WO2017084634A1 - 变压器有载调压分接开关及有载调压变压器 - Google Patents

变压器有载调压分接开关及有载调压变压器 Download PDF

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WO2017084634A1
WO2017084634A1 PCT/CN2016/106664 CN2016106664W WO2017084634A1 WO 2017084634 A1 WO2017084634 A1 WO 2017084634A1 CN 2016106664 W CN2016106664 W CN 2016106664W WO 2017084634 A1 WO2017084634 A1 WO 2017084634A1
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Prior art keywords
transformer
switch
tap
changer
current
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French (fr)
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王海
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/0005—Tap change devices
    • H01H9/0027—Operating mechanisms
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F29/00—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
    • H01F29/02—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with tappings on coil or winding; with provision for rearrangement or interconnection of windings
    • H01F29/04—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with tappings on coil or winding; with provision for rearrangement or interconnection of windings having provision for tap-changing without interrupting the load current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F29/00—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
    • H01F29/02—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with tappings on coil or winding; with provision for rearrangement or interconnection of windings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/0005—Tap change devices
    • H01H9/0038—Tap change devices making use of vacuum switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M5/00—Conversion of AC power input into AC power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases
    • H02M5/02—Conversion of AC power input into AC power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into DC
    • H02M5/04—Conversion of AC power input into AC power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into DC by static converters
    • H02M5/10—Conversion of AC power input into AC power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into DC by static converters using transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P13/00—Arrangements for controlling transformers, reactors or choke coils, for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
    • H02P13/06—Arrangements for controlling transformers, reactors or choke coils, for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by tap-changing; by rearranging interconnections of windings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/0005—Tap change devices
    • H01H2009/0061—Monitoring tap change switching devices

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an AC voltage regulating device, in particular to an on-load tap changer and a transformer with an on-load tap changer, which change the secondary output voltage of the transformer by changing the number of windings of the primary end of the transformer.
  • the output voltage changes due to the change of the incoming line voltage or the load.
  • the output voltage of the secondary can be changed, thereby achieving the purpose of adjusting or stabilizing the voltage.
  • the tap-changer to change the number of turns of the coil, the purpose of changing the output voltage can be achieved.
  • the on-load voltage regulation of the transformer is to change the transformer primary (ON-LOAD TAP CHANGING) with the load regulating tap changer under the normal working condition of the transformer under constant current. This is the task to be completed by the on-load tap changer. .
  • the commonly used on-load tap-changer is mainly mechanical, such as the transformer on-load tap-changer provided by USP 2374974.
  • the basic principle and the commonly used transformer on-load tap changer are not too large.
  • the mechanical on-load tap-changer immerses the switch contacts in the transformer oil.
  • the size of the switch is large, and since the tap changer generates an arc during operation, the transformer oil is deteriorated, so the load regulation is generally carried out.
  • the tap changer requires regular oil changes, resulting in high operating costs.
  • the tap changer when the tap changer is in operation, when the two sets of switches are at the moment of switching, the two sets of auxiliary switches cannot be accurately controlled due to the inability to accurately control the closing or opening time of the auxiliary relay.
  • the circuit generates a short-circuit current that can cause a current interruption or a short-circuit in the winding, which creates a surge on the regulating winding that shortens the life of the switch.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a transformer with an electronic on-load tap-changer, which uses this oil-free, non-vacuum technology and has no mechanical rotating mechanism to regulate the tap changer, so that the volume of the on-load tap changer And the weight is greatly reduced, and the reliability of the transformer is improved, and the running cost is reduced.
  • the transformer of the electronic on-load tap-changer provided by the invention has the same shape and volume as the ordinary transformer, and the voltage adjustment is simple and convenient.
  • the transformer can continuously and dynamically adjust the voltage, and does not generate current surge and winding short circuit when the switch switches the coil, the switch contact does not ignite or pull the arc, so that the transformer can be stable in the working state of the load regulation.
  • the work overcomes the above-mentioned shortcomings of the prior art and is an ideal on-load voltage regulating device.
  • a transformer on-load tap changer is composed of a tap changer unit and a switch control circuit, wherein the tap changer unit is composed of two relay switch contacts and a corresponding contact protection circuit: two switch contacts One end is connected with the corresponding transformer winding tap, the other end is connected in parallel with the power supply, one switch contact protection branch is the MOS tube and the auxiliary relay contact series circuit, the other switch contact protects the branch diode and the auxiliary relay contact series circuit They are respectively connected in parallel with the corresponding switch contacts; a plurality of such tap changer units are connected in parallel to form a multi-winding tap changer.
  • the switch control circuit is composed of a power source, a single chip microcomputer, a current transformer and a control signal receiving module; the switch control circuit controls all the main switches, the auxiliary switch and the MOS tube to operate in a certain time sequence to complete the transformer winding Switching and ensuring that there is always one switch contact in the closed state.
  • the power of the switch control circuit may be regulated by a transformer or a current transformer. provide.
  • main switch and the auxiliary switch may be magnetic holding relays.
  • the switch control signal of the switch control circuit may be a wireless signal.
  • the control method of the transformer on-load tap changer of the transformer includes the following steps:
  • K1 and close K2:1 to first close K11 and bring T1 into the ready-on state during the positive half cycle; 2 Next, during the negative half cycle of the current, K1 is turned on and K21 is closed; 3, during the next half cycle of the current, T1 is turned off, K11 is turned on and K2 is turned on; and K21 is turned on after 4, and the process of K1 opening K2 is completed.
  • the on-load tap changer is directly fixedly mounted on the lead terminal of the transformer voltage regulating winding.
  • the on-load tap-changer is installed in the lead-out terminal of the load-carrying transformer, and the transformer voltage-regulating coil is connected to the underside of the insulator
  • a reliable and practical transformer on-load tap changer is provided.
  • the switch contacts do not generate sparks or pull arcs during operation, the transformer windings are not short-circuited, and the winding switching speed is fast, realizing no surge current. Switching of current continuous windings. Since the contact has no loss during the switching process and no sudden change of current in the transformer winding, the variable voltage on-load tap changer can be operated frequently without any influence on the life of the switch and the transformer.
  • the above advantages of the transformer on-load tap changer of the present invention enable the transformer to truly achieve dynamic on-load voltage regulation, which is not achievable with conventional transformer on-load voltage regulation.
  • the transformer on-load tap changer of the invention has the advantages of small size, light weight and low cost.
  • Figure 1 is a circuit diagram of the tap changer unit of the transformer on-load tap changer of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the principle of the control circuit of the transformer on-load tap changer of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the sequence of actions of the transformer on-load tap changer of the present invention.
  • Figure 4 is a second schematic diagram of the operation sequence of the transformer on-load tap-changer of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is an embodiment of the transformer on-load tap changer of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 one embodiment of the transformer on-load tap changer of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 an embodiment of the three-phase transformer on-load tap changer of the present invention.
  • Figure 8 Schematic diagram of the position of the voltage regulating tap changer of the three-phase on-load tap changer of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 it is a transformer on-load tap changer of the present invention, which is composed of a tap changer unit and a switch control circuit, and the tap changer unit is two relay switch contacts and corresponding contacts.
  • the protection circuit consists of one end of the two switch contacts connected to the corresponding transformer winding tap, the other end connected in parallel and connected to the power supply, and one switch contact protection branch is the MOS tube and the auxiliary relay contact in series
  • the other switch contact protects the branch diode and the auxiliary relay contact series circuit, which are respectively connected in parallel with the corresponding switch contacts; a plurality of such tap changer units are connected in parallel to form a multi-winding tap changer .
  • K1 is the main switch contact
  • MOS tube T1 and auxiliary switch contact K11 are connected in series to form K1.
  • the contact protection branch is connected in parallel at K1.
  • B1, D1, C1 and R1 form the MOS tube drive circuit
  • D11 is the MOS tube T1.
  • the protection diode does not function during the switching operation;
  • K2 is the other switching contact, and the diode D21 and the auxiliary relay contact K21 are connected in series to form a contact protection branch of K2 connected in parallel across K2.
  • the switch control circuit is composed of a power source, a single chip microcomputer, a current transformer and a control signal receiving module; the switch control circuit controls all the main switches, the auxiliary switch and the MOS tube to operate in a certain time sequence to complete the switching of the transformer windings and ensure the total There is a switch contact that is closed.
  • the switch control circuit shown in Figure 2 is composed of a power supply, a single chip microcomputer, a current transformer and a control signal receiving module; the power supply circuit provides a working power supply for the single chip MCU, the main switch relay and the auxiliary switch relay, and the power supply circuit is powered from the voltage regulating winding. Obtained, the output of the voltage regulating winding is stepped down, rectified and filtered, and stabilized.
  • the voltage of a regulating winding of the 10KV transformer is usually 250V. It is simple and convenient to take power through the voltage regulating winding, which can simplify the switching control circuit. Structure and improve circuit reliability. If it is a transformer above 110KV, the voltage of each voltage regulating winding is also very high. The cost of taking power from the voltage regulating winding of the switch control circuit will be relatively high. Generally, the capacity of such a high voltage transformer is very large, and the general no-load current is also Very large, so you can take power through the transformer.
  • the control signal of the on-load tap-changer can directly control the switch control circuit through wired mode.
  • the optical signal can be used to control the optocoupler. If the bus voltage is high, the fiber transmission control can be adopted.
  • Signal approach. The invention provides a method for wirelessly transmitting a control signal, which can easily solve the problem of insulation and creepage between the control terminal and the on-load tap changer by using wireless control, and the control signal receiving module can adopt infrared or wireless communication mode. Infrared communication is simple and not susceptible to interference, but infrared communication requires no blocking between the transmitting and receiving modules. Due to the requirements of insulation and dustproof, the voltage tap changer generally needs to be sealed, and the infrared signal is easily shielded.
  • the UHF wireless communication method can realize the reception and control without dead angle between the transmitting module and the receiving module, and the wireless receiving can adopt the communication modes such as Bluetooth, Zigbee or Wifi.
  • the on-load tap-changer is equivalent to a switch group that is hung on the power bus.
  • the power bus is connected to different loads through the switch group, and the controller (not shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2) can control the switch through the wireless signal.
  • the different switches in the group are closed and opened.
  • the switch control circuit controls all the main switches, auxiliary switches and MOS tubes to operate in a certain time sequence to complete the switching of the transformer windings. In the process of switching the switches, it is necessary to ensure that there is always one.
  • the switch contacts are closed, which reduces the withstand voltage requirements of the switch block.
  • Fig. 1 only two transformer winding taps are shown, and n transformer winding taps are combined with n sets of switches to enable on-load voltage regulation of n tapped transformers.
  • the main switch group of the on-load tap-changer always has a switch contact in the closed state, and the relay used in the main switch can be a magnetic hold relay, even if the on-load tap changer is not energized.
  • the state also has a set of switches that are closed.
  • the use of a magnetic holding relay can also reduce the power consumption of the switch control circuit, which can reduce the volume of the on-load switch of the transformer and reduce the cost of the entire tap changer.
  • D21 Since D21 is reverse biased, current flows from the K11 and MOS tube branches; 3 is in the next half of the current.
  • A is positive, B is negative, and t3 to t4
  • the pulse to B1 is stopped, the MOS transistor T1 is turned off, and the diode D2 is turned on immediately, and the MOSFET T1 is turned off.
  • the diode D21 When the diode D21 is turned on, the current flows from the branch of K21 and the diode D21.
  • the current passing through the winding instantaneously changes from the K1 branch to the K21 branch, and the instantaneous current changes and the current continuously changes after the switching, and then K2 is closed and K11 is turned on.
  • K2 When K2 is closed, the current goes to the K2 branch. When the mechanical contact switch is closed, the contact will shake. When the K2 jitter is instantaneously disconnected, the diode D2 will be turned on immediately, and the current will be continuously maintained by the K21 branch. When K2 is closed again, the current will change to the K2 branch, and K2 will be closed stably several times; 4 during the next negative half cycle (A is negative, B is positive, t3 to t4), K21 is completed. The process of K1 opening K2 is closed, and since K2 is in the closed state, K21 opening does not have any influence.
  • K21 Since the diode D2 is subjected to the directional voltage, K21 does not generate a pull arc when it is turned off; 4 is followed by a positive half cycle (A is positive and B is negative). During the period from t9 to t10), opening K11 completes the process of K2 opening K1. Since K1 is in the closed state, K11 opening does not have any effect.
  • the function of the MOS tube is to provide an instantaneous shunt branch when the two main switches are switched.
  • the control accuracy of the electronic switch compensates for the uncertainty of the operating time of the auxiliary mechanical switch.
  • the branch works in a short-time DC state, so Other similar functional electronic devices such as thyristors or IGBTs can also be substituted.
  • the turn-on time of the MOS transistor is very short, generally not more than one quarter of the AC period, so the overcurrent characteristics can be fully utilized.
  • Figure 1 shows the simplest two-stage voltage regulating tap-changer. Two such tap-changer units can be connected in parallel to form the three-terminal voltage regulating tap-changer shown in Figure 3. One process is eliminated. A main switch, an auxiliary switch and a diode can be used to form a tap changer with more voltage regulating terminals. The sequence of actions of the switch is as described in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, and can be designed by a person skilled in the art, and details are not described herein again.
  • the switch group of the transformer on-load tap-changer is composed of a plurality of switch contacts. If any two sets of switch contacts are closed at the same time, a short circuit of the transformer winding will occur, which will cause the heat generation and loss of the transformer to increase.
  • the present invention proposes a circuit structure of the transformer on-load tap-changer as shown in FIG. 6, and a relay used in the switch group of the on-load switch.
  • K1-K5 is a single-pole double-throw switch, which ensures that the contacts of all relays can only be connected to one tap of the transformer winding at any position, and there is no short circuit between any two transformer taps.
  • Each group of switches consists of two switches in series. This is to increase the withstand voltage of the switch.
  • the above analysis shows that the main switch and the auxiliary switch are not subjected to voltage when the switch is closed and closed, so the multiple switch contacts are connected in series and closed. There is no fire or arc re-ignition when opening.
  • On the higher-level on-load tap-changer more main switches and auxiliary switches can be used in series, and the corresponding diodes and MOS tubes also need multiple series to increase the withstand voltage.
  • the main switch auxiliary protection branch is similar to the circuit structure of FIG. 1.
  • the sequence of actions of the switch group action when the transformer winding is tapped is the same as that described in FIG. 3, which is generally understood by a person skilled in the art and will not be described herein. .
  • Figure 7 is an example of a 10KV dry-type transformer using a three-phase on-load tap-changer, 10KV dry
  • the voltage regulating winding of the transformer generally has two groups in the middle of the winding, and the purpose of adjusting the output voltage can be realized by connecting the position of the tap of the voltage regulating winding and the tap of the lower regulating winding.
  • the voltage regulating tap changer can also be divided.
  • the A voltage regulating winding corresponds to KA1 and KA2 as the upper regulating voltage winding tap changer
  • KA3, KA4 and KA5 correspond to the lower regulating voltage winding tap changer, changing KA1, KA2 and KA3, KA4, KA5
  • the combination of the switch contacts allows the output voltage to be adjusted.
  • the sequence of actions of the switch group when the transformer winding is changed can be determined by referring to the principles described in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, which will be easily understood by a person skilled in the art and will not be described herein.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the installation position of the on-load tap-changer of the 10KV dry-loaded voltage-regulating transformer.
  • the three-phase tap-changer is installed at the position of the voltage-regulating terminal of the transformer winding, due to the volume of the on-load tap-changer. Small and light, it can be directly connected to the voltage regulating winding lead terminal, which greatly reduces the volume of the on-load tap changer.
  • By operating the wireless controller it is possible to control the individual actions of the A-phase, B-phase, and C-phase on-load tap-changers.
  • a phase-loaded tap-changer receives an action signal, it will detect the current signal and follow the switch. The timing of the action realizes the switching of the switch, completes the switching of the power source and the winding, thereby achieving the purpose of adjusting the output voltage.
  • the voltage of the regulating windings may exceed the withstand voltage of a single relay contact.
  • the switching of the high voltage windings can be realized by series connection of multiple relays. Using this method, it is theoretically possible to realize the on-load voltage regulation of any high-voltage transformer, and also ensure that the contacts do not ignite without arcing and there is no sudden change in current when the tap changer is actuated, and the traditional on-load voltage regulation technology is used. Unable to achieve.
  • the transformer above 110KV is generally oil-immersed.
  • the on-load tap-changer of the present invention can be immersed in the transformer oil and installed at the closest position to the terminal of the voltage-regulating coil, which requires oil-proof treatment of the switch. Since the on-load tap-changer provided by the present invention has a small volume, it is placed in the insulated terminal of the high-voltage lead-out line of the transformer, and the transformer voltage-regulating winding is connected to the under-load voltage regulating tap-changer under the high-voltage insulator. The on-load tap-changer can be formed. This transformer with on-load tapping function is almost indistinguishable from the ordinary transformer.
  • the on-load tap changer of the invention can also be arranged at the output end of the transformer to achieve on-load voltage regulation, the principle of which is the same as the on-load tap changer placed at the input end of the transformer.
  • the transformer on-load tap-changer provided by the invention does not generate short-circuit current in the transformer winding when switching the transformer winding, and the input current and output current of the transformer are continuous, which is a conventional transformer.
  • the load regulating tap changer cannot be realized, and the advantage is that no transformer loss is generated and power supply pollution is not caused.
  • the switch since the switch does not ignite or pull the arc during operation, this will greatly extend the service life of the switch, and at the same time, the transformer on-load voltage regulation can achieve frequent and dynamic adjustment, which is beneficial to improve the power quality of the power grid. .
  • the transformer on-load tap changer provided by the present invention does not need to use an external power supply, and directly uses a current transformer to supply power.
  • the power consumption of a group of switches is less than 1W, which is the traditional on-load tap changer. Unable to compare.

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Abstract

一种变压器有载调压分接开关由分接开关单元和开关控制电路组成，所述的分接开关单元由两个继电器开关触点（K 1，K 2）和对应的触点保护电路组成，两个开关触点（K 1，K 2）的一端与对应的变压器绕组抽头（1，2）连接，另一端并联后与电源连接，两个开关触点保护支路分别是MOS管（T 1）和二极管（D 11）与辅助继电器触点（K 11）串联电路，它们分别与相应的开关触点（K 1）两端并联，多个这样的分接开关单元并联，即可组成多绕组分接分开关。开关控制电路控制所有的主开关、辅助开关和MOS管（T 1）按一定的时间顺序动作，完成变压器绕组的切换。该变压器有载调压分接开关具有分接速度快、分接时无涌流且电流连续、操作简单可靠性高和体积小、重量轻、成本低等优点。

Description

变压器有载调压分接开关及有载调压变压器 技术领域
本发明涉及一种交流调压设备，特别是一种通过改变变压器初级端绕组匝数改变变压器次级输出电压的有载调压分接开关和带有有载调压分接开关的变压器。
背景技术
电力变压器在运行中，由于进线电压变化或负载的变化会引起输出电压的变化，通过改变电力变压器初级端绕组匝数可以改变次级的输出电压，从而达到调整或稳定电压的目的。使用分接开关改变线圈的匝数，可以达到改变输出电压的目的。变压器的有载调压就是在变压器不断电的正常工作状态下，带负载调节分接开关改变变压器初级的匝数(ON-LOAD TAP CHANGING)，这就是有载调压分接开关要完成的任务。目前常用的有载调压分接开关主要还是机械式的，如美国专利USP 2374974提供的变压器有载调压分接开关，其基本原理和现在常用的变压器有载调压分接开关没有太大的变化。机械式有载分接开关是将开关触头浸在变压器油中，一般开关的体积很大，并且由于分接开关在动作时会产生电弧，而造成变压器油的变质，所以一般有载调压分接开关需要定期换油，造成运行成本很高。美国专利USP6563723和USP7355369等提出使用电子开关解决分接开关在变压器抽头变化时产生的打火和拉弧的问题，即使用IGBT或晶闸管作为过渡转换开关，但实际工作时电子开关的导通时间要求在几十毫秒以上，所以对电子开关的耐压和电流都提出很高的要求。中国专利CN201410680074.4公开了一种变压器有载调压分接开关及开关控制方法，仅使用了两支二极管作为过渡转换开关，即用二极管实现了IGBT和晶闸管等电子开关的功能，控制电路简单可靠。但这种分接开关在动作时，当两组开关在转换的瞬间，由于无法精确控制辅助继电器的闭合或断开的时间，两组辅助开关 回路会产生短路电流，会造成断流或绕组短路的情况，这会在调压绕组上产生涌流缩短开关的寿命。
发明内容
本发明目的是提供一种带有电子式有载调压分接开关的变压器，变压器使用这种无油、非真空技术且没有机械转动机构调压分接开关，使得有载调压变压器的体积和重量大大降低，并且提高了变压器的可靠性，降低了运行成本。使用本发明提供的一种电子式有载调压分接开关的变压器，其外形和体积与普通变压器差不多，电压调整简单方便。这种变压器可以连续、动态的调整电压，并且在开关切换线圈时不会产生电流涌流和绕组短路，开关触点不会打火或拉弧，使变压器在有载调压的工作状态可以稳定的工作，克服了目前现有技术存在的上述不足，是一种理想的有载调压设备。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案来实现：
一种变压器有载调压分接开关由分接开关单元和开关控制电路组成，所述的分接开关单元为两个继电器开关触点和对应的触点保护电路组成：两个开关触点的一端与对应的变压器绕组抽头连接，另一端并联后与电源连接，一个开关触点保护支路是MOS管与辅助继电器触点串联电路另一个开关触点保护支路二极管与辅助继电器触点串联电路，它们分别与相应的开关触点两端并联；多个这样的分接开关单元并联，即可组成多绕组分接分开关。
进一步的，所述的开关控制电路由电源、单片机、电流互感器和控制信号接收模块等电路组成；开关控制电路控制所有的主开关、辅助开关和MOS管按一定的时间顺序动作，完成变压器绕组的切换，并保证总有一个开关触点处于闭合状态。
进一步的，所述开关控制电路的电源可以由变压器调压绕组或电流互感器 提供。
进一步的，所述主开关和辅助开关可以是磁保持继电器。
进一步的，所述开关控制电路的开关控制信号可以是无线信号。
所述的所述的变压器有载调压分接开关的控制方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)如要完成电源端A与变压器抽头1连接到与抽头2连接的转换，则要完成打开K1并闭合K2：①首先在电流正半周期间闭合K11并使T1进入预备导通状态；②接下来电流负半周期间，打开K1并闭合K21；③接下来的电流正半周期间，使T1截止，打开K11并闭合K2；④之后打开K21即完成了K1打开K2闭合的过程。
(2)如要完成电源端A与变压器抽头2连接回到与抽头1连接的转换，则要打开K2并闭合K1：①首先在电流负半周期间闭合K21；②在接下来电流正半周期间，打开K2并闭合K11；③在接下来的电流负半周期间，在电流由正变负的瞬间是T1导通，之后打开K21并闭合K1；④之后打开K11即完成了K2打开K1闭合的过程。
进一步的，所述有载调压分接开关直接固定安装在变压调压绕组的引出端子上。
进一步的，所述有载调压分接开关安装在有载调压变压器的引出端子里面，变压器调压线圈接到绝缘子的下面
本发明的有益效果为：
提供一种可靠实用的变压器有载调压分接开关，动作时开关触点不产生打火或拉弧，对变压器绕组不会造成短路，绕组切换速度快，真正实现了无涌流、 电流连续绕组的切换。由于触点在切换过程中没有损耗和变压器绕组中没有电流突变的的特点，可以让变压有载调压分接开关频繁动作且不会对开关和变压器的寿命有任何的影响。本发明的变压器有载调压分接开关的上述优点，使变压器可以真正实现动态的有载调压，而这是传统变压器有载调压无法实现的。与现有的变压器有载调压分接开关相比本发明的变压器有载调压分接开关还具有体积小、重量轻和成本低的优点。
附图说明
下面根据附图对本发明做进一步详细说明。
图1、本发明的变压器有载调压分接开关的分接开关单元电路原理图；
图2、本发明的变压器有载调压分接开关控制电路原理方框图；
图3、本发明的变压器有载调压分接开关动作顺序示意图之一；
图4、本发明的变压器有载调压分接开关动作顺序示意图之二；
图5、本发明的变压器有载调压分接开关实施例之一；
图6、本发明的变压器有载调压分接开关实施例之一；
图7、本发明的三相变压器有载调压分接开关实施例；
图8、本发明的三相有载调压变压器调压分接开关位置示意图。
具体实施方式
如图1所示，是本发明一种变压器有载调压分接开关，由分接开关单元和开关控制电路组成，所述的分接开关单元为两个继电器开关触点和对应的触点保护电路组成：两个开关触点的一端与对应的变压器绕组抽头连接，另一端并联后与电源连接，一个开关触点保护支路是MOS管与辅助继电器触点串联电 路，另一个开关触点保护支路二极管与辅助继电器触点串联电路，它们分别与相应的开关触点两端并联；多个这样的分接开关单元并联，即可组成多绕组分接分开关。如K1为主开关触点，MOS管T1与辅助开关触点K11串联组成K1的触点保护支路并联在K1两端，B1、D1、C1和R1组成MOS管驱动电路，D11为MOS管T1的保护二极管，在开关动作过程中不起作用；K2为另一个开关触点，二极管D21和辅助继电器触点K21串联组成K2的触点保护支路并联在K2两端。
开关控制电路由电源、单片机、电流互感器和控制信号接收模块等电路组成；开关控制电路控制所有的主开关、辅助开关和MOS管按一定的时间顺序动作，完成变压器绕组的切换，并保证总有一个开关触点处于闭合状态。
图2所示的开关控制电路由电源、单片机、电流互感器和控制信号接收模块等电路组成；电源电路为单片机MCU、主开关继电器和辅助开关继电器提供工作电源，电源电路的电源从调压绕组取得，调压绕组的输出经过降压、整流滤波和稳压后为单片机和继电器供电10KV变压器的一个调压绕组的电压一般为250V，通过调压绕组取电简单方便，这样可以简化开关控制电路结构并提高电路的可靠性。如果是110KV以上的变压器，每个调压绕组的电压也很高，开关控制电路从调压绕组取电成本会比较高，一般这么高电压的变压器容量都是很大的，一般空载电流也很大，所以可以通过互感器取电。
有载调压分接开关的控制信号可以通过有线的方式直接控制开关控制电路，当母线电压不是很高时，可以采用电信号控制光耦的方式，如果母线电压很高，可采用光纤传输控制信号的办法。本发明提出一种无线传输控制信号的方式，采用无线控制可以容易的解决控制端与有载调压分接开关之间的绝缘和爬电的问题，控制信号接收模块可以采用红外或无线通讯方式，红外通讯简单不易受干扰，但红外通讯要求发射和接收模块之间不能有遮挡，变压器有载调 压分接开关由于绝缘和防尘的要求，开关一般需要密封，红外信号容易被屏蔽。而采用超高频无线通讯的方式，可以实现发射模块与接收模块之间无死角的接收与控制，无线接收可以采用蓝牙、Zigbee或Wifi等通讯方式。如此，有载调压分接开关相当于挂在电源母线上的开关组，电源母线通过开关组与不同的负载连接，控制器(图1、图2中未画出)通过无线信号可以控制开关组中不同的开关的闭合和断开，开关控制电路控制所有的主开关、辅助开关和MOS管按一定的时间顺序动作，完成变压器绕组的切换，在开关切换的过程中，要保证总有一个开关触点处于闭合状态，这可以降低开关组的耐压要求。图1实施例中，只画出了2个变压器绕组抽头，n个变压器绕组抽头配合n组开关，可以实现n个抽头变压器的有载调压。
为了保证在变压器不通电时有载调压分接开关的主开关组总有一个开关触点处于闭合状态，主开关使用的继电器可以是磁保持继电器，即使有载调压分接开关在不通电的状态也有一组开关处于闭合状态。另外使用磁保持继电器还可以减少开关控制电路的耗电，这样可以减小变压器有载开关的体积并降低整个分接开关的成本。
下面结合图3和4说明的变压器有载调压分接开关控制方法：
(1)如要完成电源端A与变压器抽头1连接到与抽头2连接的转换(绕组减少)过程，即完成打开K1并闭合K2：①在电流正半周期间(A为正、B为负，t1到t2的期间)，闭合K11并给B1发脉冲，经过二极管D12整流、C1滤波后为T1的导通建立电压；②在接下来的电流负半周期间(A为负、B为正，t2到t3的期间)打开K1并闭合K21，在开关触点K1打开的瞬间MOS管T1导通，由于D21反向偏置，电流从K11和MOS管支路流过；③在接下来电流正半周期间(A为正、B为负，t3到t4的期间)，在电流从负变正的瞬间，停止给B1发脉冲，MOS管T1将截止，二极管D2将立刻导通，在MOS管T1截止、 二极管D21导通瞬间，电流从K21和二极管D21的支路流过，通过绕组的电流瞬时从K1支路转到K21支路，转换瞬间电流变大且电流连续变化，之后闭合K2并打开K11，当K2闭合瞬间，电流走K2支路，机械触点开关在闭合时触点会发生抖动，当K2抖动瞬间断开时，二极管D2会立刻导通，电流转为通过K21支路保持电流的连续，K2再闭合时电流又会改走K2支路，反复几次K2稳定闭合；④在接下来的电流负半周期间(A为负、B为正，t3到t4的期间)，打开K21即完成了K1打开K2闭合的过程，由于K2处于闭合状态，K21打开不会产生任何影响。
(2)如要完成电源端A与变压器抽头2连接回到与抽头1连接的转换(绕组增加)过程，即完成打开K2并闭合K1：①首先在电流负半周期间(A为负、B为正，t6到t7的期间)闭合K21；②在接下来电流正半周期间(A为正、B为负，t7到t8的期间)，打开K2并闭合K11，打开关触点K2打开瞬间，二极管D2导通，电流从K21和二极管D2的之路流过，K2触点两端承受的电压为0.7V，故K2断开时不会产生拉弧并且通过绕组的电流不间断；而K11闭合时由于D1处于截止，K11没有电流通过不会打火；在电流由正变负的瞬间，给B1发脉冲，MOS管T1导通有很小的电流通过；③在接下来的电流负半周期间(A为负、B为正，t8到t9的期间)，在电流由负变正的瞬间，二极管D21截止，电流从K21支路转到K11支路，保证通过变压器绕组的电流连续；之后打开K21并闭合K1，当K1闭合时，电流会走K1支路，机械触点开关在闭合时触点会发生抖动，当K1抖动瞬间断开时，MOS管T1会立刻导通，电流转为通过K11支路保持电流的连续，K1再闭合时电流又会改走K1支路，反复几次K1稳定闭合；同时在这电流负半周期间打开K21，由于二极管D2承受方向电压，K21在断开时不会产生拉弧；④之后在接下来电流正半周期间(A为正、B为负，t9到t10的期间)，打开K11即完成了K2打开K1闭合的过程，由于K1处于闭合状态，K11打开不会产生任何影响。
MOS管的作用是在两个主开关转换时提供瞬间的分流支路，用电子开关的控制准确性弥补辅助机械开关的动作时间不确定性，该支路工作在短时间的直流状态，所以用晶闸管或IGBT等其它类似功能的电子器件也可以替代。MOS管的导通时间很短，一般不超过四分之一交流电周期，所以可以充分利用其过流特性。
图1所示为最简单的两个输出端的调压分接开关，两个这样的分接开关单元并联即可组成图3所示的三端调压分接开关，组合过程中省去了一个主开关、一个辅助开关和一个二极管，依照这个原理可以组成具有更多调压端子的分接开关。开关的动作顺序依照图3和图4所述，一般技术人员即可设计，在此不再赘述。
变压器有载调压分接开关的开关组是由多个开关触点组成，如果任意两组开关触点同时闭合，就会造成变压器绕组的短路，这将引起变压器的发热和损耗增加。为了防止由于继电器触点卡住或烧粘引起变压器绕组短路的情况，本发明提出一种如图6所以的变压器有载调压分接开关的电路结构，有载开关的开关组所使用的继电器K1-K5为单刀双掷开关，这就保证所有继电器的触点不论在任何位置，电源A端只能与变压器绕组的一个抽头连接，任意两个变压器抽头之间不会发生短路情况。每组开关由两个开关串联，这是为了提高开关的耐压，上述分析可知，主开关和辅助开关在闭合断开时触点都不承受电压，所以多个开关触点串联在闭合和断开时都不会发生打火或拉弧复燃的情况。在更高等级的有载调压分接开关上，可以使用更多的主开关和辅助开关串联，相应的二极管和MOS管也需多支串联提高耐压。图中主开关辅助保护支路与图1的电路结构类似，变压器绕组抽头变换时开关组动作的动作顺序图3和图4所述的顺序一样，一般技术人员很容易理解，在此不再赘述。
图7是10KV干式变压器使用三相有载调压分接开关的实施例，10KV干 式变压器的调压绕组一般在绕组的中部有两组，连接上调压绕组抽头和下调压绕组抽头的位置即可实现调整输出电压的目的，本实施例中调压分接开关也可分为上、下两组，如A调压绕组对应了KA1和KA2为上调压绕组分接开关，KA3、KA4和KA5对应下调压绕组分接开关，改变KA1、KA2和KA3、KA4、KA5的开关触点的组合，即可实现输出电压的调整。变压器绕组抽头变换时开关组动作的动作顺序可参照图3和图4所述原理制定，一般技术人员很容易理解，在此不再赘述。
图8是10KV干式有载调压变压器的有载调压分接开关安装位置示意图，三相的分接开关安装在变压器绕组中部调压引出端子的位置，由于有载调压分接开关体积小重量轻，可以直接与调压绕组引出端子连接，从而大大减小了有载调压变压器的体积。通过操作无线控制器可以控制A相、B相、C相有载调压分接开关的单独动作，当某一相有载调压分接开关接收到动作信号后，将检测电流信号并按照开关动作的时序实现开关的转换，完成电源与绕组的切换，从而达到调整输出电压的目的。
对于工作电压更高的变压器，如110KV以上的变压器，调压绕组的电压可能会超过单只继电器触点的耐压，这种情况下可以采用多支继电器的串联实现高压绕组的切换。使用这种方法理论上可以实现任意高电压的变压器的有载调压，同样可以保证分接开关动作时触点不打火不拉弧且没有电流突变，而使用传统的有载调压技术根本无法实现的。110KV以上的变压器一般为油浸式，本发明的有载调压分接开关可以浸在变压器油中，安装在距离调压线圈引出端子最近的地方，这需要对开关做防油处理。由于本发现提供的有载调压分接开关的体积很小，所以放在变压器地高压引出线的绝缘端子内，变压器调压绕组接到高压绝缘子的下面与有载调压分接开关连接，即可组成有载调压变压器，这种带有有载调压功能的变压器与普通的变压器外形几乎没有区别。
本发明的有载调压分接开关也可以设置在变压器的输出端实现有载调压，其原理与放在变压器输入端的有载调压分接开关是一样的。
使用时，在功能方面：本发明提供的变压器有载调压分接开关在切换变压器绕组时，在变压器绕组中不产生短路电流，变压器的输入电流和输出电流是连续的，这是传统的变压器有载调压分接开关无法实现的，其优点在于不产生变压器的损耗，不造成电源污染。另外，由于开关在动作时不打火、不拉弧，这将大大延长开关的使用寿命，同时也使得变压器有载调压可以实现频繁和动态的调整，这对提高电网的供电质量大有益处。
在节能方面：本本发明提供的变压器有载调压分接开关无需使用外接电源，直接采用电流互感器供电，一组开关的耗电在1W以下，这是传统的有载调压分接开关根本无法相比的。
本发明不局限于上述最佳实施方式，任何人在本实用新型的启示下都可得出其他各种形式的产品，但不论在其形状或结构上作任何变化，凡是具有与本申请相同或相近似的技术方案，均落在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (8)

  1. 一种变压器有载调压分接开关由分接开关单元和开关控制电路组成，所述的分接开关单元为两个继电器开关触点和对应的触点保护电路组成：两个开关触点的一端与对应的变压器绕组抽头连接，另一端并联后与电源连接，一个开关触点保护支路是MOS管与辅助继电器触点串联电路另一个开关触点保护支路二极管与辅助继电器触点串联电路，它们分别与相应的开关触点两端并联；多个这样的分接开关单元并联即组成多绕组分接分开关。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的变压器有载调压分接开关，其特征在于：所述的开关控制电路由电源、单片机、电流互感器和控制信号接收模块等电路组成；开关控制电路控制所有的主开关、辅助开关和MOS管按一定的时间顺序动作，完成变压器绕组的切换，并保证总有一个开关触点处于闭合状态。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的变压器有载调压分接开关，其特征在于：所述开关控制电路的电源可以由变压器调压绕组或电流互感器提供。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的变压器有载调压分接开关，其特征在于：所述主开关继电器和辅助继电器可以是磁保持继电器。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的变压器有载调压分接开关，其特征在于：所述开关控制电路的开关控制信号可以是无线信号。
  6. 根据权利要求1-5所述的所述的变压器有载调压分接开关的控制方法，包括以下步骤：
    (1)如要完成电源端A与变压器抽头1连接到与抽头2连接的转换，则要 完成打开K1并闭合K2：①首先在电流正半周期间闭合K11并使T1进入预备导通状态；②接下来电流负半周期间，打开K1并闭合K21；③接下来的电流正半周期间，使T1截止，打开K11并闭合K2；④之后打开K21即完成了K1打开K2闭合的过程。
    (2)如要完成电源端A与变压器抽头2连接回到与抽头1连接的转换，则要打开K2并闭合K1：①首先在电流负半周期间闭合K21；②在接下来电流正半周期间，打开K2并闭合K11；③在接下来的电流负半周期间，在电流由正变负的瞬间是T1导通，之后打开K21并闭合K1；④之后打开K11即完成了K2打开K1闭合的过程。
  7. 根据权利要求1-5所述的所述的有载调压变压器，其特征在于：所述有载调压分接开关直接固定安装在变压调压绕组的引出端子上。
  8. 根据权利要求1-5所述的所述的有载调压变压器，其特征在于：所述有载调压分接开关安装在有载调压变压器的引出端子里面，变压器调压线圈接到绝缘子的下面。
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