WO2016173425A1 - A glucopyranosyl derivative and preparation method and uses thereof - Google Patents
A glucopyranosyl derivative and preparation method and uses thereof Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- This present invention pertains to the field of pharmaceutical chemistry, which relates to a glucopyranosyl derivative as sodium dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) inhibitor, and preparation processes thereof.
- SGLTs sodium dependent glucose cotransporters
- Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease, characterized by hyperglycemia.
- the onset of diabetes associates with insulin resistance in peripheral tissue, reduction of insulin in vivo and increase of gluconeogenesis in liver.
- insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs for treatment are needed.
- hypoglycemic drugs comprise biguanides, sulfonylureas, insulin sensitizers, glinides, ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitors and DPP-IV (dipeptidyl peptidase-IV) inhibitors, etc.
- these current hypoglycemic drugs have shortcomings. Biguanides can cause lactic acidosis.
- Sulfonylureas can result in severe hypoglycemia. Glinides also can result in hypoglycemia when used inappropriately. Insulin sensitizers can lead to edema, heart failure and weight gain. ⁇ -Glucosidase inhibitors can cause abdominal bloating and diarrhea. DPP-IV inhibitors need to combine with metformin to achieve the desired effect of hypoglycemia. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel, safer, and more effective hypoglycemic agents.
- glucose transporter proteins are a class of carrier proteins embedded in the cell membrane for transporting glucose. Glucose must be in virtue of glucose transporter protein to cross lipid bilayer structure of cell membranes. Glucose transporter proteins are divided into two categories. The first category includes sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLTs) , and the other category includes glucose transporters (GLUTs) . Two major family members of SGLTs are SGLT-1 and SGLT-2.
- SGLT-1 is mainly distributed in small intestine, kidney, heart and windpipe, predominantly expressed in the intestinal brush border and the distal S3 segment of the renal proximal tubule, and a few expressed in heart and windpipe, and transports glucose and galactose with a sodium to glucose ratio of 2: 1.
- SGLT-2 is mainly distributed in kidney, predominantly expressed in the distal S1 segment of the renal proximal tubule, and transports glucose with a sodium to glucose ratio of 1: 1.
- glucose is transported by SGLT through active transport against a concentration gradient with simultaneous energy consumption.
- glucose is transported by GLUTs through facilitated diffusion along a concentration gradient without energy consumption in the transport process.
- SGLTs is the first stage in regulation of glucose metabolism in cells, and an ideal target for treating diabetes effectively. It has been found by research that the patients with SGLT-2 impairment would excrete large amounts of urine glucose. This provides the factual basis of treating diabetes by reducing glucose uptake through inhibiting SGLT-2 activity.
- SGLTs inhibitors inhibiting activity of SGLTs transport protein could block reabsorption of glucose in renal tubules and increase excretion of glucose in urine to normalize the plasma glucose concentration and further control the diabetes and diabetic complications. Inhibiting SGLTs would not influence the normal anti-regulatory mechanism of glucose, which may cause the risk of hypoglycemia. Meanwhile, lowering blood glucose through an increase of renal glucose excretion could promote weight loss in obese patients. It has also been found by research that the mechanism of action of SGLTs inhibitors is independent of pancreatic ⁇ cell dysfunction or the degree of insulin resistance. Therefore, the efficacy of SGLTs inhibitors will not decrease with the severe insulin resistance or ⁇ -cell failure. SGLTs inhibitors could be used alone or in combination with other hypoglycemic agents. Therefore, SGLTs inhibitors are ideal and novel hypoglycemic agents.
- SGLTs inhibitors can be used for treating diabetes-related complications. Such as retinopathy, neuropathy, kidney disease, insulin resistance caused by glucose metabolic disorder, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and so on. Meanwhile, SGLTs inhibitors also be used in combination with current treatment regimens, such as sulphonamides, thiazolidinedione, metformin, and insulin, etc, which can reduce the dose without impacting on the effectiveness of the medicine, and thereby avoid or reduce side effects, and improve patient compliance.
- current treatment regimens such as sulphonamides, thiazolidinedione, metformin, and insulin, etc, which can reduce the dose without impacting on the effectiveness of the medicine, and thereby avoid or reduce side effects, and improve patient compliance.
- the (S) -configuration was obtained by isolating (R, S) -diastereoisomeric mixture.
- R, S isolating
- the two configurations certified by biological activity test wherein in vivo pharmacodynamic activity of the (R) -configuration diastereomer is obvious better than those of the (S) -configuration diastereomer and the (R, S) -diastereoisomeric mixture.
- the (R) -configuration diastereomer also has better pharmacokinetic properties, such as good drug absorption after oral administration, desired half-life and higher bioavailability, which has a good development prospect.
- the present invention also provides two stereoselective methods of preparing the compound of Formula (I) , one method comprises adding an alkylzinc reagent to a formyl group through an asymmetric addition reaction to obtain a product with high ee value, the other method comprises reducing a carbonyl through stereoselective reduction to give a product.
- the process of the invention has simple operation, high optical purity of product, high yield and convenient work-up, easy purification, which is suitable for industrial production.
- provided herein is a method of preparing the compound having Formula (I) .
- a method of preparing a compound of Formula (III) comprises the steps of: a) reacting compound (I-a) with trimethylchlorosilane in the present of a base (such as N-methylmorpholine) to give compound (I-b) ; b) coupling compound (I-b) with bromide (I-c) in the present of n-butyllithium to afford compound (I-d) ; c) reacting compound (I-d) with methanol under an acid condition through an etherification reaction, and removing trimethylsilyl to give compound (I-e) ; d) reacting t-butyl dimethyl chlorosilane with primary hydroxy of compound (I-e) in the present of imidazole to give compound (I-f) ; e) reacting sec-hydroxy of compound (I-f) with a suitable reagent (such as benzyl bromide) in the present of a strong base (such as sodium hydride) to give compound (I-g
- the compound of Formula (I) can be prepared by using the scheme one after getting the compound of Formula (III) , which comprises:
- each of PG, PG 1 and PG 2 is independently a hydroxy protecting group.
- a new chiral center in the preparation method of the invention, can be introduced through an asymmetric addition reaction of a formyl group with a dimethyl zinc reagent in step (A) , a product with high ee value can be obtained through selection optimization of a chiral ligand in this reaction, after a simple work-up procedure, the compound of Formula (II) with optically pure can be obtained and the reaction has a high yield. And the compound of Formula (II) can suffer a simple reaction, and the hydroxy protecting groups of which can be removed to afford an optically pure compound of Formula (I) .
- step (A) in the preparation method of the invention, the addition reaction of step (A) is carried out in the presence of a chiral ligand, and wherein the chiral ligand comprises a dihydroxy chiral ligand, Salen ligand, metal-Salen ligand or (1R, 2R) - (+) -N, N’-di (p-tolyl) sulfonyl-1, 2-cyclohexanediamine.
- the chiral ligand comprises a dihydroxy chiral ligand, Salen ligand, metal-Salen ligand or (1R, 2R) - (+) -N, N’-di (p-tolyl) sulfonyl-1, 2-cyclohexanediamine.
- the dimethylzinc used in the addition reaction of step (A) is applied at 1.0 to 5.0 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) ; in some embodiments, preferably 1.1 to 2.0 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) ; in some embodiments, more preferably 1.2 to 1.6 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) .
- the specification of the dimethylzinc reagent used herein may be a 1 mol/L solution of dimethylzinc in toluene.
- step (A) in the preparation method of the invention, the addition reaction of step (A) is carried out in the presence of a chiral ligand, and wherein the chiral ligand comprises a Salen ligand or metal-Salen ligand.
- the metal-Salen ligand may be a Zn-Salen ligand, Mn-Salenligand or Cr-Salen ligand; preferably a Cr-Salen ligand.
- the Salen ligand is applied at 0.10 to 1.0 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) ; in other embodiments, the metal-Salen ligand is applied at 0.01 to 0.50 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) ; in yet other embodiments, the Cr-Salen ligand is applied at 0.01 to 0.20 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) and preferably 0.03 to 0.15 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) .
- the reaction solvent is toluene, o-xylene, p-xylene, m-xylene or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reaction temperature is from –20 °C to 30 °C; preferably 20 °C to 30 °C.
- the Salen ligand, Zn-Salen ligand, Mn-Salen ligand and Cr-Salen ligand are each preferably respectively selected from the following structures:
- the addition reaction of step (A) is carried out by using a dihydroxy chiral ligand; in some embodiments, the dihydroxy chiral ligand is TADDOL, (R) -BINOL or (S) -H 8 -BINOL, preferably (R) -BINOL. In some embodiments, (R) -BINOL is applied at 0.1 to 0.9 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) .
- the reaction solvent is toluene, o-xylene, p-xylene, m-xylene or a combination thereof.
- the reaction temperature is from –20 °C to 30 °C; preferably 20 °C to 30 °C.
- (1R, 2R) - (+) -N, N’-di (p-tolyl) sulfonyl-1, 2-cyclohexanediamine can be used as a chiral ligand in the addition reaction of step (A) ; in some embodiments, wherein the chiral ligand is applied at 0.1 to 1.0 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) .
- the reaction solvent is toluene, o-xylene, p-xylene, m-xylene or a combination thereof.
- the reaction temperature is from –20 °C to 30 °C; preferably 20 °C to 30 °C.
- the preparation method of step (A) further comprises purifying the product (II) by trituration with a mixed solvent comprising petroleum ether and ethyl acetate; in some embodiments, the volume ratio of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate is from 4/1 to 30/1.
- the removing step (B) is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, a hydrogen source and an acid, and wherein the catalyst comprises palladium on carbon, palladium hydroxide on carbon, palladium chloride or a combination thereof; the hydrogen source comprises hydrogen; and the acid comprises hydrochloric acid, acetic acid or a combination thereof.
- the compound of Formula (I) also can be prepared by using the scheme two after getting the compound of Formula (III) , which comprises the steps of:
- each of PG, PG 1 and PG 2 is independently a hydroxy protecting group.
- a methyl group in the preparation method of the invention, first, a methyl group can be introduced through an addition reaction of an carbonyl group with methyl Grignard reagent; and then, the hydroxy group can be oxidized to form a carbonyl group, and a chiral center can be introduced through an asymmetric reduction reaction of the carbonyl; the compound of Formula (II) with a high ee value can be obtained through optimizing the conditions of the reduction reaction; the compound of Formula (II) further suffer a simple reaction and the hydroxy protecting groups of which can be removed to afford an optically pure compound of Formula (I) .
- the oxidizing step (2) is carried out by using an oxidizing agent selected from Dess-Martin periodinane, 2-iodoxybenzoic acid or tetramethylpiperidinooxy/sodium hypochlorite in the present of a solvent selected from dichloromethane or a mixture of dichloromethane and water; in some embodiments, the reaction temperature is from –20 °C to 20 °C.
- the reducing step (3) is carried out by using a reductant selected from sodium borohydride, sodium borohydride/cerous chloride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, DIBAL-H or (S) -3-methyl-1, 1, 1-triphenylbutyl-2-amine /borane; in some embodiments, the reductant preferably is sodium triacetoxyborohydride or DIBAL-H; in some embodiments, the reductant is applied at 1.0 to 2.0 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (V) .
- the reaction solvent is methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, toluene or ethyl acetate; in some embodiments, the reaction temperature is from –78 °C to 30 °C.
- the reagents used in step (4) for removing protecting groups from the compound of Formula (II) comprise a catalyst, a hydrogen source, a hydrogen source or an acid, wherein the hydrogen source comprises palladium on carbon, palladium hydroxide on carbon or palladium chloride; the hydrogen source comprises hydrogen; and the acid comprises hydrochloric acid or acetic acid.
- each of PG, PG 1 and PG 2 is independently a hydroxy protecting group; the hydroxy protecting group is benzyl, triphenylmethyl, p-methoxybenzyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, carbobenzoxy, 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxymethyl, dihydropyranyl, bromoallyl, ethoxycarbonyl, acetyl or benzoyl.
- the hydroxy protecting group is benzyl, triphenylmethyl, p-methoxybenzyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, carbobenzoxy, 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxymethyl, dihydro
- composition comprising the compound disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant.
- the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an additional therapeutic agent, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-diabetic agent other than an SGLT-2 inhibitor, an antihyperglycemic agent, an antiadipositas drug, an antihypertensive agent, an antiplatelet agent, an antiatherosclerotic drug, a lipid-lowering agent, an anti-inflammatory or a combination thereof.
- the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-diabetic agent other than an SGLT-2 inhibitor, an antihyperglycemic agent, an antiadipositas drug, an antihypertensive agent, an antiplatelet agent, an antiatherosclerotic drug, a lipid-lowering agent, an anti-inflammatory or a combination thereof.
- the anti-diabetic agent other than an SGLT-2 inhibitor or antihyperglycemic agent disclosed herein is a biguanide, a sulfonylurea, a glucosidase inhibitor, a PPAR agonist (peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors agonist) , an ⁇ P2 inhibitor (adipocyte fatty acid binding protein inhibitor) , a PPAR ⁇ / ⁇ dual agonist (peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors ⁇ / ⁇ agonist) , a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, a glinide, insulin, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) inhibitor, a PTP1B inhibitor (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitor) , a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, a glucose-6-phosphatase inhibitor or a combination thereof.
- a sulfonylurea a gluco
- the lipid-lowering agent disclosed herein is an MTP inhibitor (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor) , an HMGCoA reductase inhibitor (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor) , a squalene synthase inhibitor, a fibrate antihyperlipidemic, an ACAT inhibitor (acyl coenzyme a-cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor) , a lipoxygenase inhibitor, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, an ileal Na ( + ) /bile acid cotransporter inhibitor, an upregulator of LDL receptor activity, a nicotinic antihyperlipidemic drug, a bile acid sequestrant or a combination thereof.
- MTP inhibitor microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor
- HMGCoA reductase inhibitor 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor
- the lipid-lowering agent disclosed herein is pravastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, cerivastatin, atavastatin, rosuvastatin or a combination thereof.
- provided herein is use of the compound or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting SGLT-2.
- provided herein is use of the compound or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for increasing HDL level.
- a disease for preventing or treating a disease, lessening the disease symptoms, delaying the progression or onset of the disease, wherein the disease is diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, a diabetic complication, atherosclerosis or hypertension.
- diabetes diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, a diabetic complication, atherosclerosis or hypertension.
- the compound or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein for use in inhibiting SGLT-2 or increasing HDL level or preventing or treating a disease, lessening the disease symptoms or delaying the progression or onset of the disease, wherein the disease is diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, a diabetic complication, atherosclerosis or hypertension.
- a method for inhibiting SGLT-2 or increasing HDL level or preventing or treating a disease, lessening the disease symptoms or delaying the progression or onset of the disease in a patient comprising administering to the patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, wherein the disease is diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, a diabetic complication, atherosclerosis or hypertension.
- grammatical articles “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include “at least one” or “one or more” unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by the context.
- the articles are used herein to refer to one or more than one (i.e. at least one) of the grammatical objects of the article.
- a component means one or more components, and thus, possibly, more than one component is contemplated and may be employed or used in an implementation of the described embodiments.
- the term “subject” refers to an animal. Typically the animal is a mammal. A subject also refers to for example, primates (e.g., humans, male or female) , cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, mice, fish, birds and the like. In certain embodiments, the subject is a primate. In yet other embodiments, the subject is a human.
- primates e.g., humans, male or female
- the subject is a primate.
- the subject is a human.
- patient refers to a human (including adults and children) or other animal. In one embodiment, “patient” refers to a human.
- the number of “equivalent” refers to an equivalent amount of other needed material per 1 equivalent of the basic material in accordance with equivalent relation in chemical reaction.
- Stereoisomers refers to compounds which have identical chemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space. Stereoisomers include enantiomer, diastereomers, conformer (rotamer) , geometric (cis/trans) isomer, atropisomer, etc.
- Chiral refers to molecules which have the property of non-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term “achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirror image partner.
- Enantiomers refers to two stereoisomers of a compound which are non-superimposable mirror images of one another.
- Diastereomer refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers of chirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another. Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g. melting points, boling points, spectral properties or biological activities. Diastereomers may be separated under high resolution analytical procedures such as electrophoresis and chromatography such as HPLC.
- Configuration refers to a spatial arrangement relationship of atoms or substituent groups of isomers cotaining a chiral center (s) .
- “Epimer” refer to a pair of diastereomers contianing two or more chiral centers which differ in configuration at only one stereocenter and all other stereocenters in the molecules, if any, are the same in each.
- pharmaceutical composition refers to a mixture of one or more of the compounds described herein, or physiologically/pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof, and other chemical components, such as physiologically/pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, diluents, adjuvants, vihicles, and other additional therapeutic agents, such as anti-diabetic agents, antihyperglycemic agents, antiadipositas agents, antihypertensive agents, antiplatelet agents, antiatherosclerotic agents, lipid-lowering agents, anti-inflammatory agents, etc.
- the purpose of the pharmaceutical composition is to facilitate administration of a compound to an organism.
- heterocyclic group optionally substituted by an alkyl group means that the alkyl may or may not be present, and the description includes the situation where the heterocyclic group is substituted by the alkyl group and the situation where the heterocyclic group is not substituted by the alkyl group.
- prodrug refers to a compound that is transformed in vivo into a compound of Formula (I) . Such a transformation can be affected, for example, by hydrolysis of the prodrug form in blood or enzymatic transformation to the parent form in blood or tissue.
- Prodrugs of the compounds disclosed herein may be, for example, esters. Some common esters which have been utilized as prodrugs are phenyl esters, aliphatic (C 1-24 ) esters, acyloxymethyl esters, carbonates, carbamates and amino acid esters. For example, a compound disclosed herein that contains a hydroxy group may be acylated at this position in its prodrug form.
- prodrug forms include phosphates, such as, those phosphate compounds derived from the phosphonation of a hydroxy group on the parent compound.
- phosphates such as, those phosphate compounds derived from the phosphonation of a hydroxy group on the parent compound.
- a thorough discussion of prodrugs is provided in Higuchi et al., Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14, A.C.S. Symposium Series; Roche, et al. ed., Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987; Rautio et al., Prodrugs: Design and Clinical Applications, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2008, 7, 255-270, and Hecker et al., Prodrugs of Phosphates and Phosphonates, J. Med. Chem., 2008, 51, 2328-2345, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
- metabolite refers to a product produced through metabolism in the body of a specified compound or salt thereof.
- the metabolites of a compound may be identified using routine techniques known in the art and their activities determined using tests such as those described herein. Such products may result for example from oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, deamidation, esterification, deesterification, enzyme cleavage, and the like, of the administered compound.
- the invention includes metabolites of compounds disclosed herein, including metabolites produced by contacting a compound disclosed herein with a mammal for a sufficient time period.
- optically active compounds Many organic compounds exist in optically active forms, i.e., they have the ability to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light.
- the prefixes D and L, or R and S are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center (s) .
- the prefixes d and l or (+) and (-) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound, with (-) or l meaning that the compound is levorotatory.
- a compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory.
- a specific stereoisomer may be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such stereoisomers is called an enantiomeric mixture.
- a 50: 50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which may occur where there has been no stereoselection or stereospecificity in a chemical reaction or process.
- a specific stereoisomer may be referred to as a diastereoisomer, and a mixture of such stereoisomers is called an diastereoisomeric mixture.
- any asymmetric atom (e.g., carbon or the like) of the compound (s) disclosed herein can be present in racemic or enantiomerically enriched, for example the (R) -, (S) -or (R, S) -configuration.
- each asymmetric atom has at least 50% enantiomeric excess, at least 60% enantiomeric excess, at least 70% enantiomeric excess, at least 80% enantiomeric excess, at least 90% enantiomeric excess, at least 95% enantiomeric excess, or at least 99% enantiomeric excess in the (R) -or (S) -configuration.
- Any resulting mixtures of stereoisomers can be separated on the basis of the physicochemical differences of the constituents, into the pure or substantially pure geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, epimers, for example, by chromatography, trituration, crystallization, distillation or sublimation to isolate diastereomers.
- racemates of final products or intermediates can be resolved into the optical antipodes by methods known to those skilled in the art, e.g., by separation of the diastereomeric salts thereof.
- Racemic products can also be resolved by chiral chromatography, e.g., high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a chiral adsorbent.
- HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
- Preferred enantiomers can also be prepared by asymmetric syntheses. See, for example, Jacques, et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981) ; Principles of Asymmetric Synthesis (2 nd Ed. Robert E.
- tautomer or “tautomeric form” refers to structural isomers of different energies which are interconvertible via a low energy barrier. Where tautomerization is possible (e.g. in solution) , a chemical equilibrium of tautomers can be reached.
- proton tautomers also known as prototropic tautomers
- Valence tautomers include interconversions by reorganization of some of the bonding electrons.
- keto-enol tautomerization is the interconversion of pentane-2, 4-dione and 4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one tautomers.
- tautomerization is phenol-keto tautomerization.
- the specific example of phenol-keto tautomerisms is pyridin-4-ol and pyridin-4 (1H) -one tautomerism. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds disclosed herein are within the scope of the invention.
- protecting group refers to a substituent that is commonly employed to block or protect a particular functionality while reacting with other functional groups on the compound.
- an “amino-protecting group” is a substituent attached to an amino group that blocks or protects the amino functionality in the compound. Suitable amino-protecting groups include acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, t-butoxy-carbonyl (BOC, Boc) , benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ, Cbz) and 9-fluorenylmethylenoxy-carbonyl (Fmoc) .
- hydroxy protecting group is a substituent attached to a hydroxy group that blocks or protects the hydroxy functionality in the compound.
- Suitable hydroxy-protecting groups include benzyl (Bn) , carbobenzoxy (Cbz) , triphenylmethyl, p-methoxybenzyl (PMB) , t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) , trimethylsilyl (TMS) , t-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS) , triethylsilyl (TES) , triisopropylsilyl (DIPS) , 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxymethyl, dihydropyranyl, bromoallyl, ethoxycarbonyl, acetyl and benzoyl, and the like.
- a “carboxy-protecting group” refers to a substituent of the carboxy group that blocks or protects the carboxy functionality.
- Common carboxy-protecting groups include -CH 2 CH 2 SO 2 Ph, cyanoethyl, 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethyl, 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxymethyl, 2- (p-toluenesulfonyl) ethyl, 2- (p-nitrophenylsulfonyl) ethyl, 2- (diphenylphosphino) ethyl, nitroethyl and the like.
- protecting groups and their use see T.W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991; and P.J. Kocienski, Protecting Groups, Thieme, Stuttgart, 2005.
- a “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to organic or inorganic salts of a compound disclosed herein.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S.M. Berge et al., describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66: 1-19, which is incorporated herein by reference.
- Some non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically acceptable and nontoxic salts include salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid and malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
- inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid
- organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid and malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
- salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, laurylsulfate, malate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate,
- Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N + (C 1-4 alkyl) 4 salts.
- This invention also envisions the quaternization of any basic nitrogen-containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein. Water or oil soluble or dispersable products may be obtained by such quaternization.
- Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like.
- Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, C 1-8 sulfonate or aryl sulfonate.
- the term “treat” , “treating” or “treatment” of any disease or disorder refers in one embodiment, to ameliorating the disease or disorder (i.e., slowing or arresting or reducing the development of the disease or at least one of the clinical symptoms thereof) .
- “treat” , “treating” or “treatment” refers to alleviating or ameliorating at least one physical parameter including those which may not be discernible by the patient.
- “treat” , “treating” or “treatment” refers to modulating the disease or disorder, either physically, (e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom) , physiologically, (e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter) , or both.
- “treat” , “treating” or “treatment” refers to preventing or delaying the onset or development or progression of the disease or disorder.
- the compound disclosed herein may contain asymmetric or chiral center, therefore the compound can exist in different stereoisomers. It is intended that all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of Formula (I) disclosed herein, including but not limited to, diastereomers, enantiomers and atropisomers and geometric (conformational) isomers, as well as mixtures thereof such as racemic mixtures, form part of the present invention.
- the compound of the Formula (I) can be exist in various tautomer forms, and all of the tautomers, such as those described in claims, are within the scope of the invention.
- the compound of Formula (I) can be exist in salt forms.
- the salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
- pharmaceutically acceptable indicates that the substance or composition must be compatible chemically and/or toxicologically, with the other ingredients comprising a formulation, and/or the mammal being treated therewith.
- the salt may not be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, may be an intermediate used for preparing and/or purifying the compound of Formula (I) and/or isolating an enantiomer from the compound of Formula (I) .
- Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can be formed with inorganic acids and organic acids, e.g., acetate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate, bromide/hydrobromide, bicarbonate/carbonate, bisulfate/sulfate, camphorsulfonate, chloride/hydrochloride, chlorotheophyllonate, citrate, ethanedisulfonate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hippurate, hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurylsulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, mandelate, mesylate, methylsulphate, naphthoate, napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, octadecanoate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, phosphate/hydrogen phosphate/di
- Inorganic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
- Organic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, and the like.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be formed with inorganic and organic bases.
- Inorganic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, ammonium salts and metals from columns I to XII of the periodic table.
- the salts are derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, silver, zinc, and copper; particularly suitable salts include ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium salts.
- Organic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and the like.
- Certain organic amines include isopropylamine, benzathine, cholinate, diethanolamine, diethylamine, lysine, meglumine, piperazine and tromethamine.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from a basic or acidic moiety, by conventional chemical methods.
- such salts can be prepared by reacting free acid forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base (such as Na, Ca, Mg, or K hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate or the like) , or by reacting free base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate acid.
- a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base such as Na, Ca, Mg, or K hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate or the like
- Such reactions are typically carried out in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two.
- use of non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile is desirable, where practicable.
- the compounds disclosed herein, including their salts can also be obtained in the form of their hydrates, or include other solvents such as ethanol, DMSO, and the like, used for their crystallization.
- the compounds of the present invention may inherently or by design form solvates with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents (including water) ; therefore, it is intended that the invention embrace both solvated and unsolvated forms.
- any formula given herein is also intended to represent isotopically unenriched forms as well as isotopically enriched forms of the compounds.
- Isotopically enriched compounds have structures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having a selected atomic mass or mass number.
- isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, and chlorine, such as 2 H (deuterium, D) , 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 17 O, 18 O, 18 F, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 36 Cl, 125 I, respectively.
- the compounds of the invention include isotopically enriched compounds as defined herein, for example those into which radioactive isotopes, such as 3 H, 14 C and 18 F, or those into which non-radioactive isotopes, such as 2 H and 13 C are present.
- isotopically enriched compounds are useful in metabolic studies (with 14 C) , reaction kinetic studies (with, for example 2 H or 3 H) , detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients.
- PET positron emission tomography
- SPECT single-photon emission computed tomography
- an 18 F-enriched compound may be particularly desirable for PET or SPECT studies.
- Isotopically-enriched compounds of Formula (I) can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the accompanying Examples and Preparations using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed.
- substitution with heavier isotopes, particularly deuterium (i.e., 2 H or D) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements or an improvement in therapeutic index.
- deuteride refers to a compound of which any hydrogen is replaced by deuterium (i.e. 2 H or D) .
- the deuterium disclosed herein is regarded as a substituent of a compound of Formula (I) .
- concentration of such a heavier isotope, specifically deuterium may be defined by the isotopic enrichment factor.
- isotopic enrichment factor as used herein means the ratio between the isotopic abundance and the natural abundance of a specified isotope.
- a substituent in a compound of this invention is denoted deuterium
- such compound has an isotopic enrichment factor for each designated deuterium atom of at least 3500 (52.5% deuterium incorporation at each designated deuterium atom) , at least 4000 (60% deuterium incorporation) , at least 4500 (67.5% deuterium incorporation) , at least 5000 (75% deuterium incorporation) , at least 5500 (82.5% deuterium incorporation) , at least 6000 (90% deuterium incorporation) , at least 6333.3 (95% deuterium incorporation) , at least 6466.7 (97% deuterium incorporation) , at least 6600 (99% deuterium incorporation) , or at least 6633.3 (99.5% deuterium incorporation) .
- Pharmaceutically acceptable solvates in accordance with the invention include those wherein the solvent of crystallization may be isotopically substituted, e.g. D 2 O, acetone-d 6 , DMSO-d
- the invention features pharmaceutical compositions that include the compound of Formula (I) , the compound listed herein, or the compound described in Examples, or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, an N-oxide, a solvate, a deuteride, a metabolite, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant.
- the amount of the compound in the compositions disclosed herein is an effective and detectable amount for inhibiting sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLTs) activity in biological samples or patients.
- SGLTs sodium-dependent glucose transporters
- certain of the compounds disclosed herein can exist in free form for treatment, or where appropriate, as a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.
- pharmaceutically acceptable derivative include pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs, salts, esters, salts of such esters, or any other adducts or derivatives which upon administration to a patient in need is capable of providing, directly or indirectly, a compound as otherwise described herein, or a metabolite or residue thereof.
- compositions disclosed herein further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, which, as used herein, includes any and all solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicle, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant includes any and all solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicle, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant includes any and all solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicle, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders,
- Some non-limiting examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants include ion exchangers; aluminium; aluminum stearate; lecithin; serum proteins such as human serum albumin; buffer substances such as phosphates; glycine; sorbic acid; potassium sorbate; partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids; water; salts or electrolytes such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride and zinc salts; colloidal silica; magnesium trisilicate; polyvinyl pyrrolidone; polyacrylates; waxes; polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers; wool fat; sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; fillers, starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc;
- Compounds disclosed herein can be administered as the sole pharmaceutical agent or in combination with one or more other additional therapeutic (pharmaceutical) agents where the combination causes no unacceptable adverse effects. This may be of particular relevance for the treatment of diabetes, diabetic complications and other related diseases. Some non-limiting examples of these diseases include diabetes mellitus type I, diabetes type II, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, diabetic complications, atherosclerosis and hypertension.
- these diseases include diabetes mellitus type I, diabetes type II, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, diabetic complications, atherosclerosis and hypertension.
- the additional therapeutic agents include an anti-diabetic agent other than an SGLT-2 inhibitor, an antihyperglycemic agent, an antiadipositas drug, an antihypertensive agent, an antiplatelet agent, an antiatherosclerotic drug, a lipid-lowering agent, an anti-inflammatory or a combination thereof.
- the anti-diabetic agents other than an SGLT-2 inhibitor include, but are not limited to, a biguanide (e.g., phenformin and metformin) , a sulfonylurea (e.g., acetohexamide, diabinese, glibenclamide, glipizide, gliclazide, glimepiride, glipentide, gliquidone, tolazamide and tolbutamide) , a meglitinide, a glinide (e.g., repaglinide, nateglinide) , a ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitor (e.g., acarbose, adiposine, camiglibose, emiglitate, miglitol, voglibose, pradimicin and salbostatin) , a PPAR agonist (e.g., balaglita
- insulin an insulin mimetic, a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, a VPAC2 receptor agonist, a glucokinase activator, a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor or a glucose-6-phosphatase inhibitor, an ⁇ P2 inhibitor, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2 (ACC-2) inhibitor, a phosphodiesterase (PDE) -10 inhibitor, a diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) 1 or 2 inhibitor, a glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) regulator and a glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) inhibitor.
- ACC-2 acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2
- PDE phosphodiesterase
- DGAT diacylglycerol acyltransferase
- GLUT4 glucose transporter 4
- GFAT glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase
- the antihyperglycemic agents include, but are not limited to, a biguanide (e.g., phenformin and metformin) , a sulfonylurea (e.g., acetohexamide, diabinese, glibenclamide, glipizide, gliclazide, glimepiride, glipentide, gliquidone, tolazamide and tolbutamide) , a meglitinide, a glinide (e.g., repaglinide, nateglinide) , a glucosidase inhibitor (e.g., acarbose, adiposine, camiglibose, emiglitate, miglitol, voglibose, pradimicin and salbostatin) , a PPAR agonist (e.g., balaglitazone, ciglitazone,
- insulin an insulin mimetic, a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, a VPAC2 receptor agonist, a glucokinase activator, a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor or a glucose-6-phosphatase inhibitor, an ⁇ P2 inhibitor, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2 (ACC-2) inhibitor, a phosphodiesterase (PDE) -10 inhibitor, a diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) 1 or 2 inhibitor, a glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) regulator and a glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) inhibitor.
- ACC-2 acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2
- PDE phosphodiesterase
- DGAT diacylglycerol acyltransferase
- GLUT4 glucose transporter 4
- GFAT glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase
- the lipid-lowering agents include, but are not limited to, an MTP inhibitor, an HMGCoA reductase inhibitor, a squalene synthase inhibitor, fibrate antihyperlipidemic drug, an ACAT inhibitor, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, an ileal Na ( + ) /bile acid cotransporter inhibitor, an upregulators of LDL receptor activity, a bile acid sequestrant or niacin and a derivative thereof.
- the lipid-lowering agent is selected from pravastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, cerivastatin, atavastatin and rosuvastatin.
- the anti-obesity agents include CB-1 antagonists (such as rimonabant, taranabant, surinabant, otenabant, SLV319 and AVE1625) , gut-selective MTP inhibitors (such as dirlotapide, mitratapide and implitapide) , CCKa agonists, 5-HT2c agonists (such as lorcaserin) , MCR4 agonists, lipase inhibitors (such as cetilistat) , PYY 3-36 , opioid antagonist (such as naltrexone) , oleoyl-estrone, obinepitide, pramlintide, tesofensine, leptin, liraglutide, bromocriptine, orlistat, exenatide, AOD-9604 and sibutramide.
- CB-1 antagonists such as rimonabant, taranabant, surinabant, oten
- the suitable anti-inflammatory agents include genital tract/urinary tract infection preventatives and treatments.
- exemplary agents include cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and cranberry derivatives, such as cranberry juice, cranberry extracts or flavonols of cranberries.
- other suitable anti-inflammatory agents include, but are not limited to, aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticosteroid, sulfasalazine and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, etc.
- compositions disclosed herein may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir.
- parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intraocular, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection and infusion techniques.
- the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously.
- Sterile injectable forms of the compositions disclosed herein include aqueous and oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
- the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol.
- a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol.
- acceptable vehicles and solvents that include water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
- sterile, non-volatile oil can be conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
- any bland non-volatile oil includes synthetic mono-or diglucosyl diglycerides.
- Fatty acids such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives, which are useful in the preparation of injectables, can be used as natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
- These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents that are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions.
- Other commonly used surfactants such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.
- the amount of the compound or the compound in the compositions disclosed herein is an effective and detectable amount for inhibiting sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLTs) activity, especially SGLT-2 activity.
- SGLT-2 is responsible for reabsorption of D-glucose from kidney spherule filtrate, which inhibits glucose reabsorption in blood vessel and this is beneficial to reduce glucose concentrations in blood.
- the compound of the invention would be used for preventing and treating the diabetes and related diseases or improving symptoms of these diseases.
- Such diseases include, but are not limited to, diabetes, especially type II diabetes, and diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, diabetic complications, atherosclerosis and hypertension.
- compounds or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein also suit for preventing or treating the damage of diabetes in later stages, such as kidney disease, retinopathy, neuropathy, myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, thrombosis, arteriosclerosis, inflammation, immunological diseases, autoimmune diseases such as AIDS, asthma, osteoporosis, cancer, psoriasis, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and infectious diseases.
- diabetes in later stages, such as kidney disease, retinopathy, neuropathy, myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, thrombosis, arteriosclerosis, inflammation, immunological diseases, autoimmune diseases such as AIDS, asthma, osteoporosis, cancer, psoriasis, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and infectious diseases.
- these compounds are also useful for veterinary treatment of animals such as companion animals, exotic animals and farm animals, including mammals, rodents, and the like.
- animals such as companion animals, exotic animals and farm animals, including mammals, rodents, and the like.
- the animals disclosed herein include horses, dogs, and cats.
- the compounds disclosed herein include the pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof.
- an “effective amount” or “effective dose” of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable composition is an amount that is effective in treating or lessening the severity of one or more of the aforementioned disorders.
- the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions are effective administered in a fairly wide dose range.
- the daily dose is from about 0.1 mg to 1000 mg per person, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be administered in a single dose or in several divided doses a day.
- the compounds and compositions, according to the method disclosed herein, may be administered using any amount and any route of administration which is effective for treating or lessening the severity of the disorder or disease. The exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the infection, the particular agent, its mode of administration, and the like.
- a compound or composition can also be administered with one or more other therapeutic agents as discussed above.
- Figure 1 H-H NOESY spectrogram of the compound (I-n) , i.e. compound (I) with the protection of benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal.
- the compound is characterized by the corresponding structure.
- the compound of Formula (I) can be prepared by the methods described herein.
- the following examples are presented to further exemplify the invention.
- the structures of the compounds were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (e.g., 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR) .
- 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR chemical shifts ( ⁇ ) were recorded as ppm (10 -6 ) .
- Measure of 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR are performed, respectively, on Bruker Ultrashield -400 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer and Bruker Avance III HD 600 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer using deuterated chloroform (CDCl 3 ) , deuterated methanol (CD 3 OD) or deuterated DMSO (DMSO-d 6 ) as a solvent and TMS (0 ppm) or deuterated chloroform (7.26 ppm) as the reference standard.
- the absolute configuration of the chiral carbon connected to the bridgehead carbon of compound (I) can be identified by H-H NOESY method.
- Compound (I) react with benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal to afford compound (I-n) , H-H NOESY spectrogram of which is recorded on Bruker Avance III HD 600 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer by using DMSO-d 6 as a solvent, space position relations between each H atom of stereo chemical structure of a molecule can be obtained according NOE signal, and then the absolute configuration of the chiral carbon connected to the bridgehead carbon can be obtained.
- the thin-layer silica gel used was Yantai Huanghai HSGF254 silica gel plate.
- the silica gel used in column chromatography generally was Qingdao Ocean Chemical Factory 200 to 300 mesh or 300 to 400 mesh silica gel.
- the staring materials of the present invention were known or purchased from Shanghai Accela Company, Energy Company, J&K, Chengdu Aiertai Company, Alfa Company and the like, or they could be prepared by the conventional synthesis methods in the prior art.
- nitrogen atmosphere refers to such an atmosphere that a reaction flask was equipped with a balloon or a stainless steel autoclave filled with about 1 L of nitrogen.
- hydrogen atmosphere refers to such an atmosphere that a reaction flask was equipped with a balloon or a stainless steel autoclave filled with about 1 L of hydrogen.
- the solution used in the examples disclosed herein was an aqueous solution.
- reaction temperature was room temperature
- the room temperature is from 20 °C to 30 °C.
- the reaction process in the examples was monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC) .
- TLC thin layer chromatography
- the solvent system for development of a TLC plate comprised dichloromethane and methanol, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, petroleum ether (or n-hexane, cyclohexane or n-heptane, and the like) and ethyl acetate.
- the volume ratio of the solvents in the solvent system was adjusted according to the polarity of the compounds.
- the elution system of column chromatography comprised: A: petroleum ether (or n-hexane, cyclohexane or n-heptane, and the like) and ethyl acetate; B: dichloromethane and ethyl acetate; C: dichloromethane and methanol.
- A petroleum ether (or n-hexane, cyclohexane or n-heptane, and the like) and ethyl acetate
- B dichloromethane and ethyl acetate
- C dichloromethane and methanol.
- the volume ratio of the solvents in the elution system was adjusted according to the polarity of the compounds, and sometimes it was also adjusted by adding a basic agent such as aqueous ammonia or an acidic agent such as acetic acid.
- HPLC refers to High Performance Liquid Chromatography.
- HPLC was determined on Agilent 1200DAD high pressure liquid chromatography spectrometer (Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150 ⁇ 4.6 mm chromatographic column) .
- the test condition of HPLC the run time was 30 minutes (min) ; the column temperature was 35 °C; the detection was carried out at the wavelength of 210 nm and 254 nm using PDA detector; the mobile phase was H 2 O (A) and acetonitrile (B) ; and the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min.
- the LC/MS/MS system used in biological analysis test comprises Agilent 1200 series vacuum degassing furnace, binary pumps, well-plate autosampler, thermostatted column compartment, the Agilent G6430Triple Quadru pole Mass Spectrometer with an electrosprayionization (ESI) source. Quantitative analysis was carried out using MRM mode. The parameters for MRM transitions are in the Table A.
- an Agilent 6330 series LC/MS/MS spectrometer equipped with G1312A binarypumps, a G1367A autosampler and a G1314C UV detector were used in the analysis.
- An ESI source was used on the LC/MS/MS spectrometer.
- the analysis was done in positive ion mode as appropriate and the MRM transition for each analyte was optimized using standard solution.
- the mobile phase was 5 mM ammonia acetate, 0.1% MeOH in water (A) and 5 mM ammonia acetate, 0.1% MeOH in acetonitrile (B) (70: 30, v/v) .
- the flow rate was 0.6 mL/min. Column was maintained at ambient temperature. 20 ⁇ L of the samples were injected.
- the examples of the present invention provides the method of preparing optically pure (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- [ (1R) -1-hydroxyethyl] -6, 8-d ioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol.
- Those skilled in the art can learn from this article to properly improve the process parameters to implement the present invention.
- All similar substitutions and modifications to the skilled person are obvious, and they are deemed to be included in the present invention.
- Related person can clearly realize and apply the techniques disclosed herein by making some changes, appropriate alterations or combinations to the methods without departing from spirit, principles and scope of the present disclosure.
- Step 1) (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -3, 4, 5-tris (trimethylsilyloxy) -6- (trimethylsilyloxymethyl) tetrahydropyran -2-one (I-b)
- the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL) and partitioned, the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL ⁇ 3) , and the organic phase was combined with the ethyl acetate phases.
- the combined organic layers were washed with saturated brine (200 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered.
- the compound (I-m) can be prepared under the reaction conditions shown in table 1 which according to the procedure described in Example 2.
- reaction solvent is toluene
- Step 1) 1- [ (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tris (benzyloxy) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-1-yl] ethanol (I-r)
- Step 2) 1- [ (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tris (benzyloxy) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-1-yl] ethanone (I-s)
- Step 3) (1R) -1- [ (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tribenzyloxy-5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-1-yl] ethanol (I-m)
- the compound (I-m) can be prepared under the reaction conditions shown in table 3 according to the procedure described in step 3 of example 4.
- Step 4) (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- [ (1R) -1- hydroxyethyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol (I)
- the (R, S) -diastereoisomeric mixture i.e. (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- (1-hydroxyethyl-6, 8-dioxabi cyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol, was prepared by using the method described in PCT/CN2014/087587 (WO2015043511) , the (R) -configuration isomer and the (S) -configuration isomer were isolated from the mixture using Calesep PUMP 250 preparative chromatograph (Shanghai Sunyear) and Novasep LC-50 preparative column (Novasep) .
- the following methods can be used to determine the inhibitory activity of the compound (I) , and (S) -configuration isomer and (R, S) -diastereoisomeric mixture thereof disclosed herein for SGLT-1 and SGLT-2.
- ⁇ -Methylglucoside was purchased from Sigma, Cat. No. M9376-100G.
- N-methyl-D-glucosamine was purchased from Sigma, Cat. No. M2004-100G.
- Phloridzin was purchased from Sigma, Cat. No. P3449-1G.
- 96-Well plate was purchased from Corning, Cat. No. 3903.
- Mock-transfected FIP-in CHO cells (3 ⁇ 10 4 cells) and expressing human SGLT1/SGLT2 CHO cells were seeded into 96-well plates respectively. The cells were incubated for 12 hours. Each well of the 96-well plates was washed with 150 ⁇ L of sodium-free buffer once. To each well was added 50 ⁇ L of sodium-containing buffer containing test compounds having different concentrations and 0.5 ⁇ M [ 14 C] -AMG. The incubation mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 1 hour under CO 2 . To each well was added 150 ⁇ L of precooled sodium-free buffer to terminate the reaction. The cell pellet was washed with sodium–free buffer three times and the residual liquid in well was removed.
- Table 4 The results of inhibitory activity of the compound (I) , and (S) -configuration isomer and (R, S) -diastereoisomeric mixture thereof for SGLT-2 and SGLT-2.
- the glucose was purchased from Cheng Du Kelong Chemical Reagent Company.
- Glycosuria test was determined on Roche Biochemistry Analyzer.
- Experiment animals such as machins and C57BL/6 mice, were weighed after overnight fasting for 15 hours, fasting blood-glucose was measured, and the animals were grouped randomly based on the weight and fasting blood-glucose, and then each administered group was administered with the corresponding test compound by gavage once at dose of 5 mg/kg, blank group was administered with menstruum. Blood glucose was measured at 15 min after adminitration (i.e.
- each group was adminitered with glucose by gavage (2.5 g/kg) after the measurement of 0 point blood glucose, and then blood samples were collected at 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min from vein after administration of glucose, blood glucose was measured continuously by glucometer; the rate of decrease of area under curve of glucose in 120 min after glucose load (AUC Glu 0-120min ) was calculated.
- Each group was placed in a metabolic cage respectively after the measurement of 120 min lood glucose, urine was collected in metabolic cage from 0 h to 24 h and 24 h to 48 h after administration, and the amount of urine at each time point was recorded, urine sugar was measured by automatic biochemical analyzer, the animals ate and drank freely during the process of urine collection. The results were shown as table 5 and table 6:
- Table 5 The results of promoting glycosuria excretion test of compound (I) and (S) -configuration isomer thereof in mice.
- Table 6 The results of promoting glycosuria excretion test of compound (I) and (S) -configuration isomer thereof in machins.
- the intravenous injection groups were administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg and the gavage groups were administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg.
- Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.083 (only intravenous injection group) , 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 24 h from vein (about 0.2 mL) and placed into EDTAK 2 anticoagulative tube.
- Table 7 The results of pharmacokinetic test in rats after administration of compound (I) by oral
- Table 8 the results of pharmacokinetic test in rats after administration of compound (I) by intravenous injection
- the compound (I) disclosed herein shows excellent pharmacokinetic properties when administered by intravenous injection or oral, including better absorption, ideal half-life (T 1/2 ) and good oral bioavailability (F) , and which is much better than (S) -configuration isomer thereof in absorption, half-life and exposure (AUC last ) , i.e. which has better pharmacokinetic properties.
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Abstract
This present invention relates to a glucopyranosyl derivative as sodium dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) inhibitor, preparation processes thereof, and pharmaceutical uses thereof, pharmaceutical compositions containing the compound and their uses for treating diabetes and diabetes-related diseases. The process of the invention has simple operation, high optical purity of product, high yield and convenient work-up, easy purification, and is suitable for industrial production.
Description
PRIOR RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application Serial No. 201510220972.6, filed with the State Intellectual Property Office of China on April 30, 2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
This present invention pertains to the field of pharmaceutical chemistry, which relates to a glucopyranosyl derivative as sodium dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) inhibitor, and preparation processes thereof.
Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease, characterized by hyperglycemia. The onset of diabetes associates with insulin resistance in peripheral tissue, reduction of insulin in vivo and increase of gluconeogenesis in liver. When the disease cannot be controlled effectively through diet and exercise, insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs for treatment are needed. At present, hypoglycemic drugs comprise biguanides, sulfonylureas, insulin sensitizers, glinides, α-glucosidase inhibitors and DPP-IV (dipeptidyl peptidase-IV) inhibitors, etc. However, these current hypoglycemic drugs have shortcomings. Biguanides can cause lactic acidosis. Sulfonylureas can result in severe hypoglycemia. Glinides also can result in hypoglycemia when used inappropriately. Insulin sensitizers can lead to edema, heart failure and weight gain. α-Glucosidase inhibitors can cause abdominal bloating and diarrhea. DPP-IV inhibitors need to combine with metformin to achieve the desired effect of hypoglycemia. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel, safer, and more effective hypoglycemic agents.
It has been found by research that glucose transporter proteins are a class of carrier proteins embedded in the cell membrane for transporting glucose. Glucose must be in virtue of glucose transporter protein to cross lipid bilayer structure of cell membranes. Glucose transporter proteins are divided into two categories. The first category includes sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLTs) , and the other category includes glucose transporters (GLUTs) . Two major family members of SGLTs are SGLT-1 and SGLT-2. SGLT-1 is mainly distributed in small intestine, kidney, heart and windpipe, predominantly expressed in the intestinal brush border and the distal S3 segment of the renal proximal tubule, and a few expressed in heart and windpipe, and transports glucose and galactose with a sodium to glucose ratio of 2: 1. While SGLT-2 is mainly distributed in kidney, predominantly expressed in the distal S1 segment of the renal proximal tubule, and transports glucose with a sodium to glucose ratio of 1: 1. In biological
bodies, glucose is transported by SGLT through active transport against a concentration gradient with simultaneous energy consumption. While glucose is transported by GLUTs through facilitated diffusion along a concentration gradient without energy consumption in the transport process. Research indicates that normally plasma glucose is filtered in the kidney glomeruli in which 90% of glucose in the early S1 segment of the renal tubule is actively transported to epithelial cells by SGLT-2 and 10% of glucose in the distal S3 segment of the renal tubule is actively transported to epithelial cells by SGLT-1, and then transported to peripheral capillary network by GLUT of epithelial basement membrane accomplishing reabsorption of glucose by renal tubules. Hence, SGLTs is the first stage in regulation of glucose metabolism in cells, and an ideal target for treating diabetes effectively. It has been found by research that the patients with SGLT-2 impairment would excrete large amounts of urine glucose. This provides the factual basis of treating diabetes by reducing glucose uptake through inhibiting SGLT-2 activity. Therefore, inhibiting activity of SGLTs transport protein could block reabsorption of glucose in renal tubules and increase excretion of glucose in urine to normalize the plasma glucose concentration and further control the diabetes and diabetic complications. Inhibiting SGLTs would not influence the normal anti-regulatory mechanism of glucose, which may cause the risk of hypoglycemia. Meanwhile, lowering blood glucose through an increase of renal glucose excretion could promote weight loss in obese patients. It has also been found by research that the mechanism of action of SGLTs inhibitors is independent of pancreatic β cell dysfunction or the degree of insulin resistance. Therefore, the efficacy of SGLTs inhibitors will not decrease with the severe insulin resistance or β-cell failure. SGLTs inhibitors could be used alone or in combination with other hypoglycemic agents. Therefore, SGLTs inhibitors are ideal and novel hypoglycemic agents.
In addition, it has also been found by research that SGLTs inhibitors can be used for treating diabetes-related complications. Such as retinopathy, neuropathy, kidney disease, insulin resistance caused by glucose metabolic disorder, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and so on. Meanwhile, SGLTs inhibitors also be used in combination with current treatment regimens, such as sulphonamides, thiazolidinedione, metformin, and insulin, etc, which can reduce the dose without impacting on the effectiveness of the medicine, and thereby avoid or reduce side effects, and improve patient compliance.
The present applicant applied the patent application PCT/CN2014/087587 (WO2015043511) filed on September 26, 2014, which described a class of glucopyranosyl derivatives and uses thereof as SGLTs inhibitors; wherein the compound of example 1 named (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- (1-hydroxyethyl) -6, 8-dioxa bicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol has an obvious inhibitory activity on SGLTs demonstrated by
experiment, therefore the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated as a reference.
The preparation of (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1 - [ (1R) -1-hydroxyethyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol, i.e. the (R) -configuration of (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- (1-hydroxyethyl) -6, 8-dioxa bicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol described in PCT/CN2014/087587, was performed as described herein, and (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- [ (1S) -1-hydroxyethyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol, i.e. the (S) -configuration, was obtained by isolating (R, S) -diastereoisomeric mixture. There are significant differences between the two configurations certified by biological activity test, wherein in vivo pharmacodynamic activity of the (R) -configuration diastereomer is obvious better than those of the (S) -configuration diastereomer and the (R, S) -diastereoisomeric mixture. In addition, the (R) -configuration diastereomer also has better pharmacokinetic properties, such as good drug absorption after oral administration, desired half-life and higher bioavailability, which has a good development prospect.
The present invention also provides two stereoselective methods of preparing the compound of Formula (I) , one method comprises adding an alkylzinc reagent to a formyl group through an asymmetric addition reaction to obtain a product with high ee value, the other method comprises reducing a carbonyl through stereoselective reduction to give a product. The process of the invention has simple operation, high optical purity of product, high yield and convenient work-up, easy purification, which is suitable for industrial production.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect, provided herein is a compound having Formula (I)
or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, an N-oxide, a solvate, a deuteride, a metabolite, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a prodrug thereof,
In other aspect, provided herein is a method of preparing the compound having Formula (I) .
At first, an intermediate having Formula (III) was obtained by referring to the method described in patent application PCT/CN2014/087587 (WO2015043511) .
The specific scheme is as follows:
A method of preparing a compound of Formula (III) comprises the steps of: a) reacting compound (I-a) with trimethylchlorosilane in the present of a base (such as N-methylmorpholine) to give compound (I-b) ; b) coupling compound (I-b) with bromide (I-c) in the present of n-butyllithium to afford compound (I-d) ; c) reacting compound (I-d) with methanol under an acid condition through an etherification reaction, and removing trimethylsilyl to give compound (I-e) ; d) reacting t-butyl dimethyl chlorosilane with primary hydroxy of compound (I-e) in the present of imidazole to give compound (I-f) ; e) reacting sec-hydroxy of compound (I-f) with a suitable reagent (such as benzyl bromide) in the present of a strong base (such as sodium hydride) to give compound (I-g) of which hydroxy groups are protected; f) removing the silicon protecting group of the primary hydroxy group of compound (I-g) by reacting compound (I-g) with tetrabutylammonium fluoride in a polar solvent to give compound (I-h) ; g) converting the exposed primary hydroxy group of compound (I-h) in the present of an oxidizing reagent to a formyl group in order to afford compound (I-i) ; h) reacting compound (I-i) with formaldehyde in the present of a base in a polar solvent to give compound (I-j) ; i) forming compound (I-k) through an intramolecular condensation reaction from compound (I-j) under an acid condition; j) converting the primary hydroxy group of compound (I-k) in the present of an oxidizing reagent to a formyl group to afford compound (I-l) , which is a compound of Formula (III) .
Other methods can be incorporated in the preparation methods of the present invention
as long as which can prepare the compound of Formula (III) .
In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) can be prepared by using the scheme one after getting the compound of Formula (III) , which comprises:
(A) reacting the compound of Formula (III) with dimethylzinc through an addition reaction to produce a compound of Formula (II) ; and
(B) removing the hydroxy protecting groups from the compound of Formula (II) to produce the compound of Formula (I) .
The specific scheme one is as follows:
wherein each of PG, PG1 and PG2 is independently a hydroxy protecting group.
According to the scheme of the invention, in the preparation method of the invention, a new chiral center can be introduced through an asymmetric addition reaction of a formyl group with a dimethyl zinc reagent in step (A) , a product with high ee value can be obtained through selection optimization of a chiral ligand in this reaction, after a simple work-up procedure, the compound of Formula (II) with optically pure can be obtained and the reaction has a high yield. And the compound of Formula (II) can suffer a simple reaction, and the hydroxy protecting groups of which can be removed to afford an optically pure compound of Formula (I) .
According to the schemes of the invention, in the preparation method of the invention, the addition reaction of step (A) is carried out in the presence of a chiral ligand, and wherein the chiral ligand comprises a dihydroxy chiral ligand, Salen ligand, metal-Salen ligand or (1R, 2R) - (+) -N, N’-di (p-tolyl) sulfonyl-1, 2-cyclohexanediamine.
According to the scheme of the invention, in the preparation method of the invention, the dimethylzinc used in the addition reaction of step (A) is applied at 1.0 to 5.0 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) ; in some embodiments, preferably 1.1 to 2.0 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) ; in some embodiments, more preferably 1.2 to 1.6 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) . The specification of the dimethylzinc reagent used herein may be a 1 mol/L solution of dimethylzinc in toluene.
According to the scheme of the invention, in the preparation method of the invention, the addition reaction of step (A) is carried out in the presence of a chiral ligand, and wherein the chiral ligand comprises a Salen ligand or metal-Salen ligand. Wherein the metal-Salen ligand may be a Zn-Salen ligand, Mn-Salenligand or Cr-Salen ligand; preferably a Cr-Salen ligand.
Wherein in some embodiments, the Salen ligand is applied at 0.10 to 1.0 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) ; in other embodiments, the metal-Salen ligand is applied at 0.01 to 0.50 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) ; in yet other embodiments, the Cr-Salen ligand is applied at 0.01 to 0.20 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) and preferably 0.03 to 0.15 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) . The reaction solvent is toluene, o-xylene, p-xylene, m-xylene or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reaction temperature is from –20 ℃ to 30 ℃; preferably 20 ℃ to 30 ℃.
The Salen ligand, Zn-Salen ligand, Mn-Salen ligand and Cr-Salen ligand are each preferably respectively selected from the following structures:
According to the scheme of the invention, in the preparation method of the invention, the addition reaction of step (A) is carried out by using a dihydroxy chiral ligand; in some embodiments, the dihydroxy chiral ligand is TADDOL, (R) -BINOL or (S) -H8-BINOL, preferably (R) -BINOL. In some embodiments, (R) -BINOL is applied at 0.1 to 0.9 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) . In some embodiments, the reaction solvent is toluene, o-xylene, p-xylene, m-xylene or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reaction temperature is from –20 ℃ to 30 ℃; preferably 20 ℃ to 30 ℃.
According to the scheme of the invention, in the preparation method of the invention, (1R, 2R) - (+) -N, N’-di (p-tolyl) sulfonyl-1, 2-cyclohexanediamine can be used as a chiral ligand in the addition reaction of step (A) ; in some embodiments, wherein the chiral ligand is applied at 0.1 to 1.0 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) . In some embodiments, the reaction solvent is toluene, o-xylene, p-xylene, m-xylene or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reaction temperature is from –20 ℃ to 30 ℃; preferably 20 ℃ to 30 ℃.
According to the scheme of the invention, in the preparation method of the invention, wherein the preparation method of step (A) further comprises purifying the product (II) by
trituration with a mixed solvent comprising petroleum ether and ethyl acetate; in some embodiments, the volume ratio of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate is from 4/1 to 30/1.
According to the schemes of the invention, in the preparation method of the invention, wherein when each of PG, PG1 or PG2 is benzyl, the removing step (B) is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, a hydrogen source and an acid, and wherein the catalyst comprises palladium on carbon, palladium hydroxide on carbon, palladium chloride or a combination thereof; the hydrogen source comprises hydrogen; and the acid comprises hydrochloric acid, acetic acid or a combination thereof.
In other aspect, the compound of Formula (I) also can be prepared by using the scheme two after getting the compound of Formula (III) , which comprises the steps of:
(1) reacting the compound of Formula (III) with a methyl Grignard reagent through an addition reaction to produce a compound of Formula (IV) ;
(2) oxidizing the compound of Formula (IV) to produce a compound of Formula (V) ;
(3) reducing the compound of Formula (V) to produce a compound of Formula (II) ; and
(4) removing the hydroxy protecting groups from the compound of Formula (II) to produce the compound of Formula (I) .
The specific scheme two is as follows:
wherein each of PG, PG1 and PG2 is independently a hydroxy protecting group.
According to the scheme of the invention, in the preparation method of the invention, first, a methyl group can be introduced through an addition reaction of an carbonyl group with methyl Grignard reagent; and then, the hydroxy group can be oxidized to form a carbonyl group, and a chiral center can be introduced through an asymmetric reduction reaction of the carbonyl; the compound of Formula (II) with a high ee value can be obtained through optimizing the conditions of the reduction reaction; the compound of Formula (II) further suffer a simple reaction and the hydroxy protecting groups of which can be removed to afford an optically pure compound of Formula (I) .
According to the scheme of the invention, in the preparation method of the invention, wherein the oxidizing step (2) is carried out by using an oxidizing agent selected from Dess-Martin periodinane, 2-iodoxybenzoic acid or tetramethylpiperidinooxy/sodium hypochlorite in the present of a solvent selected from dichloromethane or a mixture of dichloromethane and water; in some embodiments, the reaction temperature is from –20 ℃ to 20 ℃.
According to the schemes of the invention, in the preparation method of the invention, wherein the reducing step (3) is carried out by using a reductant selected from sodium borohydride, sodium borohydride/cerous chloride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, DIBAL-H or (S) -3-methyl-1, 1, 1-triphenylbutyl-2-amine /borane; in some embodiments, the reductant preferably is sodium triacetoxyborohydride or DIBAL-H; in some embodiments, the reductant is applied at 1.0 to 2.0 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (V) . In some embodiments, the reaction solvent is methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, toluene or ethyl acetate; in some embodiments, the reaction temperature is from –78 ℃ to 30 ℃.
According to the schemes of the invention, in the preparation method of the invention, wherein when the protecting group of the compound of Formula (II) is benzyl; the reagents used in step (4) for removing protecting groups from the compound of Formula (II) comprise a catalyst, a hydrogen source, a hydrogen source or an acid, wherein the hydrogen source comprises palladium on carbon, palladium hydroxide on carbon or palladium chloride; the hydrogen source comprises hydrogen; and the acid comprises hydrochloric acid or acetic acid.
In yet other aspect, also provided herein is a compound having Formula (II) :
wherein each of PG, PG1 and PG2 is independently a hydroxy protecting group; the hydroxy protecting group is benzyl, triphenylmethyl, p-methoxybenzyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, carbobenzoxy, 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxymethyl, dihydropyranyl, bromoallyl, ethoxycarbonyl, acetyl or benzoyl.
In other aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant.
In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an additional therapeutic agent, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-diabetic agent other than an SGLT-2 inhibitor, an antihyperglycemic agent, an antiadipositas drug, an antihypertensive agent,
an antiplatelet agent, an antiatherosclerotic drug, a lipid-lowering agent, an anti-inflammatory or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the anti-diabetic agent other than an SGLT-2 inhibitor or antihyperglycemic agent disclosed herein is a biguanide, a sulfonylurea, a glucosidase inhibitor, a PPAR agonist (peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors agonist) , an αP2 inhibitor (adipocyte fatty acid binding protein inhibitor) , a PPARα/γ dual agonist (peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors α/γ agonist) , a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, a glinide, insulin, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) inhibitor, a PTP1B inhibitor (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitor) , a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, a glucose-6-phosphatase inhibitor or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent disclosed herein is an MTP inhibitor (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor) , an HMGCoA reductase inhibitor (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor) , a squalene synthase inhibitor, a fibrate antihyperlipidemic, an ACAT inhibitor (acyl coenzyme a-cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor) , a lipoxygenase inhibitor, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, an ileal Na (+) /bile acid cotransporter inhibitor, an upregulator of LDL receptor activity, a nicotinic antihyperlipidemic drug, a bile acid sequestrant or a combination thereof.
In other embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent disclosed herein is pravastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, cerivastatin, atavastatin, rosuvastatin or a combination thereof.
In other aspect, provided herein is use of the compound or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting SGLT-2.
In other aspect, provided herein is use of the compound or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for increasing HDL level.
In other aspect, provided herein is use of the compound or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating a disease, lessening the disease symptoms, delaying the progression or onset of the disease, wherein the disease is diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, a diabetic complication, atherosclerosis or hypertension.
In other aspect, provided herein is the compound or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein for use in inhibiting SGLT-2 or increasing HDL level or preventing or treating a disease, lessening the disease symptoms or delaying the progression or onset of the disease,
wherein the disease is diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, a diabetic complication, atherosclerosis or hypertension.
In other aspect, provided herein is a method for inhibiting SGLT-2 or increasing HDL level or preventing or treating a disease, lessening the disease symptoms or delaying the progression or onset of the disease in a patient, comprising administering to the patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, wherein the disease is diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, a diabetic complication, atherosclerosis or hypertension.
The foregoing merely summarizes certain aspects disclosed herein and is not intended to be limiting in nature. These aspects and other aspects and embodiments are described more fully below.
Provided herein are a compound of (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- [ (1R) -1-hydroxyethyl] -6, 8-d ioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol as a sodium-dependent glucose transporter inhibitor, preparation method thereof, and a pharmaceutical composition thereof, and uses of the compound and the pharmaceutical composition thereof in medicine. Skilled in the art can learn from this article to properly improve the process parameters to implement the preparation method. Of particular note is that all similar substitutions and modifications to the skilled person are obvious, and they are deemed to be included in the present invention.
DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL TERMINOLOGY
Unless otherwise stated, the terms of the invention used in specification and claims have the definitions blow.
Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying structures and formulas. The invention is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents which may be included within the scope of the present invention as defined by the claims. One skilled in the art will recognize many methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein, which could be used in the practice of the present invention. The present invention is in no way limited to the methods and
materials described herein. In the event that one or more of the incorporated literature, patents, and similar materials differs from or contradicts this application, including but not limited to defined terms, term usage, described techniques, or the like, this application controls.
It is further appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, can also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, can also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one skilled in the art to which this invention belongs. All patents and publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, and the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed. 1994. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in “Organic Chemistry” , Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 1999, and Smith et al., “March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry” , John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2007, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The grammatical articles “a” , “an” and “the” , as used herein, are intended to include “at least one” or “one or more” unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by the context. Thus, the articles are used herein to refer to one or more than one (i.e. at least one) of the grammatical objects of the article. By way of example, “a component” means one or more components, and thus, possibly, more than one component is contemplated and may be employed or used in an implementation of the described embodiments.
As used herein, the term “subject” refers to an animal. Typically the animal is a mammal. A subject also refers to for example, primates (e.g., humans, male or female) , cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, mice, fish, birds and the like. In certain embodiments, the subject is a primate. In yet other embodiments, the subject is a human.
As used herein, “patient” refers to a human (including adults and children) or other animal. In one embodiment, “patient” refers to a human.
The number of “equivalent” refers to an equivalent amount of other needed material per 1 equivalent of the basic material in accordance with equivalent relation in chemical reaction.
The term “comprise” is an open expression, it means comprising the contents disclosed herein, but don’t exclude other contents.
“Stereoisomers” refers to compounds which have identical chemical constitution, but
differ with regard to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space. Stereoisomers include enantiomer, diastereomers, conformer (rotamer) , geometric (cis/trans) isomer, atropisomer, etc.
“Chiral” refers to molecules which have the property of non-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term “achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirror image partner.
“Enantiomers” refers to two stereoisomers of a compound which are non-superimposable mirror images of one another.
“Diastereomer” refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers of chirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another. Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g. melting points, boling points, spectral properties or biological activities. Diastereomers may be separated under high resolution analytical procedures such as electrophoresis and chromatography such as HPLC.
“Configuration” refers to a spatial arrangement relationship of atoms or substituent groups of isomers cotaining a chiral center (s) .
“Epimer” refer to a pair of diastereomers contianing two or more chiral centers which differ in configuration at only one stereocenter and all other stereocenters in the molecules, if any, are the same in each.
The term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a mixture of one or more of the compounds described herein, or physiologically/pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof, and other chemical components, such as physiologically/pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, diluents, adjuvants, vihicles, and other additional therapeutic agents, such as anti-diabetic agents, antihyperglycemic agents, antiadipositas agents, antihypertensive agents, antiplatelet agents, antiatherosclerotic agents, lipid-lowering agents, anti-inflammatory agents, etc. The purpose of the pharmaceutical composition is to facilitate administration of a compound to an organism.
The term “optional” or “optionally” refers to that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance may or may not occur. For example, “heterocyclic group optionally substituted by an alkyl group” means that the alkyl may or may not be present, and the description includes the situation where the heterocyclic group is substituted by the alkyl group and the situation where the heterocyclic group is not substituted by the alkyl group.
The term “syndrome X” , also known as conditions, diseases of metabolic syndrome, the disorders are detailed in Johannsson et al., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1997; 82, 727-734, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The term “prodrug” refers to a compound that is transformed in vivo into a compound of
Formula (I) . Such a transformation can be affected, for example, by hydrolysis of the prodrug form in blood or enzymatic transformation to the parent form in blood or tissue. Prodrugs of the compounds disclosed herein may be, for example, esters. Some common esters which have been utilized as prodrugs are phenyl esters, aliphatic (C1-24) esters, acyloxymethyl esters, carbonates, carbamates and amino acid esters. For example, a compound disclosed herein that contains a hydroxy group may be acylated at this position in its prodrug form. Other prodrug forms include phosphates, such as, those phosphate compounds derived from the phosphonation of a hydroxy group on the parent compound. A thorough discussion of prodrugs is provided in Higuchi et al., Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14, A.C.S. Symposium Series; Roche, et al. ed., Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987; Rautio et al., Prodrugs: Design and Clinical Applications, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2008, 7, 255-270, and Hecker et al., Prodrugs of Phosphates and Phosphonates, J. Med. Chem., 2008, 51, 2328-2345, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
The term “metabolite” refers to a product produced through metabolism in the body of a specified compound or salt thereof. The metabolites of a compound may be identified using routine techniques known in the art and their activities determined using tests such as those described herein. Such products may result for example from oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, deamidation, esterification, deesterification, enzyme cleavage, and the like, of the administered compound. Accordingly, the invention includes metabolites of compounds disclosed herein, including metabolites produced by contacting a compound disclosed herein with a mammal for a sufficient time period.
Stereochemical definitions and conventions used herein generally follow S.P. Parker, Ed., McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (1984) McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York; and Eliel, E. and Wilen, S., “Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds” , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1994.
Many organic compounds exist in optically active forms, i.e., they have the ability to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light. In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes D and L, or R and S, are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center (s) . The prefixes d and l or (+) and (-) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound, with (-) or l meaning that the compound is levorotatory. A compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory.
A specific stereoisomer may be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such stereoisomers is called an enantiomeric mixture. A 50: 50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which may occur where there has been no stereoselection or
stereospecificity in a chemical reaction or process. A specific stereoisomer may be referred to as a diastereoisomer, and a mixture of such stereoisomers is called an diastereoisomeric mixture.
Any asymmetric atom (e.g., carbon or the like) of the compound (s) disclosed herein can be present in racemic or enantiomerically enriched, for example the (R) -, (S) -or (R, S) -configuration. In certain embodiments, each asymmetric atom has at least 50% enantiomeric excess, at least 60% enantiomeric excess, at least 70% enantiomeric excess, at least 80% enantiomeric excess, at least 90% enantiomeric excess, at least 95% enantiomeric excess, or at least 99% enantiomeric excess in the (R) -or (S) -configuration.
Any resulting mixtures of stereoisomers can be separated on the basis of the physicochemical differences of the constituents, into the pure or substantially pure geometric isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, epimers, for example, by chromatography, trituration, crystallization, distillation or sublimation to isolate diastereomers.
Any resulting racemates of final products or intermediates can be resolved into the optical antipodes by methods known to those skilled in the art, e.g., by separation of the diastereomeric salts thereof. Racemic products can also be resolved by chiral chromatography, e.g., high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a chiral adsorbent. Preferred enantiomers can also be prepared by asymmetric syntheses. See, for example, Jacques, et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981) ; Principles of Asymmetric Synthesis (2nd Ed. Robert E. Gawley, Jeffrey Aubé, Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 2012) ; Eliel, E.L. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, NY, 1962) ; Wilen, S.H. Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E.L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN 1972) ; Chiral Separation Techniques: A Practical Approach (Subramanian, G. Ed., Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2007) .
The term “tautomer” or “tautomeric form” refers to structural isomers of different energies which are interconvertible via a low energy barrier. Where tautomerization is possible (e.g. in solution) , a chemical equilibrium of tautomers can be reached. For example, proton tautomers (also known as prototropic tautomers) include interconversions via migration of a proton, such as keto-enol and imine-enamine isomerizations. Valence tautomers include interconversions by reorganization of some of the bonding electrons. A specific example of keto-enol tautomerization is the interconversion of pentane-2, 4-dione and 4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one tautomers. Another example of tautomerization is phenol-keto tautomerization. The specific example of phenol-keto tautomerisms is pyridin-4-ol and pyridin-4 (1H) -one tautomerism. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds disclosed herein are within the scope of the invention.
The term “protecting group” or “PG” refers to a substituent that is commonly employed
to block or protect a particular functionality while reacting with other functional groups on the compound. For example, an “amino-protecting group” is a substituent attached to an amino group that blocks or protects the amino functionality in the compound. Suitable amino-protecting groups include acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, t-butoxy-carbonyl (BOC, Boc) , benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ, Cbz) and 9-fluorenylmethylenoxy-carbonyl (Fmoc) . Similarly, “hydroxy protecting group” is a substituent attached to a hydroxy group that blocks or protects the hydroxy functionality in the compound. Suitable hydroxy-protecting groups include benzyl (Bn) , carbobenzoxy (Cbz) , triphenylmethyl, p-methoxybenzyl (PMB) , t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) , trimethylsilyl (TMS) , t-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS) , triethylsilyl (TES) , triisopropylsilyl (DIPS) , 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxymethyl, dihydropyranyl, bromoallyl, ethoxycarbonyl, acetyl and benzoyl, and the like. A “carboxy-protecting group” refers to a substituent of the carboxy group that blocks or protects the carboxy functionality. Common carboxy-protecting groups include -CH2CH2SO2Ph, cyanoethyl, 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethyl, 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxymethyl, 2- (p-toluenesulfonyl) ethyl, 2- (p-nitrophenylsulfonyl) ethyl, 2- (diphenylphosphino) ethyl, nitroethyl and the like. For a general description of protecting groups and their use, see T.W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991; and P.J. Kocienski, Protecting Groups, Thieme, Stuttgart, 2005.
A “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to organic or inorganic salts of a compound disclosed herein. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S.M. Berge et al., describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66: 1-19, which is incorporated herein by reference. Some non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically acceptable and nontoxic salts include salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid and malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, laurylsulfate, malate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate, and the like. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N+ (C1-4 alkyl) 4 salts. This invention also envisions the quaternization of any basic nitrogen-containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein. Water
or oil soluble or dispersable products may be obtained by such quaternization. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, C1-8 sulfonate or aryl sulfonate.
As used herein, the term “treat” , “treating” or “treatment” of any disease or disorder refers in one embodiment, to ameliorating the disease or disorder (i.e., slowing or arresting or reducing the development of the disease or at least one of the clinical symptoms thereof) . In another embodiment “treat” , “treating” or “treatment” refers to alleviating or ameliorating at least one physical parameter including those which may not be discernible by the patient. In yet another embodiment, “treat” , “treating” or “treatment” refers to modulating the disease or disorder, either physically, (e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom) , physiologically, (e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter) , or both. In yet another embodiment, “treat” , “treating” or “treatment” refers to preventing or delaying the onset or development or progression of the disease or disorder.
The compound disclosed herein may contain asymmetric or chiral center, therefore the compound can exist in different stereoisomers. It is intended that all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of Formula (I) disclosed herein, including but not limited to, diastereomers, enantiomers and atropisomers and geometric (conformational) isomers, as well as mixtures thereof such as racemic mixtures, form part of the present invention.
All stereisomers of the structure disclosed herein are considered within the scope of the invention whether the stereochemistry of the structure is indicated or not, and which are interpreted as disclosed compounds of the invention and included in the invention. When the stereochemistry of a structure is indicated by solid wedge or dash line, the stereoisomer of the structure is definite.
The compound of the Formula (I) can be exist in various tautomer forms, and all of the tautomers, such as those described in claims, are within the scope of the invention.
The compound of Formula (I) can be exist in salt forms. In some embodiments, the salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the substance or composition must be compatible chemically and/or toxicologically, with the other ingredients comprising a formulation, and/or the mammal being treated therewith. In other embodiments, the salt may not be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, may be an intermediate used for preparing and/or purifying the compound of Formula (I) and/or isolating an enantiomer from the compound of Formula (I) .
Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can be formed with inorganic acids and
organic acids, e.g., acetate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate, bromide/hydrobromide, bicarbonate/carbonate, bisulfate/sulfate, camphorsulfonate, chloride/hydrochloride, chlorotheophyllonate, citrate, ethanedisulfonate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hippurate, hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurylsulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, mandelate, mesylate, methylsulphate, naphthoate, napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, octadecanoate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, phosphate/hydrogen phosphate/dihydrogen phosphate, polygalacturonate, propionate, stearate, succinate, subsalicylate, tartrate, tosylate and trifluoroacetate salts.
Inorganic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
Organic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, and the like.
Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be formed with inorganic and organic bases.
Inorganic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, ammonium salts and metals from columns I to XII of the periodic table. In certain embodiments, the salts are derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, silver, zinc, and copper; particularly suitable salts include ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium salts.
Organic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and the like. Certain organic amines include isopropylamine, benzathine, cholinate, diethanolamine, diethylamine, lysine, meglumine, piperazine and tromethamine.
The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from a basic or acidic moiety, by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting free acid forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base (such as Na, Ca, Mg, or K hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate or the like) , or by reacting free base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate acid. Such reactions are typically carried out in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two. Generally, use of non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile is desirable, where practicable. Lists of additional suitable salts can be found, e.g., in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” , 20th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., (1985) ; and in “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use” by Stahl and
Wermuth (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2002) .
Furthermore, the compounds disclosed herein, including their salts, can also be obtained in the form of their hydrates, or include other solvents such as ethanol, DMSO, and the like, used for their crystallization. The compounds of the present invention may inherently or by design form solvates with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents (including water) ; therefore, it is intended that the invention embrace both solvated and unsolvated forms.
Any formula given herein is also intended to represent isotopically unenriched forms as well as isotopically enriched forms of the compounds. Isotopically enriched compounds have structures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having a selected atomic mass or mass number. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, and chlorine, such as 2H (deuterium, D) , 3H, 11C, 13C, 14C, 15N, 17O, 18O, 18F, 31P, 32P, 35S, 36Cl, 125I, respectively.
In another aspect, the compounds of the invention include isotopically enriched compounds as defined herein, for example those into which radioactive isotopes, such as 3H, 14C and 18F, or those into which non-radioactive isotopes, such as 2H and 13C are present. Such isotopically enriched compounds are useful in metabolic studies (with 14C) , reaction kinetic studies (with, for example 2H or 3H) , detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients. In particular, an 18F-enriched compound may be particularly desirable for PET or SPECT studies. Isotopically-enriched compounds of Formula (I) can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the accompanying Examples and Preparations using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed.
Further, substitution with heavier isotopes, particularly deuterium (i.e., 2H or D) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements or an improvement in therapeutic index.
The term “deuteride” refers to a compound of which any hydrogen is replaced by deuterium (i.e. 2H or D) . The deuterium disclosed herein is regarded as a substituent of a compound of Formula (I) . The concentration of such a heavier isotope, specifically deuterium, may be defined by the isotopic enrichment factor. The term “isotopic enrichment factor” as used herein means the ratio between the isotopic abundance and the natural abundance of a specified isotope. If a substituent in a compound of this invention is denoted deuterium, such compound
has an isotopic enrichment factor for each designated deuterium atom of at least 3500 (52.5% deuterium incorporation at each designated deuterium atom) , at least 4000 (60% deuterium incorporation) , at least 4500 (67.5% deuterium incorporation) , at least 5000 (75% deuterium incorporation) , at least 5500 (82.5% deuterium incorporation) , at least 6000 (90% deuterium incorporation) , at least 6333.3 (95% deuterium incorporation) , at least 6466.7 (97% deuterium incorporation) , at least 6600 (99% deuterium incorporation) , or at least 6633.3 (99.5% deuterium incorporation) . Pharmaceutically acceptable solvates in accordance with the invention include those wherein the solvent of crystallization may be isotopically substituted, e.g. D2O, acetone-d6, DMSO-d6.
THE PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS OF THE COMPOUNDS IN THE INVENTION
The invention features pharmaceutical compositions that include the compound of Formula (I) , the compound listed herein, or the compound described in Examples, or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, an N-oxide, a solvate, a deuteride, a metabolite, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant. The amount of the compound in the compositions disclosed herein is an effective and detectable amount for inhibiting sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLTs) activity in biological samples or patients.
It will also be appreciated that certain of the compounds disclosed herein can exist in free form for treatment, or where appropriate, as a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof. Some non-limiting examples of the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative include pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs, salts, esters, salts of such esters, or any other adducts or derivatives which upon administration to a patient in need is capable of providing, directly or indirectly, a compound as otherwise described herein, or a metabolite or residue thereof.
As described above, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions disclosed herein further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, which, as used herein, includes any and all solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicle, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired. As described in following references: In Remington: Troy et al., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st ed., 2005, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, and Swarbrick et al., Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, eds. 1988-1999, Marcel Dekker, New York, both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties, discloses various adjuvants used in formulating pharmaceutically acceptable compositions and known techniques for the preparation thereof. Except insofar as any conventional adjuvant incompatible with the compounds disclosed
herein, such as by producing any undesirable biological effect or otherwise interacting in a deleterious manner with any other components of the pharmaceutically acceptable composition, its use is contemplated to be within the scope of this invention.
Some non-limiting examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants include ion exchangers; aluminium; aluminum stearate; lecithin; serum proteins such as human serum albumin; buffer substances such as phosphates; glycine; sorbic acid; potassium sorbate; partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids; water; salts or electrolytes such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride and zinc salts; colloidal silica; magnesium trisilicate; polyvinyl pyrrolidone; polyacrylates; waxes; polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers; wool fat; sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; fillers, starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols such as propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer’s solution; ethyl alcohol; and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, adhesives, diluents, excipients, preservatives and antioxidants.
Compounds disclosed herein can be administered as the sole pharmaceutical agent or in combination with one or more other additional therapeutic (pharmaceutical) agents where the combination causes no unacceptable adverse effects. This may be of particular relevance for the treatment of diabetes, diabetic complications and other related diseases. Some non-limiting examples of these diseases include diabetes mellitus type I, diabetes type II, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, diabetic complications, atherosclerosis and hypertension. As used herein, the additional therapeutic agents include an anti-diabetic agent other than an SGLT-2 inhibitor, an antihyperglycemic agent, an antiadipositas drug, an antihypertensive agent, an antiplatelet agent, an antiatherosclerotic drug, a lipid-lowering agent, an anti-inflammatory or a combination thereof.
Wherein, the anti-diabetic agents other than an SGLT-2 inhibitor include, but are not limited to, a biguanide (e.g., phenformin and metformin) , a sulfonylurea (e.g., acetohexamide, diabinese, glibenclamide, glipizide, gliclazide, glimepiride, glipentide, gliquidone, tolazamide
and tolbutamide) , a meglitinide, a glinide (e.g., repaglinide, nateglinide) , a α-glucosidase inhibitor (e.g., acarbose, adiposine, camiglibose, emiglitate, miglitol, voglibose, pradimicin and salbostatin) , a PPAR agonist (e.g., balaglitazone, ciglitazone, darglitazone, englitazone, isaglitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone and troglitazone) , a PPARα/γ dual agonist (such as CLX-0940, GW-1536, GW-1929, GW-2433, KRP-297, L-796449, LR-90, MK-0767 and SB-219994) , a DPP-IV inhibitor (e.g., sitagliptin, vidagliptin, alogliptin, linagliptin and saxagliptin) , a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist (e.g., exendin-3 and exendin-4) , a protein tyrosine phosphatases-1B (PTP-1B) inhibitor (e.g., trodusquemine, hyrtiosal extract and compounds are disclosed by Zhang, S. et al., Drug Discovery Today, 12 (9/10) , 373-381, 2007) , insulin, an insulin mimetic, a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, a VPAC2 receptor agonist, a glucokinase activator, a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor or a glucose-6-phosphatase inhibitor, an αP2 inhibitor, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2 (ACC-2) inhibitor, a phosphodiesterase (PDE) -10 inhibitor, a diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) 1 or 2 inhibitor, a glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) regulator and a glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) inhibitor.
Wherein, the antihyperglycemic agents include, but are not limited to, a biguanide (e.g., phenformin and metformin) , a sulfonylurea (e.g., acetohexamide, diabinese, glibenclamide, glipizide, gliclazide, glimepiride, glipentide, gliquidone, tolazamide and tolbutamide) , a meglitinide, a glinide (e.g., repaglinide, nateglinide) , a glucosidase inhibitor (e.g., acarbose, adiposine, camiglibose, emiglitate, miglitol, voglibose, pradimicin and salbostatin) , a PPAR agonist (e.g., balaglitazone, ciglitazone, darglitazone, englitazone, isaglitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone and troglitazone) , a PPARα/γ dual agonist (such as CLX-0940, GW-1536, GW-1929, GW-2433, KRP-297, L-796449, LR-90, MK-0767 and SB-219994) , a DPP-IV inhibitor (e.g., sitagliptin, vidagliptin, alogliptin and saxagliptin) , a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist (e.g., exendin-3 and exendin-4) , a protein tyrosine phosphatases-1B (PTP-1B) inhibitor (e.g., trodusquemine, hyrtiosal extract and compounds are disclosed by Zhang, S. et al., Drug Discovery Today, 12 (9/10) , 373-381, 2007) , insulin, an insulin mimetic, a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, a VPAC2 receptor agonist, a glucokinase activator, a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor or a glucose-6-phosphatase inhibitor, an αP2 inhibitor, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2 (ACC-2) inhibitor, a phosphodiesterase (PDE) -10 inhibitor, a diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) 1 or 2 inhibitor, a glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) regulator and a glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) inhibitor.
Wherein, the lipid-lowering agents include, but are not limited to, an MTP inhibitor, an HMGCoA reductase inhibitor, a squalene synthase inhibitor, fibrate antihyperlipidemic drug, an ACAT inhibitor, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, an ileal Na (+) /bile acid cotransporter inhibitor, an upregulators of LDL receptor activity, a bile acid sequestrant or
niacin and a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid-lowering agent is selected from pravastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, cerivastatin, atavastatin and rosuvastatin. Wherein, the anti-obesity agents include CB-1 antagonists (such as rimonabant, taranabant, surinabant, otenabant, SLV319 and AVE1625) , gut-selective MTP inhibitors (such as dirlotapide, mitratapide and implitapide) , CCKa agonists, 5-HT2c agonists (such as lorcaserin) , MCR4 agonists, lipase inhibitors (such as cetilistat) , PYY3-36, opioid antagonist (such as naltrexone) , oleoyl-estrone, obinepitide, pramlintide, tesofensine, leptin, liraglutide, bromocriptine, orlistat, exenatide, AOD-9604 and sibutramide.
Wherein, the suitable anti-inflammatory agents include genital tract/urinary tract infection preventatives and treatments. Exemplary agents include cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and cranberry derivatives, such as cranberry juice, cranberry extracts or flavonols of cranberries. Moreover, other suitable anti-inflammatory agents include, but are not limited to, aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticosteroid, sulfasalazine and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, etc.
The compositions disclosed herein may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The term “parenteral” as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intraocular, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection and infusion techniques. In some embodiments, the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously. Sterile injectable forms of the compositions disclosed herein include aqueous and oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that include water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, non-volatile oil can be conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
For this purpose, any bland non-volatile oil includes synthetic mono-or diglucosyl diglycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives, which are useful in the preparation of injectables, can be used as natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents that are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions. Other commonly used surfactants, such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are
commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.
USE OF THE COMPOUNDS AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS
The amount of the compound or the compound in the compositions disclosed herein is an effective and detectable amount for inhibiting sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLTs) activity, especially SGLT-2 activity. SGLT-2 is responsible for reabsorption of D-glucose from kidney spherule filtrate, which inhibits glucose reabsorption in blood vessel and this is beneficial to reduce glucose concentrations in blood. Hence, the compound of the invention would be used for preventing and treating the diabetes and related diseases or improving symptoms of these diseases.
Compounds disclosed herein would be useful for, but are not limited to, preventing or treating diabetes or related diseases, or lessening diabetes or related diseases, or delaying the progression or onset of diabetes or related diseases or increasing HDL levels in a patient by administering to the patient a compound or a composition disclosed herein in an effective amount. Such diseases include, but are not limited to, diabetes, especially type II diabetes, and diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, diabetic complications, atherosclerosis and hypertension.
oreover, compounds or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein also suit for preventing or treating the damage of diabetes in later stages, such as kidney disease, retinopathy, neuropathy, myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, thrombosis, arteriosclerosis, inflammation, immunological diseases, autoimmune diseases such as AIDS, asthma, osteoporosis, cancer, psoriasis, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and infectious diseases.
Besides being useful for human treatment, these compounds are also useful for veterinary treatment of animals such as companion animals, exotic animals and farm animals, including mammals, rodents, and the like. In other embodiments, the animals disclosed herein include horses, dogs, and cats. As used herein, the compounds disclosed herein include the pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof.
An “effective amount” or “effective dose” of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable composition is an amount that is effective in treating or lessening the severity of one or more of the aforementioned disorders. The compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions are effective administered in a fairly wide dose range. For example, the daily dose is from about 0.1 mg to 1000 mg per person, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be administered in a single dose or in several divided doses a day. The compounds and compositions, according to the method disclosed herein, may be administered
using any amount and any route of administration which is effective for treating or lessening the severity of the disorder or disease. The exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the infection, the particular agent, its mode of administration, and the like. A compound or composition can also be administered with one or more other therapeutic agents as discussed above.
Figure 1 H-H NOESY spectrogram of the compound (I-n) , i.e. compound (I) with the protection of benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal.
GENERAL SYNTHETIC PROCEDURES AND DETECTION METHOD
In the present invention, if the chemical name of the compound doesn’t match the corresponding structure, the compound is characterized by the corresponding structure.
Persons skilled in the art will recognize that the chemical reactions described may be readily adapted to prepare a number of the compounds disclosed herein, and similar compounds. The invention can be realized by modifications by those skilled in the art, e.g., by appropriately protecting groups, by utilizing other suitable reagents known in the art other than those described, and/or by making routine modifications of reaction conditions, these common preparation method of modifications also be deemed within the scope of the present invention. Alternatively, the reactions disclosed herein or known in the art will be recognized as having applicability for preparing other compounds which are similar with the compound disclosed herein.
Generally, the compound of Formula (I) can be prepared by the methods described herein. The following examples are presented to further exemplify the invention.
The (R, S) -diastereomer mixture, i.e. (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- (1-hydroxyethyl) -6, 8-dioxa bicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol, was prepared by referring to the method described in PCT/CN2014/087587 (WO2015043511) , therefore the disclosed contents are incorporated by reference herein.
The structures of the compounds were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (e.g., 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) . 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR chemical shifts (δ) were recorded as ppm (10-6) . Measure of 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR are performed, respectively, on Bruker Ultrashield -400 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer and Bruker Avance III HD 600 nuclear magnetic
resonance spectrometer using deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) , deuterated methanol (CD3OD) or deuterated DMSO (DMSO-d6) as a solvent and TMS (0 ppm) or deuterated chloroform (7.26 ppm) as the reference standard. When peak multiplicities are reported, the following abbreviations are used: s (singlet) , d (doublet) , t (triplet) , m (multiplet) , br (broadened) , dd (doublet of doublets) , dt (doublet of triplets) , ddd (doublet of doublet of doublets) , ddt (doublet of doublet of triplets) , td (triplet of doublets) , brs (broadened singlet) . Coupling constants, when given, were reported in Hertz (Hz) .
Wherein the absolute configuration of the chiral carbon connected to bridgehead carbon of compound (I-m) is identified by Mosher method.
Compound (I-m) react with (R) -2-methoxy-2-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid (i.e. (R) -MTPA) and (S) -2-methoxy-2-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid (i.e. (S) -MTPA) respectively to afford Mosher ester (i.e. (R) -MTPA eater and (S) -MTPA ester) , 1H-NMR spectrums of both Mosher esters are measured on Bruker Ultrashield-400 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer respectively by using DMSO-d6 as a solvent, and the shift difference of β-H (△δ=△δS–△δR) of the hydroxy connected to the chiral carbon is calculated, the absolute configuration of the chiral carbon connected to the bridgehead carbon of compound (I-m) can be identified according to the plus or minus of the shift difference of β-H.
The absolute configuration of the chiral carbon connected to the bridgehead carbon of compound (I) can be identified by H-H NOESY method. Compound (I) react with benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal to afford compound (I-n) , H-H NOESY spectrogram of which is recorded on Bruker Avance III HD 600 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer by using DMSO-d6 as a solvent, space position relations between each H atom of stereo chemical structure of a molecule can be obtained according NOE signal, and then the absolute configuration of the chiral carbon connected to the bridgehead carbon can be obtained.
MS spectra were determined on Agilen-6120 Quadrupole LC/MS mass spectrometer;
The thin-layer silica gel used was Yantai Huanghai HSGF254 silica gel plate.
The silica gel used in column chromatography generally was Qingdao Ocean Chemical Factory 200 to 300 mesh or 300 to 400 mesh silica gel.
The staring materials of the present invention were known or purchased from Shanghai Accela Company, Energy Company, J&K, Chengdu Aiertai Company, Alfa Company and the like, or they could be prepared by the conventional synthesis methods in the prior art.
Unless otherwise stated, the reactions disclosed herein were carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere.
The term “nitrogen atmosphere” refers to such an atmosphere that a reaction flask was equipped with a balloon or a stainless steel autoclave filled with about 1 L of nitrogen.
The term “hydrogen atmosphere” refers to such an atmosphere that a reaction flask was equipped with a balloon or a stainless steel autoclave filled with about 1 L of hydrogen.
Unless otherwise stated, the solution used in the examples disclosed herein was an aqueous solution.
Unless otherwise stated, the reaction temperature was room temperature;
The room temperature is from 20 ℃ to 30 ℃.
The reaction process in the examples was monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC) . The solvent system for development of a TLC plate comprised dichloromethane and methanol, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, petroleum ether (or n-hexane, cyclohexane or n-heptane, and the like) and ethyl acetate. The volume ratio of the solvents in the solvent system was adjusted according to the polarity of the compounds.
The elution system of column chromatography comprised: A: petroleum ether (or n-hexane, cyclohexane or n-heptane, and the like) and ethyl acetate; B: dichloromethane and ethyl acetate; C: dichloromethane and methanol. The volume ratio of the solvents in the elution system was adjusted according to the polarity of the compounds, and sometimes it was also adjusted by adding a basic agent such as aqueous ammonia or an acidic agent such as acetic acid.
HPLC refers to High Performance Liquid Chromatography.
HPLC was determined on Agilent 1200DAD high pressure liquid chromatography spectrometer (Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 150 × 4.6 mm chromatographic column) .
The test condition of HPLC: the run time was 30 minutes (min) ; the column temperature was 35 ℃; the detection was carried out at the wavelength of 210 nm and 254 nm using PDA detector; the mobile phase was H2O (A) and acetonitrile (B) ; and the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min.
The following abbreviations are used throughout the specification:
Bn benzyl
TMSCl chlorotrimethylsilane
TBSCl tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride
TBAI tetrabutylammonium iodide
TBAF tetrabutylammonium fluoride
e.q. equivalent
The LC/MS/MS system used in biological analysis test comprises Agilent 1200 series vacuum degassing furnace, binary pumps, well-plate autosampler, thermostatted column compartment, the Agilent G6430Triple Quadru pole Mass Spectrometer with an electrosprayionization (ESI) source. Quantitative analysis was carried out using MRM mode. The parameters for MRM transitions are in the Table A.
Table A:
An Agilent XDB-C18, 2.1 × 30 mm, 3.5 μM column was used for the analysis. 5 μL of the samples were injected. Analysis condition: The mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acidin methanol (B) . The flow rate was 0.4 mL/min. And the gradient of Mobile phase was in the Table B.
Table B:
| Time | Gradient of Mobile Phase B |
| 0.5 min | 5 % |
| 1.0 min | 95 % |
| 2.2 min | 95 % |
| 2.3 min | 5 % |
| 5.0 min | stop |
Alternatively, an Agilent 6330 series LC/MS/MS spectrometer equipped with G1312A binarypumps, a G1367A autosampler and a G1314C UV detector were used in the analysis. An ESI source was used on the LC/MS/MS spectrometer. The analysis was done in positive ion mode as appropriate and the MRM transition for each analyte was optimized using standard solution. A Capcell MP-C18 100 × 4.6 mm I. D., 5 μM column (Phenomenex, Torrance, California, USA) was used during the analysis. The mobile phase was 5 mM ammonia acetate, 0.1% MeOH in water (A) and 5 mM ammonia acetate, 0.1% MeOH in acetonitrile (B) (70: 30, v/v) . The flow rate was 0.6 mL/min. Column was maintained at ambient temperature. 20 μL of the samples were injected.
EXAMPLES
The examples of the present invention provides the method of preparing optically pure (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- [ (1R) -1-hydroxyethyl] -6, 8-d ioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol. Those skilled in the art can learn from this article to
properly improve the process parameters to implement the present invention. Of particular note is that all similar substitutions and modifications to the skilled person are obvious, and they are deemed to be included in the present invention. Related person can clearly realize and apply the techniques disclosed herein by making some changes, appropriate alterations or combinations to the methods without departing from spirit, principles and scope of the present disclosure.
In order to further understand the invention, it is detailed below through examples.
EXAMPLE
Example 1: (1S, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tris (benzyloxy) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-1-carbaldehyde (I-l)
Step 1) (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -3, 4, 5-tris (trimethylsilyloxy) -6- (trimethylsilyloxymethyl) tetrahydropyran
-2-one (I-b)
To a solution of N-methylmorpholine (246.8 mL, 2.24 mol) and (3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -3, 4, 5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl) tetrahydropyran-2-one I-a (50 g, 0.28 mol, bought from Aladdin)
in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (500 mL) was added dropwise trimethylchlorosilane (213 mL, 1.68 mol) at 0 ℃ over a period of 2 hours. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 8 hours and quenched with 1 L of water. The resulting mixture was partitioned. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (100 mL × 3) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride (100 mL × 3) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography eluted with PE/EtOAc (v/v) =40/1 to give the title compound I-b as colorless oil (125.2 g, 100%) .
1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm) : 4.17 (m, 1H) , 3.99 (d, 1H) , 3.89 (t, 1H) , 3.81 (m, 3H) , 0.18 (s, 9H) , 0.17 (s, 9H) , 0.15 (s, 9H) , 0.11 (s, 9H) .
Step 2) (2S, 3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -3, 4, 5-tris
(trimethylsilyloxy) -6- (trimethylsilyloxymethyl) tetrahydropyran-2-ol (I-d)
To a solution of 4-bromo-1-chloro-2- (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl-benzene I-c (30 g, 92.1 mmol, bought from Shanghai Kinsey pharmaceutical company) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (250 mL) was added n-butyllithium (40.3 mL, 96.7 mmol, 2.4 M in n-hexane ) dropwise under N2 at -78 ℃. The mixture was stirred at -78 ℃ for 40 min and a solution of (3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -3, 4, 5-tris (trimethylsilyloxy) -6- (trimethylsilyloxymethyl) tetrahydropyran-2-one I-b (47.3 g, 101.3 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) was added dropwise. After the addition, the mixture was stirred at –78 ℃ for 5 hours, and then quenched with 100 mL of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride at –78 ℃. The mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo to remove most of the solvent. To the residue was added 150 mL of water. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (150 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride (200 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound 1-d as pale yellow oil (69.7 g, 100%) . This crude product was used in next step without further purification.
Step 3) (2S, 3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -2- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6- (hydroxymethyl) -2-
methoxy-tetrahydropyran-3, 4, 5-triol (I-e)
To a solution of (2S, 3R, 4S, 5R, 6R) -2- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -3, 4, 5 -tris (trimethylsilyloxy) -6- (trimethylsilyloxymethyl) tetrahydropyran-2-ol I-d (65.7 g, 92.13 mmol) in methanol (300 mL) was added p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (8.76 g, 46.06 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours, neutralized with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate till pH = 7 and concentrated in vacuo. To the residue was added 100 mL of water. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (200 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride (200 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by re-crystallization from
toluene/n-hexane (v/v) = 1/1 to give the title compound 1-e as a white meshy solid (29.0 g, 71.6%) .
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm) : 7.52 (s, 1H) , 7.39 (m, 2H) , 7.08 (m, 2H) , 6.83 (m, 2H) , 4.96 (d, 1H) , 4.73 (m, 2H) , 4.52 (t, 1H) , 4.09-3.94 (m, 4H) , 3.76-3.72 (m, 1H) , 3.61-3.51 (m, 2H) , 3.38 (m, 1H) , 3.23 (m, 1H) , 2.92 (s, 3H) , 2.89 (m, 1H) , 1.29 (t, 3H) .
Step 4) (2S, 3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- [ (tert-butyl (dimethyl) silyl) oxymethyl] -2- [4-chloro-3- [ (4
-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -2-methoxy-tetrahydropyran-3, 4, 5-triol (I-f)
To a solution of (2S, 3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -2- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6- (hydroxymethyl) -2-methoxy-tetrahydropyran-3, 4, 5-triol I-e (82.2 g, 187.4 mmol) in dichloromethane (800 mL) was added imidazole (25.5 g, 374.7 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ and tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (56.7 g, 374.7 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was further stirred at 0 ℃ for 2 hours. The mixture was adjusted to pH 7 with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate at 0 ℃ and partitioned. The organic layer was washed with water (100 mL × 2) and then saturated aqueous sodium chloride (100 mL × 2) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound 1-f as yellow oil (119 g, 100%) . This crude product was used in next step without further purification.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm) : 7.37 (m, 2H) , 7.30 (m, 1H) , 6.08 (m, 2H) , 6.80 (m, 2H) , 4.02-3.88 (m, 7H) , 3.67 (m, 2H) , 3.22 (m, 1H) , 3.08 (s, 3H) , 1.40 (t, 3H) , 0.90 (s, 9H) , 0.12 (s, 3H) , 0.09 (s, 3H) .
Step 5) tert-butyl-dimethyl- [ [ (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R, 6S) -3, 4, 5-tribenzyloxy-6- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-
ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6-methoxy-tetrahydropyran-2-yl] methoxy] silane (I-g)
To a suspension of sodium hydride (65.4 g, 1.627 mol, 60%) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) was added dropwise a solution of (2S, 3R, 4S, 5S, 6R) -6- [ (tert-butyl (dimethyl) silyl) oxymethyl] -2- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) meth yl] phenyl] -2-methoxy-tetrahydropyran-3, 4, 5-triol I-f (150 g, 0.271 mol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (800 mL) at 0 ℃ and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 0 ℃. And then the mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature. After benzyl bromide (113 mL, 951.84 mmol) and tetrabutylammonium iodide (3.91 g, 10.6 mmol) were added in turn, the mixture was stirred at 40 ℃ for 12 hours and cooled to 0 ℃, and then quenched with 50 mL of water. Most of the solvent was removed in vacuo. To the residue was added 200 mL of water. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (150 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride (200 mL × 2) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography eluted with PE/EtOAc (v/v) =20/1 to give the title compound 1-g as yellow oil (97 g, 43.5%) .
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm) : 7.46 (m, 1H) , 7.35 (m, 12H) , 7.20 (m, 3H) , 7.04 (m, 4H) , 6.74 (m, 2H) , 4.90 (m, 3H) , 4.72 (d, 1H) , 4.50 (d, 1H) , 4.15 (t, 1H) , 4.05 (d, 1H) , 3.97 (m, 3H) , 3.80 (m, 3H) , 3.75 (m, 1H) , 3.65 (m, 1H) , 3.29 (d, 1H) , 3.05 (s, 3H) , 1.38 (t, 3H) , 0.90 (s, 9H) , 0.11 (s, 3H) , 0.08 (s, 3H) .
Step 6) [ (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R, 6S) -3, 4, 5-tribenzyloxy-6- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl]
-6-methoxy-tetrahydropyran-2-yl] methanol (I-h)
To a solution of tert-butyl-dimethyl- [ [ (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R, 6S) -3, 4, 5-tribenzyloxy-6- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6-methoxy-tetrahydropyran-2-yl] methoxy] silane I-g (84.1 g, 102.1 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (400 mL) was added tetrabutylammonium fluoride (53.4 g, 204.2 mmol) at rt. The mixture was stirred at rt for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL) and partitioned, the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL × 3) , and the organic phase was combined with the ethyl acetate phases. The combined organic layers were washed with saturated brine (200 mL) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EtOAc (v/v) = 10/1) to give the title compound I-h as yellow oil (56.3 g, 77.8%) .
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm) : 7.34 (m, 13H) , 7.25 (m, 3H) , 7.04 (m, 2H) , 6.99 (m, 2H) , 6.77 (m, 2H) , 4.90 (m, 3H) , 4.69 (d, 1H) , 4.49 (d, 1H) , 4.16 (t, 1H) , 4.10 (d, 1H) , 4.00 (m, 2H) , 3.98 (m, 2H) , 3.81 (m, 1H) , 3.70 (m, 1H) , 3.68 (m, 1H) , 3.66 (m, 1H) , 3.29 (d, 1H) , 3.06 (s, 3H) , 1.75 (brs, 1H) , 1.38 (t, 3H) .
Step 7) (2S, 3S, 4S, 5R, 6S) -3, 4, 5-tribenzyloxy-6- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6-
methoxy-tetrahydropyran-2-carbaldehyde (I-i)
To a solution of [ (2R, 3R, 4S, 5R, 6S) -3, 4, 5-tribenzyloxy-6- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6-methoxy-tetrahydropyran-2-yl] methanol I-h (8.65 g, 12.19 mmol) in dichloromethane (300 mL) was added 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (6.83 g, 24.39 mmol) at rt. The mixture was heated at 45 ℃ and refluxed for 36 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (150 mL) , then partitioned. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine (150 mL × 2) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound I-i as yellow oil (7.57 g, 87.8 %) , This crude product was used in next step without further purification.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm) : 9.74 (d, 1H) , 7.39-7.19 (m, 16H) , 7.03-7.00 (m, 4H) , 6.76 (m, 2H) , 4.90 (m, 3H) , 4.70 (d, 1H) , 4.48 (d, 1H) , 4.23 (t, 1H) , 4.15-4.07 (m, 2H) , 3.99-3.75 (m, 5H) , 3.31 (d, 1H) , 3.07 (s, 3H) , 1.38 (t, 3H) .
Step 8) [ (3S, 4S, 5R, 6S) -3, 4, 5-tribenzyloxy-6- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -2-
(hydroxymethyl) -6-methoxy-tetrahydropyran-2-yl] methanol (I-j)
To a solution of (2S, 3S, 4S, 5R, 6S) -3, 4, 5-tribenzyloxy-6- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6-methoxy-tetrahydropyran-2-carbaldehyde I-i (13.5 g, 19.1 mmol) in isopropano/1, 4-dioxane (95 mL, v/v = 18/1) was added sodium hydroxide (1.22 g, 30.56 mmol) in portions, followed by addition of formaldehyde (38.7 mL, 477.5 mmol, 37 wt%solution) , the mixture was stirred at rt for 48 hours. The mixture was adjusted with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride to pH 7. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with water (25 mL × 2) and saturated brine (25 mL × 2) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EtOAc (v/v) = 5/1) to give the title compound I-j as yellow oil (4.63 g, 32.8 %) .
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm) : 7.37 (m, 6H) , 7.22 (m, 10H) , 7.05 (m, 2H) , 7.02 (m, 2H) , 6.79 (m, 2H) , 4.95 (m, 3H) , 4.69 (d, 2H) , 4.38 (m, 1H) , 4.09 (m, 2H) , 4.04-3.96 (m, 4H) , 3.83 (m, 3H) , 3.66 (m, 1H) , 3.25 (m, 1H) , 3.06 (s, 3H) , 1.72 (t, 1H) , 1.39 (t, 3H) .
Step 9) [ (1S, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tribenzyloxy-5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -
6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-1-yl] methanol (I-k)
To a solution of [ (3S, 4S, 5R, 6S) -3, 4, 5-tribenzyloxy-6- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -2- (hydroxymethyl) -6-methoxy-tetrahydropyran-2-yl] methanol I-j (2.49 g, 3.37 mmol) in dichloromethane (300 mL) was added p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (0.32 g, 1.69 mmol) at rt. The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (30 mL) , and the resulting mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with saturated brine (20 mL × 2) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EtOAc (v/v) = 7/1) to give the title compound I-k as light yellow oil (1.06 g, 44.5%) .
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm) : 7.45 (d, 1H) , 7.40 (m, 12H) , 7.30 (m, 3H) , 7.09 (m, 2H) , 6.91 (m, 2H) , 6.78 (m, 2H) , 4.88 (m, 3H) , 4.78 (d, 1H) , 4.29 (m, 2H) , 4.11-3.96 (m, 6H) , 3.88 (d, 1H) , 3.80 (m, 2H) , 3.71 (m, 2H) , 1.85 (t, 1H) , 1.41 (t, 3H) .
Step 10) (1S, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tribenzyloxy-5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-1-carbaldehyde (I-l)
[ (1S, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tribenzyloxy-5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl]
-6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-1-yl] methanol I-k (100.0 g, 141.4 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (800 mL) , and then the mixture was cooled to 3 ℃. To the mixture were added potassium bromide (10.1 g, 84.9 mmol) , 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidinooxy (2.23 g, 14.1 mmol) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (2500 mL, 2000 mmol) in turn. After the addition, the mixture was stirred for 1 min and then sodium hypochlorite solution (210 mL, 368 mmol, d = 1.25 g/m3) was added. The mixture was continued to stir for 15 min. The mixture was stood and partitioned. The organic layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride solution (100 mL) and dired over anhydrous Na2SO4, and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound I-l (99.7 g, 100%) as red oil.
1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm) : 9.63 (s, 1H) , 7.36 (m, 12H) , 7.20 (m, 4H) , 7.08 (d, 2H) , 6.89 (d, 2H) , 6.77 (d, 2H) , 4.95 (m, 1H) , 4.87 (m, 2H) , 4.76 (d, 1H) , 4.51 (d, 1H) , 4.26 (m, 1H) , 4.03 (m, 7H) , 3.86 (d, 1H) , 3.72 (d, 1H) , 1.41 (t, 3H) .
Example 2: (1R) -1- [ (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tribenzyloxy-5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-1-yl] ethanol (I-m)
To a solution of (1S, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tribenzyloxy-5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-1-carbaldehyde I-l (82.0 g, 116 mmol, 1.0 eq) in toluene (600 mL) was added chiral ligand Cr-Salen (11.0 g, 17.4 mmol, 0.15 eq) at rt. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min under N2, and then cooled to –10 ℃, a solution of zinc dimethyl in hexane (150.8 mL, 150.8 mmol, 1.3 eq, 1.0 M) was added over 1 hour. The resulting mixture was sitrred at rt for 20 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (50 mL) at –10 ℃. The water phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with water (500 mL × 2) and saturated brine (500 mL × 2) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give crude product of the title compound I-m as reddish brown oil (115 g) .
Purification: the above redidish brown oil (115 g) was triturated with PE/EtOAc (v/v =
4/1, 100 mL) at rt for 10 hours. The mixture was filtered. The filter cake was washed with PE/EtOAc (v/v = 30/1, 40 mL) and dried in vacuo to give the title compound I-m as a yellow solid (46.0 g, HPLC: 90.8%, ee: 96.7%) , yield: 53.0%.
1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm) : 7.48 (dd, 2H) , 7.41 (dd, 1H) , 7.37-7.32 (m, 2H) , 7.32-7.24 (m, 8H) , 7.24-7.16 (m, 3H) , 7.05 (d, 2H) , 6.85 (d, 2H) , 6.75 (d, 2H) , 5.04 (s, 1H) , 4.79 (m, 4H) , 4.26 (d, 1H) , 4.12 (d, 1H) , 4.00 (dd, 2H) , 3.96-3.84 (m, 5H) , 3.79 (d, 1H) , 3.73 (dd, 2H) , 1.29 (t, 3H) , 1.15 (d, 3H) .
Identification of the absolute configuration:
The shift difference value of β-H (△δ=△δS–△δR) of the hydroxy on the chiral carbon connected to bridgehead carbon is positive value calculated by Mosher method, i.e. △δ>0, the absolute configuration of the chiral carbon connected to bridgehead carbon of compound (I-m) was identified as (R) -configuration according to Mosher method.
The compound (I-m) can be prepared under the reaction conditions shown in table 1 which according to the procedure described in Example 2.
Table 1: Conditions of the method for synthesizing compound (I-m) and results, which can be applied according to the procedure described example 2:
Note: the reaction solvent is toluene
The structures of Salen ligand, Zn-Salen ligand, Mn-Salen ligand and Cr-Salen ligand are shown in below:
Example 3: (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- [ (1R) -1-hydroxyethyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol (I)
To a solution of (1R) -1- [ (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tribenzyloxy-5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-1-yl] ethanol I-m (46.0 g, 63.7 mmol) in MeOH/THF (v/v = 10/1, 440 mL) were added 10% Pd/C (0.55g , 5.2 mmol) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (17 mL, 395 mmol, 12 M) in turn at rt. The mixture was stirred under hydrogen for 2 hours. The mixture was filtered to remove Pd/C. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL) , the solution was adjusted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate to pH = 7, and the resulting mixture was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and filtered. The filtrated was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column
chromatography (ethyl acetate) to give the title compound I as a white solid (22.0 g, HPLC: 92.4%, ee: 97.1%) , yield: 90.0%.
MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 451.2 [M+H] +; and
1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm) : 7.41 (dd, 2H) , 7.35-7.29 (m, 1H) , 7.11 (d, 2H) , 6.84 (d, 2H) , 5.30 (d, 1H) , 5.01 (d, 1H) , 4.92 (d, 1H) , 4.64 (d, 1H) , 4.03-3.95 (m, 5H) , 3.85 (m, 1H) , 3.78 (d, 1H) , 3.59-3.53 (m, 1H) , 3.44 (dd, 1H) , 3.38 (m, 1H) , 1.30 (t, 3H) , 1.18 (d, 3H) .
Identification of the absolute configuration:
The compound (I) reacted with benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal to afford compound (I-n) . Compound (I-n) was measured to get H-H NOESY spectrogram (shown as figure 1) , each hydrogen atom of the compound was marked like Formula (I-n) , spectrum was analysed based on NOE signal in H-H NOESY spectrogram, the results were shown as table 2:
Table 2: Related data of NOE of main hydrogen in H-H NOESY spectrogram of compound (I-n)
The absolute configuration of the chiral carbon connected to bridgehead carbon of compound (I) was identified as (R) -configuration.
Compound (I) , i.e. (R) -configuration, also can be prepared by the following method of example 4, specific method were shown as followed:
Example 4: (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- [ (1R) -1-hydroxyethyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol (I)
Step 1) 1- [ (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tris (benzyloxy) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl)
methyl] phenyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-1-yl] ethanol (I-r)
To a solution of (1S, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tribenzyloxy-5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-1-carbaldehyde I-1 (3.02 g, 4.26 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (40 mL) was added dropwise methylmagnesium bromide (2.13 mL, 6.39 mmol, 3 M in diethyl ether) over 5 min at -10 ℃ under N2. After the addition, the mixture was stirred at rt for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (5 mL) . The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with saturated brine (20 mL × 2) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica gel column chromatography (EtOAc/PE (v/v) =1/10) to give the title compound I-r as pale yellow oil (2.0 g, 65.0%) .
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm) : 7.48 (m, 2H) , 7.45 (m, 1H) , 7.30 (m, 10H) , 7.19 (m, 3H) , 7.05 (m, 2H) , 6.85 (m, 2H) , 6.75 (m, 2H) , 5.04 (m, 1H) , 4.80 (m, 3H) , 4.30 (d, 1H) , 4.11 (m, 1H) , 4.01 (m, 3H) , 3.98 (m, 5H) , 3.79 (m, 2H) , 1.28 (t, 3H) , 1.13 (d, 3H) .
Step 2) 1- [ (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tris (benzyloxy) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl]
phenyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-1-yl] ethanone (I-s)
To a solution of 1- [ (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tris (benzyloxy) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-1-yl] ethanol I-r (0.5 g, 0.69 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) were added saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (7.4 mL, 6.9 mmol) , potassium bromide (50 mg, 0.42 mmol) and 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidinooxy (10 mg, 64 mmol) at 0 ℃ in turn, and then sodium
hypochlorite solution (1.5 mL, 1.8 mmol, 3.28 % active chlorine) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 0.5 hour. The reaction mixture was partitioned, and the water phase was extracted with dichloromethane (10 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with saturated brine (20 mL × 2) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EtOAc (v/v) = 4/1) to give the title compound I-s as a white solid (0.25 g, 50.0 %) .
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm) : 7.37 (m, 12H) , 7.20 (m, 4H) , 7.08 (d, 2H) , 6.90 (d, 2H) , 6.77 (d, 2H) , 4.86 (dd, 2H) , 4.73 (d, 1H) , 4.62 (d, 1H) , 4.51 (d, 1H) , 4.27 (d, 1H) , 4.00 (m, 7H) , 3.88 (d, 1H) , 3.73 (d, 1H) , 2.14 (s, 3H) , 1.41 (t, 3H) .
Step 3) : (1R) -1- [ (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tribenzyloxy-5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl)
methyl] phenyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-1-yl] ethanol (I-m)
To a solution of 1- [ (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tris (benzyloxy) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-1-yl] ethanone I-s (0.3 g, 0.42 mmol) in ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.18 g, 0.84 mmol) at rt. The mixture was stirred for 5 hours. The reaction was quenched with 1 mL of water. The resulting mixture was partitioned. The organic layer was washed with water (3 mL × 2) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride (3 mL × 2) , dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography eluted with PE/EtOAc (v/v) =1/2 to give the title compound I-m as a yellow solid (0.17 g) .
Further purification: the above product was triturated with PE/EtOAc (v/v = 4/1, 10 mL) at rt for 10 hours. The mixture was filtered by suck. The filter cake was washed with PE/EtOAc (v/v = 30/1, 4 mL) . The filter cake was further triturated according above process for 3 to 5 times, and dried in vacuo to give the title compound I-m as a white solid (HPLC: 90.8%, ee: 96.7%) .
The compound (I-m) can be prepared under the reaction conditions shown in table 3 according to the procedure described in step 3 of example 4.
Table 3: Conditions of the method two for synthesizing compound (I-m) and results
Note: the amount of compound (I-s) is 1.0 eq
Step 4) : (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- [ (1R) -1-
hydroxyethyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol (I)
To a solution of (1R) -1- [ (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -2, 3, 4-tribenzyloxy-5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-1-yl] ethanol I-m (46.0 g, 63.7 mmol) in MeOH/THF (v/v = 10/1, 440 mL) were added 10% Pd/C (0.55g, 5.2 mmol) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (17 mL, 395 mmol, 12 M) in turn at rt under N2. The mixture was stirred under hydrogen for 2 hours. The mixture was filtered to remove Pd/C. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL) , and the solution was adjusted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate to pH = 7. The resulting mixture was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and filtered. The filtrated was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate) to give the title compound I as a white solid (22.0 g, HPLC: 92.4%, ee: 97.1%) , yield: 90.0%.
MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 451.2 [M+H] +; and
1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm) : 7.41 (dd, 2H) , 7.35-7.29 (m, 1H) , 7.11 (d, 2H) , 6.84 (d, 2H) , 5.30 (d, 1H) , 5.01 (d, 1H) , 4.92 (d, 1H) , 4.64 (d, 1H) , 4.03-3.95 (m, 5H) , 3.85 (m, 1H) , 3.78 (d, 1H) , 3.59-3.53 (m, 1H) , 3.44 (dd, 1H) , 3.38 (m, 1H) , 1.30 (t, 3H) , 1.18 (d, 3H) .
Example 5: (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- [ (1S) -1-hydroxyethyl] -6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol, i.e. (S) -configuration
The (R, S) -diastereoisomeric mixture, i.e. (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- (1-hydroxyethyl-6, 8-dioxabi cyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol, was prepared by using the method described in
PCT/CN2014/087587 (WO2015043511) , the (R) -configuration isomer and the (S) -configuration isomer were isolated from the mixture using Calesep PUMP 250 preparative chromatograph (Shanghai Sunyear) and Novasep LC-50 preparative column (Novasep) . The (R, S) -diastereoisomeric mixture was dissolved in methanol and the solution was filtered through a 0.45μm organic membrane filter, and then was injected. Analysis conditions: mobile phase is consisted of 64% methanol (B) and 36% water (A) , the flow rate is 85 mL/min, the detection wavelengths are 224 nm and 276 nm. Optically pure (S) -configuration isomer was isolated according to this method.
MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 451.2 [M+H] +; and
1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm) : 7.44-7.36 (m, 2H) , 7.31 (d, 1H) , 7.10 (d, 2H) , 6.83 (d, 2H) , 5.15 (d, 1H) , 4.99 (d, 1H) , 4.94 (d, 1H) , 4.57 (d, 1H) , 4.06 (d, 1H) , 3.97 (m, 4H) , 3.87-3.79 (m, 1H) , 3.77 (dd, 1H) , 3.50 (d, 1H) , 3.44 (dd, 1H) , 3.38 (d, 1H) , 1.29 (t, 3H) , 1.11 (d, 3H) .
Test examples
1. Measurement of inhibitory activity for SGLT-2 and SGLT-1
Experimental purposes:
The following methods can be used to determine the inhibitory activity of the compound (I) , and (S) -configuration isomer and (R, S) -diastereoisomeric mixture thereof disclosed herein for SGLT-1 and SGLT-2.
Test compound
Compound (I) , i.e. (R) -configuration isomer, (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- [ (1R) -1-hydroxyethyl] -6, 8-d ioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol;
(S) -Configuration isomer, (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- [ (1S) -1-hydroxyethyl] -6, 8-d ioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol;
(R, S) -Diastereoisomeric mixture, (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- (1-hydroxyethyl) -6, 8-dioxa bicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol (i.e. the compound of examle 1 of patent application WO 2015043511) .
Test materials
14C-AMG solution was purchased from PerkinElmer, Cat. No. NEZ080001MC.
α-Methylglucoside was purchased from Sigma, Cat. No. M9376-100G.
N-methyl-D-glucosamine was purchased from Sigma, Cat. No. M2004-100G.
Phloridzin was purchased from Sigma, Cat. No. P3449-1G.
96-Well plate was purchased from Corning, Cat. No. 3903.
Test method
Mock-transfected FIP-in CHO cells (3 × 104 cells) and expressing human SGLT1/SGLT2 CHO cells were seeded into 96-well plates respectively. The cells were incubated for 12 hours. Each well of the 96-well plates was washed with 150 μL of sodium-free buffer once. To each well was added 50 μL of sodium-containing buffer containing test compounds having different concentrations and 0.5 μM [14C] -AMG. The incubation mixture was incubated at 37 ℃ for 1 hour under CO2. To each well was added 150 μL of precooled sodium-free buffer to terminate the reaction. The cell pellet was washed with sodium–free buffer three times and the residual liquid in well was removed. To each well was added 20 μL of precooled 100 mM NaOH. The 96-well plates were vibrated at 900 rpm for 5 minutes. Scintillation fluid (80 μL) was added to each well which was then vibrated at 600 rpm for 5 minutes. The amount of 14C-AMG was quantitatively detected using liquid scintillation. The results are shown in table 4:
Table 4: The results of inhibitory activity of the compound (I) , and (S) -configuration isomer and (R, S) -diastereoisomeric mixture thereof for SGLT-2 and SGLT-2.
The results indicated that the compound (I) has a good inhibitory activity for SGLT-2, and better than that of (S) -configuration isomer thereof and (R, S) -diastereoisomeric mixture.
2. Oral glucose tolerance test and promoting glycosuria excretion test
Experimental purpose:
The following methods were used to evaluate the effects of the compound and a stereisomer thereof of the invention on improving oral glucose tolerance and promoting glycosuria excretion.
Test compound
Dapagliflozin
Compound (I) , i.e. (R) -configuration isomer, (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- [ (1R) -1-hydroxyethyl] -6, 8-d ioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol;
(S) -Configuration isomer, (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- [ (1S) -1-hydroxyethyl] -6, 8-d ioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol.
Test materials
The glucose was purchased from Cheng Du Kelong Chemical Reagent Company.
Glycosuria test was determined on Roche Biochemistry Analyzer.
Blood glucose test was determined on Roche Accu-Chek Performa Blood Glucose Meter.
Test method
Experiment animals, such as machins and C57BL/6 mice, were weighed after overnight fasting for 15 hours, fasting blood-glucose was measured, and the animals were grouped randomly based on the weight and fasting blood-glucose, and then each administered group was administered with the corresponding test compound by gavage once at dose of 5 mg/kg, blank group was administered with menstruum. Blood glucose was measured at 15 min after adminitration (i.e. 0 point blood glucose) , each group was adminitered with glucose by gavage (2.5 g/kg) after the measurement of 0 point blood glucose, and then blood samples were collected at 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min from vein after administration of glucose, blood glucose was measured continuously by glucometer; the rate of decrease of area under curve of glucose in 120 min after glucose load (AUCGlu 0-120min) was calculated. Each group was placed in a metabolic cage respectively after the measurement of 120 min lood glucose, urine was collected in metabolic cage from 0 h to 24 h and 24 h to 48 h after administration, and the amount of urine at each time point was recorded, urine sugar was measured by automatic biochemical analyzer, the animals ate and drank freely during the process of urine collection. The results were shown as table 5 and table 6:
Table 5: The results of promoting glycosuria excretion test of compound (I) and (S) -configuration isomer thereof in mice.
The results of the test indicated that the compound (I) have distinct effects on the
improvement of oral glucose tolerance and glycosuria excretion, and which is much better than (S) -configuration isomer thereof in the improvement of glycosuria excretion in mice.
Table 6: The results of promoting glycosuria excretion test of compound (I) and (S) -configuration isomer thereof in machins.
The test results indicated that the compound (I) have distinct effects on the improvement of oral glucose tolerance and glycosuria excretion in machins, and which is much better than (S) -configuration isomer thereof in the improvement of glycosuria excretion.
3. Pharmacokinetic test after administration of the quantitative compound disclosed herein by intravenous injection and oral.
Test purpose
The following methods were used to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of the compound (I) and a stereisomer thereof of the invention in animals.
Test compound
Compound (I) , i.e. (R) -configuration isomer, (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- [ (1R) -1-hydroxyethyl] -6, 8-d ioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol;
(S) -Configuration isomer, (1R, 2S, 3S, 4R, 5S) -5- [4-chloro-3- [ (4-ethoxyphenyl) methyl] phenyl] -1- [ (1S) -1-hydroxyethyl] -6, 8-d ioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2, 3, 4-triol.
Test method
Male SD rats were weighed after overnight fasting for 15 hours, fasting blood-glucose was measured, and the animals were grouped randomly based on the weight and fasting blood-glucose, and then the groups were administered with a solvent of 5% DMSO + 5% Solutol + 90% Saline. The intravenous injection groups were administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg and the gavage groups were administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.083
(only intravenous injection group) , 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 24 h from vein (about 0.2 mL) and placed into EDTAK2 anticoagulative tube. The tubes were centrifuged at 11000 rpm for 2 min, the plasma was collected and stored at -20 ℃ or -70 ℃ for LC/MS/MS analysis. The concentration of the drug in plasma at each time point was measured, pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated according to drug concentration-time curve. The results were shown as table 7 and table 8:
Table 7: The results of pharmacokinetic test in rats after administration of compound (I) by oral
Table 8: the results of pharmacokinetic test in rats after administration of compound (I) by intravenous injection
The results indicated that the compound (I) disclosed herein shows excellent pharmacokinetic properties when administered by intravenous injection or oral, including better absorption, ideal half-life (T1/2) and good oral bioavailability (F) , and which is much better than (S) -configuration isomer thereof in absorption, half-life and exposure (AUClast) , i.e. which has better pharmacokinetic properties.
Reference throughout this specification to “an embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” “one embodiment” , “another example, ” “an example, ” “a specific examples, ” or “some examples, ” means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in
connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present disclosure. Thus, the appearances of the phrases such as “in some embodiments, ” “in one embodiment” , “in an embodiment” , “in another example, “in an example, ” “in a specific examples, ” or “in some examples, ” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment or example of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples. In addition, those skilled in the art can integrate and combine different embodiments, examples or the features of them as long as they are not contradictory to one another.
Although explanatory embodiments have been shown and described, it would be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the above embodiments cannot be construed to limit the present disclosure, and changes, alternatives, and modifications can be made in the embodiments without departing from spirit, principles and scope of the present disclosure. All publications or patents cited herein are incorporated by reference herein.
Claims (23)
- A method of preparing the compound of claim 1 comprising the steps of:(A) reacting a compound of Formula (III) with dimethylzinc through an addition reaction to produce a compound of Formula (II) ,wherein each of PG, PG1 and PG2 is independently a hydroxy protecting group; and(B) removing the hydroxy protecting groups from the compound of Formula (II) to produce the compound of Formula (I) .
- The method of claim 2, wherein the addition reaction of step (A) is carried out in the presence of a chiral ligand, and wherein the chiral ligand comprises a dihydroxy chiral ligand, Salen ligand, metal-Salen ligand, (1R, 2R) - (+) -N, N’ -di (p-tolyl) sulfonyl-1, 2-cyclohexanediamine, or a combination thereof.
- The method of claim 2, wherein step (A) further comprises purifying the compound of Formula (II) by trituration with a mixed solvent comprising petroleum ether and ethyl acetate.
- The method of claim 4, wherein the mixed solvent is petroleum ether and ethyl acetate in a volume ratio from 4/1 to 30/1.
- The method of claim 2, wherein the dimethylzinc used in step (A) is applied at 1.0 to 5.0 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) .
- The method of claim 2, wherein the dimethylzinc used in step (A) is applied at 1.1 to 2.0 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) .
- The method of claim 2, wherein the addition reaction of step (A) is carried out in a reaction solvent and wherein the reaction solvent is toluene, o-xylene, p-xylene, m-xylene or a combination thereof; and the reaction temperature is from -20 ℃ to 30 ℃.
- The method of claim 2, wherein when each of the hydroxy protecting groups PG, PG1 and PG2 is benzyl, the removing step (B) is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, a hydrogen source and an acid, and wherein the catalyst comprises palladium on carbon, palladium hydroxide on carbon, palladium chloride or a combination thereof; the hydrogen source comprises hydrogen; and the acid comprises hydrochloric acid, acetic acid or a combination thereof.
- The method of claim 3, wherein the metal-Salen ligand is Zn-Salen ligand, Mn-Salen ligand or Cr-Salen ligand; and wherein the dihydroxy chiral ligand is TADDOL, (R) -BINOL or (S) -H8-BINOL; and wherein (R) -BINOL is applied at 0.1 to 0.9 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) .
- The method of claim 3, wherein the metal-Salen ligand is applied at 0.01 to 0.50 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) .
- The method of claim 10, wherein the Cr-Salen ligand is applied at 0.01 to 0.20 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) .
- The method of claim 10, wherein the Cr-Salen ligand is applied at 0.03 to 0.15 moles per mole of the compound of Formula (III) .
- A method of preparing the compound of claim 1 comprising the steps of:(1) reacting the compound of Formula (III) with a methyl Grignard reagent through an addition reaction to produce a compound of Formula (IV) ,wherein each of PG, PG1 and PG2 is independently a hydroxy protecting group;(2) oxidizing the compound of Formula (IV) to produce a compound of Formula (V) ,(3) reducing the compound of Formula (V) to produce a compound of Formula (II) ,(4) removing the hydroxy protecting groups from the compound of Formula (II) to produce the compound of Formula (I) .
- The method of claim 14, wherein the oxidizing step (2) is carried out by using an oxidizing agent selected from Dess-Martin periodinane, 2-iodoxybenzoic acid or tetramethylpiperidine nitroxide/sodium hypochlorite in the presence of a solvent selected from dichloromethane or a mixture of dichloromethane and water.
- The method of claim 14, wherein the reducing step (3) is carried out by using a reductant selected from sodium borohydride, sodium borohydride/cerous chloride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, lithium tri-t-butoxyaluminum hydride, DIBAL-H or (S) -3-methyl-1, 1, 1-triphenylbutyl-2-amine/borane in the presence of a solvent selected from methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, toluene or ethyl acetate at a temperature from –78 ℃ to 30 ℃.
- A compound having Formula (II)wherein each of PG, PG1 and PG2 is independently a hydroxy protecting group; and wherein the hydroxy protecting group is independently benzyl, triphenylmethyl, p-methoxybenzyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, carbobenzoxy, 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxymethyl, dihydropyranyl, bromoallyl, ethoxycarbonyl, acetyl or benzoyl.
- A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant.
- The pharmaceutical composition of claim 18 further comprising an additional therapeutic agent, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-diabetic agent other than an SGLT-2 inhibitor, an antihyperglycemic agent, an antiadipositas drug, an antihypertensive agent, an antiplatelet agent, an antiatherosclerotic drug, a lipid-lowering agent, an anti-inflammatory or a combination thereof.
- The pharmaceutical composition of claim 19, wherein the anti-diabetic agent other than an SGLT-2 inhibitor is a biguanide, a sulfonylurea, a glucosidase inhibitor, a PPAR agonist, an αP2 inhibitor, a PPARα/γ dual agonist, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, a glinide, insulin, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) inhibitor, a PTP1B inhibitor, a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, a glucose-6-phosphatase inhibitor or a combination thereof; wherein the lipid-lowering agent is an MTP inhibitor, an HMGCoA reductase inhibitor, a squalene synthase inhibitor, a fibrate antihyperlipidemic drug, an ACAT inhibitor, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, an ileal Na (+) /bile acid cotransporter inhibitor, an upregulator of LDL receptor activity, a nicotinic antihyperlipidemic drug, a bile acid sequestrant or a combination thereof; or the lipid-lowering agent is pravastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, cerivastatin, atavastatin, rosuvastatin or a combination thereof.
- Use of the compound of claim 1 or the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 18 to 20 in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting SGLT-2 or increasing HDL level or preventing or treating a disease, lessening the disease symptoms or delaying the progression or onset of the disease, wherein the disease is diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, a diabetic complication, atherosclerosis or hypertension.
- The compound of claim 1 or the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 18 to 20 for use in inhibiting SGLT-2 or increasing HDL level or preventing or treating a disease, lessening the disease symptoms or delaying the progression or onset of the disease, wherein the disease is diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, a diabetic complication, atherosclerosis or hypertension.
- A method for inhibiting SGLT-2 or increasing HDL level or preventing or treating a disease, lessening the disease symptoms or delaying the progression or onset of the disease in a patient, comprising administering to the patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1 or the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 18 to 20, wherein the disease is diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, syndrome X, a diabetic complication, atherosclerosis or hypertension.
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| CN107778336A (en) * | 2016-08-24 | 2018-03-09 | 广东东阳光药业有限公司 | The crystal form of glucopyranosyl derivatives |
| CN109970822A (en) * | 2017-12-27 | 2019-07-05 | 上海科胜药物研发有限公司 | A kind of preparation method synthesizing the net intermediate of Ai Gelie |
| US10555930B2 (en) | 2015-11-27 | 2020-02-11 | North & South Brother Pharmacy Investment Company Limited | Complex of a glucopyranosyl derivative and preparation method and use thereof |
| CN114796250A (en) * | 2021-01-27 | 2022-07-29 | 宜昌东阳光长江药业股份有限公司 | Pharmaceutical composition containing glucopyranosyl derivative |
| US20230250121A1 (en) * | 2020-07-08 | 2023-08-10 | Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd. | Method for preparing glucopyranosyl derivatives and intermediates thereof |
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| CN106674294B (en) * | 2015-11-06 | 2020-07-07 | 广东东阳光药业有限公司 | Crystalline forms of glucopyranosyl derivatives |
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| WO2015043473A1 (en) * | 2013-09-25 | 2015-04-02 | Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd. | Glucopyranosyl derivatives and their uses in medicine |
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| US10555930B2 (en) | 2015-11-27 | 2020-02-11 | North & South Brother Pharmacy Investment Company Limited | Complex of a glucopyranosyl derivative and preparation method and use thereof |
| CN107778336A (en) * | 2016-08-24 | 2018-03-09 | 广东东阳光药业有限公司 | The crystal form of glucopyranosyl derivatives |
| CN107778336B (en) * | 2016-08-24 | 2022-09-27 | 宜昌东阳光长江药业股份有限公司 | Crystalline forms of glucopyranosyl derivatives |
| CN109970822A (en) * | 2017-12-27 | 2019-07-05 | 上海科胜药物研发有限公司 | A kind of preparation method synthesizing the net intermediate of Ai Gelie |
| CN109970822B (en) * | 2017-12-27 | 2023-03-28 | 上海科胜药物研发有限公司 | Preparation method for synthesizing emamectin benzoate intermediate |
| US20230250121A1 (en) * | 2020-07-08 | 2023-08-10 | Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd. | Method for preparing glucopyranosyl derivatives and intermediates thereof |
| EP4178970A4 (en) * | 2020-07-08 | 2024-08-07 | Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd. | PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF GLUCOPYRANOSYL DERIVATIVES AND INTERMEDIATES THEREOF |
| CN114796250A (en) * | 2021-01-27 | 2022-07-29 | 宜昌东阳光长江药业股份有限公司 | Pharmaceutical composition containing glucopyranosyl derivative |
| WO2022161377A1 (en) * | 2021-01-27 | 2022-08-04 | Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd. | A phamaceutical composition comprising a glucopyranosyl derivative |
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