化或紫外线固化处理而成。
本发明的有益效果在于：
1、本发明对传统的光子晶体光纤的空气孔层进行了优化排列设计，形成了由空气孔组成的四层环圈结构，其中，第1层环圈由2个大空气孔和多个小空气孔组成，第2层环圈、第3层环圈和第4层环圈均由多个小空气孔组成，四层环圈的空气孔均呈正六边形排列，能在实现双折射的同时，有效将光约束在纤芯区域，实现低损耗的光信号传输，进而使得本发明的光子晶体光纤在1550nm时的衰减控制在1dB/km(分贝/千米)以内，串音可达到－25dB～－30dB/km，拍长可达到0.5～4.5mm。
在此基础上，本发明的纤芯采用纯硅纤芯，其外包覆有深掺氟下凹内包层。与现有技术相比，纯硅纤芯避免了“色心”材料的引入，可有效实现抗辐照特性，且设计的深掺氟下凹内包层不但可以阻挡部分外界污染的浸入，还进一步保证了光纤的抗辐照性能，使得本发明的光子晶体光纤在100krad总辐照剂量下，1550nm感生损耗增加值小于2dB/km。
综上所述，本发明通过空气孔的优化设计、纯硅纤芯及深掺氟下 凹内包层的设计，使得光子晶体光纤在实现双折射的同时，具备良好的低损耗和抗辐照性能，能够满足例如航天航空等特殊环境应用场合下的使用需求。
2、本发明中，纯硅纤芯的半径为2.0um～4.0um，深掺氟下凹内包层的半径为2.5um～5.0um，石英连接壁的半径为2.5um～5.0um，在结合优化的空气孔结构设计下，光子晶体光纤可以在极小弯曲半径下良好工作，当弯曲半径达2mm时，光纤在1550nm的串音仍可达到-25dB/km以下，附加衰减小于0.5dB，从而可绕制更小尺度的光纤环。
3、本发明中，石英包层的外部涂覆有单层或双层的涂覆层。若为单层的涂覆层时，该涂覆层采用聚酰亚胺材料，并经热固化处理；若为双层的涂覆层时，内涂层涂覆杨氏模量为0.2MPa～10MPa的材料，外涂层涂覆杨氏模量为450MPa～2000MPa的材料，且内涂层、外涂层均经热固化或紫外线固化处理而成。特殊的涂层组分设计，可使制得的双折射光子晶体光纤具有优良的全温性能，在-45℃～85℃范围内，1550nm全温串音变化量小于0.5dB，可以在太空、核辐照等恶劣环境下良好工作。
4、本发明中，石英包层的直径为80um～135um，涂覆层的直径为135um～250um，可根据不同的应用需求形成不同直径的双折射光子晶体光纤，适用范围广。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例中低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤的结构示意图；
图2为本发明实施例中低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤端面的结构示意图；
图3为本发明实施例中中心纤芯及第1层环圈的结构示意图；
图4为本发明实施例中纯硅纤芯的波导结构示意图。
附图标记：1－中心纤芯，11－纯硅纤芯，12－深掺氟下凹内包层；2－空气孔层，21－大空气孔，22－小空气孔；3－石英包层；4－涂覆层。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图及实施例对本发明作进一步详细说明。
参见图1和图2所示，本发明实施例提供一种低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤，包括中心纤芯1，中心纤芯1的外部由内到外依次包覆有空气孔层2和石英包层3，石英包层3的外部涂覆有单层或双层的涂覆层4。其中，中心纤芯1、空气孔层2和石英包层3组成光纤的石英部分。
参见图2和图3所示，中心纤芯1包括纯硅纤芯11和包覆于纯硅纤芯11外部的深掺氟下凹内包层12，该深掺氟下凹内包层12可以阻挡部分外界污染的浸入，具有一定的抗辐照性能，还可以为光子晶体光纤的低损耗传输提供更好的设计基础。空气孔层2由内至外包括由空气孔组成的四层环圈：第1层环圈、第2层环圈、第3层环圈和第4层环圈，所述空气孔分为大空气孔21和小空气孔22，大空气孔21的半径大于小空气孔22的半径，第1层环圈由2个大空气孔21和多个小空气孔22组成，第2层环圈、第3层环圈和第4层环圈均由多个小空气孔22组成，四层环圈的空气孔均呈正六边形排列，且所有空气孔之间通过石英连接壁连接。
具体来说，第1层环圈紧挨中心纤芯1设置，包括2个大空气孔21和4个小空气孔22，2个大空气孔21以中心纤芯1为中心对称分布；第2层环圈由12个小空气孔22组成；第3层环圈、第4层环圈 均由18个小空气孔22组成，且第4层环圈所排列成的正六边形的六角处留有空隙。四层环圈的空气孔总数为54个，其中，大空气孔21数量为2个，小空气孔22数量为52个。本实施例中，小空气孔22的半径r小为1.2um～3.0um；大空气孔21的半径r大为2.4um～4.8um。
参见图3和图4所示，设纯硅纤芯11的折射率为n纤(由于为纯硅芯，则其对应纯硅芯石英折射率值)，半径为r纤；设深掺氟下凹内包层12的折射率为n包，半径为r包；设石英连接壁的折射率为n壁，半径为r壁。
双折射光子晶体光纤的相对折射率差的计算公式为：Δ＝(n1-n2)/(n1+n2)*100％，其中Δ为相对折射率差。当计算纯硅纤芯11与深掺氟下凹内包层12之间的相对折射率差△n包纤时，上述公式中n2取值为纯硅纤芯11的折射率n纤，n1的取值为深掺氟下凹内包层12折射率n包。
在此基础上，参见图4所示，纯硅纤芯11的波导结构为折射率引导型波导结构，纯硅纤芯11与深掺氟下凹内包层12之间的相对折射率差△n包纤为-0.50％～-0.05％，石英连接壁的折射率n壁与纯硅纤芯11的折射率n纤相等，使得光子晶体光纤可实现1550nm附近的优良的双折射效应。同时，纯硅纤芯11的半径r纤为2.0um～4.0um，深掺氟下凹内包层12的半径r包为2.5um～5.0um，石英连接壁的半径r壁为2.5um～5.0um，在结合优化的空气孔结构设计下，光子晶体光纤可以在极小弯曲半径下良好工作，当弯曲半径达2mm时，光纤在1550nm的串音仍可达到-25dB/km以下，附加衰减小于0.5dB，从而可以绕制更小尺度的光纤环。
本发明实施例中，石英包层3的直径为80um～135um，涂覆层4的直径为135um～250um，可根据不同的应用需求形成不同直径的双 折射光子晶体光纤。
进一步地，所述大空气孔21、小空气孔22采用分区独立气压控制，经高温熔融成型而成。其中，大空气孔21的控制气压P1大于小空气孔22的控制气压P2，从而使光纤成型过程中由大空气孔21形成的中心孔的膨胀比例大于由小空气孔22组成的外层环圈的膨胀比例。具体来说，大空气孔21的控制气压P1与小空气孔22的控制气压P2的比值为1.0～1.3。
实际生产中，当石英包层3的外部涂覆有单层的涂覆层4时，该涂覆层4采用聚酰亚胺材料，并经热固化处理，可使制得的光子晶体光纤的工作温度达到350度以上。当石英包层3的外部涂覆有双层的涂覆层4时，涂覆层4的内涂层的杨氏模量为0.2MPa～10MPa，涂覆层4的外涂层的杨氏模量为450MPa～2000MPa，且内涂层、外涂层均经热固化或紫外线固化处理而成，可使制得的光子晶体光纤具有优良的全温性能，在-45℃～85℃范围内，1550nm全温串音变化量小于0.5dB。
本发明实施例中的双折射光子晶体光纤的工作波长为1550nm时，其衰减达到1dB/km以下，串音达到-25dB/km，具有优良的低损耗性能；在100krad总辐照剂量下，1550nm感生损耗增加值小于2dB/km，具有优良的抗辐照性能。
本发明中的低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤的设计原理如下：
双折射光子晶体光纤采用折射率引导型的波导结构设计，其与常规保偏光纤的导光机理一致，均为全反射原理。这要求纤芯的折射率高于包层的折射率。常规保偏光纤的折射率引导型实现方式为纤芯采用掺锗来抬高其折射率，包层为纯石英，从而实现纤芯的折射率高于包层的折射率。对于本发明的光子晶体光纤而言，其包层中分布有数圈空气孔，这些空气孔将会降低其所在区域的整体折射率，从而使包 层的有效折射率得以降低，这样纤芯不掺锗也可以实现纤芯的折射率大于包层的折射率，从而实现全反射来传输光信号。这样就可以为耐辐照光子晶体光纤的设计提供基础。
对于光纤的耐辐照特性而言，主要的抗辐照实现方式是在导光的纤芯避免引入会造成“色心”缺陷的材料，如锗、铝等金属离子。而由于光子晶体光纤是通过包层引入空气孔的方式来大幅降低包层的有效折射率，因此，这为结合抗辐照光纤和光子晶体光纤的特性创造了条件。为此，本发明的光子晶体光纤的纤芯采用纯硅纤芯11，包层为空气孔环圈排列方式，这既可以实现全反射导光，还可以有效实现抗辐照特性(因为避免了“色心”材料的引入)。当然，在实际设计中，还需要考虑形成空气孔的毛细管排布时可能给纤芯带来的污染传递，此时需要在纤芯和空气孔之间设计特殊的阻碍层，即本发明中的深掺氟下凹内包层12，这层材料既可以阻挡部分外界污染的浸入，又使得光纤具有一定的抗辐照性能，还可以为光子晶体光纤的低损耗传输提供更好的设计基础。
本发明中，双折射光子晶体光纤的纯硅纤芯11的周围对称引入有2个与其他空气孔尺寸不一致的空气孔(即大空气孔21)。这2个空气孔的尺寸比其他空气孔的尺寸要大，从而在其所处的区域充分压低包层有效折射率，使这2个空气孔连线方向的纤芯传输的模场被压缩，从而使在纤芯传输模场为椭圆模场，进而实现双折射。在此基础上，由于大空气孔21的尺寸与周围小空气孔22的尺寸比例不同时，会带来不同的双折射效应，传光特性也会有不同，再结合纤芯周围的空气孔环圈的数量，则会有更优的双折射光子晶体光纤的设计。
基于上述原理，本发明对空气孔的排列、环圈数量等进行了优化设计，形成了由空气孔组成的四层环圈，四层环圈的空气孔均呈正六 边形排列，能有效实现低损耗特性，再结合前述的深掺氟下凹内包层12设计，进而实现一种具备良好的低损耗和抗辐照性能的双折射光子晶体光纤，满足了例如航天航空等特殊环境应用场合下的使用需求。
下面通过2个实施例具体说明本发明的低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤。
实施例1：采用双层的涂覆层4，经紫外线固化处理的5种双折射光子晶体光纤：光纤1、光纤2、光纤3、光纤4和光纤5，光纤1、光纤2、光纤3、光纤4和光纤5的具体参数见表1。
表1、双层涂覆层经紫外线固化的5种光纤的参数表
Figure PCTCN2016102805-appb-000001
参见表1所示，当涂覆层4为双层时，进行了5种光纤的实施。 从实施例可以看到：在工作波长为1550nm时，其衰减控制在1dB/km以下，最优值可达到0.5dB/km，其串音可达到-25dB/km～-30dB/km，拍长可达到0.5mm～4.5mm，具有优良的低损耗性能；当弯曲半径为2mm时，光纤在1550nm的串音仍可达到-25dB/km，附加衰减仍小于0.5dB，具有优越的抗弯性能；在100krad总辐照剂量下，1550nm感生损耗增加值小于2dB/km，具有优良的抗辐照性能；在-45℃～85℃范围内，1550nm全温串音变化量小于0.5dB，具有优良的全温性能。
实施例2：采用单层的涂覆层4，经热固化处理的5种双折射光子晶体光纤：光纤6、光纤7、光纤8、光纤9和光纤10，光纤6、光纤7、光纤8、光纤9和光纤10的具体参数见表2。
表2、单层涂覆层经热固化的5种光纤的参数表
Figure PCTCN2016102805-appb-000002
参见表2所示，当涂覆层4为单层时，同样进行了5种光纤的实施。从实施例可以看到：在工作波长为1550nm时，其衰减依然可控制在1dB/km以下，最优值可达到0.8dB/km，其串音可达到-25dB/km～-30dB/km，拍长可达到0.5mm～4.5mm，同样具有优良的低损耗性能；当弯曲半径为2mm时，光纤在1550nm的串音仍可达到-25dB/km，附加衰减仍小于0.5dB，同样具有优越的抗弯性能；在100krad总辐照剂量下，1550nm感生损耗增加值小于2dB/km，同样具有优良的抗辐照性能；在-45℃～85℃范围内，1550nm全温串音变化量小于0.5dB，同样具有优良的全温性能。
本发明不局限于上述实施方式，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也视为本发明的保护范围之内。本说明书中未作详细描述的内容属于本领域专业技术人员公知的现有技术。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤，包括中心纤芯(1)，中心纤芯(1)的外部由内到外依次包覆有空气孔层(2)和石英包层(3)，石英包层(3)的外部涂覆有涂覆层(4)，其特征在于：所述中心纤芯(1)包括纯硅纤芯(11)和包覆于纯硅纤芯(11)外部的深掺氟下凹内包层(12)；
    所述空气孔层(2)由内至外包括由空气孔组成的四层环圈：第1层环圈、第2层环圈、第3层环圈和第4层环圈，所述空气孔分为大空气孔(21)和小空气孔(22)，第1层环圈由2个大空气孔(21)和多个小空气孔(22)组成，第2层环圈、第3层环圈和第4层环圈均由多个小空气孔(22)组成，四层环圈的空气孔均呈正六边形排列，所有空气孔之间通过石英连接壁连接；
    所述双折射光子晶体光纤的工作波长为1550nm时，其衰减达到1dB/km以下，串音达到-25dB/km；在100krad总辐照剂量下，1550nm感生损耗增加值小于2dB/km。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤，其特征在于：所述第1层环圈包括2个大空气孔(21)和4个小空气孔(22)，2个大空气孔(21)以中心纤芯(1)为中心对称分布；第2层环圈由12个小空气孔(22)组成；第3层环圈、第4层环圈均由18个小空气孔(22)组成，且第4层环圈所排列成的正六边形的六角处留有空隙。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤，其特征在于：所述小空气孔(22)的半径为1.2um～3.0um；所述大空气孔(21)的半径为2.4um～4.8um。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤， 其特征在于：所述纯硅纤芯(11)与深掺氟下凹内包层(12)之间的相对折射率差为-0.50％～-0.05％；所述石英连接壁的折射率与纯硅纤芯(11)的折射率相等。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤，其特征在于：所述纯硅纤芯(11)的半径为2.0um～4.0um；所述深掺氟下凹内包层(12)的半径为2.5um～5.0um；所述石英连接壁的半径为2.5um～5.0um。
  6. 如权利要求1所述的低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤，其特征在于：所述石英包层(3)的直径为80um～135um；所述涂覆层(4)的直径为135um～250um。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤，其特征在于：所述大空气孔(21)、小空气孔(22)采用分区独立气压控制，经高温熔融成型而成；大空气孔(21)的控制气压大于小空气孔(22)的控制气压。
  8. 如权利要求7所述的低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤，其特征在于：所述大空气孔(21)的控制气压与小空气孔(22)的控制气压的比值为1.0～1.3。
  9. 如权利要求1至8中任一项所述的低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤，其特征在于：所述涂覆层(4)为单层的涂层，其采用聚酰亚胺材料，并经热固化处理而成。
  10. 如权利要求1至8中任一项所述的低损耗抗辐照的双折射光子晶体光纤，其特征在于：所述涂覆层(4)为双层的涂层，其内涂层的杨氏模量为0.2MPa～10MPa，其外涂层的杨氏模量为450MPa～2000MPa，且内涂层、外涂层均经热固化或紫外线固化处理而成。
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