Classifications

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  • A61K31/58—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids containing heterocyclic rings, e.g. danazol, stanozolol, pancuronium or digitogenin
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  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
  • A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
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  • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
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  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
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Definitions

• the present application is primarily in the field of organic chemistry and relates to a method of substantially increasing the solubility of water-insoluble or slightly water-soluble organic compounds, particularly of therapeutically or cosmetically useful drugs or agents, in aqueous solvents.
• the application further relates to aqueous pharmaceutical or cosmetic compositions comprising increased concentrations of dissolved water-insoluble or slightly soluble organic compounds of therapeutic or cosmetic value.
• Steroids constitute one prominent and important class of physiologically active and therapeutically important compounds, the aqueous solubility of which is so poor that they are classified among the lipids. Steroids are frequently reformulated into new drug preparations, which are primarily intended to treat hormonal imbalances or inflammatory conditions that may cause more or less severe pathological respiratory, dermatological, or ophthalmological symptoms. Drug developers have therefore sought suitable ways to improve delivery of low- solubility steroids to the skin, to mucosal tissues, or to the systemic circulation. As a result thereof, several practical solutions have been suggested and implemented. Propylene glycol has been used as a solubilizer for various steroids of medical interest, especially for anti-inflammatory steroids.
• Canadian patent 1 , 1 1 9,957 discloses a solution of hydrocortisone in aqueous propylene glycol at slightly acidic pH, wherein the propylene glycol is provided at concentrations ranging from 1 5% to 50% by weight and the steroid is provided at concentrations of between 0.025% and 0.4% by weight of the composition.
• Polyethylene glycol has also been used together with propylene glycol to create solvents for steroids.
• European patent EP 246652 teaches flunisolide and beclomethasone in nasal spray formulations at concentrations of up to 0.05% weight per volume of the composition.
• U.S. Patent 4,868, 1 70 discloses lotions containing tipredane (a steroid having an aqueous solubility of less than 0.2 mg/l) at concentrations of up to 0.1 5% by weight, in a carrier system that contains PEG (molecular weight 350-500 Dalton) at 62-70% by weight plus propylene glycol at 10-20% by weight and water at 1 5-25% by weight.
• Dimethyl isosorbide has been found to enhance the solubility of prednisone, dexamethasone, and prednisolone when added to a solvent system comprising propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and water, with a maximum solubility of each drug being reached at or close to a dimethyl isosorbide/water or dimethyl isosorbide/propylene glycol concentration ratio of 1 :2, implying that high concentrations of dimethyl isosorbide are required.
• solvent systems for steroids including those mentioned above may be suitable for dermatological applications to the outer skin but do not sufficiently meet the requirements of oral or mucosal delivery of steroids in various therapeutic applications, and particularly so in the treatment of inflammatory condi- tions of the respiratory tract or the eyes.
• the reason being that the effective aqueous concentration of the steroid is far from optimal for the intended purpose, and/or the viscosity of the solution is too high to allow for a convenient application, e.g., for spraying very small droplets into the nose.
• highly viscous compositions may create a sticky feeling in one's nose which is usually regarded as uncomfortable. Even worse, highly viscous eye drops may possibly interfere with sight.
• the shear stress produced by vigorous mechanical agitation that is required to produce finely dispersed suspensions or emulsions in viscous solvent or carrier systems may be detrimental to high molecular weight compounds simultaneously present in the solvent or carrier systems as adjuvants or additives, such as, for example, carrageenans.
• many of these preparations usually encounter stability problems because steroids tend to precipitate after prolonged storage.
• mucosal tissues are extremely sensitive and undesired side effects readily occur even with otherwise well tolerated compounds. For example, even the administration of pure water into the nose can cause sneezing and symptoms of a cold. Hence, there are limited options for developing aqueous formulations of water-insoluble compounds that would be suitable for mucosal administration.
• antimalarial drugs come with an extremely limited aqueous solubility.
• artemisinin and its chemical derivatives are only slightly soluble in water.
• Lumefantrine which is often used in combination with artemether, is practically insoluble (solubility 0.002%) in water.
• Curcumin another potential antimalarial drug, is also afflicted with major weaknesses in terms of aqueous solubility, solution stability, and oral bioavailability.
• cyclic compounds having immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity such as cyclosporine A, which is a large cyclic peptoid; tacrolimus, also designated FK-506, which is a macrocyclic lactone; and sirolimus, another macrocyclic lactone, which is also known as rapamycin.
• cyclosporine A which is a large cyclic peptoid
• tacrolimus also designated FK-506, which is a macrocyclic lactone
• sirolimus another macrocyclic lactone, which is also known as rapamycin.
• the inventors have surprisingly discovered that the poor solubility of many organic compounds in aqueous media can successfully be overcome and the solubility of such compounds remarkably increased severalfold and in many cases up to several orders of magnitude by the addition of a saponin component at very low concentrations to a said aqueous medium, typically a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable aqueous solvent or solvent system, and admixing to the aqueous solvent or solvent system a portion of a desired water-insoluble or slightly water-soluble hydrophobic organic compound pre-dissolved in a conventional non-aqueous organic solvent.
• a saponin component at very low concentrations
• a said aqueous medium typically a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable aqueous solvent or solvent system
• admixing to the aqueous solvent or solvent system a portion of a desired water-insoluble or slightly water-soluble hydrophobic organic compound pre-dissolved in a conventional non-aqueous organic solvent.
• dexpanthenol can support and in some cases even improve the solubilizing effect of the saponins.
• dexpanthenol is also able to stabilize the saponin-containing solutions during prolonged storage at ambient temperature.
• Pharmaceutical or cosmetic compositions comprising a solvent system as described herein, whether with or without the addition of dexpanthenol as a solubilizer and/or stabilizer, are typically compatible with mucosal surfaces.
• non-transparent preparations such as hydrocolloids, emulsions, suspensions, creams, gels or ointments, for specific applications.
• Figure 1 represents the solubility of the glucocorticoid budesonide in 0.25x
• Mcllvaine buffer (adjusted to pH 6.0) containing 0%, 5%, 10% and 1 5% (weight per volume) propylene glycol, without the addition of a saponin component and in the absence of dexpanthenol.
• Figures 2a and 2b refer to the concentrations of budesonide still dissolved after one month of storage at ambient temperature (T ⁇ 20-25 °C) in 0.25x Mcllvaine buffer containing 5% (Fig. 2a) and 10% (Fig. 2b) propylene glycol (maximum concentration 550 /vg/ml budesonide).
• Figures 3a and 3b are based on data sets identical to those of Fig. 2a / 2b but after 3 months of storage at ambient temperature (T ⁇ 20-25 °C).
• Figure 4 represents that 0.03% w/v escin and 5% v/v dexpanthenol
• Figure 5 represents that glycyrrhizin and saponins from Quillaja saponaria
• Figure 6 represents solubility data for the glucocorticoid fluticasone propionate in 0.25x Mcllvaine buffer (adjusted to pH 6) containing combinations of propylene glycol (0%, 5%, and 10%), escin (0%, 0.03%, 0.1 %) and dexpanthenol (0%, 2%, 5%).
• Figure 8b represents analogous data obtained from an identical experimental set up as in Fig. 8a except for the fact that the experimental solution further contained 0.4 g/L kappa-carrageenan.
• Figure 9b represents analogous data obtained from an identical experimental set up as in Fig. 9a except for the fact that the experimental solution further contained 0.4 g/L kappa-carrageenan.
• Figure 10 represents the concentrations of dissolved fluticasone propionate (y-axis) in Mcllvaine buffer containing 5% propylene glycol, 7.5 g/l hyaluronic acid, and optionally dexpanthenol, in relation to varying escin concentrations (x-axis) after one month of storage at ambient temperature; A ... 0% Dexpanthenol; B ... 2% Dexpanthenol; C ... 5% Dexpanthenol; x-axis ... w/v % Escin; y-axis ... /vg/ml Fluticasone propionate.
• a fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342
• Figure 1 2 represents a stability study on dissolved FK-506; 300 /vg/ml FK-506 were dissolved in a formulation containing escin and either no dexpanthenol (A) or 60 mg/ml dexpanthenol (B) and stored at 4 degrees C for 3 months.
• Figure 1 3 represents the results of lyophilisation experiments with dissolved FK- 506 at two different concentrations, i.e. 100 /vg/ml (A, C) and 300 /vg/ml (B, D); left, dark columns represent the concentration of dissolved FK-506 prior to lyophilisation; right columns represent FK-506 concentrations 24 hours after reconstitution in water supplemented with 50 mg/ml dexpanthenol and either 30 mg/ml (A, B) or 50 mg/ml (C, D) propylene glycol; y- axis shows /vg/ml dissolved FK-506.
• Figure 14 represents penetration kinetics of fluticasone propionate ex-vivo on porcine nasal mucosa;
• x-axis incubation time in minutes;
• y-axis ng fluticasone propionate / g tissue.
• Figure 1 5 represents TNF-alpha levels in percent of untreated control (1 00%) upon administration of budesonide in an LPS-induced acute lung inflammation model;
• A comparative budesonide suspension at 1 .28 mg/ml;
• B comparative budesonide suspension at 0.3 mg/ml;
• C experimental budesonide solution at 0.3 mg/ml.
• steroid as used herein shall mean any and all compound(s) that are based on the sterol core structure of four carbocycles, as depicted below in formula A.
• glucocorticoids which control carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and frequently have anti-inflammatory action
• mineralocorticoids which control electrolyte and water levels.
• the steroids referred to herein are typically corticosteroids and may be selected from the group consisting of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Suitable examples comprise any one of budesonide, fluticasone, fluticasone propionate, and mometasone furoate.
• antimalarial or "antimalarial drug” as used herein shall mean any and all compounds that are currently known or will be known in the future to terminate, reduce, or prevent infections with mosquito-transmitted intracellular parasites of the genus Plasmodium, and that are insoluble or only slightly soluble in water. Typical representatives of that category of compounds being artemisinins and lumefantrin.
• immunosuppressants or “macrocyclic immunosuppressants” as used herein shall mean any and all macrocyclic molecules that are currently known or will be known in the future to reduce or suppress immune reactions in mammals, preferably those that bind immunophilins, and that are insoluble or only slightly soluble in water.
• macrocyclic molecules include cyclosporin, tacrolimus, and sirolimus (rapamycin), and their chemical modifications, as well as compounds such as biolimus A9, zotaro- limus, everolimus, myolimus, novolimus, pimecrolimus, ridaforolimus, and temsirolimus.
• saponin as used herein shall mean glycosides that comprise a triterpenoid or a steroidal aglycone core structure (the sapogenin) and one or more monosaccharide or oligosaccharide residues or chain(s) attached to the sapogenin.
• the saponins particularly preferred herein are escin, glycyrrhizin, and Quillaja saponaria extract.
• escin shall encompass any and all saponins referred to in the literature under the terms alpha- and beta-escin, or alpha- and beta- aescin, respectively; their mixtures; their salts comprising mono-, di- or trivalent cations; and esters formed with organic acids and/or alcohols, particularly with low molecular weight, organic acids and/or alcohols, primarily monovalent acids and/or alcohols.
• glycyrrhizin as used herein shall be understood as being equivalent to the term glycyrrhicinic acid in both its 1 8-alpha and 1 8-beta forms.
• Quillaja saponaria extract as used herein shall refer to the
• inflammatory condition shall encompass all acute or chronic conditions where mammalian body tissue is affected by at least one symptom selected from the group consisting of edema, swelling, locally elevated temperature, tenderness, and pain, and/or by elevated levels of inflammation markers such as reactive protein C, or pro-inflammatory cytokines, or by any combination of such symptoms and elevated levels of inflammation markers.
• anti-inflammatory steroid shall encompass all steroids that are able to reduce any of the above symptoms of inflammation in a mammalian body.
• the most important members of this group are the glucocorticoids.
• adding dexpanthenol to compositions prepared in accordance with the invention at concentrations usually higher than those of the saponins and in some embodiments at concentrations within a range of from 1 to 5 % v/v, may prevent precipitation of the dissolved hydrophobic organic compounds, especially of steroids, during storage. It may further prevent the disintegration of the mixture of ingredients of such compositions into multiphase system during long-term storage at room temperature.
• the present invention allows for adjusting the concentrations of the saponins and of dexpanthenol to fully meet the requirements for application to the sensitive mucosal surfaces of the nose, the mouth, of the eyes, of the respiratory tract, of the intestinal tract, of the genital and anorectal regions, and of other parts of the mammalian body.
• the invention relates to a method of improving storage stability of aqueous solutions of solubilized water-insoluble or only slightly water-soluble hydrophobic organic compounds, wherein in addition to the saponin component, dexpanthenol is added as a solubilization enhancer and/or as a stabilizing agent.
• the principle of the present invention may also be applied to existing water-containing solutions, suspensions, emulsions or hydrocolloids of such water-insoluble or slightly soluble compounds, in particular of therapeutically or cosmetically applied compounds, by adding either or both of a saponin component and a dexpanthenol component to such a solution, suspension, emulsion or hydrocolloid.
• a saponin component and a dexpanthenol component to such a solution, suspension, emulsion or hydrocolloid.
• particle-free and usually clear and transparent solutions prepared in accordance with a method of the present invention are susceptible to direct sterile filtration. This is in contrast to state-of-the-art methods for obtaining sterile filtered two-phase preparations, i.e. suspensions, emulsions or hydrocolloids, which methods typically comprise sterile filtering a purely organic solution comprising the desired hydrophobic compound, and, independently, sterile filtering an aqueous buffer, and mixing the aqueous buffer with the organic solution.
• aqueous buffer component further comprises a saponin and optionally also dexpanthenol, resulting in preparations similar to those known in the art, wherein the
• an embodiment herein relates to aqueous two-phase preparations, i.e. preparations selected from the group consisting of suspensions, emulsions, and hydrocolloids, comprising a saponin and optionally also a dexpanthenol component, wherein the concentration of effectively dissolved hydrophobic organic compound is substantially increased over the one achieved in a corresponding conventional preparation without the saponin and the optional dexpanthenol component.
• another embodiment herein relates to a water-based solvent system for insoluble or slightly water-soluble compounds comprising an aqueous solution and one or more saponins, and optionally dexpanthenol, in addition to conventional organic solvents or solubilizers used in the art for dissolving such compounds.
• the term "improving the solubility of hydrophobic compounds" as used herein shall be understood as to render hydrophobic compounds better water-soluble without chemical modification of the compounds. More specifically, this encompasses significantly increasing the concentration an insoluble or sparingly water-soluble compound in its dissolved, non-particulate state in an aqueous solvent relative to the compound's concentration in the dissolved state that could have been achieved without applying the principle of the present invention.
• aqueous solution of hydrophobic compounds as indicated herein shall be understood as to significantly increase the storage stability of an aqueous solution of a hydrophobic compound relative to the storage stability that could have been achieved without the addition of dexpanthenol.
• storage stability shall be understood as a pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition's capability of remaining substantially unchanged over a predetermined period of time, i.e., without the occurrence of any signs of precipitation of the dissolved compound (s) of interest, without any signs of disintegration of the composition into two or more phases such as liquid-liquid phases (emulsion) or liquid-solid phases (suspension), and preferably without a significant loss in physiological activity of the composition.
• Escin is a well-known triterpene saponin product that can be obtained from horse chestnuts (the fruits of Aesculus hippocastanum) by extraction with alcohol and other organic solvents. It is a mixture of closely related highly hydroxylated triterpene derivatives in which tiglic acid or acetic acid are bound as esters while two glucuronic acid molecules are attached through glycosidic bonds. The components in the mixture constituting escin differ with respect to their sugar residues, and also with respect to the acetyl substituent of the aglycone.
• the main glycoside in escin has the following chemical structure (formula B): Formula B
• Escin-based formulations have been used for treating various conditions of venous insufficiency and excessive microvascular permeability for several decades.
• Topical gels containing escin are commercially available for the treatment of local edema from varicose veins or hemorrhoids which typically contain propylene glycol, isopropanol, and carbomers. Oral escin preparations are also available.
• European Patent EP 1 090 629 teaches combinations of escin and dextran sulfate to prevent or treat irritations around an individual's eye.
• Glycyrrhizin a saponin from Glycyrrhiza glabra, consists of the triterpene glycyrrhetinic acid aglycone and glucuronic acid. It is the sweet-tasting component of licorice, and has many uses in the food and cosmetics industry. Glycyrrhizin has reportedly anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti- tumor, antimicrobial, anti-viral, and hepatoprotective properties. Its structure is as follows (formula C):
• the embodiments of the present invention require no nitrogen atom in the compounds to be solubilized, require no ionic states to be present, and require only low amounts of saponins, i.e., amounts that are far below the ones taught in WO2002/074238 for glycyrrhizin and that are typically in a range of only fractions of the amounts of the compounds to be solubilized.
• glycyrrhizin may be applied in accordance with the invention either as a free base or in form of its salts, particularly its potassium or ammonium salts, and optionally in combination with another saponin, following the protocol described herein.
• its aglycone i.e. glycyrrhetinic acid or enoxolone, may not be used as a solubilization enhancer in accordance with the invention.
• the saponin component as used herein is typically provided at concentrations ranging from 0.01 % to 10% weight by volume (w/v) of the final cosmetic or pharmaceutical preparation containing the desired water-insoluble or slightly soluble organic compound.
• concentration of the saponin component will be in a range of from 0.02% to 0.1 % or from 0.5 to 5% weight by volume of the final aqueous solution or preparation, respectively, depending on the kind of saponin used in a given embodiment for a specific purpose.
• pantothenol is the amide of pantoic acid and ⁇ -alanine. Because it is an essential nutrient required to synthesize coenzyme A, it is also known as vitamin B5. Its structure is as follows (formula D):
• Dexpanthenol is widely used as an emollient and humectant in cosmetics and topical personal care products and it also has medical utility. More specifically, it may support the healing of small dermal abrasions, local first-degree burns, and dermatoses.
• dexpanthenol could be useful as a stabilizer for solutions of insoluble or sparingly water-soluble compounds prepared either according to methods known in the art or according to the present application.
• the dexpanthenol component as used herein is typically provided at
• concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 10% volume by volume (v/v) of the final preparation, e.g. a cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition containing the desired water-insoluble or slightly soluble organic compound.
• concentration of the dexpanthenol component will be in a range of from 1 % to 5% volume by volume of the final solution or composition.
• compositions comprising as a physiologically active ingredient a sparingly water-soluble organic compound are currently being used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, in the treatment of diseases such as malaria, and also in the treatment of autoimmune disorders and in the course of post-operative immunosuppression in connection with graft surgery.
• cyclophilin-binding immunosuppressive drugs are currently being used to treat autoimmune disorders that cause conditions such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, and autoimmune uveitis.
• Specific immunosuppressants from this group may also be administered in order to prevent undesired immune reactions such as a rejection of an allogeneic organ transplant, including graft-versus-host disease from bone marrow transplants. All of these compositions may be substantially improved in accordance with embodiments of the invention described herein.
• the aqueous solutions prepared in accordance with the invention typically comprise one or more pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable non-aqueous solvents, carriers, and/or excipients, and optionally further comprise preservatives and/or other additives.
• the solvents, carriers and/or excipients may be selected from the group comprising polyethylene glycols such as PEG-400; fatty acid alcohols such as stearyl, cetyl, or oleyl alcohol, triacetin mono- stearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, propylene glycol monostearate, and polyvinyl alcohol; carbomers such as carboxy poly methylene; DMSO; non-ionic polyethoxylated detergents obtained by reacting hydrogenated castor oil with ethylene oxide such as those known under the brand name Cremophor ® ; and chemically modified cellulose derivatives such as carboxy- methylcellulose, and hydroxypropyl cellulose.
• the other additives may comprise detergents, emulsifiers and/or surfactants optionally selected from the group comprising sorbitan fatty acid esters such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan and its monolaurate and monooleates (e.g., Tween 20, Tween 60, or Tween 80), sorbitan palmitate, oleate, and stearates (e.g., Span 40, Span 60, Span 65, or Span 80); polyoxyethylene esters; polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters such as CremophorTM; diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, ethyl laurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, Pluronic F68, Poloxamer 1 88; and the preservatives may be selected from the group comprising cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, and/or mixtures of the foregoing compounds.
• compositions of embodiments described herein may be adjusted for various modes of administration. For example, they may be adjusted for systemic absorption using one of the oral, parenteral, or trans- mucosal routes; or they may be adjusted for topical use on dermal or mucosal tissues. Compositions for parenteral use may be specifically adapted for intravascular infusion or for bolus injection.
• Oral drug compositions intended for swallowing may be formulated as sweet syrups but may also be formulated into soft or hard capsules or other suitable galenic forms.
• compositions for mucosal and transmucosal administration will typically be formulated as gels, creams, ointments, sprays, mouthwashes, gargling solutions, solutions for inhalation, or suppositories, as the case may be.
• compositions described herein may also contain carrageenans.
• the carrageenans most frequently used are iota-, kappa- and lambda-carrageenan, wherein iota- and kappa-carrageenans have specific antiviral and antiallergic activities.
• EXAMPLE 1 Nasal spray with budesonide (5% final propylene glycol
• carrageenan component used for the manufacture of the various preparations shall be understood as comprising at least 50 %wt, usually at least 80% wt, and typically at least 90% by weight of either iota carrageenan or of a combination of iota- and kappa-carrageenan, relative to the total of all carrageenans present in the carrageenan product used herein.
• Samples of series A (0% dexpanthenol): 2.5 ml solution containing the respective escin concentration (Mcllvaine 0.01 %, 0.02%, 0.03% or Mcllvaine buffer) were mixed with 5 ml carrageenan stock solution and 0.5 ml budesonide pre-solution and filled up to 10 ml with distilled water.
• escin concentration Mcllvaine 0.01 %, 0.02%, 0.03% or Mcllvaine buffer
• Samples of series B (2% dexpanthenol): 2.5 ml solution containing the respective escin concentration (Mcllvaine 0.01 %, 0.02%, 0.03% or Mcllvaine buffer) were mixed with 0.2 ml dexpanthenol, 5 ml carrageenan stock solution and 0.5 ml budesonide pre-solution and filled up to 10 ml with distilled water.
• escin concentration Mcllvaine 0.01 %, 0.02%, 0.03% or Mcllvaine buffer
• Budesonide was analyzed by RP-HPLC (UV absorbance detection at 244 nm) using isocratic elution with 55% acetonitrile 0.01 % TFA / 45% water 0.01 % TFA at 1 ml/min for 7 min on an Agilent Zorbax SB C1 8 3.5 vm 4.6x1 50 mm column with 4x4 mm RP8 pre-column. From the budesonide-containing samples 40 ⁇ were injected and analyzed.
• Example 1 The experimental solutions disclosed in Example 1 can be adjusted as pharmaceutical compositions for topical use, particularly for percutaneous or transmucosal administration. In an embodiment, the solutions are adapted as nasal sprays.
• nasal sprays contain no more than 0.05% w/v escin in order to avoid undesired side effects in the sensitive nasal mucosa.
• glycyrrhizin and/or Quillaja saponaria extract may be supplemented to escin at acceptable concentrations set out hereinafter.
• the carrageenans optionally present in the compositions along with the antiinflammatory steroid may contribute as antiallergic and/or antiviral active adjuvants to the overall therapeutic efficacy of the compositions.
• EXAMPLE 2 Nasal spray with budesonide (10% final propylene glycol concentration)
• Samples of series A (0% dexpanthenol): 2.5 ml solution containing the respective escin concentration (Mcllvaine 0.01 %, 0.02%, 0.03% or Mcllvaine buffer) were mixed with 5 ml carrageenan stock solution, 0.5 ml propylene glycol and 0.5 ml budesonide pre-solution and filled up to 10 ml with distilled water.
• escin concentration Mcllvaine 0.01 %, 0.02%, 0.03% or Mcllvaine buffer
• Samples of series B (2% dexpanthenol): 2.5 ml solution containing the respective escin concentration (Mcllvaine 0.01 %, 0.02%, 0.03% or Mcllvaine buffer) were mixed with 0.2 ml dexpanthenol, 5 ml carrageenan stock solution, 0.5 ml propylene glycol and 0.5 ml budesonide pre-solution and filled up to 10 ml with distilled water.
• Mcllvaine buffer the respective escin concentration
• the resulting formulations were heated up to and maintained at 80 °C for 1 h before hot sterile filtration.
• the samples were filled in glass vials and stored for 1 month at room temperature.
• Example 2 The results obtained from the solubility enhancement experiments are described below and are depicted in Fig. 9a and 9b.
• the experimental solutions disclosed in Example 2 can be adjusted as pharmaceutical compositions for topical use, particularly for percutaneous or transmucosal administration.
• the solutions can be adapted as nasal sprays.
• the resulting formulations were put at 80 °C for 1 h before hot sterile filtration.
• the samples were filled in glass vials and stored for 1 month at room temperature.
• Fluticasone propionate in the presence of hyaluronic acid was analyzed by RP- HPLC (UV absorbance detection at 235 nm) using a gradient from 5% acetonitrile to 90% acetonitrile in water containing 0.01 % TFA (see detailed gradient description below).
• Solvent A water HPLC gradient grade 0.01 % trifluoroacetic acid.
• Solvent B acetonitrile HPLC gradient grade 0.01 % trifluoroacetic acid, flow 1 ml/min.
• a gradient of 5-90% solvent B for 10 min, 90% solvent B for 2 min, 90-5% solvent B for 2 min and 5% solvent B for 1 min was run on a HPLC column Thermo Aquastar 4.6x1 50 mm, S/N 0202797K with a 4x4 RP-8 Merck pre- column at 25 °C. From the fluticasone propionate containing samples 40 ⁇ each were injected and analyzed. Fluticasone propionate eluted as symmetric peak at about 9.95 min.
• the system was calibrated with seven dilutions in the range of 0.1 to 80 ng/ ⁇ fluticasone propionate in acetonitrile/water 4:6 containing a range from 0.5 to 2000 ng per analysis.
• Example 3 The results obtained from the solubility enhancement experiments are described below and are depicted in Fig. 10.
• the experimental solutions disclosed in Example 3 can be adjusted as pharmaceutical compositions for topical use, particularly for percutaneous or transmucosal administration.
• the solutions are adapted as eye drops.
• Mcllvaine Buffer containing escin as the saponin component containing escin as the saponin component:
• Figure 1 represents the solubility of the glucocorticoid budesonide in 0.25x Mcllvaine buffer (adjusted to pH 6.0) containing 0%, 5%, 10% and 1 5% (weight per volume) propylene glycol, without the addition of a saponin component and in the absence of dexpanthenol.
• Figures 2a and 2b refer to the concentrations of budesonide still dissolved after one month of storage at ambient temperature (T ⁇ 20-25 °C) in 0.25x Mcllvaine buffer containing 5% (Fig. 2a) and 10% (Fig. 2b) propylene glycol (maximum concentration 550 /vg/ml budesonide). Results indicate that the addition of only 0.01 - 0.02 % w/v of escin dramatically increases the solubility of the steroid. Further increase of escin concentration remains substantially without additional benefit. Adding dexpanthenol as an additional component does not interfere with steroid solubility.
• Fig. 2a 5% propylene glycol
• Fig. 2b 10% propylene glycol
• Figures 3a and 3b are based on data sets identical to those of Fig. 2a / 2b but after 3 months of storage at ambient temperature (T ⁇ 20-25 °C).
• Fig. 3a 5% propylene glycol
• Fig. 3b 10% propylene glycol
• Figure 4 represents that 0.03% w/v escin and 5% v/v dexpanthenol
• Figure 5 represents that glycyrrhizin and saponins from Quillaja saponaria extract remain without substantial effect on steroid solubility in the absence of dexpanthenol. However, in the presence of dexpanthenol these saponins when provided at concentrations of 0.03% or 0.05%, respectively, in the
• Saponin component (escin, glycyrrhizin or Quillaja ext.)
• Figure 6 represents solubility data for the glucocorticoid fluticasone propionate in 0.25x Mcllvaine buffer (adjusted to pH 6) containing combinations of propylene glycol (0%, 5%, and 10%), escin (0%, 0.03%, 0.1 %) and
• dexpanthenol (0%, 2%, 5%).
• EXAMPLE 1 1 Effect of dexpanthenol and glycyrrhizin concentrations on the solubility of fluticasone propionate
• dexpanthenol seems to deliver solubility boosting effects.
• Figure 8b represents analogous data obtained from an identical experimental set up as in Fig. 8a except for the fact that the experimental solution further contained 0.4 g/L kappa-carrageenan.
• Figure 9b represents analogous data obtained from an identical experimental set up as in Fig. 9a except for the fact that the experimental solution further contained 0.4 g/L kappa-carrageenan.
• Figure 10 represents the concentrations of dissolved fluticasone propionate (y- axis) in Mcllvaine buffer containing 5% propylene glycol, 7.5 g/l hyaluronic acid, and optionally dexpanthenol, in relation to varying escin concentrations (x-axis) after one month of storage at ambient temperature.
• Dexpanthenol seems to synergistically boost the solubility enhancing activity of escin on fluticasone propionate under the given circumstances, i.e. in the presence of hyaluronic acid. Absent the saponin component an addition of dexpanthenol at the tested concentrations does not exert any significant effect on fluticasone solubility.
• hydrophobic organic compounds into micelle structures will also contribute to protecting such compounds from undesired hydrolysis and in case of drugs will assist in maintaining physiological activity.
• the method of solubilization carried out in accord- ance with the present invention is performed in a way that results in the formation of micelle structures in the final preparation.
• Micelle formation is also envisaged when using glycyrrhizin as a saponin component, as opposed to some state of the art literature teaching the formation of special glycyrrhizin-drug complexes. Accordingly, it is advantageous to dissolve - in a first step - the insoluble or slightly soluble hydrophobic organic compound in a suitable, pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable organic solvent at a high
• pH values outside the preferred range of from pH 4 to 8 will generate undesired side effects, e.g. itching, pain and others, upon administration of the pharmaceutical compositions to mucosal surfaces of e.g. the nose, the eyes, the respiratory tract, the lungs, or the genital and anorectal areas.
• pH values below 4 escin tends to decompose while glycyrrhizin tends to solidify.
• pH values above 8 are inacceptable for preparations that are intended for various envisaged kinds of injection including, for example, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intradermal, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular,
• intrathekal intraspinal, intracardial, intraperitoneal or intrapulmonal injections.
• the fluorescence dye might be used as an analytical tool for confirming the dissolution of a hydrophobic organic compound in a micelle forming solvent system. It could be applied in a fast and simple method of determining the eligibility of a water insoluble or slightly soluble hydrophobic organic compound for improvement of its solubility in an aqueous solvent system, i.e. wherein detectable fluorescence indicates at least
• solubilization of the respective compound It could thus provide guidance for determining the metes and bounds of the present invention by way of a functional rather than structural definition of the compounds eligible for improved solubilization in accordance with the methods of the present invention.
• EXAMPLE 1 6 Lyophilization enables dry formulations which can be
• Lyophilisation experiments were conducted with dissolved FK-506 containing ethanol as a solvent and trehalose as a lyophilisation enhancer. More specifically, FK-506 dissolved in 100% ethanol was diluted 1 :20 to a final solution comprising 5% ethanol, citrate buffer pH 6.0, 1 % (1 0 mg/ml) glycyrrhizin, 0.03% (0.3 mg/ml) escin and 1 50mM trehalose. The liquid formulations were deep-frozen in liquid nitrogen and then lyophilised in an Alpha 1 -4 LSCplus freeze-drying system.
• the principle of the present invention can also be applied to produce in a first step a liquid composition of the compound of interest solubilized in accordance with the present invention, and to lyophilize said composition in a second step.
• reconstitution of the lyophilized material into a cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous composition may be carried out without substantial losses of the respective compound.
• the compound of interest need not necessarily be stored in its final liquid, cream, gel or ointment etc. form but instead may be stored as a lyophilisate and be reconstituted into the final form using a suitable aqueous buffer system optionally supplemented with dexpanthenol, plus further additives if desired. This may be particularly beneficial for long-term storage of short-lived, readily decomposable, or otherwise quickly deteriorating active substances, among which many useful hydrophobic drugs.
• EXAMPLE 1 7 Mucosal administration - bioavailability testing
• compositions prepared in accordance with the present invention were conducted ex vivo wherein an experimental composition comprising fluticasone propionate as a compound of interest was compared to a composition comprising the same compound at the same concentration but without a saponin as a solubilization enhancer.
• Figure 14 represents the concentrations of fluticasone propionate penetrated ex- vivo into porcine nasal mucosa at different time points.
• the experimental composition comprised 5 /vg/ml fluticasone propionate dissolved in aqueous buffer comprising 0.03% escin, 3% propylene glycol and 5% dexpanthenol.
• the comparative specimen was a suspension comprising the same aqueous buffer and no saponin nor dexpanthenol. Both formulations were added ex-vivo onto surgically extracted porcine nasal mucosa. After 1 5, 30, 45 and 60 minutes of incubation the mucosa was washed and the amount of permeated fluticasone propionate was determined by HPLC-MS/MS.
• x-axis incubation time in minutes
• EXAMPLE 1 8 Comparison of in vivo physiological activity of budesonide
• mice were intranasal ⁇ treated 3 hours before LPS challenge either with placebo, or with an experimental solution comprising 300 /vg/ml budesonide dissolved, or with comparative compositions of budesonide formulated as dispersions at concentrations of 300 /vg/ml and of 1 .28 mg/ml, respectively.
• the LPS induced TNF- alpha release into the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAD was evaluated 2 hours post challenge as a surrogate parameter for inflammation with a commercially avail- able ELISA-kit. The results are depicted in Fig. 1 5.
• y-axis TNF-alpha released into BAL in % of placebo control (100%). It can be derived from Fig. 1 5 that in the in vivo mouse model comparative budesonide formulations are far less effective in depressing TNF alpha levels upon LPS challenge, even at the highest tested concentrations, as compared to the experimental budesonide preparation provided in line with the invention.
• the maximum concentration of escin should preferably not exceed 0.5% w/v
• the maximum concentration of glycyrrhizin should preferably not exceed 5% w/v
• the maximum concentration of dexpanthenol should preferably not exceed 5%
• the maximum concentration of propylene glycol should preferably not exceed 10% w/v, of the final ready-for-use composition.
• escin as a most suitable saponin component not only substantially increases the solubility of several classes of hydrophobic organic compounds but also allows for the conclusion that for a given compound selected from one of these classes it is possible to specifically adjust the concentrations of escin and dexpanthenol in order to achieve the best improvement in solubility and the best stabilization of the resulting solution for long-term storage. Also it can be derived from the data that a successful outcome as described herein does not depend on the presence of any particular chemical structure in the organic compound to be solubilized, as long as it is hydrophobic in nature and water-insoluble or only slightly soluble.
• Examples of compounds of interest not yet mentioned hereinbefore of which a poor aqueous solubility could be improved using the present invention comprise inter alia:
• piroxicam such as, e.g., morphine, codeine, piritramide, fentanyl, levomethadone, tramadol, diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen, piroxicam;
• pheniramine such as, e.g., pheniramine, dimethindene, terfenadine, astemizole, loratidine, doxylamine and meclozine;
• natamycin such as, e.g., natamycin, amphotericin B, miconazole, clotrimazole, econazole, fenticonazole, bifonazole, ketoconazole, tolnaftate;
• aldosterone such as, e.g., aldosterone, budesonide, fludrocortisone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, triamcinolone, fluocortolone, flucticasone propionate, hydroxycortisone, prednisolone, prednylidene, cloprednol,
• antibiotics from the group comprising tetracycline
• erythromycin framycetin, tyrothricin, fusidic acid
• virostatics such as vidarabine
• corticoids from the group comprising amcinonide, fluprednidene,
• clocortolone flumethasone, diflucortolone, fludroxycortide, halomethasone, desoximetasone, fluocinolide, fluocortin butyl, fluprednidene, prednicarbate, desonide;
• benzodiazepines from the group comprising flurazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam,
• azathioprine such as, e.g., azathioprine, cyclosporin, pimecrolimus, sirolimus, tacrolimus, rapamycin;
• cyclodrin such as, e.g., cyclodrin, cyclopentolate, homatropine, tropicamide, pholedrine, edoxudine, aciclovir, acetazolamide, diclofenamide, carteolol, timolol, metipranolol, betaxolol, pindolol, bupranolol, levobununol, carbachol; p.
• cyclodrin such as, e.g., cyclodrin, cyclopentolate, homatropine, tropicamide, pholedrine, edoxudine, aciclovir, acetazolamide, diclofenamide, carteolol, timolol, metipranolol, betaxolol, pindolol, bupranolol, levobununol, carbachol; p.
• Psychotropics such as,
• benzodiazepines including lorazepam and diazepam
• alkylating agents from the group comprising melphalan, carmustine, lomustine, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, trofosfamide, chlorambucil, busulphan, prednimustine, thiotepa; antimetabolites from the group comprising fluorouracil, methotrexate, mercaptopurine, tioguanine; alkaloids from the group comprising vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine;
• antibiotics such as dactinomycin; taxol and related or analogous

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