WO2017066770A1

WO2017066770A1 - Active compression decompression and upper body elevation system

Info

Publication number: WO2017066770A1
Application number: PCT/US2016/057366
Authority: WO
Inventors: Lurie KEITH G.; Kanchana Sanjaya Gunesekera Karunaratne; Joseph Manno; John P. Grimm; Casimir A. Sienkiewicz; III Robert R. ROBERTS
Original assignee: Keith G Lurie
Priority date: 2015-10-16
Filing date: 2016-10-17
Publication date: 2017-04-20
Also published as: JP6890130B2; EP3362028B1; US10406068B2; CA3002244A1; AU2016337605B2; US20190209429A9; EP3362028A4; EP3362028A1; US20170119622A1; AU2016337605A1; JP2018530413A

Abstract

An elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation includes a base and an upper support operably coupled to the base. The upper support is configured to elevate an individual's upper back, shoulders, and head. The elevation device may include a chest compression device operably coupled with the base.

Description

ACTIVE COMPRESSION DECOMPRESSION AND UPPER BODY

ELEVATION SYSTEM

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/242,655, filed October 16, 2015, and also claims priority to U.S. Application No. 15/285,063, filed October 4, 2016, which is a continuation in part of U.S. Application No. 15/160,492, filed May 20, 2016, which is a continuation in part of U.S. Application No. 15/133,967, filed April 20, 2016, which is a continuation in part of U.S. Application No. 14/996, 147, filed January 14, 2016, which is a continuation in part of U.S. Application No. 14/935,262, filed November 6, 2015, which is a continuation in part of U.S. Application No. 14/677,562, filed April 2, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. Patent Application No. 14/626,770, filed February 19, 2015, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/941,670, filed February 19, 2014, U.S.

Provisional Application No. 62/009,836, filed June 9, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/087,717, filed December 4, 2014, the complete disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all intents and purposes. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The vast majority of patients treated with conventional (C) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) never wake up after cardiac arrest. Traditional closed-chest CPR involves repetitively compressing the chest in the med-sternal region with a patient supine and in the horizontal plane in an effort to propel blood out of the non-beating heart to the brain and other vital organs. This method is not very efficient, in part because refilling of the heart is dependent upon the generation of an intrathoracic vacuum during the decompression phase that draws blood back to the heart. Conventional (C) closed chest manual CPR (C-CPR) typically provides only 8-30% of normal blood flow to the brain and heart. In addition, with each chest compression, the arterial pressure increases immediately. Similarly, with each chest compression, right-side heart and venous pressures rise to levels nearly identical to those observed on the arterial side. The high right-sided pressures are in turn transmitted to the brain via the paravertebral venous plexus and jugular veins. The simultaneous rise of arterial and venous pressure with each C-CPR compression generates contemporaneous bi-directional (venous and arterial) high pressure compression waves that bombard the brain within the closed-space of the skull. This increase in blood volume and pressure in the brain with each chest compression in the setting of impaired cerebral perfusion further increases intracranial pressure (ICP), thereby reducing cerebral perfusion. These mechanisms have the potential to further reduce brain perfusion and cause additional damage to the already ischemic brain tissue during C-CPR. In the current invention the clinical benefits of each of these CPR methods and devices are improved when performed in the head and thorax up position.

[0003] To address these limitations, newer devices and methods of CPR have been developed that significantly augment cerebral and cardiac perfusion, lower intracranial pressure during the decompression phase of CPR, and improve short and long-term outcomes. These devices and methods may include the use of a load-distributing band, active compression decompression (ACD)+CPR, an impedance threshold device (ITD), active intrathoracic pressure regulation devices, and/or combinations thereof. However, despite these advances, most patients still do not wake up after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Embodiments of the invention are directed toward systems, devices, and methods of administering CPR to a patient in a head and thorax up position. Such techniques result in lower right-atrial pressures and intracranial pressure while increasing cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral output, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) compared with CPR administered to an individual in the supine position. The configuration may also preserve a central blood volume and lower pulmonary vascular resistance and circulate drugs used during CPR more effectively. This provides a more effective and safe method of performing CPR for extended periods of time. The head and thorax up configuration may also preserve the patient in the sniffing position to optimize airway management and reduce complications associated with endotracheal intubation.

[0005] In another aspect, a system for performing CPR is provided. The system may include an elevation device configured to elevate a head and a heart of an individual above a lower body of the individual. The lower body may be in a substantially horizontal plane. The heart may be

2

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 elevated by the elevation device to between about 3 and 8 cm above the substantially horizontal plane and the head may be elevated between about 10 and 30 cm above the substantially horizontal plane.

[0006] In some cases, the elevation device may also include some type of connector or coupling mechanism that permits a CPR assist device to be easily coupled to the elevation device. For example, the connector or coupling mechanism could be configured to receive a CPR compression device or compression vest that is used to compress and/or decompress the chest while the torso and head are elevated. Other mechanisms could be used to connect some type of intrathoracic pressure regulation device as well. [0007] In some cases a CPR compression device capable of compressing the thorax, and in some cases actively decompressing the chest, is attached to the structure that elevates the thorax such that when the thorax is elevated the compression device is able to compress the chest at right angles to the plane of the body. In some cases the structure that elevates the thorax is capable of elevating the thorax at a different angle than the part of the structure that elevates the head.

[0008] In one aspect, an elevation device for use in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation is provided. The elevation device may include a base and an upper support operably coupled to the base. The upper support may be configured to elevate an individual's upper back, shoulders and head when raised. The upper support may be expandable and contractible lengthwise, during an elevation of the individual.

[0009] In another aspect, an elevation device used in the performance of CPR may include a base and an upper support operably coupled to the base. The upper support may be configured to incline at an angle relative to the base to elevate an individual's upper back, shoulders and head. The elevation device may also include a support arm coupled with the upper support. The support arm may be movable to various positions relative to the upper support and may be lockable at a fixed angle relative to the upper support such that the upper support and the support arm are movable as a single unit relative to the base while the support arm maintains the angle relative to the upper support. The elevation device may also include a chest compression device coupled with the support arm. The chest compression device may be configured to compress the chest and to optionally actively decompress the chest.

3

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0010] In another aspect, an elevation device used in the performance of CPR may include a base configured to be positioned on a surface. The surface may be at least substantially aligned with a horizontal plane. The elevation device may also include an upper support operably coupled to the base. The upper support may be configured to move between a storage position and an elevated position. In the elevated position the upper supported may be inclined at an angle relative to the base to elevate an individual's upper back, shoulders. The elevation device may further include a support arm operably coupled with the upper support such that the support arm may be positionable at different locations relative to the upper support. The support arm may be configured to be locked in a given position relative to the upper support. The elevation device may include a chest compression device coupled with the support arm. The chest compression device may be configured to compress the chest at an angle generally orthogonal to the individual's sternum. The elevation device may be configured such that while the upper support is being moved to the elevated position, the chest compression device remains generally orthogonal to the individual's sternum. [0011] In another aspect, an elevation device used in the performance of CPR includes a base and an upper support operably coupled with the base. The upper support may be configured to elevate an individual's upper back, shoulders and head when raised. The elevation device may include a chest compression device coupled with the upper support such that when the upper support is elevated a positional relationship between the upper support and the chest compression device is maintained.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] A further understanding of the nature and advantages of various embodiments may be realized by reference to the following figures. In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If only the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label.

[0013] FIG. 1A is a schematic of a patient receiving CPR in a supine configuration according to embodiments.

4

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0014] FIG. IB is a schematic of a patient receiving CPR in a head and thorax up configuration according to embodiments.

[0015] FIG. 2A is a schematic showing a configuration of head up CPR according to embodiments.

[0016] FIG. 2B is a schematic showing a configuration of head up CPR according to embodiments.

[0017] FIG. 2C is a schematic showing a configuration of head up CPR according to embodiments.

[0015] FIG. 3 shows a patient receiving CPR in a head and thorax up configuration according to embodiments.

[0016] FIG. 4 is schematic showing various configurations of a patient being treated with a form of CPR and/or ITP regulation according to embodiments.

[0017] FIG. 5A is an isometric view of a support structure in a stowed configuration for head and thorax up CPR according to embodiments.

[0018] FIG. 5B is a side view of the support structure of FIG. 5 A in a stowed configuration according to embodiments.

[0019] FIG. 5C is an isometric view of the support structure of FIG. 5 A in an elevated configuration according to embodiments.

[0020] FIG. 5D is a side view of the support structure of FIG. 5 A in an elevated configuration according to embodiments.

[0021] FIG. 6A depicts a support structure configured to maintain a pivot point of an upper support co-incident with a pivot point of the upper body of a patient according to embodiments.

[0022] FIG. 6B shows the support structure of FIG. 6 A coupled with a chest compression device according to embodiments.

[0023] FIG. 7A depicts an elevation device in a storage state according to embodiments.

[0024] FIG. 7B depicts the elevation device of FIG 7 A in an elevated position according to embodiments.

5

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0025] FIG. 7C depicts the elevation device of FIG 7 A in an elevated position according to embodiments.

[0026] FIG. 7D depicts a roller assembly of the elevation device of FIG 7 A according to embodiments.

[0027] FIG. 7E depicts a roller assembly of the elevation device of FIG 7 A according to embodiments.

[0028] FIG. 7F depicts the elevation device of FIG 7 A in an extended elevated position according to embodiments.

[0029] FIG. 7G depicts a lock mechanism of the elevation device of FIG 7A according to embodiments.

[0030] FIG. 7H depicts possible movement of the elevation device of FIG 7 A from a storage position to an extended elevated position according to embodiments.

[0031] FIG. 71 depicts a patient maintained in the sniffing position using the elevation device of FIG 7 A according to embodiments.

[0032] FIG. 8A depicts an elevation device with a tilting thoracic plate according to embodiments.

[0033] FIG. 8B depicts the elevation device of FIG 8 A in a lowered position according to embodiments.

[0034] FIG. 8C depicts the elevation device of FIG 8 A in a lowered position according to embodiments.

[0035] FIG. 8D depicts the elevation device of FIG 8 A in a raised position according to embodiments.

[0036] FIG. 8E depicts the elevation device of FIG 8 A in a raised position according to embodiments.

[0037] FIG. 9A depicts an elevation device with a tilting and shifting thoracic plate according to embodiments.

6

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0038] FIG. 9B depicts a pivoting base of the elevation device of FIG. 9 A with a according to embodiments.

[0039] FIG. 9C depicts a pivoting base and cradle of the elevation device of FIG. 9 A with a according to embodiments.

[0040] FIG. 9D demonstrates the pivoting ability of the supports structure of FIG. 9 A according to embodiments.

[0041] FIG. 9E demonstrates the shifting ability of the supports structure of FIG. 9A according to embodiments.

[0042] FIG. 10 depicts stabilizing mechanisms of a thoracic plate according to embodiments.

[0043] FIG. 11 depicts an elevation mechanism of an elevation device according to embodiments.

[0044] FIG. 12 depicts a spring-assisted motor mechanism of an elevation device according to embodiments.

[0045] FIG. 13 depicts a spring-assisted motor mechanism of an elevation device according to embodiments.

[0046] FIG. 14 depicts an elevation mechanism of an elevation device according to embodiments.

[0047] FIG. 15 depicts a simplified view of an elevation/tilt mechanism of an elevation device according to embodiments.

[0048] FIG. 16A depicts an elevation device having a head pad according to embodiments.

[0049] FIG. 16B depicts another view of the elevation device of FIG. 16A according to embodiments

[0050] FIG. 17A depicts a head cradle of an elevation device according to embodiments.

[0051] FIG. 17B depicts a patient's head positioned on the head cradle of the elevation device of FIG. 17A according to embodiments.

[0052] FIG. 18A depicts a support structure having an adjustable neck support according to embodiments.

7

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0053] FIG. 18B shows the support structure of FIG. 18A in an elevated configuration according to embodiments.

[0054] FIG. 19 depicts movement of a neck support according to embodiments.

[0055] FIG. 20 depicts a support structure having a track or slot according to embodiments.

[0056] FIG. 21 shows a low friction shaped region of a support structure to restrain the head and/or neck in the correct Sniffing Position according to embodiments.

[0057] FIG. 22 shows an embodiment of a support structure having an upper support with two pivot points according to embodiments.

[0030] FIG. 22A shows the upper support with two pivot points of the support structure of FIG. 22 according to embodiments.

[0058] FIG. 23A shows an elevation device having stabilizing features according to embodiments.

[0059] FIG. 23B shows another view of the elevation device of FIG. 23 A according to embodiments.

[0060] FIG. 23C depicts the elevation device of FIG. 23 A according to embodiments.

[0061] FIG. 23D shows the elevation device of FIG. 23 A according to embodiments.

[0062] FIG. 24A shows an elevation device having a sleeve for receiving a thoracic plate of a chest compression device according to embodiments.

[0063] FIG. 24B shows a cross-section of the elevation device of FIG. 24 A with a thoracic plate inserted within the sleeve according to embodiments.

[0064] FIG. 24C depicts the elevation device of FIG. 24 A with the thoracic plate being slid into the sleeve according to embodiments.

[0065] FIG. 24D shows the elevation device of FIG. 24 A with the thoracic plate partially inserted within the sleeve according to embodiments.

[0066] FIG. 24E shows the elevation device of FIG. 24 A with the thoracic plate fully inserted into the sleeve according to embodiments.

8

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0067] FIG. 24F depicts the elevation device of FIG. 24 A with a chest compression device being coupled with the elevation device according to embodiments.

[0068] FIG. 24G shows the elevation device of FIG. 24 A with the chest compression device fully coupled with the elevation device according to embodiments.

[0069] FIG. 25A depicts an exploded view of an elevation device with a separable thoracic plate according to embodiments.

[0070] FIG. 25B depicts an assembled view of the elevation device of FIG. 25 A according to embodiments.

[0071] FIG. 25C depicts a cross section of the elevation device of FIG. 25 A showing an upper clamping arm in a receiving position according to embodiments.

[0072] FIG. 25D depicts a cross section of the elevation device of FIG. 25 A showing an upper clamping arm in a locked position according to embodiments.

[0073] FIG. 26A depicts an exploded view of an elevation device with a separable thoracic plate according to embodiments.

[0074] FIG. 26B depicts an assembled view of the elevation device of FIG. 26 A according to embodiments.

[0075] FIG. 26C depicts a cross section of the elevation device of FIG. 26 A showing clamping arms in a receiving position according to embodiments.

[0076] FIG. 26D depicts a cross section of the elevation device of FIG. 26 A showing clamping arms in a locked position according to embodiments.

[0077] FIG. 26E depicts the elevation device of FIG. 26 A with clamping arms in a locked position according to embodiments.

[0078] FIG. 27A depicts an assembled view of an elevation device with a separable thoracic plate according to embodiments.

[0079] FIG. 27B depicts an exploded view of the elevation device of FIG. 27 A according to embodiments

9

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0080] FIG. 27C depicts a cross sectional side view of the elevation device of FIG. 27 A showing a thoracic plate removed from the elevation device according to embodiments.

[0081] FIG. 27D depicts a cross sectional side view of the elevation device of FIG. 27A showing a thoracic plate inserted below an upper support and atop a roller of the elevation device according to embodiments.

[0082] FIG. 27E depicts a cross sectional side view of the elevation device of FIG. 27 A showing a thoracic plate secured below an upper support and atop a roller of the elevation device according to embodiments.

[0083] FIG. 27F depicts a rear isometric view of the elevation device of FIG. 27A in a lowered position showing a thoracic plate secured below an upper support and atop a roller of the elevation device according to embodiments.

[0084] FIG. 27G depicts a zoomed in rear isometric view of the elevation device of FIG. 27A in a lowered position showing a thoracic plate secured below an upper support and atop a roller of the elevation device according to embodiments. [0085] FIG. 27H depicts a cross sectional side view of the elevation device of FIG. 27 A in an elevated position according to embodiments.

[0086] FIG. 271 depicts a rear isometric view of the elevation device of FIG. 27 A in an elevated position according to embodiments.

[0087] FIG. 27 J depicts a zoomed in rear isometric view of the elevation device of FIG. 27A in an elevated position showing a thoracic plate secured below an upper support and atop a roller of the elevation device according to embodiments.

[0088] FIG. 28A shows a simplified view of an elevation/tilt mechanism of an elevation device in a lowered position according to embodiments.

[0089] FIG. 28B shows a simplified cross sectional view of an elevation/tilt mechanism of the elevation device of FIG. 28 A in a lowered position according to embodiments.

[0090] FIG. 28C shows a simplified view of the elevation/tilt mechanism of the elevation device of FIG. 28 A in an elevated position according to embodiments.

10

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0091] FIG. 28D shows a simplified cross sectional view of the elevation/tilt mechanism of the elevation device of FIG. 28 A in an elevated position according to embodiments.

[0092] FIG. 29A depicts a mechanism for tilting a thoracic plate of an elevation device according to embodiments.

[0093] FIG. 29B depicts a pivot point of the mechanism for tilting a thoracic place of an elevation device of FIG. 29A according to embodiments.

[0094] FIG. 29C depicts a roller assembly of the mechanism for tilting a thoracic place of an elevation device of FIG. 29A according to embodiments.

[0095] FIG. 30A depicts an elevation device with a separable base according to embodiments.

[0096] FIG. 30B depicts the elevation device with a separable base of FIG. 30A coupled as a single unit according to embodiments.

[0097] FIG. 31A depicts an elevation device in a lowered position according to embodiments.

[0098] FIG. 31B depicts the elevation device of FIG. 31 A in an elevation position according to embodiments.

[0099] FIG. 31C depicts movement of a support arm of the elevation device of FIG. 31 A between a storage position and an active position according to embodiments.

[0100] FIG. 32 depicts a chest compression device provided with an elevation device according to embodiments.

[0101] FIG. 33 depicts a chest compression device provided with an elevation device according to embodiments.

[0102] FIG. 34 depicts a chest compression device provided with an elevation device according to embodiments.

[0103] FIG. 34A depicts a linear actuator for use in the chest compression device provided with an elevation device of FIG. 34 according to embodiments.

[0104] FIG. 34B depicts a linear actuator for use in the chest compression device provided with an elevation device of FIG. 34 according to embodiments.

11

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0105] FIG. 35A depicts a support structure with a chest compression/decompression mechanism in a storage position according to embodiments.

[0106] FIG. 35B depicts the support structure with a chest compression/decompression mechanism of FIG. 35 A in an active position according to embodiments.

[0107] FIG. 36A depicts a support structure with a chest compression/decompression mechanism in a storage position according to embodiments.

[0108] FIG. 36B depicts the support structure with a chest compression/decompression mechanism of FIG. 36A in an active position according to embodiments.

[0109] FIG. 37A depicts an isometric view of an elevation device in a stowed position according to embodiments.

[0110] FIG. 37B depicts a side view of the elevation device of FIG. 37A with a chest compression device in a stowed position according to embodiments.

[0111] FIG. 37C depicts a rear view of the elevation device of FIG. 37A with a chest compression device in a stowed position according to embodiments.

[0112] FIG. 37D depicts an isometric view of the elevation device of FIG. 37A with a chest compression device in an intermediate position according to embodiments.

[0113] FIG. 37E depicts an isometric view of the elevation device of FIG. 37A with a chest compression device in an active position according to embodiments.

[0114] FIG. 37F depicts a side view of the elevation device of FIG. 37A with a chest compression device in an active position according to embodiments.

[0115] FIG. 37G depicts a mechanism for tilting a thoracic plate of the elevation device of FIG. 37A in a lowered position according to embodiments.

[0116] FIG. 37H depicts a mechanism for tilting a thoracic plate of the elevation device of FIG. 37A in a lowered position according to embodiments.

[0117] FIG. 371 depicts a mechanism for tilting a thoracic plate of the elevation device of FIG. 37A in an elevated position according to embodiments.

12

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0118] FIG. 37 J depicts a mechanism for tilting a thoracic plate of the elevation device of FIG. 37A in an elevated position according to embodiments.

[0119] FIG. 37K depicts an individual positioned on the elevation device of FIG. 37A according to embodiments.

[0120] FIG. 38A depicts a top isometric view of an elevation device for animals in a lowered position according to embodiments.

[0121] FIG. 38B depicts a roller assembly of the elevation device of FIG. 38A in a lowered position according to embodiments.

[0122] FIG. 38C depicts a bottom isometric view of the elevation device of FIG. 38A in a lowered position according to embodiments.

[0123] FIG. 38D depicts a thoracic plate pivot mechanism of the elevation device of FIG. 38A in a lowered position according to embodiments.

[0124] FIG. 38E depicts a top isometric view of the elevation device of FIG. 38A in an elevated position according to embodiments.

[0125] FIG. 38F depicts a roller assembly of the elevation device of FIG. 38A in an elevated position according to embodiments.

[0126] FIG. 38G depicts a bottom isometric view of the elevation device of FIG. 38A in an elevated position according to embodiments.

[0127] FIG. 38H depicts a thoracic plate pivot mechanism of the elevation device of FIG. 38A in an elevated position according to embodiments.

[0128] FIG. 39A depicts a schematic of an elevation device in a lowered position according to embodiments.

[0129] FIG. 39B depicts a schematic of the elevation device of FIG. 39A in an intermediate position according to embodiments.

[0130] FIG. 39C depicts a schematic of the elevation device of FIG. 39A in a raised position according to embodiments.

13

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0131] FIG. 40 is a graph depicting cerebral perfusion pressures from pigs undergoing CPR over time with differential head and heart elevation during C-CPR and active compression decompression (ACD) + ITD CPR according to embodiments.

[0132] FIG. 41 is a chart depicting 24 hour porcine survival data from head and thorax up ACD+ITD CPR vs. flat or supine CPR and the cerebral performance category scores according to embodiments.

[0133] FIG. 42 is a chart depicting ICP measured during CPR in a pig using the LUCAS plus ITD in various whole body tilt positions according to embodiments.

[0134] FIG. 43 is a chart depicting blood flow measured in the brain during CPR performed with the LUCAS device and an ITD in pigs in various body positions according to embodiments.

[0135] FIG. 44 is a chart depicting blood flow to the heart measured in pigs before cardiac arrest, during CPR after 5 minutes of head up tilt and 15 minutes of head up tilt when performed with ACD+ITD CPR.

[0136] FIG. 45 is a chart depicting brain blood flow measured in pigs before cardiac arrest, during CPR after 5 minutes of head up tilt and 15 minutes of head up tilt when performed with ACD+ITD CPR.

[0137] FIG. 46 is a chart depicting pressures measured in a human cadaver perfused with a clot-busting solution prior to performing manual CPR and ACD CPR plus ITD in a flat position and in a head up position according to embodiments. [0138] FIG. 47 is a chart depicting pressures measured in a human cadaver perfused with a clot-busting solution prior to performing CPR with an automated chest compression device (LUCAS) plus ITD in a flat position and in a head up position according to embodiments.

[0139] FIG. 48 is a chart depicting ITP, ICP, and cerebral perfusion pressure measured in a human cadaver perfused with a clot-busting solution prior to performing ACD-ITD CPR with the body flat and then with the head, shoulder, and heart elevated with the embodiment shown in FIG. 23D.

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0140] One aspect of the invention involves CPR techniques where at least the head, shoulders, and heart of a patient is tilted upward. This improves cerebral perfusion and cerebral perfusion pressures after cardiac arrest. In some cases, CPR with the head and heart elevated may be performed using any one of a variety of manual or automated conventional CPR devices (e.g. active compression-decompression CPR, load-distributing band, or the like) alone or in combination with any one of a variety of systems for regulating intrathoracic pressure, such as a threshold valve that interfaces with a patient's airway (e.g., an ITD), the combination of an ITD and a Positive End Expiratory Pressure valve or a Bousignac tube alone or coupled with an ITD. In some cases, the systems for regulating intrathoracic pressure may be used without any type of chest compression. When CPR is performed with the head and heart elevated, gravity drains venous blood from the brain to the heart, resulting in refilling of the heart after each compression and a substantial decrease in ICP, thereby reducing resistance to forward brain flow. This maneuver also reduces the likelihood of simultaneous high pressure waveform simultaneously compressing the brain during the compression phase. While this may represent a potential significant advance, tilting the entire body upward, or at least the head, shoulders, and heart, has the potential to reduce coronary and cerebral perfusion during a prolonged resuscitation effort since over time gravity will cause the redistribution of blood to the abdomen and lower extremities. [0141] It is known that the average duration of CPR is over 20 minutes for many patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. To prolong the elevation of the cerebral and coronary perfusion pressures sufficiently for longer resuscitation efforts, in some cases, the head may be elevated at between about 10 cm and 30 cm (typically about 20 cm) while the thorax, specifically the heart and/or lungs, is elevated at between about 3 cm and 8 cm (typically about 5 cm) relative to a supporting surface and/or the lower body of the individual. Typically, this involves providing a thorax support and a head support that are configured to elevate the respective portions of the body at different angles and/or heights to achieve the desired elevation with the head raised higher than the thorax and the thorax raised higher than the lower body of the individual being treated. Such a configuration may result in lower right-atrial pressures while increasing cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral output, and systolic blood pressure SBP compared to CPR

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 administered to an individual in the supine position. The configuration may also preserve a central blood volume and lower pulmonary vascular resistance.

[0142] The elevation devices described herein mechanically elevate the thorax and the head, maintain the head and thorax in the correct position for CPR when head up and supine using an expandable and retractable thoracic back plate and a neck support, and allow a thoracic plate to angulate during head elevation so the piston of a CPR assist device always compresses the sternum in the same place and a desired angle (such as, for example, a right angle) is maintained between the piston and the sternum during each chest compression. Embodiments were developed to provide each of these functions simultaneously, thereby enabling maintenance of the compression point at the anatomically correct place when the patient is flat (supine) or their head and chest are elevated.

[0143] Turning now to FIG. 1A, a demonstration of the standard supine (SUP) CPR technique is shown. Here, a patient 100 is positioned horizontally on a flat or substantially flat surface 102 while CPR is performed. CPR may be performed by hand and/or with the use of an automated CPR device and/or ACD+CPR device 104. In contrast, a head and thorax up (HUP) CPR technique is shown in FIG. IB. Here, the patient 100 has his head and thorax elevated above the rest of his body, notably the lower body. The elevation may be provided by one or more wedges or angled surfaces 106 placed under the patient's head and/or thorax, which support the upper body of the patient 100 in a position where both the head and thorax are elevated, with the head being elevated above the thorax. HUP CPR may be performed with conventional standard CPR alone, with ACD alone, with the ITD alone, with the ITD in combination with conventional standard CPR alone, and/or with ACD+ITD together. Such methods regulate and better control intrathoracic pressure, causing a greater negative intrathoracic pressure during CPR when compared with conventional manual CPR. In some embodiments, HUP CPR may also be performed in conjunction with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

[0144] FIGs. 2A-2C demonstrate various set ups for HUP CPR as disclosed herein.

Configuration 200 in FIG. 2A shows a user's entire body being elevated upward at a constant angle. As noted above, such a configuration may result in a reduction of coronary and cerebral perfusion during a prolonged resuscitation effort since blood will tend to pool in the abdomen and lower extremities over time due to gravity. This reduces the amount of effective circulating

16

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 blood volume and as a result blood flow to the heart and brain decrease over the duration of the CPR effort. Thus, configuration 200 is not ideal for administration of CPR over longer periods, such as those approaching average resuscitation effort durations. Configuration 202 in FIG. 2B shows only the patient's head 206 being elevated, with the heart and thorax 208 being substantially horizontal during CPR. Without an elevated thorax 208, however, systolic blood pressures and coronary perfusion pressures are lower as lungs are more congested with blood when the thorax is supine or flat. This, in turn, increases pulmonary vascular resistance and decreases the flow of blood from the right side of the heart to the left side of the heart when compared to CPR in configuration 204. Configuration 204 in FIG. 2C shows both the head 206 and heart/thorax 208 of the patient elevated, with the head 206 being elevated to a greater height than that heart/thorax 208. This results in lower right-atrial pressures while increasing cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral output, and systolic blood pressure compared to CPR administered to an individual in the supine position, and may also preserve a central blood volume and lower pulmonary vascular resistance. In another embodiment, the heart, shoulders, and thorax are elevated, with the head being elevated at the same angle as the heart and thorax, and in some embodiments even the abdomen.

[0145] FIG. 3 depicts a patient 300 having the head 302 and thorax 304 elevated above the lower body 306. This may be done, for example, by using one or more supports to position the patient 300 appropriately. Here thoracic support 308 is positioned under the thorax 304 to elevate the thorax 304 to a desired height B, which is typically between about 3 cm and 8 cm. Upper support 310 is positioned under the head 302 such that the head 302 is elevated to a desired height A, typically between about 10 cm and 30 cm. Thus, the patient 300 has its head 302 at a higher height A than thorax at height B, and both are elevated relative to the flat or supine lower body at height C. Typically, the height of thoracic support 308 may be achieved by the thoracic support 308 being at an angle of between about 0° and 15° from a substantially horizontal plane with which the patient's lower body 306 is aligned. Upper support 310 is often at an angle between about 15° and 45° above the substantially horizontal plane. In some embodiments, one or both of the upper support 310 and thoracic support 308 is adjustable such that an angle and/or height may be altered to match a type a CPR, ITP regulation, and/or body size of the individual. As shown here, thoracic plate or support 308 is fixed at an angle, such as between 0° and 15° from a substantially horizontal plane. The upper support 310 may adjust by

17

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 pivoting about an axis 314. This pivoting may involve a manual adjustment in which a user pulls up or pushes down on the upper support 310 to set a desired position. In other embodiments, the pivoting may be driven by a motor or other drive mechanism. For example, a hydraulic lift coupled with an extendable arm may be used. In other embodiments, a screw or worm gear may be utilized in conjunction with an extendable arm or other linkage. Any adjustment or pivot mechanism may be coupled between a base of the elevation device and the upper support 310 In some embodiments, a neck support may be positioned on the upper support to help maintain the patient in a proper position.

[0146] As one example, the lower body 306 may define a substantially horizontal plane. A first angled plane may be defined by a line formed from the patient's chest 304 (heart and lungs) to his shoulder blades. A second angled plane may be defined by a line from the shoulder blades to the head 302. The first plane may be angled about between 5° and 15° above the substantially horizontal plane and the second plane may be at an angle of between about 15° and 45° above the substantially horizontal plane. In some embodiments, the first angled plane may be elevated such that the heart is at a height of about 4-8 cm above the horizontal plane and the head is at a height of about 10-30 cm above the horizontal plane.

[0147] In some embodiments, the elevation device may include one or more of a flat portions, each having a constant angle of elevation relative to a substantially horizontal plane. In other embodiments, the elevation device may have one or more contoured or curved portions, each having a variable angle of elevation relative to the horizontal plane. This may help the elevation device more closely match natural contours of the human body. In some embodiments, a combination of flat and contoured portions may be used.

[0148] The type of CPR being performed on the elevated patient may vary. Examples of CPR techniques that may be used include manual chest compression, chest compressions using an assist device such as chest compression device 312, either automated or manually, ACD CPR, a load-distributing band, standard CPR, stutter CPR, and the like. Further various sensors may be used in combination with one or more controllers to sense physiological parameters as well as the manner in which CPR is being performed. The controller may be used to vary the manner of CPR performance, adjust the angle of inclination, the speed of head and thorax rise and descent, provide feedback to the rescuer, and the like. Further, a compression device could be

18

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 simultaneously applied to the lower extremities or abdomen to squeeze venous blood back into the upper body, thereby augmenting blood flow back to the heart. Further, a compression- decompression band could be applied to the abdomen that compresses the abdomen only when the head and thorax are elevated either continuously or in a pulsatile manner, in synchrony or asynchronously to the compression and decompression of the chest. Further, a rigid or semirigid cushion could be simultaneously inserted under the thorax at the level of the hart to elevate the heart and provide greater back support during each compression.

[0149] Additionally, a number of other procedures may be performed while CPR is being performed on the patient in the torso-elevated state. One such procedure is to periodically prevent or impede the flow in respiratory gases into the lungs. This may be done by using a threshold valve, sometimes also referred to as an impedance threshold device (ITD) that is configured to open once a certain negative intrathoracic pressure is reached. The invention may utilize any of the threshold valves or procedures using such valves. Another such procedure is to manipulate the intrathoracic pressure in other ways, such as by using a ventilator or other device to actively withdraw gases from the lungs.

[0150] In some embodiments, the angle and/or height of the head and/or heart may be dependent on a type of CPR performed and/or a type of intrathoracic pressure regulation performed. For example, when CPR is performed with a device or device combination capable of providing more circulation during CPR, the head may be elevated higher, for example 10-30 cm above the horizontal plane (10-45 degrees) such as with ACD+ITD CPR. When CPR is performed with less efficient means, such as manual conventional standard CPR, then the head may be elevated less, for example 5-20 cm or 10 to 20 degrees.

[0151] FIG. 4 shows a schematic of various configurations of a patient being treated with a form of CPR and/or intrathoracic pressure (ITP) regulation, which can be achieved by multiple potential means including, but not limited to, active compression decompression CPR, an impedance threshold device, actively withdrawing respiratory gases from the thorax between each positive pressure ventilation, load-distributing band CPR, or some combination of these approaches. A lower body of a patient may be positioned along a substantially horizontal plane 400. The thorax, notably the heart and lungs of the patient, may be positioned along a first angled plane 402. The head may be positioned along a second angled plane 404. Based on the

19

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 type of CPR and/or ITP regulation being administered, the first angled plane 402 and/or the second angled plane 404 may be adjusted to meet the particular demands. For example, the first angled plane 402 may have an angle 406 relative to horizontal plane 400. Angle 406 may be between about 5° and 15° above horizontal plane 400. This may position the heart at a height 408 of between about 3 cm and 8 cm above horizontal plane 400. The second angled plane 404 may be at an angle 410 relative to horizontal plane 400. Angle 410 may be between about 15° and 45° above horizontal plane 400. This may position the head at a height 412 of between about 10 cm and 30 cm. In some embodiments, the first angled plane 402 and second angled plane 404 may be at the same angle relative to horizontal plane 400. In some embodiments, height 408 may be measured based on a position of the patient's heart. Height 412 may be measure from a feature of the head, such as the occiput.

[0152] In such embodiments, the two angled planes may be a single surface or may be separate surfaces. In some embodiments, one or both of the first angled plane 402 and the second angled plane 404 may be adjustable such that a height and/or angle of the plane may be adjusted to match a particular type of CPR and/or ITP regulation being administered to a patient. The planes may also be adjusted to handle patients of various sizes, as a distance between the patient's head and heart may be far away from an average value that the patient may necessitate a different angle for one or both of the first angled plane 402 and the second angled plane 404 to achieve desired heights of the head and heart. [0153] FIGS. 5A-5D depict one embodiment of an elevation device 500 for elevating a patient's head and heart. It will be appreciated that elevation device 500 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. FIG. 5A is an isometric view of elevation device 500 in a stowed configuration. Elevation device 500 may have a first portion 502 configured to receive and elevate the patient's thorax and a second portion 504 configured to receive and elevate the patient's head. The first portion 502 may include a mounting 506 configured to receive the patient's back. Mounting 506 may be contoured to match a contour of the patient's back and may include one or more couplings 508. Couplings 508 may be configured to connect a chest compression device to elevation device 500. For example, couplings 508 may include one or more mating features that may engage corresponding mating features of a chest compression device. As one example, a chest

20

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 compression device may snap onto or otherwise receive the couplings 508 to secure the chest compression device to the elevation device 500. Any one of the devices described above could be coupled in this manner. The couplings 508 may be angled to match an angle of elevation of the first portion 502 such that the chest compression is secured at an angle to deliver chest compressions at an angle substantially orthogonal to the patient's thorax/heart. In some embodiments, the couplings 508 may extend beyond an outer periphery of the first portion 502 such that the chest compression device may be connected beyond the sides of the patient's body. In some embodiments, mounting 506 may be removable. In such embodiments, first portion 502 may include one or more mounting features (not shown) to receive and secure the mounting 506 to the elevation device 500.

[0154] Second portion 504 may include positioning features to help medical personnel properly position the patient. For example, indentations 510 and 512 may indicate where to position the patient's shoulders and head, respectively. In some embodiments, a neck support, such as a pad or pillow or other protrusion, may be included. This may help support the neck and allow the patient's head to rest on the second portion 504. In some embodiments, the second portion 504 may also include a coupling for an ITD device to be secured to the elevation device 500, or any of the other intrathoracic pressure regulation devices described herein.

[0155] FIG. 5B is a side view of elevation device 500 in the stowed configuration. In the stowed configuration, the first portion 502 and/or second portion 504 may be at their lowest height relative to a horizontal plane, such as the surface on which the elevation device 500 is positioned. Typically, first portion 502 may be positioned at an angle of between about 5° and 15° relative to the horizontal plane and at a height of between about 3 cm and 8 cm above the horizontal plane. Second portion 504 is often within about 15° and 45° relative to the horizontal plane and between about 10 cm and 30 cm above the horizontal plane. Here, first portion 502 and second portion 504 are at a same or similar angle, with the second portion 504 being elevated above the first portion 502, although other elevation devices may have the first portion and second portion at different angles in the stowed position. In the stowed position, first portion 502 and/or second portion 504 may be near the lower ends of the height and/or angle ranges.

[0156] FIG. 5C shows an isometric view of the elevation device 500 in an elevated configuration. In the elevated configuration, one or both of the first portion 502 and the second

21

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 portion 504 may be elevated beyond the angle and height of the stowed configuration. The elevated configuration may encompass any of the higher angles within the range. For example, the elevated configuration may include angles above 15° for the second portion 504. Elevation device 500 may include one or more elevation mechanisms 514 configured to raise and lower the first portion 502 and/or second portion 504 as seen in FIG. 5D. For example, elevation mechanism 514 may include a mechanical and/or hydraulic extendable arm configured to lengthen to raise the second portion 504 to a desired height and/or angle, which may be determined based on the patient's body size, the type of CPR being performed, and/or the type of ITP regulation being performed. The elevation mechanism 514 may manipulate the elevation device 500 between the storage configuration and the elevated configuration. The elevation mechanism 514 may be configured to adjust the height and/or angle of the second portion 504 throughout the entire ranges of 15° and 45° relative to the horizontal plane and between about 10 cm and 30 cm above the horizontal plane. In some embodiments, the elevation mechanism 514 may be manually manipulated, such as by a user lifting up or pushing down on the second portion 504 to raise and lower the second portion. In other embodiments, the elevation mechanism 514 may be electrically controlled such that a user may select a desired angle and/or height of the second portion 504 using a control interface. While shown here with only an adjustable second portion 504, it will be appreciated that first portion 502 may also be adjustable.

[0157] During administration of various types of head and thorax up CPR, it is advantageous to maintain the patient in the "sniffing position" where the patient is properly situated for endotracheal intubation. In such a position, the neck is flexed and the head extended, allowing for patient intubation and airway management. During elevation of the upper body, the sniffing position may require that a center of rotation of an upper elevation device supporting the patient's head be co-incident to a center of rotation of the upper head and neck region. The center of rotation of the upper head and neck region may be in a region of the spinal axis and the scapula region. Maintaining the sniffing position of the patient may be done in several ways.

[0158] FIG. 6A depicts an elevation device 600 configured to maintain a pivot point 602 of an upper support 604 co-incident with a pivot point of the upper body of a patient 606. In such configurations, the upper support 604 is maintained in the same relative position as the head and neck, allowing the patient 606 to stay in the optimal sniffing position during the head and thorax

22

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 up CPR procedure. In some embodiments, the pivot point 602 may be movable such that the pivot point 602 may be aligned with the upper body center of flexure of patients of various sizes. Elevation device 600 may include a lower support 608 configured to pivot about pivot point 610. In some situations, increased elevation may be desired. For example, a type of CPR and/or ITP regulation may necessitate higher or lower elevation of the heart and/or head. In some embodiments, one or more physiological monitors, such as a blood pressure monitor or carotid flow monitor, such as a Doppler probe, may be used to optimize an angle and/or height of elevation. Based on flow or pressure measurements, and in some cases a type of CPR and/or ITP regulation, the elevation of the thorax and/or head may be adjusted automatically. Higher angles and/or elevations may be associated with higher flow rates, such as elevated flow rates due to a combination of ACD CPR and use of an ITD.

[0159] To achieve the adjustability of angles and/or heights, the lower support 608 and/or upper support 604 may be elevated using a motor and corresponding linkage. For example, the lower support 608 may be coupled to a lower elevation device motor 612 and lower elevation device linkage 614. The lower elevation device motor 612 may be coupled with a base 616 of the elevation device 600. The lower elevation device motor 612 may be coupled with the lower support 608 using lower elevation device linkage 614, which may shorten and extend as the lower support 608 raises and lowers. The lower support 608 may adjust to elevation angles between about 5° and 30° above a horizontal plane 618 such that the head is elevated about 3 cm and 8 cm above the horizontal plane 618. A similar motor and/or linkage may be coupled with the upper support 604 and/or a portion of the lower support 608 and/or base 616. The upper support 604 may be elevated at an angle of between about 20° and 45° above the horizontal plane 618 such that the head is at a height of between about 10 cm and 30 cm relative to the horizontal plane 618. [0160] It will be appreciated that adjustment mechanisms other than motors may be utilized. For example, manual gear and/or ratcheting mechanisms may be used to adjust and maintain a support in a desired position. It will be appreciated that elevation device 600 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein.

[0161] In some embodiments, the motors may be coupled with a processor or other computing device. The computing device may communicate with one or more input devices such as a

23

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 keypad, and/or may couple with sensors such as flow and pressure sensors. This allows a user to select an angle and/or height of the heart and/or head. Additionally, sensor inputs may be used to automatically control the motor and angle of the supports based on flow and pressure measurements, as well as a type of CPR and/or ITP regulation. [0162] In some embodiments, elevation device 600 may include a neck support that helps maintain the patient's head and neck in the sniffing position. A vertical height of the neck support relative to the upper support 604 may be adjustable to accommodate patients of different sizes. Additionally, the lateral position of the neck support may be adjustable to further accommodate various patients and ensure that each patient is in the optimal Sniffing Position. [0163] In some embodiments, an elevation device such as elevation device 600 may have a static preset thoracic angle that is nominally level. Such an elevation device permits manual and/or automatic CPR while the upper head/neck/shoulders are elevated while the elevation device is in operation to improve circulatory performance. Increased elevation angles are important due to various factors, such as a type of CPR, a type of ITP regulation, and/or based on physiological factors [e.g. blood pressure]. Important features of this elevation are the height of the heart and the height of the head, which may be measured from the center of mass of the body. To gain greater angles and a more effective CPR process, some embodiments involve inclining the entire upper body in combination with a head and thorax up elevation device. In some embodiments, the elevation device is configured to rotate the entire thoracic region during manual and/or automated CPR. This may be accomplished by utilizing a geared motor with a worm gear or screw such that the force generated by the motor is correctly applied to a fulcrum to cause the entire thoracic region, including the head and neck, along with any apparatus being used for the purpose of manual and/or automated CPR and any device for controlling the motion of the head and neck for various purposes, such as airway management, to be elevated. [0164] FIG. 6B shows elevation device 600 coupled with a chest compression device 620. Chest compression device 620 may be coupled with a mounting (not shown) of the elevation device 600 such that the chest compression device 620 is at a substantially perpendicular angle to the lower support 608. In some embodiments, this is achieved by the mounting being positioned on the lower support 608. In some embodiments, the device may be used to perform automated active compression decompression (ACD) CPR. This ensures that as an angle of the lower

24

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 support 608 is altered, the chest compression device 620 is maintained at a constant perpendicular angle to the lower support 608. This allows the chest compression device 620 to deliver chest compressions (and in some cases, chest decompression) to the patient's chest and heart at a substantially perpendicular angle. [0165] While shown as being positioned under an entire torso of the patient, it will be appreciated that the elevation device may be positioned under only a portion of the upper body, such as just the portion above the ribcage. In each embodiment of elevation device described herein, the positioning of the elevation device may be such that the heart and head are elevated to a desired height and/or angle relative to a horizontal plane. [0166] As an individual's head is elevated using an elevation device, such as those described herein, the individual's thorax is forced to constrict and compress, which causes a more magnified thorax migration or shift during the elevation process. This thorax migration may cause the misalignment of a chest compression device, which leads to ineffective, and in some cases, harmful, chest compressions. It can also cause the head to bend forward thereby potentially restricting the airway. Thus, maintaining the individual in a proper position throughout elevation, without the compression and contraction of the thorax, is vital to ensure that safe and effective CPR can be performed. The elevation devices described herein offer a more substantial platform to support and cradle the chest compression device, such as, for example, a LUCAS device, providing stabilization assistance and preventing unwanted migratory motion, even when the upper torso is elevated. The elevation devices described herein provide the ability to immediately commence CPR in the lowered/supine position, continuing CPR during the gradual, controlled rise to the "Head-Up/Elevated" position. Such elevation devices provide ease of patient positioning and alignment for automated CPR devices. Correct positioning of the patient is important and readily accomplished with guides and alignment features, such as a shaped shoulder profile, a neck/shoulder support, a contoured thoracic plate, as well as other guidelines and graphics. The elevation devices may incorporate features that enable micro adjustments to the position of an automated CPR device position, providing control and enabling accurate placement of the automated CPR device during the lift process. Features such as stationary pads and adjustable cradles may allow the reduction of neck extension as required while allowing ready access to the head for manipulation during intubation.

25

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 Embodiments of the elevation devices described herein provide upper supports that may expand and contract, such as by sliding along a support frame to permit the thorax to move freely upward and remain elongate, rather than contract, during the elevation process. For example, the upper support may be supported on rollers with minimal friction. As the head, neck, and/or shoulders are lifted, the upper support may slide away from the thoracic compression, which relieves a buildup of pressure on the thorax and minimizes thoracic compression and migration. Additionally, such elevation devices are designed to maintain optimal airway management of the individual, such as by supporting the individual in the sniffing position in the supine position and throughout elevation. In some embodiments, the upper supports may be spring biased in a contraction direction such that the only shifting or expansion of the upper support is due to forces from the individual as the individual is subject to thoracic shift.

[0167] Other mechanisms may be incorporated to combat the effects of thoracic shift. For example, adjustable thoracic plates may be used that adjust angularly relative to the base to ensure that the chest compression device remains properly aligned with the individual's sternum. Typically, the thoracic plate may be adjusted between an angle of between about 0° and 8° from a substantially horizontal plane. In some embodiments, as described in greater detail below, the adjustment of the thoracic plate may be driven by the movement of the upper support. In such embodiments, a proper amount of thoracic plate adjustment can be applied based on the amount of elevation of the upper support. In traditional CPR the patient is supine on an underlying flat surface while manual or automated CPR is implemented. During automated CPR, the chest compression device may migrate due to limited stabilization to the underlying flat surface, and may often require adjustment due to the migration of the device and/or body migration.

[0168] Turning to FIGs. 7A-7H, an elevation device 700 for elevating a patient's head and heart is shown. It will be appreciated that elevation device 700 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. FIG. 7A is an isometric view of elevation device 700 in a stowed configuration. Elevation device 700 includes a base 702 that supports and is coupled with an upper support 704 and a thoracic plate 706.

Upper support 704 may be configured to support a patient's upper back, shoulders, neck, and/or head before, during, and/or after CPR administration. Upper support 704 may include a neck pad or neck support 716, as well as areas configured to receive a patient's upper back, shoulders,

26

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 neck, and/or head. In some embodiments, the neck support 716 is shaped to engage the region of the individual's C7-C8 vertebrae. The contoured shape ensures that the body does not slip or side off of neck support 716. The C7-C8 region of the spine is a critical contact point of the body as it effectively allows the upper body to freely slide/migrate upward or away from thoracic plate 706 during the elevation process to minimize thoracic compression. Thoracic compression is a leading cause of migration of the contact point of an automated CPR device, which leads to ineffective chest compressions. By adequately supporting the individual in the C7-C8 region, the upper body is free to move and the thoracic cavity may expand, rather than contract. In some embodiments, neck support 716 is formed from a firm material, such as firm foam, plastic, and/or other material. The firmness of neck support 716 provides adequate support for the individual, while resisting deformation under the load of the individual. In some embodiments, the upper support 704 may include a shaped area, such as a cutout, and indentation, and/or other shaped feature. The shaped area 726 may serve as a guide for proper head and/or shoulder placement. Additionally, the shaped area 726 may promote positioning the individual in the sniffing position by allowing the individual's head to lean downward, providing an optimally open airway. In some embodiments, the shaped area 726 may define an opening that allows the head to extend at least partially through the upper support to further promote the sniffing position. In some embodiments, the upper support 704 may also include a coupling for an ITD device to be secured to the elevation device 700, or any of the other intrathoracic pressure regulation devices described herein.

[0169] The thoracic plate 706 may be contoured to match a contour of the patient's back and may include one or more couplings 718. Couplings 718 may be configured to connect a chest compression device to elevation device 700. For example, couplings 718 may include one or more mating features that may engage corresponding mating features of a chest compression device. As one example, a chest compression device may snap onto or otherwise receive the couplings 718 to secure the chest compression device to the elevation device 700. Any one of the devices described above could be coupled in this manner. The couplings 718 may be angled to match an angle of elevation of the thoracic plate 706 such that the chest compression is secured at an angle to deliver chest compressions at an angle substantially orthogonal to the patient's sternum, or other desired angle. In some embodiments, the couplings 718 may extend beyond an outer periphery of the thoracic plate 706 such that the chest compression device may

27

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 be connected beyond the sides of the patient's body. In some embodiments, mounting 706 may be removable. In such embodiments, thoracic plate 706 may include one or more mounting features (not shown) to receive and secure the mounting 706 to the elevation device 700.

[0170] Typically, thoracic plate 706 may be positioned at an angle of between about 0° and 15° relative to a horizontal plane and at a height of between about 3 cm and 8 cm above the horizontal plane at a point of the thoracic plate 706 disposed beneath the patient's heart. Upper support 704 is often within about 15° and 45° relative to the horizontal plane and between about 10 cm and 40 cm above the horizontal plane, typically measured from the tragus of the ear as a guide point. In some embodiments, when in a stowed position thoracic plate 706 and upper support 704 are at a same or similar angle, with the upper support 704 being elevated above the thoracic plate 706, although other elevation devices may have the first portion and second portion at different angles in the stowed position. In the stowed position, thoracic plate 706 and/or upper support 704 may be near the lower ends of the height and/or angle ranges.

[0171] In an elevated position, upper support 704 may be positioned at angles above 15° relative to the horizontal plane. Elevation device 700 may include one or more elevation mechanisms 730 configured to raise and lower the thoracic plate 706 and/or upper support 704. For example, elevation mechanism 730 may include a mechanical and/or hydraulic extendable arm configured to lengthen or raise the upper support 704 to a desired height and/or angle, which may be determined based on the patient's body size, the type of CPR being performed, and/or the type of ITP regulation being performed. The elevation mechanism 730 may manipulate the elevation device 700 between the storage configuration and the elevated configuration. The elevation mechanism 730 may be configured to adjust the height and/or angle of the upper support 704 throughout the entire ranges of 15° and 45° relative to the horizontal plane and between about 10 cm and 40 cm above the horizontal plane. In some embodiments, the elevation mechanism 730 may be manually manipulated, such as by a user lifting up or pushing down on the upper support 704 to raise and lower the second portion. In other embodiments, the elevation mechanism 730 may be electrically controlled such that a user may select a desired angle and/or height of the upper support 704 using a control interface. While shown here with only an adjustable upper support 704, it will be appreciated that thoracic plate 706 may also be adjustable.

28

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0172] The thoracic plate 706 may also include one or more mounting features 718 configured to secure a chest compression device to the upper support 704. Here, upper support 704 is shown in an initial, stored configuration. In such a configuration, the upper support 704 is at its lowest position and in a contracted state, with the upper support 704 at its nearest point relative to the thoracic plate 706.

[0173] As described in the elevation devices above, upper support 704 may be configured to elevate a patient's upper back, shoulders, neck, and/or head. Such elevation of the upper support 704 is shown in FIGs. 7B and 7C.

[0174] Upper support 704 may be configured to be adjustable such that the upper support 704 may slide along a longitudinal axis of base 702 to accommodate patients of different sizes as well as movement of a patient associated with the elevation of the head by upper support 704. Upper support 704 may be spring loaded or biased to the front (toward the patient's body) of the elevation device 700. Such a spring force assists in managing movement of the upper support 704 when loaded with a patient. Additionally, the spring force may prevent the upper support 704 from moving uncontrollably when the elevation device 700 is being moved from one location to another, such as between uses. Elevation device 700 may also include a lock mechanism 708. Lock mechanism 708 may be configured to set a lateral position of the upper support 704, such as when a patient is properly positioned on the elevation device 700. By allowing the upper support 704 to slide relative to the base 702 (and thus lengthen the upper support), the patient may be maintained in the "sniffing position" throughout the elevation process. Additionally, less force will be transmitted to the patient during the elevation process as the upper support 704 may slide to compensate for any changes in position of the patient's body, with the spring force helping to smooth out any movements and dampen larger forces. In some embodiments, movement may be similarly managed using magnets. [0175] In some embodiments, a mechanism that enables the sliding of the upper support 704 while the upper support 704 is elevated may allow the upper support 704 to be slidably coupled with the base, while in other embodiments, the mechanism may be included as part of the upper support 704 itself. For example, FIGs. 7D and 7E show one such sliding mechanism 710. Here, sliding mechanism 710 may include a pivotable coupling 712 that extends from a roller track 714 and is coupleable with a corresponding pivot point 732 of base 702. Pivotable

29

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 coupling 712 enables the entire roller track 714 and upper support 704 to be pivoted to elevate the upper support 704 (and the patient's upper back, shoulders, neck, and/or head). In some embodiments, the elevation of the upper support 704 may be controlled with a motor and switch assembly, such as described above with regards to elevation device 800. Roller track 714 may include one or more tracks or rails 720 that extend away from pivotable coupling 712. Rails 720 may be configured to engage and/or receive corresponding rollers 722 on upper support 704. Oftentimes, rails 720 and roller track 714 may be formed integral with upper support 704. In other embodiments, the rollers 722 may be formed on an underside of upper support 704, oftentimes near an outer edge of the upper support 704. The rollers 722 may engage the roller track 714, which may be positioned near and within the outer edges of the upper support 704. In some embodiments, the track 714 may be positioned on an underside of upper support 704 such that the track 714 and other moving parts are out of the way of users of the elevation device 700. For example, one or more tracks 714 may be positioned at or near an outer edge of upper support 704, possibly on an underside of the upper support 704. In other embodiments, one or more tracks 714 may be near a center of the underside of the upper support 704. Rollers 722 may roll along the rails 720 and allow the upper support 704 to slide along the roller track 714 to adjust a lateral position of the upper support 704, e.g., to allow upper support 704 to expand and contract. Oftentimes, the sliding mechanism 710 may include one or more springs or other force dampening mechanisms that bias movement of the upper support 704 toward the thoracic plate 706. The spring force may be linear and be between about 0.25 kgf and about 1.5 kgf or other values that are sufficient to prevent unexpected motion of the upper support 704 in the absence of a patient while still being small enough to not inhibit the sliding of the upper support 704 when a patient is being elevated by elevation device 700. The sliding mechanism 710 accommodates the upward motion of the patient's upper body during the elevation process in a free manner that insures minimal stress to the upper thorax by allowing upper support 704 to expand lengthwise as the patient's upper body is being elevated, thereby minimizing the deflection and compression of the thorax region and enabling the "sniffing position" to be maintained throughout the elevation or lifting process as the patient's upper body shifts upward.

[0176] While shown with roller track 714 as being coupled with the base 702 and rollers 722 being coupled with the upper support 704, it will be appreciated that other designs may be used in accordance with the present invention. For example, a number of rollers may be positioned

30

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 along a rail that is pivotally coupled with the base. The upper support may then include a track that may receive the rollers such that the upper support may be slid along the rollers to adjust a position of the upper support. Other embodiments may omit the use of rollers entirely. In some embodiments, the mechanism may be a substantially friction free sliding arrangement, while in others, the mechanism may be biased toward the thoracic plate 706 by a spring force. As one example, the upper support may be supported on one or more pivoting telescopic rods that allow a relative position of the upper support to be adjusted by extending and contracting the rods.

[0177] FIG. 7F shows a locking mechanism 724 of elevation device 700 in an elevated extended position. Locking mechanism 724, when engaged, locks the function of rollers 722 such that a lateral position of the upper support 704 is maintained. Locking mechanism 724 may be engaged and/or disengaged at any time during the elevation and/or CPR administration processes to allow adjustments of position of the patient to be made. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism 724 functions by applying friction, engaging a ratcheting mechanism, and/or applying a clamping force to prevent the upper support 704 from moving. In the elevated extended position, the upper support 704 is angularly elevated above the base 702, such as by pivoting the upper support 704 about the pivotable coupling 712. The upper support 704 is positioned along the roller track 714 at a distance from the thoracic plate 706. In some embodiments, this may result in a portion of the roller track 714 being exposed as the upper support 704 is extended along the track 714. [0178] FIG. 7H shows possible movement of the upper support 704 during the elevation process. As noted above, the elevation device 700 and patient's body having different radii of curvature. The movement provided by the adjustable upper support 704 allows the upper support 704 to conform to the movement of the body to maintain proper support of the patient in the "sniffing position." The upper support 704 may initially be in a storage state. As the patient is positioned on the elevation device 700 and the upper support 704 is elevated, the upper support 704 may begin to slide away from the thoracic plate 706 in the direction of the arrow to accommodate the changing body position of the patient. Throughout the elevation process, the upper support 704 may continue to extend away from the thoracic plate 706 until the full elevation is reached. At this point, the patient will be maintained in the "sniffing position" in the elevated position, with the upper support 704 extended at some distance from the thoracic plate

31

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 706, effectively making the elevation device 700 longer than when the patient was in a supine position. At this point, the physician or other user may make any small adjustments to the position of the upper support 704 by sliding the upper support 704 along the roller track 714 and/or the user may lock the upper support 704 in the position using locking mechanism 708 as shown in FIG. 7G. Adjustments may be necessary to assist in airway management and/or intubation.

[0179] FIG. 71 shows a patient 734 positioned on the elevation device 700. Here, upper support 704 is extended along the roller track 714 as it is elevated, thereby maintaining the patient in the proper "sniffing position." Here, the thoracic plate 706 provides a static amount of elevation of the thorax, specifically the heart, in the range of about 3 cm to 7 cm. Such an elevation of the thorax promotes increased blood flow through the brain. As seen here, there are three primary contact points for the individual. The neck support 716 contacts the spine in the region of the C7-C8 vertebrae, the thoracic plate 706 contacts the back in line with the sternum, and the lower body (legs and buttocks) rest on a support surface. The lower body contact may provide stability and anchor the patient and the elevation device 700. It will be recognized that other contact points may exist as a result of individuals of different body sizes and other physiological factors. As shown here, the head of the individual may extend at least partially through the upper support 704, such as by being positioned within shaped area 726. This may help promote the sniffing position. Additionally, the individual may be properly positioned by positioning armpit supports 728 under the individual's underarms. This will not only help properly position the individual, but armpit supports 728 may help prevent the individual from sliding down the elevation device 700, thus keeping the individual properly aligned with a chest compression device.

[0180] In some embodiments, a chest compression/decompression system may be coupled with an elevation device. Proper initial positioning and orientation, as well as maintaining the proper position, of the chest compression/decompression system, is essential to ensure there is not an increased risk of damage to the patient's rib cage and internal organs. This correct positioning includes positioning and orienting a piston type automated CPR device.

Additionally, testing has shown that such CPR devices, even when properly positioned, may shift in position during administration of head up CPR. Such shifts may cause an upward motion of

32

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 the device relative to the sternum, and may cause an increased risk of damage to the rib cage, as well as a risk of ineffective CPR. If a piston of the CPR or chest compression/decompression device has an angle of incidence that is not perpendicular to the sternum (thereby resulting in a force vector that will shift the patient's body), there may be an increased risk of damage to the patient's rib cage and internal organs. However, it will be appreciated that certain chest compression devices may be designed to compress the chest at other angles.

[0181] The degree of upward shift was studied in normal human volunteers. During the elevation to a head up position, subjects were moved out of the initial sniffing position. This was due to the upper torso curling during the lifting or elevation of the patient's upper body. Such torso curling also created a significant thoracic shift, meaning that as the upper body and head lifted, the thoracic plate and chest pivoted forward. The shift is significant when a support structure is used in conjunction with an automated chest compression or active compression decompression (ACD) CPR device, such as the LUCAS device, as the thoracic shift effectively changes an angle of the plunger and/or suction cup of the ACD CPR device relative to the thorax. Such an angle change may cause the plunger to be out of alignment, which may result in undesired effects. The results of thoracic shift were tested using a support structure having an extendable upper support. Table 1 shows the thoracic shift measured in 11 subjects using the support structure. The listed shifts represent a distance change of where the plunger contacts the subject's chest when the subject is manipulated between supine and head up positions.

Gender Height Weight Thoracic Shift 1 (mm) Thoracic Shift 2 (mm)

M 6' 177 17.5 17

M 6Ί" 200 17.5 17.5

M 6' 172 7.5 8

M 5Ί 1" 195 21 20

M 6'4" 260 9.5 10

M 6'2" 240 14 14

M 5Ί0" 188 17 17.5

M 5Ί 1" 190 22 23

F 5 '6" 135 18 18

33

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 F 5'2" 135 12.7 12.7

F 5'7" 218 12.7 12.7

Table 1. Thoracic Shift of Subjects With Only Extendable Upper Support

[0182] To record the thoracic shift, each subject was positioned on the support structure positioned on a table. The subject's nipple line was positioned approximately at a center of the thoracic plate of the support structure. The upper support of the support structure was adjusted, insuring that the subject was in the sniffing position. A plunger of an active compression decompression device (LUCAS device) was lowered and positioned on the subject's chest according to device requirements. The position of the suction cup of the plunger was marked on the subject using a marker while in the supine position (with a lower edge of the suction cup as a trace edge). The position of the sliding upper support of the support structure was recorded. The support structure was then elevated to 15° above the horizontal plane defined by the table. A new position of the suction cup was marked on the subject while in the elevated position. The position of the sliding upper support was again recorded. The support structure was then elevated to 30° above the horizontal plane. The position of the suction cup was again marked on the subject's chest. The subject was then lowered to the supine position and the process was repeated two times with the LUCAS suction cup in the same starting position. The process was then repeated another two times with the subject's arms strapped to the LUCAS device. In some of these test subjects, the center of the piston moved as little as 0.95 cm to over 2.0 cm. The potential for piston movement is a potential significant clinical concern. Based upon this study in human cadavers, a means to adjust the compression piston angle with the chest during elevation of the heart and thorax is needed to avoid damage during CPR.

[0183] FIGs. 8A-8E depict an elevation device 800 for coupling with a chest

compression/decompression or CPR device 802 while combating the effects of the thoracic shift and thoracic misalignment caused by improperly aligning the CPR device and/or improperly maintaining such position and alignment. It will be appreciated that elevation device 800 may include similar features as elevation device 700, and/or may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. FIG. 8A shows an upper support 804 of elevation device 800 that is in an elevated position. During elevation, a thoracic plate 806 is tilted to control a corresponding shift of the thorax relative to CPR device

34

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 802. For example, a lever, cam, or other connection may link the tilt of the thoracic plate 806 with the elevation of the upper support 807, thereby causing the CPR device 802 to move down and at a slightly forward angle. This tilting insures that the thorax and sternum are properly aligned with a piston of the CPR device 802 to provide safe and effective head up CPR.

Oftentimes proper alignment involves the piston being perpendicular, or substantially

perpendicular, to the sternum, however in other cases non-perpendicular alignments may be desirable. In some embodiments, the thoracic plate 806 may have a default angle relative to a horizontal plane of between about 0° and 10°. The tilt may provide an additional 2°-15° of tilt to accommodate the shifting thorax of the patient and to maintain proper alignment of the CPR device 802.

[0184] FIG. 8B shows the upper support 804 in a lowered position. In the lowered position, the thoracic plate 806 has a default angle of elevation of approximately 5°, although it will be appreciated that other default angles may be utilized in accordance with the present invention, such as, for example, in the range of about 0° to about 15°. As seen in FIG. 8C, the thoracic plate 806 is attached to a carriage 818 that is attached by rollers 810 and pivots 812 to the upper support 804. For example, the roller 810 may be disposed on a rail 840 of upper support 804. The upper support 804 may be elevated to the position shown in FIG. 8D. In some

embodiments, upper support 804 may be extended along a length of the elevation device 800 during elevation of the upper support 804. As seen in FIG. 8E, during elevation of the upper support 804, the roller 810 and carriage 818 are lifted upward by the movement of the rail 840, thereby lifting and/or tilting the thoracic plate 806 (here by 3° to a total angle of 8°), which causes a similar change in position or orientation of the CPR device 802. The synchronization of movement of the upper support 804, thoracic plate 806, and CPR device 802 insures that the CPR device 802 is maintained at a proper position and angle of incidence relative to the sternum throughout the head up CPR process to manage thoracic shift. The proper position and alignment of a plunger of the CPR device 802 are necessary to prevent damage to the patient's thorax. The plunger should be positioned between about 2 and 5 cm above the base of the sternum and must stay within about 1 cm of its initial position. The plunger must be angled within about 20-25 degrees of perpendicular relative to the patient's sternum. In other words, the plunger may be positioned at an angle of between about 70 and 110° relative to the patient's chest. In some embodiments, this angle may be adjusted or otherwise controlled to achieve

35

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 desired compression/decompression effects on the patient. In conjunction with this position, it is desirable for the individual's thorax to be raised between about 3 cm and 7 cm, at the location of the heart, above a horizontal plane on which the lower body is supported. Additionally, the head may be raised between about 15 cm and 25 cm above the horizontal plane, and the individual may be in the sniffing position.

[0185] FIGs. 9A-9E depict an elevation device 900 for coupling with a chest

compression/decompression or CPR device 902 while combating the effects of the thoracic shift and thoracic misalignment caused by improperly aligning the CPR device 902 and/or improperly maintaining such position and alignment. Elevation device 900 may include similar features as elevation devices 700 and 800, as well as the other elevation devices described herein. For example, elevation device 900 may include an upper support that is extendable along a length of the elevation device 900 during elevation of the upper support. FIGs. 9A and 9B show elevation device 900 having an independently adjustable thoracic plate 906. The natural tendency of the sternum, as the body is lifted/elevated, is to migrate in a downward direction due to the natural curving motion of the upper body. Elevation device 900 includes an automatic and/or manual adjustment mechanism that allows a lengthwise position and/or an angular position of the thoracic plate 906 to be adjusted to account for the migrating sternum. Such an adjustment mechanism may be locked to set a position of the thoracic plate 906 and/or unlocked to allow adjustments to be made at any time during the elevation and/or CPR administration processes.

[0186] Thoracic plate 906 includes a pivoting base 908. As shown in FIG. 9C, pivoting base 908 may include one or more rails or tracks 910 that may guide a corresponding roller, track, or other guide 918 of the thoracic plate 906 and/or a base 912 of the thoracic plate 906. Pivoting base 908 may pivotally engage with a cradle or other mating feature of a base 914 of the elevation device 900. For example, pivoting base 908 may include one or more rods 916 that may be received in corresponding cradles or channels in base 914. The rods 916 may rotate or otherwise pivot within the channels to allow the pivoting base 908 to pivot about the axis of the rods 916. Such pivoting allows the thoracic plate 904 to be pivoted to adjust an angle of the CPR device 902 relative to the patient's sternum once properly elevated as shown in FIG. 9D. The tracks 910 may be engaged with guide 918 to allow the thoracic plate 906 and/or base 912 to be

36

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 slid laterally along the pivoting base 908. This allows the CPR device 902 to be laterally aligned with the patient's sternum while elevated as indicated in FIG. 9E. A locking lever 920 may be included to lock one or both of the pivoting and the lateral movement of the thoracic plate 906 once a desired orientation is achieved. In some embodiments, the thoracic plate 906 may have a freedom of adjustability of between about +/- 7° of tilt or pivot relative to its default position and/or between about +/- 1.5 inches of lateral movement relative to its default position.

[0187] During administration of various types of head and thorax up CPR, it is advantageous to maintain the patient in the sniffing position where the patient is properly situated for endotracheal intubation. In such a position, the neck is flexed and the head extended, allowing for patient intubation, if necessary, and airway management. During elevation of the upper body, the sniffing position may require that a center of rotation of an upper elevation device supporting the patient's head be co-incident to a center of rotation of the upper head and neck region. The center of rotation of the upper head and neck region may be in a region of the spinal axis and the scapula region. Maintaining the sniffing position of the patient may be done in several ways.

[0188] In some embodiments, the motors may be coupled with a processor or other computing device. The computing device may communicate with one or more input devices such as a keypad, and/or may couple with sensors such as flow and pressure sensors. This allows a user to select an angle and/or height of the heart and/or head. Additionally, sensor inputs may be used to automatically control the motor and angle of the supports based on flow and pressure measurements, as well as a type of CPR and/or ITP regulation.

[0189] In some embodiments, an elevation device may include additional patient positioning aids. For example, a thoracic plate 1000 of FIG. 10 includes armpit supports 1002. Armpit supports 1002 may be coupled with couplings 1004 for receiving a chest compression or other CPR device and/or may be positioned elsewhere on a support device. Armpit supports 1002 are configured to rest below a patient's underarms between the torso and the upper arms to help maintain the patient in the proper position relative to the thoracic plate 1000 and the support device (not shown). Additionally, the armpit supports 1002 may stabilize the patient, preventing the patient from slipping downward on the elevation device during elevation and/or the

37

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 administration of CPR. Thoracic plate 1000 may be used in conjunction with any of the elevation devices described herein.

[0190] FIG. 11 depicts an elevation device 1 100 for elevating an individual' s head, heart, and/or neck. Elevation device 1 100 may be similar to the elevation devices described above and may include a base 1 102, an upper support 1 104, and a thoracic plate 1 106. In some

embodiments, the upper support may be elevated using an elevation device, such as gas springs (not shown) that utilize stored spring energy or an electric motor 1 108. Electric motor 1 108 may be battery powered and/or include a power cable. During operation, electric motor 1 108 may raise, lower, and/or maintain a position of the upper support 1 104. Here, the electric motor 1 108 operates through a gearbox to generate right angle linear motion. This occurs by the motor shaft having a worm gear attached to it. This worm gear drives a right angle worm wheel 1 1 10 that has a lead nut pressed into it. The rotation of the worm wheel/lead nut assembly causes a lead screw 1 1 12 to move in a direction perpendicular to the original motor shaft. As lead screw 1 1 12 extends, it pushes against a fixed linkage that has pivots at each end, thereby forcing the elevation of the upper support by pivoting about joint 1 1 14 to raise and lower the upper support 1 104. It will be appreciated that other elevation mechanisms may be utilized to raise and lower the upper support. In some embodiments, as the upper support 1 104 is elevated, it may extend along a length of the elevation device 1 100 to accommodate movement of the patient as described elsewhere herein. [0191] In some embodiments, the elevation device 1 100 may include a rail (not shown) that extends at least substantially horizontally along the upper support 1 104 and/or the thoracic plate 1 106, with a fixed pivot point near the thoracic plate 1 106, such as near a pivot point of the thoracic plate 1 106. The rail is configured to pivot about the fixed pivot point and is coupled with the thoracic plate 1 106 such that pivoting of the rail causes a similar and/or identical pivot or tilt of the thoracic plate 1 106. A collar (not shown) may be configured to slide along a length of the rail. The collar may include a removable pin (not shown) that may be inserted through an aperture defined by the collar, with a portion of the pin extending into one of a series of apertures defined by a portion of the upper support 1 104. By inserting the pin into one of the series of apertures on the upper support 1 104, pivoting or tilting of the rail, and thus the thoracic plate 1 106, is effectuated by the elevation of the upper support 1 104. By moving the position of the

38

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 pin closer to the fixed pivot point, a user may reduce the angle that the thoracic plate 1 106 pivots or tilts, while moving the pin away from the fixed pivot point increases the degree of elevation of the rail, and thus increases the amount of tilting of the thoracic plate 1 106 while still allowing both the thoracic plate 1 106 and the upper support 1 104 to return to an initial supine position. In this manner, a user may customize an amount of thoracic plate tilt that corresponds with a particular amount of elevation. For example, with a pin in a middle position along the rail, elevating the upper support 1 104 to a 45° angle may cause a corresponding forward tilt of the thoracic plate 1 106 of 12°. By moving the pin to a position furthest from the fixed pivot point along the rail, upper support 1 104 to a 45° angle may cause a corresponding forward tilt of the thoracic plate 1 106 of 20°. It will be appreciated that any combination of upper support 1 104 and thoracic plate 1 106 elevation and/or tilting may be achieved to match a particular patient' s body size and that the above numbers are merely two examples of the customization achievable using a pin and rail mechanism. It will be appreciated that elevation device 1 100 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. [0192] FIG 12 depicts one embodiment of a spring-assisted motor assembly 1208 for an elevation device 1200. It will be appreciated that elevation device 1200 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein.

Elevation device 1200 and motor assembly 1208 may operate similar to the motor 808 of FIG. 8. For example, elevation device 1200 may include a base and an upper support 1202. The upper support 1202 may be elevated using motor assembly 1208, which may be battery powered and/or include a power cable. During operation, motor assembly 1208 may raise, lower, and/or maintain a position of the upper support 1202. Here, the motor assembly 1208 operates through a gearbox to generate right angle linear motion. This occurs by the motor shaft having a worm gear attached to it. This worm gear drives a right angle worm wheel that has a lead nut pressed into it. The rotation of the worm wheel/lead nut assembly causes a lead screw 1204 to move in a direction perpendicular to the original motor shaft. As lead screw 1204 extends, it pushes against a fixed linkage that has pivots at each end, thereby forcing the elevation of the upper support by pivoting about a joint to raise and lower the upper support 1202. A spring 1206 may be positioned concentrically with the lead screw 1204. Spring 1206 is configured to store potential energy when the spring 1206 is compressed, such as when the motor assembly 1208 is used to lower the upper support 1202. This occurs as lead screw 1204 contracts, a spring stop

39

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 1210 and a motor assembly housing 1212 (or another spring stop) are drawn toward one another. Spring 1206 is positioned between the spring stop 1210 and the motor assembly housing 1212, with the ends of spring 1206 coupled with and/or positioned against the spring stop 1210 and/or motor assembly housing 1212. The drawing of the spring stop 1210 toward the motor assembly housing 1212 thereby forces spring 1206 to compress. As the motor assembly 1208 is used to elevate the upper support 1202, the motor assembly housing 1212 is drawn away from spring stop 1210, allowing the spring 1206 to expand and release some or all of the stored potential energy in a direction matching the direction of extension of lead screw 1204, thereby providing additional force to aid the motor assembly 1208 in lifting the upper support 1202. This reduces the electrical energy requirement (batteries or other electrical power source) on the motor assembly 1208, allowing the elevation device 1200 to operate with a lower energy cost, as well as reducing the strain on the motor assembly 1208, which may allow a less powerful motor to be used.

[0193] FIG. 13 depicts another embodiment of a spring-assisted motor assembly 1308 for an elevation device 1300. Elevation device 1300 and motor assembly 1308 may operate similar or identical to elevation device 1200 and motor assembly 2008 described above and/or may include any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. For example, elevation device 1300 may include a base and an upper support 1302. The upper support 1302 may be elevated using motor assembly 1308, which may be battery powered and/or include a power cable. During operation, motor assembly 1308 may raise, lower, and/or maintain a position of the upper support 1302. Here, the motor assembly 1308 operates through a gearbox to generate right angle linear motion. This occurs by the motor shaft having a worm gear attached to it. This worm gear drives a right angle worm wheel that has a lead nut pressed into it. The rotation of the worm wheel/lead nut assembly causes a lead screw to move in a direction perpendicular to the original motor shaft. As lead screw extends, it pushes against a fixed linkage that has pivots at each end, thereby forcing the elevation of the upper support by pivoting about a joint to raise and lower the upper support 1302. A spring 2006 may be positioned between a base 1312 of the elevation device 1300 and one or both of an extension 1304 or a motor assembly housing 1310. Spring 1306 is configured to store potential energy when the spring 1306 is compressed, such as when the motor assembly 1308 is used to lower the upper support 1302. This occurs as the upper support 1302 is lowered, the extension 1304 and

40

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 motor assembly housing 1310 are also lowered, drawing the components toward the base 1312 and forcing spring 1306 to compress. As the motor assembly 1308 is used to elevate the upper support 1302, the motor assembly housing 1310 and extension 1304 are drawn away from base 1312, allowing the spring 1306 to expand and release some or all of the stored potential energy in an upward direction, thereby providing additional force to aid the motor assembly 1308 in lifting the upper support 1302. This reduces the electrical energy requirement (batteries or other electrical power source) on the motor assembly 1308, allowing the elevation device 1300 to operate with a lower energy cost, as well as reducing the strain on the motor assembly 1308, which may allow a less powerful motor to be used. [0194] In some embodiments, a gas strut may be used to elevate the upper support 804 in a similar manner. FIG. 14 depicts an elevation device 1400 that utilizes a gas strut 1402. It will be appreciated that elevation device 1400 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. Ends of the gas strut 1402 may be positioned on elevation device 1400 similar to the ends of the motor mechanism in the embodiment of FIG. 1 1. For example, one end of the strut 1402 may be positioned at a pivot point 1404 near a base 1406 of the elevation device 1400, while the other end is fixed to a portion of an upper support 1408 of the elevation device 1400. The strut 1402 may be extended or contracted, just as the lead screw extends and contracts, which drives elevation changes of the upper support 1408. In some embodiments, an angle of a thoracic plate 1410 may be adjusted as a result of the elevation of the upper support 1408 changing. A roller 1412 or other support of the thoracic plate 1410 may be positioned on a rail 1414 or other support feature of the upper support. In the lower or supine position, the rail 1414 supports the roller 1412 at a low level, and maintains the thoracic plate 1410 at an initial angle relative to a horizontal plane. As the upper support 1408 is elevated, so is the rail 1414. The elevation of rail 1414 forces roller 1412 upward, thereby tilting the thoracic plate 1410 away from the upper support 1408 and increasing an angle of the thoracic plate 1410 relative to the horizontal plane., which may help combat thoracic shift. For example, elevating the upper support 1408 from a lowest position to a fully raised position may result in the thoracic plate 1410 tilting between 3 and 10 degrees. In some embodiments, as the upper support 1408 is elevated, it may extend along a length of the elevation device 1400 to accommodate movement of the patient as described elsewhere herein.

41

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0195] FIG. 15 provides a simplified view of an elevation/tilt mechanism, similar to that used in elevation device 1400. It will be appreciated that elevation device 1400 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. An upper support 1500 is pivotally coupled with a thoracic plate 1502 such that as the upper support 1500 is elevated from an at least substantially horizontal or supine position to an elevated position, the thoracic plate 1502 is tilted in a direction away from the upper support 1500. The upper support 1500 includes a track or rail 1504 that is elevated along with the upper support 1500. A roller 1506 or other support mechanism is included on an extension or rail 1504 of the thoracic plate 1502. The roller 1506 is positioned atop the rail 1504 such that as the rail 1504 is elevated, the roller 1506 is lifted upwards. This upward lift causes a proximal edge of the thoracic plate 1502 closest to the upper support 1500 to be raised while a distal edge 1508 of the thoracic plate 1502 stays in place and serves as a pivot point, causing the thoracic plate 1502 to tilt away from the upper support. In this manner, the thoracic plate 1502 may be tilted to combat thoracic shift merely by elevating the upper support 1500. [0196] In some embodiments, additional support may be needed for a patient's head as it extends through an opening of the shaped area of an upper support to prevent the neck from hyperextending and to maintain the patient in the sniffing position. FIGs. 16A and 16B show an elevation device 1600 having a base 1602, an upper support 1604, and a thoracic plate 1606 similar to those described above. Base 1602 includes a pillow or pad 1608. Pad 1608 is aligned with an opening 1610 of a shaped area for the patient's head, thus providing head support for the patient. Pad 1608 may be made of foam or other material that may support the patient's head while the upper support 1604 is in a lowered or relatively supine position. As the upper support 1604 is elevated, the patient's head will lift from pad 1608, which stays with base 1602 as seen in FIG. 16B. In some embodiments, pad 1608 may be contoured to match the shape of a head and/or to help maintain the head in a proper alignment by preventing the head from twisting sideways. For example, a U-groove and/or V-groove shape along a longitudinal axis of the pad 1608 may ensure that the head is properly aligned. It will be appreciated that elevation device 1600 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein.

42

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0197] In some embodiments, additional head support may be desired during the elevation of the upper support, which may also cause the upper support to extend along a length of the elevation device. FIG. 17A depicts an upper support 1700 having movable flaps 1702 that can be pivoted about a pivot point 1710 to a cradling position 1712. In cradling position 1712, flaps 1702 may be suspended below and cradle the patient's head while the upper support 1700 is elevated. Such cradling may prevent the hyperextension of the patient's neck and promote the sniffing position as the patient's head is positioned within opening 1704. Flaps 1702 may be positioned by a user to sit within a part of opening 1704 to support the patient's head. For example, the flaps 1702 may be pivoted from a first position where they form an uppermost portion of the upper support 1700 to a second position within opening 1704 where the flaps 1702 may support the patient's head. In some embodiments, the flaps 1702 may include a lower portion 1706 that actually supports the head. The lower portion 1706 has a surface that is below a main surface 1708 of the upper support 1700. This allows the patient's head to be supported below the main surface 1708 to promote the sniffing position for proper airway management. In some embodiments, flaps 1702 may be pivotable in a downward position to further adjust a height and level of support of the head.

[0198] FIG. 17B shows a patient 1714 positioned on the upper support 1700 with his head being supported by flaps 1702. Here, flaps 1702 have both been pivoted to a position below the patient's head such that as the patient 1714 is elevated, his head is supported sufficiently that his neck does not hyperextend. The flaps 1702 may be positioned to maintain the patient 1714 in the sniffing position throughout elevation of the upper support 1700.

[0199] It will be appreciated that other cradle mechanisms may be used in conjunction with the elevation devices described herein. For example, an adjustable plate may be coupled with the upper support, allowing a user to adjust a height of the plate to provide a desired level of support. Other embodiments may include a net or cage that may extend below an opening of the upper support to maintain the head in a desired position. In some embodiments, a cradle mechanism may be coupled with the upper support using surgical tubing, a bungee cable, or other flexible or semi-rigid material to provide support for patients of different sizes. It will be appreciated that elevation device 500 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein.

43

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0200] FIG. 18A depicts an elevation device 1800 having an adjustable neck support 1802. It will be appreciated that elevation device 1800 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. Neck support 1802 may be positioned on an upper support 1804 and may be configured to move along the upper support 1804 as the upper support 1804 is elevated to maintain the patient in the Sniffing Position. The movement of the upper support 1804 and neck support 1802 may be synchronized. A primary motor (not shown) and worm gear similar to the motor of elevation device 1400 may be used to elevate the upper support 1804 from a supine position to up to about 30° above horizontal. A secondary motor 1806 and worm gear 1808 may be used to control the position of the neck support 1802 relative to the upper support 1804. For example, the secondary motor 1806 may be at a supine position along worm gear 1808 when the elevation device 1800 is in a supine configuration as in FIG. 18 A.

[0201] FIG. 18B shows elevation device 1800 in an elevated configuration. Here, the secondary motor 1806 may be positioned at a distance along the worm gear 1808. For example, at maximum elevation, the secondary motor 1806 may be at a maximum distance of travel along worm gear 1808, while intermediate angles may be achieved as the secondary motor 1806 is between the supine position and the maximum distance of travel. As the primary motor elevates the upper support 1804, the position of neck support 1802 may be adjusted to maintain the patient in the optimal Sniffing Position. The actuation of the primary and/or secondary motors 1806 may be controlled by a computing device that executes software that analyzes a patient's body shape and/or height to determine a correct position of the upper support 1804 and/or neck support 1802. In some embodiments, elevation device 1800 may be configured such that a pivot point 1810 of upper support 1804 is co-incident with the center of flexure of the patient.

[0202] FIG. 19 depicts movement of a neck support 1900, such as the neck support used in the elevation devices described herein. Movement of neck support 1900 may be controlled by a motor 1902 coupled with a worm gear 1904. As the motor 1902 is actuated, the motor 1902 may rotate the worm gear 1904 such that it may pull a nut or gear 1906 coupled with the neck support 1900 toward the motor 1902 and/or push the gear 1906 away from the motor 1902. This causes the neck support 1900 to move between a contracted position and an extended position. The neck support 1900 may extend through a slot in any of the elevation devices disclosed herein

44

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 such that the position may be adjusted. For example, FIG. 20 depicts an elevation device 2000 having a track or slot 2002. A rod or extension piece of a neck support 2004 may extend through slot 2002, allowing the neck support 2004 to be moved along a length of the elevation device 2000. It will be appreciated that elevation device 2000 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein.

[0203] In some embodiments, a portion of a neck support may be positioned over a near frictionless track or surface, such as, but not limited to, a surface constructed of

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). This allows the head and neck, while in the Sniffing Position, to slide vertically on an axis aligned or near aligned with the elevation device. The neck support may have a small spring force to assist motion of the neck support and to counter any residual effects or effects due to gravity, and assures optimal placement of the patient in the Sniffing Position. Outline portion 2100 of elevation device 2102 in FIG. 21 shows a low friction shaped region to restrain the head and/or neck in the correct sniffing position. This elevation device 2102 allows movement in direction of the arrows while the neck support 2104 may be supplied with a spring force to help support the head and neck under forces, such as gravity. It will be appreciated that elevation device 2102 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein.

[0204] FIG. 22 shows an embodiment of an elevation device 2200 having an upper support with two pivot points. It will be appreciated that elevation device 2200 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. The use of multiple pivot or hinge points allows the patient's head to tilt back during the head and thorax up CPR procedure. By careful positioning of a neck support 2202, the head and neck now move such that the head and neck are extended and maintained in the correct sniffing position during the head and thorax up CPR procedure. Here, a first hinge point 2204 enables the upper support of the elevation device 2200 to be pivoted and elevated. In some embodiments, the first hinge point 2204 may be aligned and/or co-incident with an axis of flexure of the patient, such as near the scapula. A second hinge point 2206 may be positioned higher up on the upper portion, such as near neck support 2202. The second hinge point 2206 allows the head to tilt back to position the patient in the sniffing position. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 22A, the second hinge point 2206 may be activated with a spring force, such as by using spring 2208, to

45

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 cause a portion of the upper support to support the upper head. For example, the spring 2208 may help support the head, while still allowing some amount of downward tilt. In some embodiments, there may be a linkage, such as one or more arms, extendable arms, a chain linkage, a geared linkage, or other linkage mechanism to cause the portion of the support under the head to pivot down as the upper support lifts upwards. In this manner, a plane defined between the scapula and head of the patient may still be elevated at a desired angle 2210, such as between 10 and 45 degrees, while allowing the patient's head to tilt back, thus maintaining the patient in the sniffing position.

[0205] A variety of equipment or devices may be coupled to or associated with the structure used to elevate the head and torso to facilitate the performance of CPR and/or intrathoracic pressure regulation. For example, a coupling mechanism, connector, or the like may be used to removably couple a CPR assist device to the structure. This could be as simple as a snap fit connector to enable a CPR assist device to be positioned over the patient's chest. Examples of CPR assist devices that could be used with the elevation device (either in the current state or a modified state) include the Lucas device, sold by Physio-Control, Inc., the Defibtech Lifeline ARM - Hands-Free CPR Device, sold by Defibtech, the Thumper mechanical CPR device, sold by Michigan Instruments, automated CPR devices by Zoll, such as the AutoPulse, and the like. Similarly, various commercially available intrathoracic pressure devices could be removably coupled to the elevation device. Examples of such devices include the Lucas device (Physio- control), the Weil Mini Chest Compressor Device, the Zoll AutoPulse, and the like.

[0206] FIGs. 23A-23D depict one embodiment of an elevation device 2300 having stabilizing elements. It will be appreciated that elevation device 2300 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. The stabilizing elements ensure that the patient is maintained in a proper position throughout the administration of head and thorax up CPR. FIG. 23A shows elevation device 2300 in a closed position. An underbody stabilizer 2302 may be slid within a recess of the elevation device 2300 for storage. The underbody stabilizer 2302 may be configured to support a lower body of a patient. One or more armpit stabilizers 2304 may be included on the elevation device 2300. Armpit stabilizers 2304 may be pivoted to be positioned under a patient's underarms and may help prevent the patient sliding down the elevation device 2300 due to effects from gravity and/or the

46

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 administration of chest compressions. In the closed position, armpit stabilizers 2304 may be folded toward a surface of the elevation device 2300. In some embodiments, armpit stabilizers 2304 may include mounting features, such as those used to couple a chest compression device with the elevation device 2300. In some embodiments, the stabilizer could be extended and modified to include handles so that the entire structure (not shown) could be used as a transport device or stretcher so the patient could be moved with ongoing CPR from one location to another.

[0207] Elevation device 2300 may also include non-slip pads 2306 and 2308 that further help maintain the patient in the correct position without slipping. Non-slip pad 2306 may be positioned on a lower or thorax support 2312, and non-slip pad 2308 may be positioned on an upper or head and neck support 2314. While not shown, it will be appreciated that a neck support, such as described elsewhere herein, may be included in elevation device 2300.

Elevation device 2300 may also include motor controls 2310. Motor controls 2310 may allow a user to control a motor to adjust an angle of elevation and/or height of the lower support 2312 and/or upper support 2314. For example, an up button may raise the elevation angle, while a down button may lower the elevation angle. A stop button may be included to stop the motor at a desired height, such as an intermediate height between fully elevated and supine. It will be appreciated that motor controls 2310 may include other features, and may be coupled with a computing device and/or sensors that may further adjust an angle of elevation and/or a height of the lower support 2312 and/or the upper support 2314 based on factors such as a type of CPR, a type of ITP regulation, a patient's body size, measurements from flow and pressure sensors, and/or other factors.

[0208] FIG. 23B depicts elevation device 2300 in an extended, but relatively flat position. Here, underbody stabilizer 2302 is extended from elevation device 2300 such that at least a portion of a lower body of the patient may be supported by underbody stabilizer 2302. Armpit stabilizers 2304 may be rotated into alignment with a patient's underarms such that a portion of the armpit stabilizers 2304 closest to the head may engage the patient's underarms to maintain the patient in the correct position during administration of CPR. In some embodiments, the armpit stabilizers 2304 may be mounted to a lateral expansion element that may be adjusted to accommodate different patient sizes. FIG. 23C shows the elevation device 2300 in an extended

47

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 and elevated position. Here, the upper support 2314 and/or lower support 2312 may be elevated above a horizontal plane, such as described herein. For example, upper support 2314 may be elevated by actuation of the motor (not shown) due to a user interacting with motor controls 2310. The elevation may be between about 15° and 45° above a substantially horizontal plane in which the patient's lower body is positioned. In some embodiments, the elevation device 2300 may include one or more head stabilizers 2316. The head stabilizers 2316 may be removably coupled with the upper support 2314, such as using a hook and loop fastener, magnetic coupling, a snap connector, a reusable adhesive, and/or other removable fastening techniques. In some embodiments, the head stabilizers 2316 may be coupled after a patient has been positioned on elevation device 2300. This allows the spacing between the head stabilizers 2316 to be customized such that elevation device 2300 may be adapted to fit any size of patient.

[0209] FIGs. 24A-24G depict one embodiment of coupling a chest compression device to an elevation device. For example, FIG. 24A shows an elevation device 2400, such as the elevation devices described herein, having a sleeve 2402 or other receiving mechanism for receiving a thoracic plate 2404 of a chest compression device. By utilizing a sleeve 2402, thoracic plate 2404 may be slid into position within the elevation device 2400 while a patient is already positioned on top of the elevation device 2400. Thus, there is no need to move the patient or the elevation device 2400 in order to couple a chest compression device. Thoracic plate 2404 may be configured to be slidingly inserted within an interior of sleeve 2402. Thoracic plate 2404 may also include one or more mounting features 2406. For example, a mounting feature 2406 may extend beyond sleeve 2402 on each side such that a corresponding mating feature of a chest compression device may be engaged to secure the chest compression device to the elevation device. FIG. 24B shows a cross-section of sleeve 2402 with thoracic plate 2404 inserted therein. The interior of sleeve 2402 may be contoured to match a contour of thoracic plate 2404 such that thoracic plate 2404 is firmly secured within sleeve 2402, as a chest compression device needs a solid surface to stabilize the device during chest compression delivery.

[0210] FIG. 24C depicts thoracic plate 2404 being slid into sleeve 2402. A first end of the thoracic plate 2404 may be inserted into an opening of sleeve 2402 and pushed through until the mounting feature 2406 extend beyond the outer periphery of sleeve 2402. As noted above, the contour of the thoracic plate 2404 and the interior of the sleeve 2402 may largely match,

48

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 allowing the thoracic plate 2404 to be easily pushed and/or pulled through the sleeve 2402. FIG. 24D shows the thoracic plate 2404 partially inserted within the sleeve 2402. Thoracic plate 2404 may be pushed further into sleeve 2402 or may be pulled out. For example, a user may grasp the mounting features 2406 to pull the thoracic plate 2404 out of sleeve 2402. FIG. 24E shows thoracic plate 2404 fully inserted into sleeve 2402. Here, a user may grasp the thoracic plate 2404, such as by grasping one or more of mounting features 2406 and pull on one end of the thoracic plate 2404 to remove the thoracic plate from the sleeve 2402.

[0211] FIG. 24F depicts a chest compression-decompression device 2410 being coupled with the elevation device 2400. Here, one end of the chest compression device 2410 includes a mating feature 2408 that may engage with the mounting feature 2406 to secure the chest compression-decompression device 2410 onto the elevation device 2400. For example, mounting feature 2406 may be a bar or rod that is graspable by a clamp or jaws of mating feature 2408. In other embodiments, the mounting feature 2406 and/or mating feature 2408 may be clips, snap connectors, magnetic connectors, or the like. Oftentimes, pivotable connectors are useful such that the first end of the chest compression-decompression device 2410 may be coupled to the elevation device 2400 prior to rotating the chest compression-decompression device 2410 over the patient's chest and coupling the second end of the chest compression-decompression device 2410. In other embodiments, both ends of the chest compression-decompression device 2410 may be coupled at the same, or nearly the same time. FIG. 24G shows chest compression- decompression device 2410 fully coupled with the elevation device 2400. In this embodiment, the CPR device has a suction cup attached to the compression-decompression piston. Other means may also be used to link the CPR device to the skin during the decompression phase, including an adhesive material. As shown in FIG. 24G, mounting features 2406 and/or mating features 2408 may be positioned and aligned such that the chest compression-decompression device 2410 is coupled at an angle perpendicular to a surface of the sleeve 2402 and/or thoracic plate 2404. In other words, the chest compression-decompression device 2410 is coupled to the elevation device 2400 at a substantially perpendicular angle to a portion of the elevation device 2400 that supports the heart and/or thorax of a patient. This ensures that any chest compressions delivered by the chest compression device are angled properly relative to the patient's chest and heart.

49

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0212] While shown here as a sleeve, it will be appreciated that some embodiments may utilize a channel or indentation to receive a thoracic plate of a chest compression device. Other embodiments may include one or more fastening mechanisms, such as snaps, clamps, magnets, hook and loop fasteners, and the like to secure a thoracic plate onto an elevation device. In some embodiments, a thoracic plate may be permanently built into the elevation device. For example, a thorax-supporting or lower portion of an elevation device may be shaped to match a patient's back and may include one or more mounting features that may engage or be engaged with corresponding mounting features of a chest compression device. It will be appreciated that elevation device 2400 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein.

[0213] FIGs. 25A-25D depict an embodiment of an alternative mechanism for securing a thoracic plate to an elevation device. It will be appreciated that elevation device 2500 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. As seen in FIGs. 25A and 25B, thoracic plate 2502 may be clipped into position on elevation device 2500. When first brought into contact with elevation device 2500, apertures 2504 of thoracic plate 2502 may be positioned over one or more clamping arms 2506 of the elevation device 2500. Oftentimes, each side of the elevation device 2500 includes one or more clamping arms that are controllable independent of clamping arms on the other side of the elevation device, however in some embodiments both sides of clamping arms may be controllable using a single actuator. Clamping arms 2506 may be slidable and/or pivotable by actuating one or more buttons, levers, or other mechanisms 2508, which may be positioned on or extending from an outside surface of the elevation device 2500. For example, the mechanism 2508 may be moved toward the elevation device 2500 to maneuver the clamping arms 2506 from a receiving position that allows the clamping arms 2506 to be inserted within apertures 2504 and to be moved away from the elevation device to maneuver the clamping arms 2506 to a locked position in which the clamping arms 2506 contact a portion of the thoracic plate 2502 proximate to the apertures 2504. As seen in FIG. 25C, in the receiving position clamping arms 2506 are disengaged from the thoracic plate 2502 allowing it to be positioned on or removed from the elevation device 2500. As shown in FIG. 25D, clamping arms 2506 are in the locked position, with the mechanism 2508 in a position pulled away from the surface of the elevation device 2500. Ends of the clamping arms 2506 may overlap with and engage a top surface of the

50

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 thoracic plate 2502, thereby maintaining the thoracic plate 2502 in position relative to the elevation device 2500.

[0214] In some embodiments, the thoracic plate 2502 may be positioned on the elevation device 2500 by manipulating both sides of clamping arms 2506 and setting the thoracic plate 2502 on top of the elevation device 2500 with the apertures 2504 aligned with the clamping arms 2506. The mechanisms 2508 for each of the sides of clamping arms 2506 may then be manipulated to move the clamping arms 2506 into the locked position. This may be done simultaneously or one by one.

[0215] FIGS. 26A-26E depict another alternate mechanism for securing a thoracic plate to an elevation device. As seen in FIGs. 26A and 26B, thoracic plate 2602 may be clipped into position or removed from elevation device 2600. It will be appreciated that elevation device 2600 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. In contrast to elevation device 2500, elevation device 2600 may secure outer edges of the thoracic plate 2602, rather than edges proximate to the apertures of the thoracic plate 2602. Elevation device 2600 includes a lower clamp 2604 and an upper clamp 2606, although it will be appreciated that more than one clamp may be present at each location. Here, lower clamp 2604 is fixed in position while upper clamp 2606 may be slidable and/or pivotable in a direction away from the lower clamp 2604 to provide sufficient area in which to insert the thoracic plate 2602. The sliding and/or pivoting movement of the upper clamp 2606 may be controlled by lever 2608 or another mechanism, which may be positioned near an outer side of the elevation device 2600, thus providing access to the lever 2608 even when a patient is being supported on the elevation device 2600. In some embodiments, the lever 2608 may be spring biased or utilize cams to maintain the lever 2608 in either extreme position. To secure the thoracic plate 2602, the lever 2608 may be manipulated to slide, pivot, and/or otherwise move the upper 2606 away from the lower clamp 2604 as shown in FIG. 26C. A lower edge of the thoracic plate 2602 may then be positioned against and underneath a lip of the lower clamp 2604 such that the lip prevents the thoracic plate 2602 from moving away from the elevation device 2600. The rest of the thoracic plate 2602 may then be positioned against the elevation device 2600 and the lever 2608 may be maneuvered such that the upper clamp 2606 moves toward lower clamp 2604 as shown in FIG. 26D. This allows a lip of the upper clamp 2606 to engage

51

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 with a top surface of the thoracic plate 2602. Once in this position, the thoracic plate 2602 is maintained in the desired position by the lips of both the upper clamp 2606 and lower clamp 2604 as seen in FIG. 26E.

[0216] FIGs. 27A-27J depict another embodiment of a mechanism for coupling the thoracic plate to the elevation device. Such mechanisms may be used with any of the elevation devices described herein. Here, a thoracic plate 2702 includes a plate or rail 2704 that may removably engage with corresponding mating features on an elevation device 2700 to secure the thoracic plate 2702 as shown in FIG. 27A. FIGs. 27B and 27C show a perspective view and a side view of the thoracic plate 2702 separated from the elevation device 2700. Rail 2704 may be configured to be slid under an upper support 2706, where the rail 2704 may engage a roller 2708 as shown in FIG. 27D. Roller 2708 may be attached to a bottom of the upper support 2706 such that the roller 2708 is elevated along with the upper support 2706. When engaged with the roller 2708, rail 2704 may be positioned atop the roller 2708 and below a bottom surface of the upper support 2706. Roller 2708 may be configured to elevate along with the upper support 2706. In FIG. 27E, the upper support 2706 is in a lowered position with rail 2704 of the thoracic plate 2702 positioned atop roller 2708. FIGs. 27F and 27G show a rear view of the elevation device 2700 in the lowered position, with rail 2704 sitting atop roller 2708. As the upper support 2706 is raised, as shown in FIG. 27H, the roller 2708 also raises, lifting the rail 2704 upward as the rail 2704 rolls along roller 2708 and toward the upper support 2706. [0217] FIGs. 271 and 27J show a rear view of the elevation device 2700 in the raised or elevated position, with rail 2704 sitting atop roller 2708. The lifting of rail 2704 causes a back or top side of the thoracic plate 2702 to raise, thereby causing the thoracic plate 2702 to tilt forward. Thus, the engagement of rail 2704 and roller 2708 results in a linked motion that lifts or tilts the thoracic plate 2702 in conjunction with the upper support 2706. The corresponding thoracic plate tilt tracks with the patient thoracic shift mentioned in the discussion related to

FIGs. 5 A-6E. The magnitude of the tilt is determined by the physical geometry of the design and could be user adjustable if required, however the test data described herein has shown that there exists a specific region of geometry that correctly tracks with virtually all patient body types. In some embodiments, the elevation of the upper support 2706 and the tilting of the thoracic plate 2702 are each achieved by pivoting the component at a single pivot point. For example, the

52

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 upper support may elevate and pivot about an upper support pivot 2712 that may be fixed or coupled with a base 2710 of the elevation device 2700, while the thoracic plate 2702 may pivot and tilt about thoracic plate pivot 2714. Thoracic plate pivot 2714 may be secured to and/or sit atop base 2710 when the thoracic plate 2702 is engaged with the elevation device 2700. While the upper support 2706 and thoracic plate 2702 may be pivoted simultaneously, the amount of pivot may be significantly different based on the different pivot points. For example, the upper support 2706 may be pivoted from between 0° and 30° relative to horizontal, while the thoracic plate 2702 may be tilted between about 0° and 7°. Additionally, the upper support 2706 may be elevated to heights as described in other embodiments, such as between about 10 and 30 cm above the starting supine point of the upper support 2706. In some embodiments, when elevated, the upper support 2706 may also extend away from the thoracic plate 2702 along a length of the elevation device 2700 such as described in other embodiments.

[0218] Such an embodiment also allows for easy cleaning of the thoracic plate 2702 and the elevation device 2700. The thoracic plate 2702 may include clips that allow for easy

engagement with the upper support 2706 and engagement with a front edge of a pocket between the upper support 2706 and the base 2710 of the elevation device 2700 that creates a fixed point and a lifting/sliding point. A further advantage of this is that the thoracic plate 2702 can be readily exchanged as required for various medical reasons. In this embodiment, the rail 2704 and/or any clips may be formed of metal plates and screws, however in some embodiments plastic or radio-transparent materials can be used to allow for x-ray fluoroscopy. It will be appreciated that elevation device 2700 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein.

[0219] FIGs. 28A-28D provide a simplified view of a tilt/elevation mechanism similar to that used in elevation device 2700. It will be appreciated that he tilt/elevation mechanism may be used in the elevation devices described herein. FIG. 28A shows an upper support 2800 and thoracic plate 2802 in a lowered, horizontal position. Upper support 2800 includes a roller 2804 that extends downward from an underside of the upper support 2800. Thoracic plate 2802 includes a rail or extension 2806 that extends toward the upper support 2800 and is supported atop the roller 2804 as best seen in FIG. 28B. When the upper support 2800 is elevated, as shown in FIG. 28C, roller 2804 is also elevated. Roller 2804 lifts the extension 2806, while the

53

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 front edge 2808 of the thoracic plate 2802 remains stationary, serving as a pivot point as seen in FIG. 28D. This allows the thoracic plate 2802 to tilt away from the upper support 2800 during elevation of the upper support 2800, thereby combating any effects of thoracic shift that result from the elevation. [0220] FIGs. 29A-29C show a mechanism for tilting a thoracic plate 2906 while an upper support 2904 of an elevation device 2900 is elevated or otherwise inclined. It will be appreciated that elevation device 2900 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. For example, elevation device 2900 may include a base 2902 coupled with the thoracic plate 2906 and the upper support 2904 as shown in FIG. 29A. A chest compression device 2908, such as a LUCAS® device may be coupled with the thoracic plate 2906 (which may be a LUCAS® back plate) such that any movement by the thoracic plate 2906 causes a similar movement in the chest compression device 2908, thereby keeping the chest compression device 2908 aligned with the thoracic plate 2906 and an individual's sternum.

Thoracic plate 2906 may be mounted to the base 2902 using any technique, such as those described in relation to FIGs. 24A-26E. As shown in FIG. 29B, thoracic plate 2906 may include a fixed pivot point 2910 on an underside of the thoracic plate 2906 on a side opposite the upper support 2904. The pivot point 2910 may enable the thoracic plate 2906 to pivot or otherwise rotate about the pivot point 2910 while a front edge of the thoracic plate 2906 remains generally in a same position relative to the base 2902. At an upper end of the thoracic plate 2906 proximate to the upper support 2904, the thoracic plate 2906 may include one or more rollers 2912 configured to be supported by a track 2914 of the upper support 2904 as shown in FIG. 29C. As the upper support 2904 elevates, the track 2914 forces the rollers 2912 upward. As the rollers 2912 are positioned at an upper end of the thoracic plate 2906, the thoracic plate 2906 is tilted at a slightly slower rate and/or to a slightly lower angle than the upper support 2904. This tilt helps combat the effects of thoracic shift due to elevation of the head and upper torso.

[0221] FIGs. 30A and 30B depict an embodiment of an elevation device 3000 having a removable base 3002. Elevation device 3000 may be similar to the elevation devices described above and include any of the features described herein, however rather than having a thoracic plate the elevation device 3000 may have a channel that receives the base 3002 or other back plate that may support at least a portion of the patient's torso and/or upper body. Base 3002 may

54

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 be a wedge or other shape that may be made of foam, plastic, metal, and/or combinations thereof. Base 3002 may be completely separable from elevation device 3000 as shown in FIG. 30A. Base 3002 may be configured to slide within the channel of elevation device 3000 when head up CPR is desired. When outside of the channel, base 3002 may be used to couple a load- distributing band to the patient during supine CPR. If head up CPR is needed, the patient's head, neck, and shoulders may be lifted, the base 3002 may be slid into the channel, and the head, neck, and shoulders may be lowered onto an upper support 3004 of the elevation device 3000. In some embodiments, the elevation device 3000 may include clamps or locks that secure the base 3002 in position such that the base 3002 does not slide during performance of CPR. When coupled as shown in FIG. 30B, elevation device 3000 and base 3002 form an elevation device with similar functionality as those described herein, with the base 3002 supporting part of the patient's torso and providing a point of coupling for a CPR assist device, while elevation device 3000 includes an upper support 3004 and neck pad 3006 that may be elevated and expanded along a length of the elevation device 3000 to maintain the patient's head, neck, and shoulders in a proper position, such as the sniffing position, during elevation and head up CPR. By having an elevation device 3000 separate from the base 3002, it is possible to use various chest

compression devices with the elevation device 3000.

[0222] In some embodiments, elevation devices may have built-in chest compression devices. Chest compression devices may include all devices that deliver chest compressions to an individual and/or actively decompress the chest. These may include both devices that use a piston or plunger to deliver chest compressions and/or decompressions to the individual. Chest compression devices may also include compression band systems that alternately tighten and loosen bands to deliver chest compressions during CPR.

[0223] In some embodiments, active decompression may be provided to the patient receiving CPR with a modified load distributing band device (e.g. modified Zoll Autopulse® band) by attaching a counter-force mechanism (e.g. a spring) between the load distributing band and the head up device or elevation device. Each time the band squeezes the chest, the spring, which is mechanically coupled to the anterior aspect of the band via an arch-like suspension means, is actively stretched. Each time the load distributing band relaxes, the spring recoils pulling the chest upward. The load distributing band may be modified such that between the band the

55

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 anterior chest wall of the patient there is a means to adhere the band to the patient (e.g. suction cup or adhesive material). Thus, the load distributing band compresses the chest and stretches the spring, which is mounted on a suspension bracket over the patient's chest and attached to the head up device. [0224] In other embodiments, the decompression mechanism is an integral part of the head up device and mechanically coupled to the load distributing band, either by a supermagnet or an actual mechanical couple. The load distributing band that interfaces with the patient's anterior chest is modified so it sticks to the patient's chest, using an adhesive means or a suction means. In some embodiments, the entire ACD CPR automated system is incorporated into the head up device, and an arm or arch is conveniently stored so the entire unit can be stored in a relative flat planar structure. The unit is placed under the patient and the arch is lifted over the patient's chest. The arch mechanism allows for mechanical forces to be applied to the patient's chest orthogonally via a suction cup or other adhesive means, to generate active compression, active decompression CPR. The arch mechanism may be designed to tilt with the patient's chest, such as by using a mechanism similar to that used to tilt the thoracic plate in the embodiments described herein.

[0225] FIG. 31 A depicts an embodiment of an elevation device 3100. It will be appreciated that elevation device 3100 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. Elevation device may include a base 3102 and an upper support 3104 that is operably coupled with the base 3102. The upper support 3104 may be configured to elevate at an angle relative to the base 3102 to elevate an individual's head and upper torso (such as the upper back and shoulders). As just one example, the upper support may be configured to pivot or otherwise rotate about a rotational axis 3106 to elevate the head and upper torso as shown in FIG. 31B. In some embodiments, the upper support 3104 may include a neck support 3108 and/or a head cradle 3110. These components may be useful in both supporting the individual, as well as in properly positioning the individual on the elevation device 3100. For example, the individual may be placed on the elevation device 3100 such that the neck support 3108 is positioned along the individual's spine, such as at a point proximate to the C7 or C8 vertebrae. In a lowered position, the upper support 3104 may elevate or otherwise incline the head between about 2 inches and about 10 inches above a substantially horizontal

56

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 plane defined by the surface upon which the elevation device 3100 is supported. The shoulders may be elevated between about 1 inch and about 3 inches when in the lowered position. In an elevated position, upper support 3104 may elevate the head to a desired height, typically between about 3 inches and 24 inches relative to the substantially horizontal plane. Thus, the individual has its head at a higher height than the thorax, and both are elevated relative to the flat or supine lower body. Upper support 3104 is often elevated at an angle between about 8° and 45° above the horizontal plane. Adjustment of the upper support 3104 may be manual or may be driven by a motor that is controlled by a user interface. For example, the upper support 3104 may adjusted by manually pivoting upper support about axis 3106. In other embodiments, a hydraulic lift coupled with an extendable arm may be used. In other embodiments, a screw or worm gear may be utilized in conjunction with an extendable arm or other linkage. Any adjustment or pivot mechanism may be coupled between the base 3102 of the elevation device 3100 and the upper support 3104

[0226] Elevation device 3100 may also include a chest compression device 3112 that may be positionable over an individual's chest. For example, chest compression device 3112 may be coupled with a support arm 3114 that is movable relative to the base 3102 and the upper support 3104 such that the chest compression device 3112 may be aligned with the individual's sternum. In some embodiments, this may be done by the support arm 3114 being rotated relative to the base to position the chest compression device 3112 at a proper angle. In some embodiments, movement of the support arm 3114 may be locked at a fixed angle relative to the upper support 3104 such that the upper support and the support arm are movable as a single unit relative to the base while the support arm maintains the angle relative to the upper support. For example, the support arm may be configured to rotate, pivot, or otherwise move at a same rate as the upper support 3104, thereby allowing an angular or other positional relationship to be maintained between the upper support 3104 and the support arm 3114. This ensures that the chest compression device 3112 remains properly aligned with the individual's chest during elevation of the upper support 3104. In some embodiments, the support arm 3114 and chest compression device 3112 may be moved independent of the upper support 3104. For example, the support arm 3114 may be unlocked from movement with the upper support 3104 such that the support arm 3114 may be moved between an active position in which the chest compression device 3112 is aligned with the individual's sternum and a stowed position in which the chest compression

57

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 device 3112 and support arm 3114 are positioned along the upper support 3104 in a generally supine position as shown by the arrow in FIG. 31C. In the stowed position, the elevation device 3100 not only takes up less vertical room, but also makes it easier to position an individual on the elevation device 3100. For example, an individual may be lifted slightly such that the elevation device 3100 may be slid underneath the individual without the support arm 3114 and chest compression device 3112 getting in the way. The support arm 3114 may then be maneuvered into the active position after the individual is properly positioned on the elevation device 3100.

[0227] In some embodiments, the chest compression device 3112 may include a piston or plunger 3116 and/or suction cup 3118 that is configured to deliver compressions and/or to actively decompress the individual's chest. For example, on a down stroke of the plunger 3116, the plunger 3116 may compress the individual's chest, while on an upstroke of the plunger 3116, the suction cup 3118 may pull upward on the individual's chest to actively decompress the chest. While shown here with a suction cup 3118 and plunger 3116, it will be appreciated that chest compression device 3112 may include other mechanisms alone or in conjunction with the suction cup 3118 and/or plunger 3116. For example, active compression bands configured to squeeze the chest may be used for the compression stage of CPR. In some embodiments, an adhesive pad may be used to adhere to the chest such that the chest may be actively decompressed without a suction cup 3118. In some embodiments, the chest compression device 3112 may be configured only for standard compression CPR, rather than active compression-decompression CPR.

[0228] Support arm 3114 may be generally U-shaped and may be coupled with the base 3102 on both sides as shown here. However, in some embodiments, the support arm 3114 may be more generally L-shaped, with only a single point of coupling with base 3102. In some embodiments, a size of the support arm 3114 may be adjustable such that the support arm 3114 may adjust a position of the chest compression device 3112 to accommodate individuals of different sizes. In embodiments with a chest compression device 3112 that is configured to only provide compressions using a compression band, the support arm 3114 may be removed entirely. In such embodiments, an adjustable thoracic plate (not shown) may be included to help combat the effects of thoracic shift during elevation of the head and upper torso and during delivery of the chest compressions.

58

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0229] FIGs. 32-34B depict various chest compression devices that are usable with elevation devices such as elevation device 3100. For example, FIG. 32 shows an elevation device 3200 having a chest compression device 3202. It will be appreciated that elevation device 3200 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. Chest compression device 3202 includes a plunger 3204 and/or suction cup 3206 that are driven by a rotating linkage 3208. The rotating linkage 3208 may be driven by the movement of one or more cable assemblies 3210, which in turn may be driven by a motor assembly 3212. Here, motor assembly 3212 is positioned within a base 3214 of the elevation device 3200. As the motor assembly 3212 actuates, it winds a cable 3216 of the cable assembly 3210 around a portion of the motor assembly 3212, while unwinding the cable 3216 from another portion of the motor assembly 3212. This causes the cable 3216 to wind around a system of pulleys 3218 within the cable assembly 3210 and direct force from the winding cable 3216 to the rotating linkage 3208, which then transforms the linear force from the cable 3216 into rotational force, which causes the rotating linkage to rotate. As the rotating linkage 3208 rotates, it reciprocates the plunger 3204, which compresses the chest on a down stroke and, if coupled with a suction up 3206 or other coupling mechanism, actively decompresses the chest on each upstroke. In some embodiments, the cable assembly 3210 may extend throughout a support arm 3220 and base 3214 of the elevation device 3200, with the pulleys 3218 directing the cable 3216 within the housing. In some embodiments, the chest compression device 3202 may also include one or more tensioners 3222 positioned along a length of the cable 3216. The tensioners 3222 may be used to apply tension to the cable 3216 to adjust a force and/or depth of chest compressions and/or decompressions delivered by the plunger 3204 and/or suction cup 3206.

[0230] FIG. 33 shows an elevation device 3300 having a chest compression device 3302. It will be appreciated that elevation device 3300 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. Chest compression device 3302 includes a suction cup 3304 that is driven by a decompression cable system 3306. Chest compression device 3302 also includes a chest compression band 3308 configured to be placed against an individual's chest to squeeze or otherwise compress the chest during CPR. Chest compression band 3308 may be driven by a compression cable system 3310 that is coupled with ends of the chest compression band 3308. The decompression cable system 3306 and/or compression cable system 3310 may be driven by the actuation of one or more motor assemblies

59

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 3312. Here, motor assembly 3312 is positioned within a base 3314 of the elevation device 3300. As the motor assembly 3312 actuates, it winds a cable 3316 of the compression cable system 3310 around a portion of the motor assembly 3312, thereby reducing the amount of exposed cable 3316 and tightening the chest compression band 3308. The cable 3316 may wind around a system of pulleys 3318 within the compression cable system 3310 and direct the winding cable 3316 toward the motor assembly 3312. Once the motor assembly 3312 tightens the cable 3316 sufficiently to compress the chest to a desired degree, motor assembly 3312 may release the cable 3316 such that the chest is free to expand. In some embodiments, the motor assembly 3312 may then wind a cable 3320 of the decompression cable system 3306. This causes the winding cable 3320, guided by a number of pulleys 3322, to lift the suction cup 3304, thereby actively decompressing the chest. Once the chest is fully decompressed, the motor assembly 3312 may release the cable 3320 and allow the chest to return to a resting state. By repeatedly actuating the compression cable system 3310 and decompression cable system 3306, the chest compression device 3302 can provide active compression-decompression CPR. [0231] In some embodiments, the motor assembly 3312 may have one or more cord spools. As just one example, one or more of the spools may wind in a clockwise direction, thereby winding one of cable 3316 or cable 3320, while the other cable is unwound from the one or more spools. When operated in reverse, the motor assembly 3312 may wind the one or more spools in a counterclockwise direction, thereby unwinding the wound cable and winding the unwound cable. This allows the compression and decompression phases to be easily regulated and synchronized such that as the decompression cable system 3306 relaxes, the compression cable system 3310 tightens and compresses the chest. In some embodiments, one or both of the decompression cable system 3306 and the compression cable system 3310 may extend throughout a support arm 3324 and/or base 3314 of the elevation device 3300, with the pulleys 3318 and 3322 directing cable 3316 and cable 3320, respectively, within the housing. It will be appreciated that in some embodiments, separate motor assemblies may be used for the compression and decompression phases of CPR.

[0232] FIG. 34 shows an elevation device 3400 having a chest compression device 3402. It will be appreciated that elevation device 3400 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. Chest compression device 3402

60

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 includes a plunger 3404 and/or suction cup 3406 that are driven by rotational force produced by a motor assembly 3408. Various mechanisms may be utilized to convert rotational force generated by the motor assembly 3408 into linear force that may be used to reciprocate the plunger 3404 and/or suction cup 3406. As just one example, the output of the motor assembly 3408, such as a flywheel, may be operably coupled, such as using a drive rod, with a rack 3410 and pinion 3412 shown in FIG. 34A. As the pinion 3412 rotates in a first direction, teeth of the pinion 3412 engage teeth of the rack 3410 and cause the rack to move linearly in a first direction. As the pinion 3412 rotates in an opposite direction, the rack 3410 is forced to move in an opposite direction. By alternating the rotational direction of the pinion 3412, the rack 3410 is forced to reciprocate. The rack 3410 may be coupled with the plunger 3404 with longitudinal axes of each component aligned and/or parallel to one another such that the reciprocation of the rack 3410 causes a corresponding reciprocating of the plunger 3404, thereby compressing the chest on down strokes and, if coupled with a suction cup 3406, causing an active decompression of the chest on each upstroke. [0233] In an embodiment shown in FIG. 34B, rotational force may be converted into linear movement using a crankshaft 3414 coupled with a rotatable linkage 3416. The crankshaft 3414 may be operably coupled with an output of the motor assembly 3408. As the crankshaft 3414 rotates, the rotatable linkage 3416 is moved around a circumference or other circular arc of the crankshaft 3414, causing an arm 3418 of the rotatable linkage 3416 to reciprocate up and down. The rotatable linkage 3416 may be coupled with the plunger 3404 and/or suction cup 3406 to drive the compression and/or decompression phase of CPR. While shown using rotatable linkages and/or rack and pinions, other mechanisms may be used to convert rotational force from a motor into linear movement. For example, chain or belt drives, lead screws, jacks, and/or other actuators may be used to transfer force of a motor assembly to linear motion of the plunger and/or suction cup.

[0234] FIGs. 35A and 35B depict an example of an elevation device 3500. It will be appreciated that elevation device 3500 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. For example, elevation device 3500 may include a removable base 3502 and an upper support 3504 having a neck pad 3506 that may be elevated and expanded along a length of the elevation device 3500 to maintain the patient's

61

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 head, neck, and shoulders in a proper position, such as the sniffing position, during elevation and head up CPR. Elevation device 3500 may also include a rotatable arm 3508 that may rotate between (and be locked into) a stored position in which the rotatable arm 3508 is at least substantially in plane with a main body of the elevation device 3500 as shown in FIG. 35A and an active position in which the rotatable arm 3508 is positioned in alignment with a load distributing band 3510 of a chest compression device 3512 as shown in FIG. 35B. The rotatable arm 3508 may be locked into position using a pin, clamp, ratchet mechanism, magnet, adhesive, suction, and/or other mechanical locking mechanism. When in the active position, a spring biased piston and/or spring 3514 of the rotatable arm 3508 may be coupled with a top surface of the load distributing band 3510. This coupling may utilize a mechanical fastener (such as a clip or hook mechanism), a magnetic fastener, a strong adhesive material, and/or other releasable fastening means. When locked into the active position, the rotatable arm 3508 and spring 3514 provides a stationary base that the load distributing band 3510 must pull against to compress the patient's chest, which causes the spring 3514 to stretch. When not being compressed, the load distributing band 3510 is pulled upward as the spring 3514 recoils. In some embodiments, an underside 3516 of the load distributing band 3510 includes an adhesive material and/or a suction cup. Such a mechanism allows the load distributing band 3510 to be secured to the patient's chest such that when the load distributing band 3510 is pulled up by the recoiling of the spring 3514, the patient's chest wall is also pulled up by the spring force, thereby decompressing the chest.

[0235] In some embodiments, a motor (not shown) for the chest compression device 3512 may be housed within the base 3502, such that the motor may periodically wind and/or tension a band or cord coupled with the load distributing band 3510, causing the load distributing band 3510 to be pulled against the patient's chest to compress the chest, while also elongating the spring 3514 and causing the spring 3514 to store potential energy. As the motor releases tension on the band, the spring 3514 recoils, providing spring force that pulls the load distributing band 3510 away from the patient's chest, thereby decompressing the chest as the underside 3516 including the adhesive material and/or suction cup is moved upwards. In other embodiments, the motor may be positioned atop the load distributing band 3510, with the rotatable arm 3508 and spring 3514 coupled to a top of the motor such that the entire motor and strap assembly is lifted when the motor is not compressing the patient's chest.

62

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0236] While shown with a pivot point 3520 of rotatable arm 3508 positioned on an upper support side of the chest compression device 3512, it will be appreciated that this pivot point 3520 may be moved closer to the load distributing band 3510. For example, a sleeve 3518 of the upper support 3504 may extend along a side of base 3502 such that a portion of the sleeve 3518 overlaps some or all of the load distributing band 3510. The pivot point 3520 of the rotatable arm 3508 may then be positioned proximate to the load distributing band 3510. In this manner, a force generated by the chest compression device 3512 may be substantially aligned with the rotatable arm 3508.

[0237] FIGs. 36A and 36B depict an example of an elevation device 3600, which may be similar to other elevation devices described herein and may include any of the features and/or combinations of features described herein. For example, elevation device 3600 may include a base 3602 that supports and is pivotally or otherwise operably coupled with an upper support 3604. Upper support 3604 may include a neck pad or neck support 3606, as well as areas configured to receive a patient's upper back, shoulders, neck, and/or head. An elevation mechanism may be configured to adjust the height and/or angle of the upper support 3604 throughout the entire ranges of 0° and 45° relative to the horizontal plane and between about 5 cm and 40 cm above the horizontal plane. Upper support 3604 may be configured to be adjustable such that the upper support 3604 may slide along a longitudinal axis of base 3602 to accommodate patients of different sizes as well as movement of a patient associated with the elevation of the head by upper support 3604. Further, the elevation device may include a slide mechanism similar to the one shown in FIGs. 4A-4I such that with elevation of the head and neck the portion of elevation device behind the head and shoulder elongates. This helps to maintain the neck in the sniffing position.

[0238] Elevation device 3600 may also include a rotatable arm 3608 that may rotate about a pivot point 3610. Rotatable arm 3608 that may rotate between and be locked into a stored position in which the rotatable arm 3608 is at least substantially in plane with the elevation device 3600 when the upper support 3604 is lowered as shown in FIG. 36A and an active position in which the rotatable arm 3608 is positioned substantially orthogonal to a patient's chest. The rotatable arm 3608 is shown in the active position in FIG. 36B. The rotatable arm 3608 may be secured to the patient's chest using an adhesive material and/or suction cup 3612

63

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 positioned on an underside of the rotatable arm 3608. In some embodiments, the rotatable arm 3608 may be configured to tilt along with the patient's chest as the head, neck, and shoulders are elevated by the upper support 3604. Tilt mechanisms similar to those used to tilt the thoracic plates described herein may be used to tilt the rotatable arm 3608 to a desired degree to combat the effects of thoracic shift to maintain the rotatable arm 3608 in a position substantially orthogonal to the patient's chest.

[0239] The base 3602 may house a motor (not shown) that is used to tension a cord or band 3614 that extends along a width of base 3602 and extends to the rotatable arm 3608. The band 3614 may extend through an interior channel (not shown) of rotatable arm 3608 where it may couple with a piston or other compression mechanism that is driven to move the suction cup

3612 up and/or down. In some embodiments, the band 3614 may be coupled with a cord and/or a pulley system that extends through some or all of the rotatable arm 3608 to transmit force from the motor to the piston or other drive mechanism. As just one example, the compression mechanism may include a worm gear (not shown) that is turned by a tensioning cord coupled with the band 3614. For example, the cord may be wound around one end of the worm gear, such that as the cord is tensioned, the cord pulls on the worm gear, causing the worm gear to rotate. As the worm gear rotates, the worm gear may drive a lead screw (not shown) downward to compress the patient's chest. The suction cup 3612 may be coupled with the lead screw. In some embodiments, the motor may be operated in reverse to release tension on the band 3614, allowing the piston or lead screw to return to an upward position. In other embodiments, the motor may be controlled electronically by control switches attached to elevation device 3600, or remotely using Bluetooth communication or other wired and/or wireless techniques. Further, the compression/decompression movement may be regulated based upon physiological feedback from one or more sensors directly or indirectly attached to the patient. [0240] In some embodiments, to provide a stronger decompressive force to the chest, the rotatable arm 3608 may include one or more springs. For example, a spring 3616 may be positioned around the lead screw and above the suction cup 3612. As the lead screw is extended downward by the motor, the spring 3616 may be stretched, thus storing energy. As the tension is released and the lead screw is retracted, the spring 3616 may recoil, providing sufficient force to actively decompress the patient's chest. In some embodiments, a spring, magnet, hydraulic

64

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 mechanism, and/or other force-generating mechanism (not shown) may be positioned near each pivot point 3610 of rotatable arm 3608, biasing the rotatable arm in an upward, or decompression state. In the case of a spring, as the motor tightens the band and causes the rotatable arm 3608 and/or suction cup 3612 to compress the patient's chest, the pivot point springs may also be compressed. As the tension is released by the motor, the pivot point springs may extend to their original state, driving the rotatable arm 3608 and suction cup 3612 upward, thereby

decompressing the patient's chest.

[0241] It will be appreciated that any number of tensioning mechanisms and drive mechanisms may be used to convert the force from the tensioning band or motor to an upward and/or downward linear force to compress the patient's chest. For example, rather than using worm gears and lead screws, a conventional piston mechanism may be utilized, such with tensioned bands and/or pulley systems providing rotational force to a crankshaft. In other embodiments, an electro-magnetically driven piston or plunger may be used. Additionally, the motor may be configured to deliver both compressions and decompressions, without the use of any springs. In other embodiments, both a spring 3616 and/or pivot point springs may be used in conjunction with a compression only or compression/decompression motor to achieve a desired

decompressive force applied to the patient's chest. In still other embodiments, the motor and power supply, such as a battery, will be positioned in a portion of base 3602 that is lateral or superior to the location of the patient's heart, such that they do not interfere with fluoroscopic, x- ray, or other imaging of the patient's heart during cardiac catheterization procedures. Further, the base 3602 could include an electrode, attached to the portion of the device immediately behind the heart (not shown), which could be used as a cathode or anode to help monitor the patient's heart rhythm and be used to help defibrillate or pace the patient. As such, base 3602 could be used as a 'work station' which would include additional devices such as monitors and defibrillators (not shown) used in the treatment of patients in cardiac arrest.

[0242] FIGs. 37A-37K depict an example of an elevation device 3700. It will be appreciated that elevation device 3700 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. This device is designed to be placed under the patient as soon as a cardiac arrest is diagnosed. It has a low profile designed to slip under the patient's body rapidly and easily. For example, FIG. 37A shows that elevation device 3700 may include

65

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 a base 3702 that supports and is pivotally or otherwise operably coupled with an upper support 3704. Upper support 3704 may include a neck pad or neck support 3706, as well as areas configured to receive a patient's upper back, shoulders, neck, and/or head. An elevation mechanism may be configured to adjust the height and/or angle of the upper support 3704 throughout the entire ranges of 0° and 45° relative to the horizontal plane and between about 10 cm and 40 cm above the horizontal plane. Upper support 3704 may be configured to be adjustable such that the upper support 3704 may slide along a longitudinal axis of base 3702 to accommodate patients of different sizes as well as movement of a patient associated with the elevation of the head by upper support 3704. In some embodiments, this sliding movement may be locked once an individual is positioned on the elevated upper support 3704. In some embodiments, the upper support 3704 may include one or more springs that may bias the upper support 3704 toward the torso. This allows the upper support 3704 to slide in a controlled manner when the individual's body shifts during the elevation process. In some embodiments, the one or more springs may have a total spring force of between about 10 lb. and about 50 lbs., more commonly between about 25 lb. and about 30 lb. Such force allows the upper support 3704 to maintain a proper position, yet can provide some give as the head and upper torso are elevated. Further, the elevation device may include a slide mechanism similar to the one shown in FIGs. 7A-7I such that with elevation of the head and neck the portion of elevation device behind the head and shoulder elongates. This helps to maintain the neck in the sniffing position. [0243] Elevation device 3700 may also include a support arm 3708 that may rotate about a pivot point or other rotational axis 3710. In some embodiments, rotational axis 3710 may be coaxially aligned with a rotational axis of the upper support 3704. Support arm 3708 that may rotate between and be locked into a stowed position in which the support arm 3708 is at least substantially in plane with the elevation device 3700 when the upper support 3704 is lowered as shown in FIG. 37B and an active position in which the support arm 3708 is positioned substantially orthogonal to a patient's chest. The support arm 3708 is shown in the active position in FIG. 37E. Turning back to FIG. 37B, the support arm 3708 may be coupled with a chest compression device 3712, which may be secured to the patient's chest using an adhesive material and/or suction cup 3714 positioned on a lower portion of a plunger 3716. In some embodiments, the support arm 3708 may be configured to tilt along with the patient's chest as the head, neck, and shoulders are elevated by the upper support 3704. The support arm 3708 is

66

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 movable to various positions relative to the upper support 3704 and is lockable at a fixed angle relative to the upper support 3704 such that the upper support 3704 and the support arm 3708 are movable as a single unit relative to the base 3702 while the support arm 3708 maintains the angle relative to the upper support 3704 while the upper support 3704 is being elevated. For example, the support arm 3708 and upper support 3704 may be rotated at a same rate about rotational axis 3710. In some embodiments, the support arm 3708 may be moved independently from the upper support 3704. For example, when in the stowed position, a lock mechanism 3718 of the support arm 3708 may be disengaged, allowing the support arm 3708 to being freely rotated. This allows the support arm 3708 to be moved to the active position. Once in the active position, lock mechanism 3718 may be engaged to lock the movement of the support arm 3708 with the upper support 3704.

[0244] In some embodiments, a position of the chest compression device 3712 may be adjusted relative to the support arm 3708. For example, the chest compression device 3712 may include a slot or track 3720 that may be engaged with a fastener, such as a set screw 3722 on the support arm 3708 as shown in FIG. 37C. The set screw 3722 or other fastener may be loosened, allowing the chest compression device 3712 to be repositioned to accommodate individuals of various sizes. Once properly adjusted, the set screw 3722 may be inserted within the track 3720 and tightened to secure the chest compression device 3712 in the desired position.

[0245] FIG. 37D shows the chest compression device 3712 of elevation device 3700 in an intermediate position, with the chest compression device 3712 being rotated out of alignment with the support arm 3708. Here, the chest compression device 3712 is generally orthogonal to the support arm 3708. This is often done prior to maneuvering the support arm 3708 to the active position, although in some cases, the support arm 3708 may be moved prior to the chest compression device 3712 to be rotated to the generally orthogonal position. [0246] FIG. 37E shows upper support 3704 of the elevation device 3700 in an elevated position and support arm 3708 in an active position. Here, support arm 3708 is positioned such that the chest compression device is 3712 aligned generally orthogonal to the individual's sternum. In some embodiments, the elevation of the upper support 3704 and/or the support arm 3708 may be actuated using a motor (not shown). Oftentimes, a control interface 3730 may be included on the elevation device 3700, such as on base 3702. The control interface 3730 may

67

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 include one or more buttons or other controls that allow a user to elevate and/or lower the upper support 3704 and/or support arm 3708. In other embodiments, the motor may be controlled remotely using Bluetooth communication or other wired and/or wireless techniques. Further, the compression/decompression movement may be regulated based upon physiological feedback from one or more sensors directly or indirectly attached to the patient. The chest compression device 3712 may be similar to those described above. In some embodiments, to provide a stronger decompressive force to the chest, the chest compression device 3712 may include one or more springs. For example, a spring (not shown) may be positioned around a portion of the plunger 3716 above the suction cup 3714. As the plunger 3716 is extended downward by the motor (often with a linear actuator positioned there between), the spring may be stretched, thus storing energy. As the plunger 3716 is retracted, the spring may recoil, providing sufficient force to actively decompress the patient's chest. In some embodiments, a spring (not shown) may be positioned near each pivot point or other rotational axis 3710 of support arm 3708, biasing the rotatable arm in an upward, or decompression state. As the motor drives the plunger 3716 and/or suction cup 3714 to compress the patient's chest, the pivot point springs may also be

compressed. As the tension is released by the motor, the pivot point springs may extend to their original state, driving the support arm 3708 and suction cup 3714 upward, thereby

decompressing the patient's chest.

[0247] It will be appreciated that any number of tensioning mechanisms and drive mechanisms may be used to convert the force from the tensioning band or motor to an upward and/or downward linear force to compress the patient's chest. For example, a conventional piston mechanism may be utilized, such with tensioned bands and/or pulley systems providing rotational force to a crankshaft. In other embodiments, a pneumatically driven, hydraulically driver, and/or an electro-magnetically driven piston or plunger may be used. Additionally, the motor may be configured to deliver both compressions and decompressions, without the use of any springs. In other embodiments, both a spring around a plunger 3716 and/or pivot point springs may be used in conjunction with a compression only or compression/decompression motor to achieve a desired decompressive force applied to the patient's chest. In still other embodiments, the motor and power supply, such as a battery, will be positioned in a portion of base 3702 that is lateral or superior to the location of the patient's heart, such that they do not interfere with fluoroscopic, x-ray, or other imaging of the patient's heart during cardiac

68

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 catheterization procedures. Further, the base 3702 could include an electrode, attached to the portion of the device immediately behind the heart (not shown), which could be used as a cathode or anode to help monitor the patient's heart rhythm and be used to help defibrillate or pace the patient. As such, base 3702 could be used as a 'work station' which would include additional devices such as monitors and defibrillators (not shown) used in the treatment of patients in cardiac arrest.

[0248] In some embodiments, the elevation device 3700 includes an adjustable thoracic plate 3724. The thoracic plate 3724 may be configured to adjust angularly to help combat thoracic shift to help maintain the chest compression device 3712 at a generally orthogonal to the sternum. The adjustment of the thoracic plate 3724 may create a separate elevation plane for the heart, with the head being elevated at a greater angle using the upper support 3704 as shown in FIG. 37F. In some embodiments, the thoracic plate 3724 may be adjusted independently, while in other embodiments, adjustment of the thoracic plate 3724 is tied to the elevation of the upper support 3704. FIG 37G shows a mechanism for adjusting the angle of the thoracic plate 3724 in conjunction with elevation of the upper support 3704. Here, elevation device 3700 is shown with upper support 3704 in a lowered position and support arm 3708 in a stowed position.

Thoracic plate 3724 includes a roller 3726 positioned on an elevation track 3728 of upper support 3704 as shown in FIG. 37H. The roller 3726 may be positioned on a forward, raised portion of the elevation track 3728. As the upper support 3704 is elevated, the roller 3726 is forced upward by elevation track 3728, thereby forcing an end of the thoracic plate 3724 proximate to the upper support 3704 upwards as shown in FIGs. 371 and 37J. This causes the thoracic plate 3724 to tilt, thus maintaining the chest at a generally orthogonal angle relative to the chest compression device 3712. Oftentimes, elevation track 3728 may be slanted from a raised portion proximate to the thoracic plate 3724 to a lowered portion. The elevation track 3728 may be tilted between about 4° and 20° to provide a measured amount of tilt relative to the thoracic shift expected based on a particular elevation level of the upper support 3704.

Typically, the thoracic plate 3724 will be tilted at a lower angle than the upper support 3704 is inclined.

[0249] FIG. 37K depicts elevation device 3700 supporting an individual in an elevated and active position. Here, the user is positioned on the elevation device 3700 with his neck

69

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 positioned on the neck support 3706. In some embodiments, the neck support 3706 may contact the individual's spine at a location near the C7 and C8 vertebrae. This position may help maintain the individual in the sniffing position, to help enable optimum ventilation of the individual. In some embodiments, the individual may be aligned on the elevation device 3700 by positioning his shoulders in alignment with the support arm 3708. The chest compression device 3712 is positioned in alignment with the individual's sternum at a generally orthogonal angle to ensure that the chest compressions are delivered at a proper angle and with proper force. In some embodiments, the alignment of the chest compression device 3712 may be achieved may configuring the chest compression device 3712 to pivot and/or otherwise adjust angularly to align the chest compression device 3712 at an angle substantially orthogonal to the sternum. A linear position the chest compression device 3712 may also be adjustable relative to the support arm 3708 such that the plunger 3716 and/or suction cup 3714 of the chest compression device 3712 may be moved up or down the individual's chest to ensure proper alignment of the plunger 3716 and/or suction cup 3714 with the sternum. [0250] In some embodiments, the support arm 3708 may be generally U-shaped and may be coupled with the base 3702 on both sides as shown here. The U-shaped supports can generally be attached so that when the compression piston or suction cup is positioned over the sternum, the rotational angle with elevation of the U-shaped member is the same as the heart. However, in some embodiments, the support arm 3708 may be more generally L-shaped, with only a single point of coupling with base 3702. In some embodiments, the support arm 3708 may be configured to expand and/or contract to adjust a height of the chest compression device 3712 to accommodate individuals of different sizes.

[0251] In some embodiments, elevation devices may be configured for use in the

administration of head up CPR in animals. For example, FIGs. 38A-38H depict an elevation device 3800 configured for use in the performance of head up CPR in pigs. It will be

appreciated that elevation device 3800 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. Turning to FIG. 38A, elevation device 3800 includes a base 3802 operably coupled with an elevatable upper support 3804. A thoracic plate 3806 may be coupled with the upper support 3804. Elevation device 3800 may also include a chest compression device 3808, such as a LUCAS® or other automatic chest

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 compression device such as those described herein. Thoracic plate 3806 may be configured to tilt as the upper support 3804 is elevated. For example, as shown in FIG. 38B, the thoracic plate 3806 may include a roller 3810 configured to rest on a track 3812 of the upper support 3804. As shown in FIGs. 38C and 38D, the thoracic plate 3806 may include a fixed pivot location 3814 positioned on an underside of the thoracic plate 3806 and operably coupled with roller 3810. Pivot location 3814 may be coupled with the base 3802 such that the thoracic plate 3806 may be tilted upward, while keeping a lower edge of the thoracic plate 3806 proximate the pivot location 3814 in a same or substantially same position. As shown in FIGs. 38E and 38F, as the upper support 3804 is elevated, the track 3812 is also raised. The raising of track 3812 forces roller 3810 upward, raising an end of the thoracic plate 3806 proximate to the upper support 3804. As shown in FIGs. 38G and 38H, the lower end tilts upward, with a bottom end staying at a same or substantially same height due to the pivot location 3814 while the upper end proximate the upper support 3804 is forced upward. Such tilting helps combat the effects of thoracic shift during elevation of the animal's head and upper torso. In some embodiments, the chest compression device 3808 may be coupled with the thoracic plate 3806 such that the chest compression device 3808 tilts in conjunction with the tilting of the thoracic plate 3806. This ensures that the chest compression device 3808 maintains a position substantially orthogonal to the chest of the animal.

[0252] Here, the elevation of the upper support 3804 may be driven by gas struts 3816 or springs that utilize pressurized gases to expand and contract. However, in other embodiments, the elevation may be driven by various mechanical means, such as motors in combination with threaded rods or lead screws, pneumatic or hydraulic actuators, motor driven telescoping rods, and/or any other elevation mechanism, such as those described elsewhere herein.

[0253] FIGs. 39A-39C depict an embodiment of an elevation device 3900 that includes at least one support. It will be appreciated that elevation device 3900 may have any other features and/or combinations of features shown in the elevation devices disclosed herein. FIG. 39A shows elevation device 3900 in a lowered position. Elevation device 3900 may include a base 3902 operably coupled with an upper support 3904 such that in the lowered position the upper support 3904 and base 3902 are generally coplanar and form a board-like structure that may support an individual's back, similar to the backboard of the Zoll Autopulse®. Elevation device

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 3900 may include a chest compression device 3906. Chest compression device 3906 may be any of the chest compression devices described herein. For example, the chest compression device 3906 may be a load distributing band.

[0254] As shown in FIG. 39B, upper support 3604 may be pivotally or otherwise movably coupled with the base 3902 such that upper support 3604 can be inclined to elevate an individual's head, shoulders, and upper torso before, during, and/or after the performance of CPR. Here, the upper support 3904 is shown in an intermediate position, with the upper support 3904 partially elevated. In some embodiments, a hinge or other pivot point 3908 may be provided at an end of the upper support 3906 that allows the upper support 3904 to pivot relative to the base 3902. Chest compression device 3906 may be coupled with the upper support 3904 such that any inclination of the upper support 3904 causes a corresponding adjustment of the chest compression device 3906 to ensure the chest compression device 3906 is properly aligned with the individual's chest throughout elevation of the individual. The coupling of the chest compression device 3906 with the upper support 3904 ensures that a positional relationship between the upper support 3904 and the chest compression device 3906 is maintained throughout elevation of the individual. Elevation device 3900 may include a hinged arm 3910 or other support device to maintain the upper support 3904 in a raised position, as shown in FIG. 39C. In some embodiments, the upper support 3904 may be manually elevated, with the hinged arm 3910 or other support device, such as a kickstand, being put in an extended or locked position to secure the elevation device 3900 in the raised position. Other support devices may include one or more arms or supports, that are hinged, telescoped, extended, screwed outwards, stretched, and/or otherwise extended and/or locked to secure the upper support 3906 in the raised position. In some embodiments, the elevation device 3900 may include a motor, hydraulic lift, ratchet mechanism, and/or other force-generating device to elevate the upper support 3904 into the raised position.

[0255] In some embodiments, the elevation devices described herein may include elevation mechanisms that do not require a pivot point. As just one example, the upper supports may be elevated by raisable arms positioned underneath the upper support at a front and back of the upper support. The front arms may raise slower and/or raise to a shorter height than the back arms, thus raising a back portion of the upper support to a higher elevation than a front portion.

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0256] It should be noted that the elevation devices described herein could serve as a platform for additional CPR devices and aids. For example, an automatic external defibrillator could be attached to the HUD or embodied within it and share the same power source. Electrodes could be provided and attached rapidly to the patient once the patient is place on the elevation device. Similarly, ECG monitoring, end tidal C02 monitoring, brain sensors, and the like could be co- located on the elevation device. In addition, devices that facilitate the cooling of a patient could be co-located on the elevation device to facilitate rapid cooling during and after CPR.

[0257] It should be further noted that during the performance of CPR the compression rate and depth and force applied to the chest might vary depending upon whether the patient is in the flat horizontal plane or whether the head and thorax are elevated. For example, CPR may be performed with compressions at a rate of 80/minute using active compression decompression CPR when flat but at 100/minute with head and thorax elevation in order to maintain an adequate perfusion pressure to the brain when the head is elevated. Moreover, with head elevation there is better pulmonary circulation so the increase in circulation generated by the higher compression rates will have a beneficial effect on circulation and not "overload" the pulmonary circulation which could happen when the patient is in the flat horizontal plane.

[0258] In some embodiments, upper supports may slide or extend along a longitudinal axis of the elevation device from an initial position over an excursion distance (measured from the initial position) of between about 0 and 2 inches, which may depend on various factors, such as the amount of elevation and/or the size of the individual. The initial position may be measured from a fixed point, such as a pivot point of the upper support. The initial position of the upper support may vary based on the height of the individual, as well as other physiological features of the individual. Such extension may accommodate shifting of the individual during elevation of the head and upper torso. [0259] In some embodiments, the elevation devices described herein may be foldable for easy carrying. For example, the elevation devices may be configured to fold up, much like a briefcase, at or near the axis of rotation of the upper support such that the upper support may be brought in close proximity with the thoracic plate and/or base. In some embodiments, the upper support may be parallel or substantially parallel (such as within 10° of parallel) to the base. In some embodiments, an underside of the base and/or upper support may include a handle that

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 allows the folded elevation device to be carried much like a briefcase. In other embodiments, rather than having a fixed handle, the elevation device may include one or more mounting features, such as clips or snaps, that allow a handle to be attached to the elevation device for transportation while in the folded state. In some embodiments, a lock mechanism or latch may be included to lock the elevation device in the folded and/or unfolded state. In some

embodiments the foldable head and thorax elevation CPR device may be folded up in a briefcase and include an automated defibrillator, physiological sensors, and the like.

[0260] In some embodiments, the elevation devices described herein may include a thoracic plate operably coupled with the base. The thoracic plate may be configured to receive a chest compression device, which may include an active compression-decompression device and/or a device configured only to deliver chest compressions. In some embodiments, the thoracic plate may be slid lengthwise relative to the base, thereby adjusting a position of the chest compression device. In other embodiments, expanding the upper support causes a corresponding adjustment of the thoracic plate such that the chest compression device is in a proper orientation and in which the chest compression device is properly aligned with the individual's heart, such as at a substantially orthogonal angle relative to the individual's sternum. The corresponding adjustment may include a change in angle of the thoracic plate relative to a horizontal plane.

[0261] For example, the upper support may slide or extend from an initial position over an excursion distance (measured from the initial position) of between about 0 and 2 inches, which may depend on various factors, such as the amount of elevation and/or the size of the individual. The initial position may be measured from a fixed point, such as a pivot point of the upper support. The initial position of the upper support may vary based on the height of the individual, as well as other physiological features of the individual.

[0262] It will be appreciated that the chest compression devices described herein are merely provided as examples, and that numerous variants may be contemplated in accordance with the present invention. Other actuators, motors, and force transfer mechanisms may be contemplated, such as pneumatic or hydraulic actuators. Additionally, some or all of the motors and force transfer components such as pulleys, cables, and drive shafts may be positioned external to a housing of the elevation device. Additionally, the positions of the motors may be moved based on the needs of a particular elevation device.

74

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0263] It will be appreciated that the components of the elevation systems described herein may be interchanged with other embodiments. For example, although some systems are not shown in connection with a feature to lengthen or elongate the upper support, such a feature may be included. As another example, the various head stabilizers, neck positioning structures, positioning motors, and the like may be incorporated within or interchanged with other embodiments.

[0264] Additional information and techniques related to head up CPR may be found in Debaty G, et al. "Tilting for perfusion: Head-up position during cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves brain flow in a porcine model of cardiac arrest." Resuscitation. 2015: 87: 38-43. Print., the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Further reference may be made to Lurie, Keith G. (2015) "The Physiology of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation," Anesthesia & Analgesia, doi: 10.1513/ANE. 0000000000000926, in Ryu, et. al. "The Effect of Head Up Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation on Cerebral and Systemic Hemodynamics." Resuscitation. 2016: 102: 29-34. Print., and in Khandelwal, et. al. "Head-Elevated Patient Positioning Decreases Complications of Emergent Tracheal Intubation in the Ward and Intensive Care Unit." Anesthesia & Analgesia. April 2016: 122: 1101-1107. Print, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Moreover, any of the techniques and methods described therein may be used in conjunction with the systems and methods of the present invention.

[0265] Example 1 [0266] An experiment was performed to determine whether cerebral and coronary perfusion pressures will remain elevated over 20 minutes of CPR with the head elevated at 15 cm and the thorax elevated at 4 cm compared with the supine position. A trial using female farm pigs was performed, modeling prolonged CPR for head-up versus head flat during both conventional CPR (C-CPR) and ACD+ITD CPR. A porcine model was used and focus was placed primarily on observing the impact of the position of the head on cerebral perfusion pressure and ICP.

[0267] Approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Animal Care Committee of the Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, the research foundation associated with

Hennepin County Medical Center in Minneapolis, MN. Animal care was compliant with the National Research Council's 1996 Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and a certified and licensed veterinarian assured protocol performance was in compliance with these

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 guidelines. This research team is qualified and has extensive combined experience performing CPR research in Yorkshire female farm pigs.

[0268] The animals were fasted overnight. Each animal received intramuscular ketamine (10 mL of 100 mg/mL) for initial sedation, and were then transferred from their holding pen to the surgical suite and intubated with a 7-8 French endotracheal tube. Anesthesia with inhaled isoflurane at 0.8%-1.2% was then provided, and animals were ventilated with room air using a ventilator with tidal volume 10 mL/kg. Arterial blood gases were obtained at baseline. The respiratory rate was adjusted to keep oxygen saturation above 92% and end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO₂) between 36 and 40 mmHg. Central aortic blood pressures were recorded continuously with a micromanometer-tipped catheter placed in the descending thoracic aorta via femoral cannulation at the level of the diaphragm. A second Millar catheter was placed in the right external jugular vein and advanced into the superior vena cava, approximately 2 cm above the right atrium for measurement of right atrial (RA) pressure. Carotid artery blood flows were obtained by placing an ultrasound flow probe in the left common carotid artery for measurement of blood flow (ml min^"1). Intracranial pressure (ICP) was measured by creating a burr hole in the skull, and then insertion of a Millar catheter into the parietal lobe. All animals received a 100 units/kg bolus of heparin intravenously and received a normal saline bolus for a goal right atrial pressure of 3-5 mmHg. ETC0₂ and oxygen saturation were recorded with a C0₂SMO Plus®.

[0269] Continuous data including electrocardiographic monitoring, aortic pressure, RA pressure, ICP, carotid blood flow, ETC0₂ was monitored and recorded. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CerPP) was calculated as the difference between mean aortic pressure and mean ICP. Coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) was calculated as the difference between aortic pressure and RA pressure during the decompression phase of CPR. All data was stored using a computer data analysis program. [0270] When the preparatory phase was complete, ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced with delivery of direct intracardiac electrical current from a temporary pacing wire placed in the right ventricle. Standard CPR and ACD+ITD CPR were performed with a pneumatically driven automatic piston device. Standard CPR was performed with uninterrupted compressions at 100 compressions/min, with a 50% duty cycle and compression depth of 25% of anteroposterior chest diameter. During standard CPR, the chest wall was allowed to recoil passively. ACD+ITD

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 CPR was also performed at a rate of 100 per minute, and the chest was pulled upwards after each compression with a suction cup on the skin at a decompression force of approximately 20 lb and an ITD was placed at the end of the endotracheal tube. If randomization called for head and thorax elevation CPR (HUP), the head and shoulders of the animal were elevated 15 cm on a table specially built to bend and provide CPR at different angles while the thorax at the level of the heart was elevated 4 cm. While moving the animal into the head and thorax elevated position, CPR was able to be continued. Positive pressure ventilation with supplemental oxygen at a flow of 10 L min^"1 were delivered manually. Tidal volume was kept at 10 mL/kg and respiratory rate at 10 breaths per minute. If the animal was noted to gasp during the

resuscitation, time at first gasp was recorded, and then succinylcholine was administered to facilitate ventilation after the third gasp.

[0271] After 8 minutes of untreated ventricular fibrillation 2 minutes of automated CPR was performed in the 0° supine (SUP) position. Pigs were then randomized to CPR with 30° head and thorax up (HUP) versus SUP without interruption for 20 minutes. In group A, all pigs received C-CPR, randomized to either HUP or SUP, and in Group B, all pigs received

ACD+ITD CPR, again randomized to either HUP or SUP. After 22 total minutes of CPR, all pigs were then placed in the supine position and defibrillated with up to three 275 J biphasic shocks. Epinephrine (0.5 mg) was also given during the post CPR resuscitation. Animals were then sacrificed with a 10 ml injection of saturated potassium chloride. [0272] The estimated mean cerebral perfusion pressure was 28 mmHg in the HUP ACD+ITD group and 19 mmHg in the SUP ACD+ITD group, with a standard deviation of 8. Assuming an alpha level of 0.05 and 80% power, it was calculated that roughly 13 animals per group were needed to detect a 47% difference.

[0273] Descriptive statistics were used as appropriate. An unpaired t-test was used for the primary outcome comparing CerPP between HUP and SUP CPR. This was done both for the ACD+ITD CPR group and also the C-CPR group at 22 minutes. All statistical tests were two- sided, and a p value of less than 0.05 was required to reject the null hypothesis. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Secondary outcomes of coronary perfusion pressure (CPP, mmHg), time to first gasp (seconds), and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) were also recorded and analyzed.

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 RESULTS

[0274] Group A:

[0275] Table 2A below summarizes the results for group A.

Head- ^■up Supine

BL 20 minutes BL 20 minutes P value

SBP 99±4 20±2 91±7 19±2 0.687

DBP 68±3 12±2 59±5 13±2 0.665

ICP max 25±1 14±1 27±1 23±1 <0.001 *

ICP min 20±1 15±1 21±1 20±1 <0.001 *

RA max 9±1 28±5 12±1 26±2 0.694

RA min 2±1 5±1 3±1 9±1 0.026*

ITP max 3.3±0.2 0.9±0.2 3.2±0.2 1.3±0.3 0.229

ITP min 2.4±0.1 0.2±0.1 2.3±0.2 -0.1±0.1 0.044*

EtC02 38±0 5±1 38±1 4±1 0.153

CBF max 598±25 85±33 529±28 28±12 0.132

CBF min 183±29 -70±22 94±43 -19±9 0.052

CPP calc 65±3 6±2 56±5 3±2 0.283

CerPP calc 59±3 6±3 60±6 -5±3 0.016* DBP=diastolic blood pressure

Table 2A. Group of Conventional Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) (Mean ± SEM)

[0276] Both HUP and SUP cerebral perfusion pressures were similar at baseline. Seven pigs were randomized to each group. For the primary outcome, after 22 minutes of C-CPR, CerPP in the HUP group was significantly higher than the SUP group (6±3 mmHg versus -5±3 mmHg, p = 0.016).

[0277] Elevation of the head and shoulders resulted in a consistent reduction in decompression phase ICP during CPR compared with the supine controls. Further, the decompression phase right atrial pressure was consistently lower in the HUP pigs, perhaps because the thorax itself was slightly elevated. Coronary perfusion pressure was 6±2 mmHg in the HUP group and 3±2 mmHg in the SUP group at 20 minutes (p=0.283) (Table 2A). None of the pigs treated with C- CPR, regardless of the position of the head, could be resuscitated after 22 minutes of CPR.

[0278] Time to first gasp was 306±79 seconds in the HUP group and 308±37 in the SUP group (p = 0.975). Of note, 3 animals in the HUP group and 2 animals in the SUP group were not observed to gasp during the resuscitation.

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0279] Group B:

[0280] Table 2B below summarizes the results for group B.

Head- ^■up Supine

BL 20 minutes BL 20 minutes P value

SBP 106±5 70±9 108±3 47±5 0.036*

DBP 68±5 40±6 70±2 28±4 0.129

ICP max 26±2 20±2 24±1 26±2 0.019*

ICP min 20±2 15±1 19±1 20+1 <0.001 *

RA max 8±2 59±13 8±1 56±7 0.837

RA min 1±1 4±1 0±1 8±1 0.026*

ITP max 3.4±0.2 0.6±0.3 3.3±0.2 0.6±0.2 0.999

ITP min 2.5±0.1 -3.1±0.8 2.3±0.1 -3.4±0.3 0.697

EtC02 40+1 36±2 38±1 34±2 0.556

CBF max 527±51 50±34 623±24 35±25 0.722

CBF min 187±30 -24±17 206±17 -5±8 0.328

CPP calc 67±5 32±5 69±2 19±5 0.074

CerPP calc 62±5 51±8 65±2 20±5 0.006*

Table 2B. Group of ACD+ITD-CPR (Mean ± SEM)

[0281] Both HUP and SUP cerebral perfusion pressures were similar at baseline. Eight pigs were randomized to each group. For the primary outcome, after 22 minutes of ACD+ITD CPR, CerPP in the HUP group was significantly higher than the SUP group (51±8 mmHg versus 20±5 mmHg, p=0.006). The elevation of cerebral perfusion pressure was constant over time with ACD+ITD plus differential head and thorax elevation. This is shown in FIG. 40. These findings demonstrate the synergy of combination optimal circulatory support during CPR with differential elevation of the heart and brain.

[0282] In pigs treated with ACD+ITD, the systolic blood pressure was significantly higher after 20 minutes of CPR in the HUP position compared with controls and the decompression phase right atrial pressures were significantly lower in the HUP pigs. Further, the ICP was significantly reduced during ACD+ITD CPR with elevation of the head and shoulders compared with the supine controls.

[0283] Coronary perfusion pressure was 32+5 mmHg in the HUP group and 19+5 mmHg in the SUP group at 20 minutes (p=0.074) (Table IB). Both groups had a similar ROSC rate; 6/8 swine could be resuscitated in both groups.

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0284] Time to first gasp was 280±27 seconds in the head up tilt (HUT) group and 333±33 seconds in the SUP group (p = 0.237).

[0285] The primary objective of this study was to determine if elevation of the head by 15 cm and the heart by 4 cm during CPR would increase the calculated cerebral and coronary perfusion pressure after a prolonged resuscitation effort. The hypothesis stated that elevation of the head would enhance venous blood drainage back to the heart and thereby reduce the resistance to forward arterial blood flow and differentially reduce the venous pressure head that bombards the brain with each compression, as the venous vasculature is significantly more compliance than the arterial vasculature. The hypothesis further included that a slight elevation of the thorax would result in higher systolic blood pressures and higher coronary perfusion pressures based upon the following physiological concepts. A small elevation of the thorax, in the study 4 cm, was hypothesized to create a small but important gradient across the pulmonary vascular beds, with less congestion in the cranial lung fields since elevation of the thorax would cause more blood to pool in the lower lung fields. This would allow for better gas exchange in the upper lung fields and lower pulmonary vascular resistance in the congested upper lung fields, allowing more blood to flow from the right heart through the lungs to the left ventricle when compared to CPR in the flat or supine position. In contrast to a previous study with the whole body head up tilt, where there was a concern about a net decrease in central blood volume over time in greater pooling of venous blood over time in the abdomen and lower extremities, it was hypothesized that the small 4 cm elevation of the thorax with greater elevation of the head would provide a way to increase coronary pressure (by lower right atrial pressure) and greater cerebral perfusion pressure (by lowering ICP) while preserving central blood volume and thus mean arterial pressure.

[0286] It has been previously reported that whole body head tilt up at 30° during CPR significantly improves cerebral perfusion pressure, coronary perfusion pressure, and brain blood flow as compared to the supine, or 0° position or the feet up and head down position after a relatively short duration of 5 minutes of CPR. Over time these effects were observed to decrease, and we hypothesized diminished effect over time was secondary to pooling of blood in the abdomen and lower extremities. The new results demonstrate that after a total time of 22 minutes of CPR, the absolute ICP values and the calculated CerPP were significantly higher in the head and shoulders up position versus the supine position for both automated C-CPR and

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 ACD+ITD groups. The absolute HUP effect was modest in the C-CPR group, unlikely to be clinically significant, and none of the animals treated with C-CPR could be resuscitated. By contrast, differential elevation of the head by 15 cm and the thorax at the level of the heart by 4 cm in the ACD + ITD group resulted in a nearly 3 -fold higher increase in the calculated CerPP and a 50% increase in the calculated coronary perfusion pressure after 22 minutes of continuous CPR. The new finding of increased coronary and CerPP in the HUP position during a prolonged ACD+ITD CPR effort is clinically important, since the average duration of CPR during prehospital resuscitation is often greater than 20 minutes and average time from collapse to starting CPR is often >7 minutes. [0287] Other study endpoints included ROSC and time to first gasp as an indicator of blood flow to the brain stem. No pigs could be resuscitated after 22 minutes in the C-CPR group. ROSC rates were similar in Group B, with 6/8 having ROSC in both HUP and SUP groups.

[0288] From a physiological perspective, these findings are similar to those in the first whole body head up tilt CPR study. While ICP decreases with the HUP position, it is critical to maintain enough of an arterial pressure head to pump blood upwards to the elevated brain during HUP CPR. In a previous HUP study, removal of the ITD from the circuit resulted in an immediate decrease in systolic blood pressure. In the current study, the arterial pressures were lower in pigs treated with C-CPR versus ACD+ITD, both in the SUP and HUP positions. It is likely that the lack of ROSC in the pigs treated with C-CPR is a reflection of the limitations of conventional CPR where coronary and cerebral perfusion is far less than normal. As such, the absolute ROSC rates in the current study are similar to previous animal studies with ACD+ITD CPR and C-CPR.

[0289] Gasping during CPR is positive prognostic indicator in humans. While time to first gasp within Groups A and B was not significant, the time to first gasp was the shortest in the ACD+ITD HUP group of all groups. All 16 animals treated with ACD+ITD group gasped during CPR, whereas only 5/16 pigs gasped in the C-CPR group during CPR (3 HUP, 2 SUP).

[0290] Differential elevation of the head and thorax during C-CPR and ACD+ITD CPR increased cerebral and coronary perfusion pressures. This effect was constant over a prolonged period of time. In the absence of any vasopressor drugs, such as adrenaline, CerPP in the pigs treated with ACD+ITD CPR and the HUP position was nearly 50 mmHg, strikingly higher than

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 the ACD+ITD SUP controls. In addition, the coronary perfusion pressure increased by about 50%, to levels known to be associated with consistently higher survival rates. By contrast, the modest elevation in CerPP in the C-CPR treated animals is likely clinically insignificant, as no pig treated with C-CPR could be resuscitated after 22 minutes of CPR. These observations provide strong support of the benefit of the combination of ACD+ITD CPR with differential elevation of the head and thorax. Using the same model of prolonged CPR as described by Ryu et. al, it was subsequently observed that adrenaline (epinephrine), administered at the end of the prolonged period of CPR to help resuscitate the pigs, increased CerPP in animals treated with ACD+ITD and 30° head up to higher levels than those treated with ACD+ITD and head flat. [0291] A separate study was performed to better understand the potential to increase neurologically intact 24-hour survival in pigs with head up ACD+ITD CPR, as shown in FIG. 41. The methods were similar to those described in in Ryu, et. al. "The Effect of Head Up Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation on Cerebral and Systemic Hemodynamics." Resuscitation. 2016: 102: 29-34, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. After resuscitation, animals were cared for for up to 24 hours and using the neurological scoring system shown in FIG. 24, their brain function was assess by a veterinarian blinded to the method of CPR used. A majority of pigs (5/7) who had flat or supine CPR administered had poor neurological outcomes. Notably, two of the pigs had very bad brain function and three of the pigs were dead. In contrast, a majority of pigs (5/8) receiving head and thorax up CPR had favorable neurological outcomes, with four pigs being normal and another pig suffering only minor brain damage. In the head and thorax up group, only a single pig was dead and two others had moderate brain damage. Thus, there was a much greater change that a pig survived with good brain function if head and thorax up CPR was administered rather than supine CPR.

[0292] Example 2 [0293] CPR was administered on pigs with various positions of the head and body according to the methodology described by Debaty G, et al. in "Tilting for perfusion: Head-up position during cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves brain flow in a porcine model of cardiac arrest." Resuscitation. 2015 : 87: 38-43. Specifically CPR was administered to pigs in the supine position, in a 30° head up position, and in a 30° head down position using the combination of the LUCAS 2 device to perform chest compressions at 100 compressions per minute and a depth of

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 2 inches along with an ITD. The data collected demonstrates that elevation of the head during CPR has a profound beneficial effect on ICP, CerPP, and brain blood flow when compared with the traditional supine horizontal position. With the body supine and horizontal, each

compression is associated with the generation of arterial and venous pressure waves that deliver a simultaneous high pressure compression wave to the brain. With a pig's head up, gravity drains venous blood from the brain back to the heart, resulting in a greater refilling of the heart after each compression, strikingly lower compression and decompression phase ICP, and a higher compression and decompression phase cerebral perfusion pressure (CerPP). By contrast, CPR with the patient's feet up and head down resulted in a marked decrease in CerPP with a simultaneous increase in ICP as shown in FIG. 42. As shown in cardiac arrest studies in pigs, elevation of the head results in an immediate decrease in ICP and an increase in CerPP. There is an immediate and clinically important effect of changing from the 0° horizontal to a 30° head up on key hemodynamic parameters during CPR with the ITD. Head-up CPR is ultimately dependent on the ability to maintain adequate forward flow. These benefits are realized only when an ITD is present; when the ITD is removed from the airway in these studies, systolic blood pressure and coronary and CerPP decrease rapidly. This was also shown in the same study by Debaty et al.

[0294] Example 3

[0295] Blood flow to the brain was assessed during CPR using the LUCAS device and the ITD when pigs were on a tilt table in the flat (supine) position, and in the 30 degree head up tilt and 30 degree head down tilt position. The methods were described in the article by Debaty et al, referenced above. The findings are shown in FIG. 43. There was a marked decrease in blood flow to the brain with the head down tilt (HDT) and a marked increase in blood flow to the brain with the head up tilt (HUT). In this study, the ITD was needed to maintain blood pressure, as reported by Debaty et al. This study demonstrates the benefits of head up CPR when CPR is performed with the LUCAS device and the ITD.

[0296] Example 4

[0297] Another study was performed with head up CPR using the same protocol and device as described by Drs. Ryu et al in Resuscitation, previously incorporated by reference. In this study, blood flow to the heart and brain of pigs was examined using microspheres 5 and 15 minutes

83

KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 after CPR was started. CPR was performed with the ACD+ITD device with just the head and thorax elevated. The microsphere technique was similar to the reported by Debaty et al, previously incorporated by reference. The protocol started by injecting a baseline microsphere. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced and left untreated for 8 minutes. Automated

ACD+ITD was performed for 2 minutes with the pigs (n=2) flat. The head and thorax were elevated, per the paper by Ryu et al, and ACD+ITD CPR was continued in the head up position for a total of 20 minutes. After 5 minutes of automated ACD+ITD CPR, the second microsphere injection was made. After 15 minutes of ACD+ITD CPR, the third microsphere injection was made. The animals were shocked back after 20 minutes. [0298] Strikingly, the blood flow to the heart and brain increased over the time that ACD+ITD CPR was performed. As shown in FIGs. 44 and 45, blood flow to the heart and brain were essentially at baseline with this approach as at the 15 minute time point. These striking findings demonstrate the importance of this invention. Typically blood flow to the heart and brain are markedly lower after 5 minutes of CPR and flow typically goes down over time. This did not happen with the new invention. With the new invention blood flow to the brain and heart was essentially normal after 15 minutes of ACD+ITD+head up CPR.

[0299] Example 5

[0300] To show head up CPR as described in the multiple embodiments in this application, a human cadaver model was used. The body was donated for science. The cadaver was less than 36 hours old and had never been embalmed or frozen. It was perfused with a saline with a clot disperser solution that breaks up blood clots so that when the head up CPR technology was evaluated there were no blood clots or blood in the blood vessels. In these studies we used either the combination of ACD+ITD or LUCAS+ITD to perform CPR both in the flat and head up positions. [0301] Right atrial, aortic, and intracranial pressure transducers were inserted into the body into the right atria, aorta, and the brain through an intracranial bolt. These high fidelity transducers were then connected to a computer acquisition system (Biopac). CPR was performed with a ACD +ITD CPR in the flat position and then with the head elevated with the device shown in FIGs. 23 A-D. The aortic pressure, intracranial pressure and the calculated cerebral perfusion pressure with CPR flat and with the elevation of the head as shown in FIG.

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 46. With elevation of the head cerebral perfusion pressures (CerPP) increased as shown in the lower tracings, with the transition from flat to head up the decompression phase CerPP (lower aspect of each tracing) is higher. This is also shown in FIG. 47, where the intracranial pressure falls and the CerPP increases with head up, demonstrating the striking improvement in cerebral perfusion pressure with this invention. The abbreviations are as follows: AO = aortic pressure, RA = right atrial pressure, ICP = intracranial pressure, CePP = cerebral perfusion pressure.

[0302] Then, the Lucas device plus ITD was applied to the cadaver and CPR was performed with the cadaver flat and with head up with a device similar to the device shown in FIGs. 23 A-D. With elevation of the head cerebral perfusion pressures (CerPP) increased as shown in FIG. 48 in the lower tracing.

[0303] Example 6

[0304] ACD+ITD CPR was performed on 3 human cadavers that were donated to the

University of Minnesota (UMN) Anatomy Bequest Program. The bodies were perfused with a clot-busting solution Metaflow. Bilateral femoral arterial and venous access was obtained, the cadaver was intubated, and high fidelity pressure transducer (Millar) catheters were placed in the brain via a burr hole to monitor intracranial pressure (ICP) and in the aorta and right atrium to assess arterial and venous pressures. Manual ACD+ITD CPR was performed in the supine (SUP) and head up (HUP) positions, with each cadaver serving as her/his own control. The same device shown in FIGs. 9A-9E was used in this study. With elevation of the head and heart during ACD+ITD CPR there was an immediate decrease in ICP as shown in FIG. 48. In the cadavers, the cerebral perfusion pressure (CerPP) was higher in the HUP position as shown in Table 3 below.

Head Up ACD+ITD CPR Supine ACD+ITD CPR

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure 6.5+0.75 -3.7+2.5

Intracranial Pressure -2.7+3.7 2.3+3.9

Aortic Pressure 3.8+4.5 -0.19+4.8

Table 3: Data from a human cadaver ACD+ITD CPR model with 3 cadavers. Data are presented as means±SD, all pressures are in mmHg

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 [0305] Specific details are given in the description to provide a thorough understanding of example configurations (including implementations). However, configurations may be practiced without these specific details. For example, well-known processes, structures, and techniques have been shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the configurations. This description provides example configurations only, and does not limit the scope, applicability, or configurations of the claims. Rather, the preceding description of the configurations will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing described techniques. Various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. [0306] Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above.

Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.

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Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. An elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation, comprising:

a base configured to be positioned on a surface, the surface being at least substantially aligned with a horizontal plane;

an upper support operably coupled to the base, wherein the upper support is configured to move between a storage position and an elevated position, wherein in the elevated position the upper support is inclined at an angle relative to the base to elevate an individual's upper back, shoulders, and head;

a support arm operably coupled with the upper support such that the support arm is positionable at different locations relative to the upper support, wherein the support arm is configured to be locked in a given position relative to the upper support; and

a chest compression device coupled with the support arm, the chest compression device being configured to compress the chest at an angle generally orthogonal to the individual's sternum.

2. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of claim 2, wherein:

in the storage position, the individual's head is elevated between about 3 inches and about 15 inches above the horizontal plane and the individual's shoulders are elevated between about 1 inches and about 6 inches above the horizontal plane.

3. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 1-2, wherein:

the upper support is expandable and contractible lengthwise, during an elevation of the individual; and

the upper support is biased in a contraction direction.

4. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 1-3, wherein:

the chest compression device is rotatably coupled with the support arm between a stowed position and an active position, wherein in the stowed position the chest compression

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 device is at least substantially aligned in a same plane as the support arm, and wherein in the active position the chest compression device is at least substantially orthogonal to the support arm.

5. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 1-4, wherein the elevation device further comprises:

a thoracic plate pivotally coupled with the base, wherein:

the upper support is configured to, when inclined, adjust a position of the thoracic plate such that the thoracic plate helps align the chest compression device with the individual's anterior chest wall at a generally orthogonal angle; and

the adjustment is less than an angle that the upper support is pivoted.

6. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 1-5, wherein the chest compression device comprises:

a chest compression mechanism; and

at least one motor configured to actuate the chest compression mechanism, wherein the at least one motor is disposed within one or more of the base, the support arm, or the chest compression device.

7. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 1-6, wherein:

a size of the support arm adjustable to accommodate individuals of having one or both of different sizes or different ages.

8. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 1-7, wherein:

the chest compression device is further configured to actively decompress the chest.

9. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 1-8, wherein:

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 wherein the elevation device is configured such that while the upper support is being moved to the elevated position, the chest compression device remains generally orthogonal to the individual's sternum.

10. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 1-9, wherein:

a position of the chest compression device relative to the support arm is adjustable such that chest compressions may be delivered to individuals of different sizes.

11. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 1-10, wherein:

the chest compression device comprises:

a securement mechanism configured to couple with the individual's chest; a decompression cable system coupled with the securement mechanism; a compression strap configured to be positioned against the individual's chest;

a compression cable system; and

at least one motor configured to:

tighten the decompression cable system, thereby causing the securement mechanism to pull upward on the individual's chest to actively decompress the individual's chest during a decompression phase of CPR; and tighten compression cable system, thereby causing the

compression strap to be pulled against the individual's chest to actively compress the individual's chest during a compression phase of CPR.

12. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 1-11, further comprising:

an impedance threshold device (ITD) configured to interface with the individual's airway.

13. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 1-12, further comprising:

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 an intrathoracic pressure regulation device.

14. A system for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the system comprising:

an elevation device configured to elevate a head and a heart of an individual above a lower body of the individual, wherein the lower body is in a substantially horizontal plane, wherein the elevation device is configured to be raised from a starting position to a raised position, and wherein in the raised position the heart is elevated by the elevation device to between about 1 and 6 inches above the substantially horizontal plane and the head is elevated between about 3 and 15 inches above the substantially horizontal plane;

wherein the support structure comprises a first portion and a second portion that are operably coupled together, and further comprising at least one elevation device to raise the first portion or the section portion from the starting position to the raised position such that when the elevation device is actuated both the first portion and the second portion are elevated together, but are at different angles relative to the substantially horizontal plane.

15. The system for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of claim

14, wherein:

the elevation device comprises one or more of a flat portion with a constant angle of elevation relative to the substantially horizontal plane or a curved portion having a variable angle of elevation relative to horizontal.

16. The system for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of any of claims 14-15, wherein:

the first portion is configured to elevate the heart and the second portion is configured to elevate the head, wherein when in the raise position the first portion has an angle of between about 5 degrees and 15 degrees relative to the substantially horizontal plane and the second portion has an angle of between about 15 degrees and 45 degrees relative to the substantially horizontal plane.

17. The system for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of any of claims 14-16, further comprising:

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 a coupling configured to removably connect one or both of a chest compression device or an intrathoracic pressure regulating device to the elevation device.

18. The system for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of claim

17, wherein:

the coupling is disposed on the first portion and is configured to be elevated to the angle of the first portion such that the chest compression device is connectable to the coupling to deliver chest compressions to the individual at a substantially perpendicular angle to the first portion.

19. The system for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of any of claims 14-18, further comprising:

a neck support configured to maintain a position of the individual relative to the elevation device such that the individual is properly situated for endotracheal intubation.

20. The system for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of claim

19, wherein:

one or both of a size or a shape of the neck support is adjustable.

21. The system for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of claim any of claims 14-20, wherein the elevation device further comprises:

a first adjustment mechanism configured to adjust an angle of the first portion between about 3 degrees and 30 degrees relative to the substantially horizontal plane, and

a second adjustment mechanism configured to adjust an angle of the second portion between about 15 degrees and 45 degrees relative to the substantially horizontal plane.

22. The system for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of claim

21, wherein:

adjustments of the neck support and one or both of the angle of the first portion or the angle of the second portion are synchronized such that the individual is properly situated for endotracheal intubation throughout the adjustments.

23. The system for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of any of claims 14-22, further comprising:

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 an impedance threshold device (ITD) configured to interface with the individual's airway.

24. The system for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of any of claims 14-23, further comprising:

an intrathoracic pressure regulation device.

25. An elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation, comprising:

a base; and

an upper support operably coupled to the base, wherein the upper support is configured to elevate an individual's upper back, shoulders and head when raised, wherein the upper support is expandable and contractible lengthwise, during an elevation of the individual.

26. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of claim 25 wherein:

the upper support is configured to maintain the individual in a sniffing position throughout elevation of the upper back, shoulders and head.

27. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of any of claims 25-26, further comprising:

a lock mechanism configured to maintain the upper support in a desired position when engaged.

28. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of any of claims 25-27, wherein:

the upper support comprises an upper back plate and at least one track that is pivotally coupled with the base; and

the upper back plate is slidable relative to the track using a sliding mechanism to expand the upper support lengthwise.

29. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 25-28, wherein the upper support comprises:

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 a neck support that is configured to support the individual's spine in a region of the individual's C7 and C8 vertebrae throughout elevation of the upper back, shoulders and head.

30. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 25-29, further comprising:

a thoracic plate operably coupled to the base, wherein the thoracic plate is configured to receive a chest compression device.

31. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claim 30, wherein:

the thoracic plate is pivotally coupled with the base to permit the thoracic plate to be pivoted, thereby adjusting the position of the chest compression device.

32. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 30-31, wherein:

the upper support is configured to, when raised to a first angle, cause a

corresponding adjustment of the thoracic plate to a second angle such that that chest compression device is appropriately aligned with the individual's anterior chest wall.

33. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of claim 32, wherein:

the corresponding adjustment comprises a change in angle of the thoracic plate relative to a horizontal plane.

34. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 30-33, wherein:

the thoracic plate is moveable lengthwise relative to the base to permit adjustment of the position of the thoracic plate relative to the individual's chest.

35. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 25-29, wherein:

the base is configured to operably couple with a chest compression device.

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36. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of claim 35, further comprising:

a rotatable arm configured to be coupled with the chest compression device, wherein the chest compression device is spring biased by a spring extending between the rotatable arm and the chest compression device.

37. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 25-36, wherein:

the upper support defines an area formed to receive the individual's head.

38. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of claim 37, wherein:

the area formed to receive the individual's head defines an aperture that extends entirely through a thickness of the upper support.

39. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of claim 38, further comprising:

a pad coupled with the base and aligned with the aperture, the pad being configured to support the individual's head and prevent hyperextension of the individual's neck when the upper support is in a lowermost position.

40. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 38-39, further comprising:

a cradle support positioned below and in alignment with the aperture, the cradle support configured to support the individual's head and to prevent hyperextension of the individual's neck throughout elevation of the upper support.

41. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 29-40, wherein:

the neck support is configured to maintain the individual in a sniffing position throughout elevation of the upper back, shoulders and head.

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42. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 25-41, wherein:

the upper support is spring biased toward the individual's body.

43. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 30-42, wherein:

the chest compression device is spring biased in a decompression direction to actively decompress the chest following a chest compression.

44. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 30-43, wherein:

the chest compression device comprises a force-generating mechanism to bias the chest compression device away from the base.

45. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 25-44, further comprising:

46. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 25-45, further comprising:

an intrathoracic pressure regulation device.

47. An elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation, comprising:

a base;

an upper support operably coupled to the base, wherein the upper support is configured to incline at an angle relative to the base to elevate an individual's upper back, shoulders and head;

a support arm coupled with the upper support, wherein the support arm is movable to various positions relative to the upper support and is lockable at a fixed angle relative to the upper support such that the upper support and the support arm are movable as a single unit relative to the base while the support arm maintains the angle relative to the upper support; and

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 a chest compression device coupled with the support arm, the chest compression device being configured to compress the chest.

48. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of claim 47, further comprising:

a thoracic plate operably coupled with the base.

49. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of claim 48, wherein:

the upper support is configured to, when inclined, adjust a position of the thoracic plate such that the chest compression device is appropriately aligned with the individual's anterior chest wall.

50. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 47-49, wherein:

51. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 47-50, wherein:

the chest compression device comprises one or more of a plunger, a suction cup, or an adhesive band.

52. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 47-51, wherein:

the chest compression device comprises one or both of a motorized crankshaft or a piston; and

compressions of the chest compression device are driven by actuation of the one or more of the motorized crankshaft or the piston.

53. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 47-52, wherein:

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54. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 47-50, wherein:

the chest compression device comprises:

a compression cable system; and

at least one motor configured to:

55. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 47-54, further comprising:

56. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 47-55, further comprising:

an intrathoracic pressure regulation device.

57. An elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation, comprising:

a base; and

an upper support operably coupled with the base, wherein the upper support is configured to elevate an individual's upper back, shoulders and head when raised; and

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KILPATRICK TOWNSEND 68828167 1 a chest compression device coupled with the upper support such that when the upper support is elevated a positional relationship between the upper support and the chest compression device is maintained.

58. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of claim 57, further comprising:

a hinged arm coupled between the upper support and the base, the hinged arm being configured to maintain the upper support in a raised position when the hinged arm is extended.

59. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 57-58, further comprising:

one or more supports that are hinged, telescoped, extended, screwed outwards, or stretchable, the one or more supports being configured to maintain the upper support in a raised position when the hinged arm is extended.

60. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 57-59, further comprising:

a force-generating device configured to elevate the upper support into the raised position.

61. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 57-60, further comprising:

62. The elevation device used in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after resuscitation of any of claims 57-60, further comprising:

an intrathoracic pressure regulation device.

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