WO2017027731A1 - Method for cost-efficient industrial production of graphite oxide, graphene oxide and graphene - Google Patents
Method for cost-efficient industrial production of graphite oxide, graphene oxide and graphene Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017027731A1 WO2017027731A1 PCT/US2016/046604 US2016046604W WO2017027731A1 WO 2017027731 A1 WO2017027731 A1 WO 2017027731A1 US 2016046604 W US2016046604 W US 2016046604W WO 2017027731 A1 WO2017027731 A1 WO 2017027731A1
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- graphite
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- oxide
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/20—Graphite
- C01B32/21—After-treatment
- C01B32/215—Purification; Recovery or purification of graphite formed in iron making, e.g. kish graphite
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/18—Carbon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/182—Graphene
- C01B32/184—Preparation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/182—Graphene
- C01B32/184—Preparation
- C01B32/19—Preparation by exfoliation
- C01B32/192—Preparation by exfoliation starting from graphitic oxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/182—Graphene
- C01B32/198—Graphene oxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/20—Graphite
- C01B32/21—After-treatment
- C01B32/22—Intercalation
- C01B32/225—Expansion; Exfoliation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/20—Graphite
- C01B32/21—After-treatment
- C01B32/23—Oxidation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the invention relates to the industrial treatment of graphite ore using potassium-type inorganic oxidizing agents in an acid medium. More particularly, the invention relates to an improved method for preparing graphite oxide and graphene oxide using chemical oxidation and exfoliation to produce sheets or nanoscale graphene oxide plates with thicknesses less than 100 nm.
- Graphite is a mineral that occurs naturally in metamorphic rock in different continents of the world, including Asia, South America and some parts of North America. It is formed as a result of the reduction of sedimentary carbon compounds during metamorphism.
- Graphite is one of only three naturally occurring allotropes of carbon (the others being amorphous carbon and diamond). The difference between the three naturally occurring allotropes is the structure and bonding of the atoms within the allotropes; diamond enjoying a diamond lattice crystalline structure, graphite having a honeycomb lattice structure, and amorphous carbon (such as coal or soot) having no crystalline structure.
- graphite The chemical bonds in graphite are actually stronger than those that make up a diamond; however, diamonds contain three-dimensional lattice bonds, while graphite consists of two-dimensional lattice bonds (layers of carbon sheets). While within each layer of graphite the carbon atoms contain very strong bonds, the layers are able to slide across each other, making graphite a softer, more malleable material.
- Graphite is commonly used in thermochemistry as the standard state for defining the heat formation of compounds made from carbon. It is found naturally in three different forms: crystalline flake, amorphous and lump or vein graphite, and depending on its form, is used for a number of different applications. For example, it is well-known in the art that graphite possesses several advantageous properties including its ability to conduct electricity and heat, having the highest natural stiffness and strength even in temperatures exceeding 3600 degrees Celsius, and it is also self-lubricating and highly resistant to chemical attack.
- Graphite has a planar, layered structure; each layer being made up of carbon atoms covalently bonded in a hexagonal lattice. These covalent bonds are extremely strong, and the carbon atoms within each sheet are separated by approximately 0.142 nm. Chemically, the carbon atoms are linked together by very sturdy sp 2 -hybridized bonds in a single layer of atoms, two dimensionally. Each individual, two dimensional, one atom thick layer of sp 2 -bonded carbon atoms in graphite is separated by 0.335 nm. Essentially, the crystalline flake form of graphite, as noted above, is simply hundreds of thousands of individual layers of linked carbon atoms stacked together.
- graphene could be described as a single, one atom thick layer of the commonly found mineral graphite; graphite is essentially made up of hundreds of thousands of layers of graphene. In actuality, the structural make-up of graphite and graphene, and the method of how to create one from the other, is slightly more complex.
- Graphene is fundamentally one single layer of graphite; a layer of sp 2 -bonded carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb (hexagonal) lattice.
- graphene offers some impressive properties that exceed those of graphite as it is isolated from its 'base material,' graphite.
- graphite is naturally a very brittle compound and cannot be used as a structural material on its own due to its sheer planes (although it is often used to reinforce steel).
- Graphene is the strongest material ever recorded, more than three hundred times stronger than A36 structural steel, at 130 gigapascals, and more than forty times stronger than diamond.
- graphite is a 3-dimensional carbon based material made up of hundreds of thousands, or even millions, of layers of graphene.
- oxygenated functionalities are introduced into the graphite structure which not only expand the layer separation, but also render it hydrophilic (i.e., it can be dispersed in water).
- This enables the graphite oxide to be exfoliated in water using sonication, ultimately producing single or few-layer graphene, known as graphene oxide (GO).
- GO graphene oxide
- the main difference between graphite oxide and graphene oxide is, thus, the number of layers. While graphite oxide is a multilayer system, in a graphene oxide dispersion a few layers flakes and monolayer flakes can be found.
- graphene oxide and graphene oxide are materials which in and of themselves have much interest and commercial application. See, e.g., Gonzalez Z., Botas C, Alvarez P., Roldan S., Blanco C, Santamaria R., Granda M., Menendez R., "Thermally reduced graphite oxide as possitive electrode in vanadium redox flow batteries.” Carbon, 2012, 50 (3), 828-834.
- graphite ore is ground to a fineness of 100-150 microns, and purified by flotation in twice-distilled water at a temperature of approximately 90 degrees Celsius.
- the purified ore is oxidized to yield graphite oxide using an oxidizing reagent such as potassium permanganate, sodium nitrate and/or concentrated sulfuric acid to yield graphite sheets with oxidized basal planes and borders having an expanded three-dimensional structure.
- an oxidizing reagent such as potassium permanganate, sodium nitrate and/or concentrated sulfuric acid
- delamination/exfoliation of graphite oxide using an external force such as sonication yields a material called graphene.
- reducing the graphene oxide to form unilamellar (single layer) sheets results in the graphene.
- Figure 1 is a flow-diagram of the claimed invention illustrating the sequential order of the claimed method steps.
- the method of the present invention which is particularly suited to scaling and industrial use, employs a novel variant of the well-known "Hummers Method,” which yields graphite oxide that, with subsequent exfoliation, produces graphene oxide.
- the method described in the present invention other products such as graphene oxide and reduced oxide graphene (graphene), valuable materials themselves, can also be obtained by applying conventional methods.
- the present invention therefore provides an advantageous method of producing— at industrial scale— graphite oxide, graphene oxide and/or graphene, as raw graphitic materials (mineral graphite, etc.) are easily available in Sonora State in Mexico, and there is abundant mineral graphite worldwide and its exploitation is much cheaper than synthetic graphite or other high priced graphitic derivative materials.
- an aspect of the present invention relates to an industrial process, hereinafter referred to as the claimed process, for obtaining graphite oxide from readily available graphitic materials (graphite ore).
- Subsequent sheet separation can be accomplished by exfoliation or intercalation thermal shock, among other techniques known to anyone skilled in the matter.
- the sheet separation is carried out by exfoliation using ultrasound (sonication).
- the claimed process besides the direct production of graphite oxide by oxidative transformation of graphite ore, can be used to obtain other products such as graphene oxide and/or graphene, by adding intermediate reaction steps. Therefore, in another particular embodiment, the method further comprises the following process steps:
- the temperature at any stage is less than 200° C, preferably below 100° C.
- the graphitic material a) is graphite ore material obtained easily and with greater availability than other conventional graphitic materials known in the manufacture of graphene.
- the graphitic material may also be used without controlling the particle size; however, if particle size is not controlled for, longer reaction times may be required, and/or the use of additional oxidizing agents such as those indicated above.
- step a) is omitted, and the method commences at step b) or c) .
- a particular embodiment of the invention is the method of the invention wherein step c) transformation of graphite in a) or b) in graphite oxide by chemical treatment of graphite is conducted using as reagents potassium permanganate, sulfuric acid, phosphoric, hydrogen peroxide and bi-distilled water, although the method is not limited to those reagents.
- step c) of transforming graphite in a) or b) in graphite oxide is conducted by a chemical treatment using weight ratios of graphite/potassium permanganate from 1/4 to 1/8 depending on the quality of graphite.
- Preferred reaction volumes corresponding to 87.5 vol% sulfuric acid and 12.5 vol% phosphoric acid, adding at the end of 0.75% hydrogen peroxide, the percentages being expressed by volume relative to the total reaction volume, these being variable preferable ratios depending on the material characteristics.
- step d) purification of the graphite oxide obtained in the oxidation of graphite in c) is carried out by, for illustrative purposes and without limiting the scope of the invention, a technique belonging to the following group: decanting the supernatant and centrifugation.
- this purification takes place by repeating in sequence the aforementioned separation of oxides, after adding distilled water, until the decanted water has a pH measurement between 3 and 4.
- another type of water may also be used to wash the obtained graphite oxide, along with any other conventional method such as, for example, filtration, dialysis or addition of other solvents.
- a particular object of the invention is the method of the invention in which step e) of obtaining graphene oxide from graphite oxide obtained in d) is carried out by separating the sheets of graphene oxide.
- a particular embodiment of the invention is the method of the invention in which the separation of the sheets of graphene oxide of step e) is performed by a technique, for illustrative purposes and without limiting the scope of the invention, to the following group: exfoliation and thermal shock.
- the method described in this patent application may comprise the delamination of graphene oxide, accompanied by a reduction of oxygen functional groups, for example by heat treatment without exfoliates oxide material. See US2009/0028777A1.
- the separation of the sheets of graphene oxide of step e) of the method of the invention is carried out by exfoliating oxides prepared from ore graphite by ultrasonic treatment. This should be done in periods between 60 minutes to six hours in order to produce graphene oxide.
- Another particular object of the invention is the method of the invention in which step f) to obtain graphene from graphene oxide e) is performed by, for illustrative purposes and without limiting the scope of the invention, a technique of reducing using one or more reducing agents selected from among the following group: as chemical reduction with hydrogen, electrochemical and combinations thereof. See also WO2011/016889A2 (examples of reductions in oxides of graphite and graphene oxides).
- Another object of the invention is the product obtained by the method of the invention, hereinafter product of the invention, wherein the product belongs to the following group: graphite oxide, graphene oxide and graphene.
- Another object of the invention is the use of the product of the invention for applications such as, for illustrative purposes and without limiting the scope of the invention, those belonging to the following group: catalysts, microelectronics and energy storage. See also Han D.L., Yan L.F., Chen W.F., Li W., "Preparation of chitosan/graphene oxide composite film with enhanced mechanical strength in the wet state.” CARBOHYD. POLYM., 2011, 83, 653- 658 and Gonzalez Z., Botas C, Alvarez P., Roldan S., Blanco C, Santamaria R., Granda M., Menendez R. "Thermally reduced graphite oxide as possitive electrode in vanadium redox flow batteries.” CARBON, 2012, 50 (3),828-834.
- Example 1 Using 4 g of graphite ore to produce its oxide and graphene oxide by chemical means.
- the solid obtained is transferred to a beaker and bi-distilled water is added and stirring is maintained for one hour and allowed to stand for 20 hours, and the rest and above procedure is repeated centrifugation until the pH of the decanted solution around 3 to 4 solution (measured with digital pH meter).
- the solid thus obtained is graphite oxide from ore graphite.
- the graphite oxide was subjected to an ultrasonic treatment at room temperature for 270 minutes. That time is required for delamination and formation of the corresponding graphene oxide.
- Example 2 Using 20 g of graphite ore to produce its oxide and graphene oxide by chemical means.
- reaction mixture After the reaction mixture is transferred to a beaker of 4 liters containing 2 liters of bi-distilled water previously frozen and subsequently 15 ml of hydrogen peroxide to 30% are added again and allowed to stir at room temperature for 30 minutes. Let stand for 20 hours. The supernatant was stored and decanted material is transferred to centrifuge tubes and centrifuged at 4500 rpm for 15 minutes. The solid obtained is transferred to a beaker and bi-distilled water is added and stirring is maintained for one hour and allowed to stand for 20 hours, and the rest and above procedure is repeated centrifugation until the pH of the decanted solution around 3 to 4 (measured with digital pH meter). The solid thus obtained is graphite oxide from ore graphite.
- the graphite oxide was subjected to an ultrasonic treatment at room temperature for 270 minutes. That time is required for delamination and formation of the corresponding graphene oxide.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020187006895A KR20180068954A (en) | 2015-08-11 | 2016-08-11 | Methods for cost-effective industrial production of graphite oxides, graphene oxides and graphene |
MX2018001788A MX2018001788A (en) | 2015-08-11 | 2016-08-11 | Method for cost-efficient industrial production of graphite oxide, graphene oxide and graphene. |
CN201680059367.8A CN108473318A (en) | 2015-08-11 | 2016-08-11 | The economical and practical industrial process of graphite oxide, graphene oxide and graphene |
US15/751,813 US20180230014A1 (en) | 2015-08-11 | 2016-08-11 | Method for cost-efficient industrial production of graphite oxide, graphene oxide and graphene |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US201562203419P | 2015-08-11 | 2015-08-11 | |
US62/203,419 | 2015-08-11 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2017027731A1 true WO2017027731A1 (en) | 2017-02-16 |
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PCT/US2016/046604 WO2017027731A1 (en) | 2015-08-11 | 2016-08-11 | Method for cost-efficient industrial production of graphite oxide, graphene oxide and graphene |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20180230014A1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR20180068954A (en) |
CN (1) | CN108473318A (en) |
MX (1) | MX2018001788A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2017027731A1 (en) |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107555426A (en) * | 2017-10-31 | 2018-01-09 | 湖南国盛石墨科技有限公司 | A kind of low energy consumption is prepared on a large scale high-purity micro crystal graphite technique and its high-purity micro crystal graphite |
WO2018178845A1 (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2018-10-04 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of reduced graphene oxide from kish graphite |
WO2018178842A1 (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2018-10-04 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of graphene oxide from kish graphite |
WO2019220177A1 (en) * | 2018-05-16 | 2019-11-21 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of reduced graphene oxide from kish graphite |
WO2019220176A1 (en) * | 2018-05-16 | 2019-11-21 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of graphene oxide from kish graphite |
WO2019224620A1 (en) * | 2018-05-23 | 2019-11-28 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of reduced graphene oxide from electrode graphite scrap |
WO2019224619A1 (en) * | 2018-05-23 | 2019-11-28 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of graphene oxide from electrode graphite scrap |
WO2020230010A1 (en) * | 2019-05-16 | 2020-11-19 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of reduced graphene oxide from expanded kish graphite |
WO2020229881A1 (en) * | 2019-05-16 | 2020-11-19 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of graphene oxide from expanded kish graphite |
CN115285987A (en) * | 2022-08-25 | 2022-11-04 | 深圳材启新材料有限公司 | Preparation method of expanded graphite |
US11535519B2 (en) | 2018-05-16 | 2022-12-27 | Arcelormittal | Method for the manufacture of pristine graphene from Kish graphite |
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CN111883772A (en) * | 2020-03-20 | 2020-11-03 | 同济大学 | Regenerated graphite electrode material and preparation method and application thereof |
CN115043399B (en) * | 2022-07-26 | 2023-06-30 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Method for efficiently purifying coal-based graphite |
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CN102795622A (en) * | 2012-09-12 | 2012-11-28 | 黑龙江大学 | Method for preparing graphene by reducing graphene oxide by utilizing reducing agent |
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2016
- 2016-08-11 CN CN201680059367.8A patent/CN108473318A/en active Pending
- 2016-08-11 US US15/751,813 patent/US20180230014A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-08-11 MX MX2018001788A patent/MX2018001788A/en unknown
- 2016-08-11 KR KR1020187006895A patent/KR20180068954A/en unknown
- 2016-08-11 WO PCT/US2016/046604 patent/WO2017027731A1/en active Application Filing
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US20050207966A1 (en) * | 2000-02-25 | 2005-09-22 | Karim Zaghib | Surface preparation of natural graphite and the effect of impurities on grinding and the particle distribution |
US20080279756A1 (en) * | 2007-05-08 | 2008-11-13 | Aruna Zhamu | Method of producing exfoliated graphite, flexible graphite, and nano-scaled graphene platelets |
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AU2018242528B2 (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2021-01-21 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of reduced graphene oxide from Kish graphite |
WO2018178845A1 (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2018-10-04 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of reduced graphene oxide from kish graphite |
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CN107555426B (en) * | 2017-10-31 | 2020-05-12 | 湖南国盛石墨科技有限公司 | Low-energy-consumption large-batch preparation process of high-purity microcrystalline graphite and high-purity microcrystalline graphite prepared by same |
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WO2019220227A1 (en) * | 2018-05-16 | 2019-11-21 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of graphene oxide from kish graphite |
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US11939221B2 (en) | 2018-05-23 | 2024-03-26 | Arcelormittal | Method for the manufacture of reduced graphene oxide from electrode graphite scrap |
WO2019224579A1 (en) * | 2018-05-23 | 2019-11-28 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of reduced graphene oxide from electrode graphite scrap |
WO2019224578A1 (en) * | 2018-05-23 | 2019-11-28 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of graphene oxide from electrode graphite scrap |
WO2019224619A1 (en) * | 2018-05-23 | 2019-11-28 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of graphene oxide from electrode graphite scrap |
WO2019224620A1 (en) * | 2018-05-23 | 2019-11-28 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of reduced graphene oxide from electrode graphite scrap |
WO2021001700A1 (en) * | 2019-05-16 | 2021-01-07 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of graphene oxide from expanded kish graphite |
JP2022532239A (en) * | 2019-05-16 | 2022-07-13 | アルセロールミタル | Methods for Producing Graphene Oxide from Expanded Quiche Graphite |
WO2020230010A1 (en) * | 2019-05-16 | 2020-11-19 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of reduced graphene oxide from expanded kish graphite |
WO2020229881A1 (en) * | 2019-05-16 | 2020-11-19 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of graphene oxide from expanded kish graphite |
WO2020229882A1 (en) * | 2019-05-16 | 2020-11-19 | Arcelormittal | A method for the manufacture of reduced graphene oxide from expanded kish graphite |
JP7479400B2 (en) | 2019-05-16 | 2024-05-08 | アルセロールミタル | Method for producing graphene oxide from expanded kish graphite |
CN115285987A (en) * | 2022-08-25 | 2022-11-04 | 深圳材启新材料有限公司 | Preparation method of expanded graphite |
CN115285987B (en) * | 2022-08-25 | 2023-09-19 | 深圳材启新材料有限公司 | Preparation method of expanded graphite |
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CN108473318A (en) | 2018-08-31 |
KR20180068954A (en) | 2018-06-22 |
US20180230014A1 (en) | 2018-08-16 |
MX2018001788A (en) | 2018-08-15 |
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