WO2017032908A1 - Pharmaceutical composition comprising amorphous posaconazole - Google Patents

Pharmaceutical composition comprising amorphous posaconazole Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017032908A1
WO2017032908A1 PCT/EP2016/078902 EP2016078902W WO2017032908A1 WO 2017032908 A1 WO2017032908 A1 WO 2017032908A1 EP 2016078902 W EP2016078902 W EP 2016078902W WO 2017032908 A1 WO2017032908 A1 WO 2017032908A1
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Prior art keywords
composition according
posaconazole
methacrylic acid
weight ratio
methyl methacrylate
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2016/078902
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French (fr)
Inventor
Manuel GAGO GUILLAN
Luis Nogueiras Nieto
Lisardo Alvarez Fernandez
Jose VELADA CALZADA
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Synthon B.V.
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Publication of WO2017032908A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017032908A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/141—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers
    • A61K9/146—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers with organic macromolecular compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin

Definitions

  • Posaconazole chemically 4-(4-(4-(4-(((3R,5R)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-(l,2,4-triazol- l-ylmethyl)oxolan-3-yl)methoxy)phenyl)piperazin-l-yl)phenyl)-2-((2 l S , ,35')-2-hydroxypentan- 3-yl)-l,2,4-triazol-3-one of formula (I),
  • Noxafil ® is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent of the triazole class for the treatment of invasive fungal infections.
  • the compound has been first disclosed in W09517407.
  • Posaconazole is marketed by Merck Sharp & Dohme under the brand name Noxafil ® .
  • Noxafil ® is supplied both for oral and intravenous administration, as oral suspension, as delayed-release gastroresistant tablet and as concentrate for solution for infusion.
  • the delayed-release tablet is available in the strength of 100 mg.
  • the marketed formulation has been disclosed in WO2009129300.
  • posaconazole Three polymorphic forms of posaconazole, viz. form I, II and III, have been described in WO9918097. Other polymorphic forms of posaconazole are disclosed in WO2009147075, WO20100000668, WO2011003992 and WO2015092595.
  • Posaconazole is poorly soluble in water. In the stomach, posaconazole has a solubility of approximately 0.8 mg/ml. At pH 6.4 or higher, the solubility of posaconazole is less than 1 ⁇ g/ml. The solubility of amorphous forms is higher compared to the solubility of crystalline forms, thus it would be desirable to have posaconazole available in amorphous form.
  • Amorphous posaconazole and processes of its preparation are disclosed in WO2011158248, WO2013042138, CN104370894, WO2015059716 and WO2015092595.
  • amorphous posaconazole as such is not stable and therefore not suitable for use on
  • WO2009129300 discloses pharmaceutical compositions comprising posaconazole dissolved or molecularly dispersed in a hydroxypropylmethylcellulose-derivative polymer.
  • the composition is prepared by the process of hot melt extrusion.
  • the main advantage of the hot melt extrusion process is that it is a continuous manufacturing process.
  • the drawback of this technique is the high temperatures it requires, therewith increasing the risk of
  • WO2015154718 discloses pharmaceutical compositions comprising solid dispersions of posaconazole and vinyl pyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer or a polymer containing ethylene glycol units.
  • the carrier material may in addition comprise an enteric polymer.
  • the solid dispersions are prepared by the process of hot melt extrusion.
  • US20150231081 discloses a delayed release composition
  • a delayed release composition comprising posaconazole dissolved or molecularly dispersed in a polymer other than a hydroxypropylmethylcellulose derived polymer, wherein the composition is prepared by hot melt extrusion.
  • CN 104510707 and CN 10472187 disclose solid dispersions comprising posaconazole and a water soluble polymer (e.g. an amphiphilic copolymer) or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose respectively.
  • the solid dispersions are prepared by hot melt extrusion, freeze drying or spray drying. The techniques of freeze drying and spray drying require specific, expensive equipment and often result in rather fluffy, low density material, which is difficult to process further into the final drug product.
  • CN104721141 discloses solid dispersions comprising posaconazole and a polymer skeleton comprising of two polymers.
  • the first polymer realizes a uniform dispersion of posaconazole in the polymer skeleton and the second polymer constructs a microenvironment for improving the dissolution rate of posaconazole in aqueous environment.
  • the polymer skeleton comprises Soluplus ® and Eudragit ® E100.
  • the solid dispersion is prepared by the process of hot melt extrusion or spray drying.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole and at least two different enteric polymers, wherein the solid dispersion is obtained by applying the process of wet granulation.
  • Said pharmaceutical composition may be used in the treatment of invasive fungal infections.
  • Posaconazole is poorly soluble in water. In the stomach, posaconazole has a solubility of approximately 0.8 mg/ml. At pH 6.4 or higher, the solubility of posaconazole is less than 1 ⁇ g/ml.
  • solid dispersion has been defined as a dispersion of one or more Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) in an inert carrier or matrix at the solid state, prepared by a solvent or melting process or a combination of the two.
  • APIs Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
  • the solid dispersions are divided into crystalline solid dispersions and amorphous solid dispersions respectively.
  • Amorphous carriers used are mostly polymers.
  • the API is dispersed in very small size and exists in supersaturated state in amorphous carriers because of forced solubilization.
  • the amorphous carriers can increase the wettability and dispersibility of drugs as well as inhibit the precipitation process of drugs when amorphous solid dispersions are dissolved in water. These properties along with the fast dissolution rate of amorphous carriers enhance the drug solubility and release rate.
  • the number of marketed products arising from solid dispersion approaches is very low. This low number is mainly due to scale-up problems and physicochemical instability in the manufacturing process or during storage leading to phase separation and crystallization (Vo et. al, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 85 (2013) 799-813).
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole and at least two different enteric polymers, wherein the solid dispersion is obtained by applying the process of wet granulation.
  • This conventional technique can be carried out with equipment commonly used in pharmaceutical industry.
  • a pharmaceutical composition obtained by applying the process of wet granulation, comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole and at least two different enteric polymers, i.e. polymers that prevent dissolution or disintegration in the gastric environment, mimics the dissolution of the Noxafil ® gastroresistant tablet.
  • the weight ratio of posaconazole to the total amount of enteric polymers ranges from 1: 1.5 to 1:5. More preferably, the weight ratio of posaconazole to the total amount of enteric polymers ranges from 1:2 to 1:4.
  • one of the enteric polymers used in accordance with the present invention is an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl metha- crylate.
  • the weight ratio of methacryclic acid to methyl methacrylate in the copolymer is 1 : 1.
  • a typical example of a commercially available polymer includes Eudragit ® L100.
  • a second enteric polymer used in accordance with the present invention is hydroxypropylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), also known as hypromellose acetate succinate. It is a mixture of acetic acid and monosuccinic acid esters of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.
  • HPMCAS is available in three grades, differentiated by the degree of substitution, resulting in a pH dependent dissolution (low, L; medium M; high H). Each grade is available in two particle sizes (cohesive fine powder, F; free-flowing granules, G). In principle, every grade of HPMCAS may be used in accordance with the present invention. Grade M is a particularly preferred grade.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a solid dispersion of posaconazole, an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate and HPMCAS. Even more preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a solid dispersion of posaconazole, an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate and HPMCAS, wherein the weight ratio of methacryclic acid to methyl methacrylate in the copolymer is 1: 1.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a solid dispersion of posaconazole, an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate and HPMCAS, wherein the weight ratio of posaconazole to the anionic copolymer to HPMCAS ranges from 1:0.9:0.9 to 1: 1:3. A particularly preferred range is from 1: 1: 1 to 1: 1:2.
  • a second enteric polymer used in accordance with the present invention is an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate.
  • the weight ratio of methacryclic acid to ethyl acrylate in the copolymer is 1: 1.
  • a typical example of a commercially available polymer includes Eudragit ® L 100-55.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a solid dispersion of posaconazole, an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate and an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a solid dispersion of posaconazole, an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate, wherein the weight ratio of methacryclic acid to methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid to ethyl acrylate in the copolymers is 1: 1.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a solid dispersion of posaconazole, an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate and an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate, wherein the weight ratio of posaconazole to the anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate to the anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate ranges from 1:0.8:0.7 to 1:2:2.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole and at least two enteric polymers, further comprises one or more pharma- ceutically acceptable excipients.
  • the excipients to be used in accordance with the present invention are well-known and are those excipients which are conventionally used by the person skilled in the art. Depending on the dosage form chosen for the pharmaceutical composition, the person skilled in the art will be able to select suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet. It may optionally be coated with a film coat comprising, in essence, any suitable inert coating material known in the art.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is obtained by applying the process of wet granulation.
  • posaconazole and the enteric polymers are dissolved in a solvent mixture.
  • the process of wet granulation in accordance with the present invention is carried out in the non-toxic solvent mixture comprising water and acetone.
  • the weight ratio of acetone to water ranges from 65:35 to 95:5. At these ratios, optimal solubility is achieved.
  • the solubility of posaconazole may be further increased by heating the solvent mixture.
  • the resulting solution is added to a diluent.
  • the addition of the solution to the diluent is performed by spraying the solution over the diluent in a fluid bed reactor.
  • the diluent to be used in accordance with the present invention may be any diluent known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the diluent to be used in accordance with the present invention is an inorganic diluent, polysaccharide, mono- or disaccharide or sugar alcohol.
  • Microcrystalline cellulose is a particularly preferred diluent.
  • the solvent is evaporated.
  • the evaporation is carried out by techniques known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
  • part of the obtained granules is compressed in order to increase the density of the final drug product, before mixing the granules with further excipients.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are chosen from one or more diluents, binders, disintegrants or lubricants. Most preferably, the further excipients are chosen from one or more diluents, one or more disintegrants and one or more lubricants.
  • the diluent to be used in accordance with the present invention may be any diluent known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the diluent to be used in accordance with the present invention is an inorganic diluent, polysaccharide, mono- or disaccharide or sugar alcohol.
  • Microcrystalline cellulose is a particularly preferred diluent.
  • the disintegrant to be used in accordance with the present invention may be any disintegrant known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Suitable disintegrants to be used in accordance with the present invention are selected from the group consisting of croscarmel- lose sodium, crospovidone or sodium starch glycolate. Croscarmellose sodium is a particularly preferred disintegrant.
  • the lubricant to be used in accordance with the present invention may be any lubricant known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Magnesium stearate is a particularly preferred lubricant.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention exhibits excellent long term stability. Even after 3 months at 40°C/75% RH, no conversion into any crystalline form of posaconazole was observed. Moreover, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is very suitable for production on commercial scale.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the invention displays delayed release of posaconazole.
  • the dissolution rate of the composition is less than 8% in 2 hours when tested in aqueous hydrochloric acid pH 2.0 and at least 75% in 10 minutes when tested in a phosphate buffer with 0.5% SDS pH 6.8 in a USP apparatus II at 75 rpm, 37°C.
  • the solid dispersion of posaconazole and at least two different enteric polymers remains in amorphous form.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are packaged in blister pack material.
  • the blister pack materials to be used in accordance with the present invention may be any blister pack material known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Suitable blister pack materials to be used in accordance with the present invention are selected from the group of PVC/Alu, Duplex/ Alu, Triplex/ Alu and Alu/Alu. A particularly preferred blister pack material is Alu/Alu.
  • the pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the present invention may be used as a medicament.
  • the pharmaceutical composition typically may be used in the treatment of invasive fungal infections.
  • the following examples are intended to illustrate the scope of the present invention but not to limit it thereto.
  • Example 1 Pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1:1) and HPMCAS (1:3:1)
  • the tablets comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1: 1) and HPMCAS (1:3: 1) have the composition as given in table 1.
  • Posaconazole was dissolved in a mixture of acetone:water 9: 1. HPMCAS was added slowly. The mixture was stirred until a solution was obtained. Methacrylic acid - methyl methacrylate copolymer (1: 1) (Eudragit ® L100) was added. The mixture was stirred until a solution was obtained. The obtained solution was sprayed over microcrystalline cellulose in a fluid bed dryer. The obtained granules were dried and sieved through an appropriate mesh size sieve. 60% of the total amount of sieved granules was compressed under monitored humidity conditions on a rotary tabletting machine using flat punches. The tablets thus obtained were milled through appropriate mesh size sieves.
  • Microcrystalline cellulose and sodium croscarmellose were sieved through an appropriate sieve and mixed with the obtained compacted granules and the remaining 40% of the sieved non-compacted granules in a suitable blender.
  • Magnesium stearate was sieved through an appropriate sieve and mixed with the blend in a suitable blender.
  • the homogeneous blend obtained, was compressed using a rotating tablet press using appropriate punches.
  • the tablets were coated with an Opadry II suspension. Tablet weight increase was 3%.
  • the tablets were packed in alu-alu blisters.
  • the tablets were stored at long term (25°C/60% RH) and accelerated (40°C/75% RH) conditions. The tablets show excellent stability after storage for 3 months.
  • Example 2 Pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1:1) and HPMCAS (1:1:1)
  • the tablets comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1: 1) and HPMCAS (1: 1: 1) have the composition as given in table 2.
  • Posaconazole was dissolved in a mixture of acetone:water 9: 1 at 35-40°C. HPMCAS was added slowly. The mixture was stirred until a solution was obtained. Methacrylic acid - methyl methacrylate copolymer (1: 1) (Eudragit ® LI 00) was added. The mixture was stirred until a solution was obtained. The obtained solution was sprayed over microcrystalline cellulose in a fluid bed dryer. The obtained granules were dried and sieved through an appropriate mesh size sieve. Microcrystalline cellulose and sodium croscarmellose were sieved through an appropriate sieve and mixed with the granules in a suitable blender.
  • Magnesium stearate was sieved through an appropriate sieve and mixed with the blend in a suitable blender.
  • the tablets were coated with an Opadry II suspension. Tablet weight increase was 3%.
  • the tablets were packed in alu-alu blisters.
  • the tablets were stored at long term (25°C/60 RH) and accelerated (40°C/75 RH) conditions. The tablets show excellent stability after storage for 3 months. XRPD analysis performed, showed no reflections in accordance with crystalline posaconazole.
  • Example 3 Pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1:1) and a copolymer of methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate (1:1) (1:1:0.8)
  • the tablets comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1: 1) and a copolymer of methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate (1: 1) (1: 1:0.8) have the composition as given in table 3.
  • Table 3 Table 3
  • Posaconazole was dissolved in a mixture of acetone:water 9: 1 at about 45°C.
  • Methacrylic acid - methyl methacrylate copolymer (1: 1) (Eudragit ® L100) and methacrylic acid - ethyl acrylate copolymer (1: 1) (Eudragit ® L100-55) were added. The mixture was stirred at 45°C until a solution was obtained. The obtained solution was sprayed over microcrystalline cellulose in a fluid bed dryer. The obtained granules were dried and sieved through an appropriate mesh size sieve. Microcrystalline cellulose and sodium croscarmellose were sieved through an appropriate sieve and mixed with the granules in a suitable blender. Magnesium stearate was sieved through an appropriate sieve and mixed with the blend in a suitable blender.
  • the homogeneous blend obtained was compressed using a rotating tablet press using appropriate punches.
  • the tablets were coated with an Opadry II suspension. Tablet weight increase was 3%.
  • the tablets were packed in alu-alu blisters.
  • the tablets were stored at long term (25°C/60 RH) and accelerated (40°C/75 RH) conditions.
  • the tablets show excellent stability after storage for 3 months.
  • XRPD analysis performed, showed no reflections in accordance with crystalline posaconazole.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole and at least two different enteric polymers, wherein the solid dispersion is obtained by applying the process of wet granulation. The invention further relates to the use of said pharmaceutical composition as medicament in the treatment of invasive fungal infections.

Description

PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION COMPRISING AMORPHOUS
POSACONAZOLE
BACKGROUND OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
Posaconazole, chemically 4-(4-(4-(4-(((3R,5R)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-(l,2,4-triazol- l-ylmethyl)oxolan-3-yl)methoxy)phenyl)piperazin-l-yl)phenyl)-2-((2lS,,35')-2-hydroxypentan- 3-yl)-l,2,4-triazol-3-one of formula (I),
Figure imgf000002_0001
is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent of the triazole class for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. The compound has been first disclosed in W09517407. Posaconazole is marketed by Merck Sharp & Dohme under the brand name Noxafil®. Noxafil® is supplied both for oral and intravenous administration, as oral suspension, as delayed-release gastroresistant tablet and as concentrate for solution for infusion. The delayed-release tablet is available in the strength of 100 mg. The marketed formulation has been disclosed in WO2009129300.
Three polymorphic forms of posaconazole, viz. form I, II and III, have been described in WO9918097. Other polymorphic forms of posaconazole are disclosed in WO2009147075, WO20100000668, WO2011003992 and WO2015092595.
Posaconazole is poorly soluble in water. In the stomach, posaconazole has a solubility of approximately 0.8 mg/ml. At pH 6.4 or higher, the solubility of posaconazole is less than 1 μg/ml. The solubility of amorphous forms is higher compared to the solubility of crystalline forms, thus it would be desirable to have posaconazole available in amorphous form.
Amorphous posaconazole and processes of its preparation are disclosed in WO2011158248, WO2013042138, CN104370894, WO2015059716 and WO2015092595. However, amorphous posaconazole as such is not stable and therefore not suitable for use on
pharmaceutical production scale.
WO2009129300 discloses pharmaceutical compositions comprising posaconazole dissolved or molecularly dispersed in a hydroxypropylmethylcellulose-derivative polymer. The composition is prepared by the process of hot melt extrusion. The main advantage of the hot melt extrusion process is that it is a continuous manufacturing process. The drawback of this technique is the high temperatures it requires, therewith increasing the risk of
degradation. Moreover, the process of hot melt extrusion requires specific equipment, which is not present in most pharmaceutical production plants.
WO2015154718 discloses pharmaceutical compositions comprising solid dispersions of posaconazole and vinyl pyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer or a polymer containing ethylene glycol units. The carrier material may in addition comprise an enteric polymer. The solid dispersions are prepared by the process of hot melt extrusion.
US20150231081 discloses a delayed release composition comprising posaconazole dissolved or molecularly dispersed in a polymer other than a hydroxypropylmethylcellulose derived polymer, wherein the composition is prepared by hot melt extrusion.
CN 104510707 and CN 10472187 disclose solid dispersions comprising posaconazole and a water soluble polymer (e.g. an amphiphilic copolymer) or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose respectively. The solid dispersions are prepared by hot melt extrusion, freeze drying or spray drying. The techniques of freeze drying and spray drying require specific, expensive equipment and often result in rather fluffy, low density material, which is difficult to process further into the final drug product.
CN104721141 discloses solid dispersions comprising posaconazole and a polymer skeleton comprising of two polymers. The first polymer realizes a uniform dispersion of posaconazole in the polymer skeleton and the second polymer constructs a microenvironment for improving the dissolution rate of posaconazole in aqueous environment. Preferably, the polymer skeleton comprises Soluplus® and Eudragit® E100. The solid dispersion is prepared by the process of hot melt extrusion or spray drying.
In view of the prior art cited above, there is still a need for stable pharmaceutical compositions with adequate dissolution comprising posaconazole, which exhibit excellent long term stability and which are suitable for production on commercial scale by applying techniques and equipment commonly used in industry.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole and at least two different enteric polymers, wherein the solid dispersion is obtained by applying the process of wet granulation.
Said pharmaceutical composition may be used in the treatment of invasive fungal infections.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
Posaconazole is poorly soluble in water. In the stomach, posaconazole has a solubility of approximately 0.8 mg/ml. At pH 6.4 or higher, the solubility of posaconazole is less than 1 μg/ml.
Various approaches to overcome the poor aqueous solubility of drug candidates have been investigated in drug research and development. Since the solubility of amorphous forms is higher compared to the solubility of crystalline forms, it would be desirable to have the drug candidate available in amorphous form. However, drugs that can exist in either amorphous or crystalline form tend to crystallize over time when present in amorphous state because the crystalline form of the drug is a lower-energy state than the amorphous form.
One of the most successful strategies to improve the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs is the preparation of a solid dispersion. The term solid dispersion has been defined as a dispersion of one or more Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) in an inert carrier or matrix at the solid state, prepared by a solvent or melting process or a combination of the two. Depending on the physical state of the carrier, which is crystalline or amorphous, the solid dispersions are divided into crystalline solid dispersions and amorphous solid dispersions respectively. Amorphous carriers used are mostly polymers. In amorphous solid dispersions, the API is dispersed in very small size and exists in supersaturated state in amorphous carriers because of forced solubilization. The amorphous carriers can increase the wettability and dispersibility of drugs as well as inhibit the precipitation process of drugs when amorphous solid dispersions are dissolved in water. These properties along with the fast dissolution rate of amorphous carriers enhance the drug solubility and release rate. Despite the high active research interests, the number of marketed products arising from solid dispersion approaches is very low. This low number is mainly due to scale-up problems and physicochemical instability in the manufacturing process or during storage leading to phase separation and crystallization (Vo et. al, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 85 (2013) 799-813).
It is not self-evident that a given drug will form an amorphous solid dispersion with just any polymer, and that, even in the event the solid dispersion is formed, it will be stable over time. Factors playing a role herein are the physicochemical properties of both API and polymer, the ratio of API to polymer used and the technique used to prepare the solid dispersion. Techniques to prepare solid dispersions often require very specific conditions for each combination of API and polymer.
As mentioned above, the process of hot melt extrusion has been described in the prior art to prepare solid dispersions comprising posaconazole. This technique has the advantage of being a continuous manufacturing process that does not require the use of solvents and that yields a product with high density. However, the process of hot melt extrusion has also some serious drawbacks. Because of the high temperatures applied, problems related to
decomposition frequently occur. Moreover, the process of hot melt extrusion requires specific equipment, which is not present in most pharmaceutical production plants.
In addition to hot melt extrusion, processes like freeze drying and spray drying are disclosed in the prior art to prepare solid dispersions of posaconazole. These techniques also require specific, expensive equipment and the material obtained by applying these techniques is often difficult to handle due to its fluffy character.
The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole and at least two different enteric polymers, wherein the solid dispersion is obtained by applying the process of wet granulation. This conventional technique can be carried out with equipment commonly used in pharmaceutical industry.
In order to obtain a solid dispersion comprising posaconazole, exhibiting excellent long term stability, the use of several polymers has been investigated. Only some of them appeared to be suitable to be used in accordance with the present invention. Use of some of the polymers resulted in tablet compositions wherein posaconazole was present only partially in amorphous form. Other polymers did provide tablet compositions comprising solid dispersions wherein posaconazole was present in fully amorphous form, but wherein upon storage posaconazole converted into its crystalline form(s). A pharmaceutical composition prepared by the process of e.g. hot melt extrusion leads to a product with different characteristics, e.g. density, when compared to the same composition obtained by the process of wet granulation, influencing the dissolution rate of the drug product.
It was surprisingly found that a pharmaceutical composition, obtained by applying the process of wet granulation, comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole and at least two different enteric polymers, i.e. polymers that prevent dissolution or disintegration in the gastric environment, mimics the dissolution of the Noxafil® gastroresistant tablet. Preferably, the weight ratio of posaconazole to the total amount of enteric polymers ranges from 1: 1.5 to 1:5. More preferably, the weight ratio of posaconazole to the total amount of enteric polymers ranges from 1:2 to 1:4.
In a preferred embodiment, one of the enteric polymers used in accordance with the present invention is an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl metha- crylate. Most preferably, the weight ratio of methacryclic acid to methyl methacrylate in the copolymer is 1 : 1. A typical example of a commercially available polymer includes Eudragit® L100.
Preferably, a second enteric polymer used in accordance with the present invention is hydroxypropylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), also known as hypromellose acetate succinate. It is a mixture of acetic acid and monosuccinic acid esters of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose. HPMCAS is available in three grades, differentiated by the degree of substitution, resulting in a pH dependent dissolution (low, L; medium M; high H). Each grade is available in two particle sizes (cohesive fine powder, F; free-flowing granules, G). In principle, every grade of HPMCAS may be used in accordance with the present invention. Grade M is a particularly preferred grade. More preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a solid dispersion of posaconazole, an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate and HPMCAS. Even more preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a solid dispersion of posaconazole, an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate and HPMCAS, wherein the weight ratio of methacryclic acid to methyl methacrylate in the copolymer is 1: 1. Most preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a solid dispersion of posaconazole, an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate and HPMCAS, wherein the weight ratio of posaconazole to the anionic copolymer to HPMCAS ranges from 1:0.9:0.9 to 1: 1:3. A particularly preferred range is from 1: 1: 1 to 1: 1:2.
In another embodiment, a second enteric polymer used in accordance with the present invention is an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate. Preferably, the weight ratio of methacryclic acid to ethyl acrylate in the copolymer is 1: 1. A typical example of a commercially available polymer includes Eudragit® L 100-55. More preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a solid dispersion of posaconazole, an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate and an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate. Even more preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a solid dispersion of posaconazole, an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate, wherein the weight ratio of methacryclic acid to methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid to ethyl acrylate in the copolymers is 1: 1. Most preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a solid dispersion of posaconazole, an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate and an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate, wherein the weight ratio of posaconazole to the anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate to the anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate ranges from 1:0.8:0.7 to 1:2:2.
The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole and at least two enteric polymers, further comprises one or more pharma- ceutically acceptable excipients. The excipients to be used in accordance with the present invention are well-known and are those excipients which are conventionally used by the person skilled in the art. Depending on the dosage form chosen for the pharmaceutical composition, the person skilled in the art will be able to select suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet. It may optionally be coated with a film coat comprising, in essence, any suitable inert coating material known in the art.
The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is obtained by applying the process of wet granulation. In the first step of the process, posaconazole and the enteric polymers are dissolved in a solvent mixture. An important prerequisite of the solvent evaporation method, as applied in the present invention, is the sufficient solubility of the drug and the carrier in the solvent system. Finding a suitable non-toxic solvent is sometimes difficult because carriers are hydrophilic whereas drugs are hydrophobic. The process of wet granulation in accordance with the present invention is carried out in the non-toxic solvent mixture comprising water and acetone. Preferably, the weight ratio of acetone to water ranges from 65:35 to 95:5. At these ratios, optimal solubility is achieved. The solubility of posaconazole may be further increased by heating the solvent mixture.
After dissolving posaconazole and the enteric polymers in the solvent mixture, the resulting solution is added to a diluent. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the addition of the solution to the diluent is performed by spraying the solution over the diluent in a fluid bed reactor. The diluent to be used in accordance with the present invention may be any diluent known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Particularly, the diluent to be used in accordance with the present invention is an inorganic diluent, polysaccharide, mono- or disaccharide or sugar alcohol. Microcrystalline cellulose is a particularly preferred diluent.
After the step of adding the solution, comprising of posaconazole and the polymers in the solvent mixture, to a diluent, the solvent is evaporated. The evaporation is carried out by techniques known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
Optionally, part of the obtained granules is compressed in order to increase the density of the final drug product, before mixing the granules with further excipients. The
pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are chosen from one or more diluents, binders, disintegrants or lubricants. Most preferably, the further excipients are chosen from one or more diluents, one or more disintegrants and one or more lubricants.
The diluent to be used in accordance with the present invention may be any diluent known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Particularly, the diluent to be used in accordance with the present invention is an inorganic diluent, polysaccharide, mono- or disaccharide or sugar alcohol. Microcrystalline cellulose is a particularly preferred diluent.
The disintegrant to be used in accordance with the present invention may be any disintegrant known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Suitable disintegrants to be used in accordance with the present invention are selected from the group consisting of croscarmel- lose sodium, crospovidone or sodium starch glycolate. Croscarmellose sodium is a particularly preferred disintegrant.
The lubricant to be used in accordance with the present invention may be any lubricant known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Magnesium stearate is a particularly preferred lubricant. After mixing the blend, comprising of the solid dispersion of posaconazole and the polymers, with further excipients, the final blend is compressed into tablets, using equipment and methods well-known in the art.
The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention exhibits excellent long term stability. Even after 3 months at 40°C/75% RH, no conversion into any crystalline form of posaconazole was observed. Moreover, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is very suitable for production on commercial scale.
The pharmaceutical composition of the invention displays delayed release of posaconazole. The dissolution rate of the composition is less than 8% in 2 hours when tested in aqueous hydrochloric acid pH 2.0 and at least 75% in 10 minutes when tested in a phosphate buffer with 0.5% SDS pH 6.8 in a USP apparatus II at 75 rpm, 37°C. During preparation and storage of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, the solid dispersion of posaconazole and at least two different enteric polymers remains in amorphous form.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are packaged in blister pack material. The blister pack materials to be used in accordance with the present invention may be any blister pack material known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Suitable blister pack materials to be used in accordance with the present invention are selected from the group of PVC/Alu, Duplex/ Alu, Triplex/ Alu and Alu/Alu. A particularly preferred blister pack material is Alu/Alu. After storage of the pharmaceutical compositions in the blister pack materials for 3 months at 40°C/75% RH, XRPD analysis showed no reflections in accordance with crystalline posaconazole.
The pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the present invention may be used as a medicament. The pharmaceutical composition typically may be used in the treatment of invasive fungal infections. The following examples are intended to illustrate the scope of the present invention but not to limit it thereto.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1:1) and HPMCAS (1:3:1)
The tablets comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1: 1) and HPMCAS (1:3: 1) have the composition as given in table 1.
Table 1
Figure imgf000012_0001
Component Quantity (mg/tablet)
Uncoated tablet weight 710.00
Opadry II coating 21.30
Water q.s.
Coated tablet weight 731.30
Posaconazole was dissolved in a mixture of acetone:water 9: 1. HPMCAS was added slowly. The mixture was stirred until a solution was obtained. Methacrylic acid - methyl methacrylate copolymer (1: 1) (Eudragit® L100) was added. The mixture was stirred until a solution was obtained. The obtained solution was sprayed over microcrystalline cellulose in a fluid bed dryer. The obtained granules were dried and sieved through an appropriate mesh size sieve. 60% of the total amount of sieved granules was compressed under monitored humidity conditions on a rotary tabletting machine using flat punches. The tablets thus obtained were milled through appropriate mesh size sieves. Microcrystalline cellulose and sodium croscarmellose were sieved through an appropriate sieve and mixed with the obtained compacted granules and the remaining 40% of the sieved non-compacted granules in a suitable blender. Magnesium stearate was sieved through an appropriate sieve and mixed with the blend in a suitable blender. The homogeneous blend obtained, was compressed using a rotating tablet press using appropriate punches. The tablets were coated with an Opadry II suspension. Tablet weight increase was 3%. The tablets were packed in alu-alu blisters. The tablets were stored at long term (25°C/60% RH) and accelerated (40°C/75% RH) conditions. The tablets show excellent stability after storage for 3 months. XRPD analysis performed, showed no reflections in accordance with crystalline posaconazole. Example 2: Pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1:1) and HPMCAS (1:1:1)
The tablets comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1: 1) and HPMCAS (1: 1: 1) have the composition as given in table 2.
Table 2
Figure imgf000014_0001
Posaconazole was dissolved in a mixture of acetone:water 9: 1 at 35-40°C. HPMCAS was added slowly. The mixture was stirred until a solution was obtained. Methacrylic acid - methyl methacrylate copolymer (1: 1) (Eudragit® LI 00) was added. The mixture was stirred until a solution was obtained. The obtained solution was sprayed over microcrystalline cellulose in a fluid bed dryer. The obtained granules were dried and sieved through an appropriate mesh size sieve. Microcrystalline cellulose and sodium croscarmellose were sieved through an appropriate sieve and mixed with the granules in a suitable blender. Magnesium stearate was sieved through an appropriate sieve and mixed with the blend in a suitable blender. The homogeneous blend obtained, was compressed using a rotating tablet press using appropriate punches. The tablets were coated with an Opadry II suspension. Tablet weight increase was 3%. The tablets were packed in alu-alu blisters. The tablets were stored at long term (25°C/60 RH) and accelerated (40°C/75 RH) conditions. The tablets show excellent stability after storage for 3 months. XRPD analysis performed, showed no reflections in accordance with crystalline posaconazole.
Example 3: Pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1:1) and a copolymer of methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate (1:1) (1:1:0.8)
The tablets comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1: 1) and a copolymer of methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate (1: 1) (1: 1:0.8) have the composition as given in table 3. Table 3
Component Quantity (mg/tablet)
Intragranular components
Posaconazole 100.00
Microcrystalline cellulose 200.00
Methacrylic acid - methyl methacrylate 100.00
copolymer (1: 1)
Methacrylic acid - ethyl acrylate copolymer 80.00
(1: 1)
Acetone:water 9: 1 q.s.
Extragranular components
Microcrystalline cellulose 96.45
Croscarmellose sodium 30.50
Magnesium stearate 3.05
Uncoated tablet weight 610.00
Opadry II coating 18.30
Water q.s.
Coated tablet weight 628.30
Posaconazole was dissolved in a mixture of acetone:water 9: 1 at about 45°C.
Methacrylic acid - methyl methacrylate copolymer (1: 1) (Eudragit® L100) and methacrylic acid - ethyl acrylate copolymer (1: 1) (Eudragit® L100-55) were added. The mixture was stirred at 45°C until a solution was obtained. The obtained solution was sprayed over microcrystalline cellulose in a fluid bed dryer. The obtained granules were dried and sieved through an appropriate mesh size sieve. Microcrystalline cellulose and sodium croscarmellose were sieved through an appropriate sieve and mixed with the granules in a suitable blender. Magnesium stearate was sieved through an appropriate sieve and mixed with the blend in a suitable blender. The homogeneous blend obtained, was compressed using a rotating tablet press using appropriate punches. The tablets were coated with an Opadry II suspension. Tablet weight increase was 3%. The tablets were packed in alu-alu blisters. The tablets were stored at long term (25°C/60 RH) and accelerated (40°C/75 RH) conditions. The tablets show excellent stability after storage for 3 months. XRPD analysis performed, showed no reflections in accordance with crystalline posaconazole.

Claims

1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion of posaconazole and at least two different enteric polymers, wherein the solid dispersion is obtained by applying the process of wet granulation.
2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of posaconazole to the total amount of enteric polymers ranges from 1: 1.5 to 1:5.
3. The composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein one of the enteric polymers is an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate.
4. The composition according to claim 3, wherein the weight ratio of methacryclic acid to methyl methacrylate in the copolymer is 1: 1.
5. The composition according to claim 3 or 4, wherein a second enteric polymer is
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS).
6. The composition according to claim 3 or 4, wherein a second enteric polymer is an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate.
7. The composition according to claim 6, wherein the weight ratio of methacrylic acid to ethyl acrylate in the copolymer is 1: 1.
8. The composition according to claim 5, wherein the weight ratio of posaconazole to the anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate to HPMCAS ranges from 1:0.9:0.9 to 1: 1:3.
9. The composition according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the weight ratio of posaconazole to the anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate to the anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate ranges from 1:0.8:0.7 to 1:2:2.
10. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the process of wet granulation is carried out in a mixture of water and acetone.
11. The composition according to claim 10, wherein the weight ratio of acetone to water in the mixture ranges from 65:35 to 95:5.
12. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the composition is in the form of a tablet.
13. The composition according to any one of the claims 1 to 12 further comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
14. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are one or more diluents, binders, disintegrants or lubricants.
15. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 14 exhibiting a dissolution rate of less than 8% in 2 hours when tested in aqueous hydrochloric acid pH 2.0 and at least 85% in 10 minutes when tested in a phosphate buffer with 0.5% SDS pH 6.8 in a USP apparatus II at 75 rpm, 37°C.
16. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 15 for use in the treatment of invasive fungal infections.
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