WO2016165413A1 - 一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术及其专用设备 - Google Patents

一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术及其专用设备 Download PDF

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WO2016165413A1
WO2016165413A1 PCT/CN2016/000200 CN2016000200W WO2016165413A1 WO 2016165413 A1 WO2016165413 A1 WO 2016165413A1 CN 2016000200 W CN2016000200 W CN 2016000200W WO 2016165413 A1 WO2016165413 A1 WO 2016165413A1
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Prior art keywords
concrete
mixture
extrusion
setting time
electrodes
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PCT/CN2016/000200
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
张彭成
陈科
王勇威
刘亚文
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张彭成
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Application filed by 张彭成 filed Critical 张彭成
Priority to EP16779388.4A priority Critical patent/EP3284879B1/en
Publication of WO2016165413A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016165413A1/zh
Priority to US15/785,495 priority patent/US10875811B2/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C04B28/08—Slag cements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
    • C04B40/0003—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability making use of electric or wave energy or particle radiation
    • C04B40/0007—Electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
    • B28B1/001—Rapid manufacturing of 3D objects by additive depositing, agglomerating or laminating of material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B22/00—Use of inorganic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. accelerators, shrinkage compensating agents
    • C04B22/06—Oxides, Hydroxides
    • C04B22/062—Oxides, Hydroxides of the alkali or alkaline-earth metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C04B28/06—Aluminous cements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
    • C04B40/0028—Aspects relating to the mixing step of the mortar preparation
    • C04B40/0032—Controlling the process of mixing, e.g. adding ingredients in a quantity depending on a measured or desired value
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
    • E04G21/02—Conveying or working-up concrete or similar masses able to be heaped or cast
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
    • E04G21/02—Conveying or working-up concrete or similar masses able to be heaped or cast
    • E04G21/04—Devices for both conveying and distributing
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
    • E04G21/02—Conveying or working-up concrete or similar masses able to be heaped or cast
    • E04G21/04—Devices for both conveying and distributing
    • E04G21/0418—Devices for both conveying and distributing with distribution hose
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2103/00—Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
    • C04B2103/10—Accelerators; Activators
    • C04B2103/12—Set accelerators
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/00034—Physico-chemical characteristics of the mixtures
    • C04B2111/00181—Mixtures specially adapted for three-dimensional printing (3DP), stereo-lithography or prototyping

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a concrete construction technology and a special equipment capable of controlling the setting time, and can provide construction technology and special equipment for 3D printing concrete forming and ordinary concrete forming.
  • the history of human survival and development is a history of the development of various materials.
  • Building materials are constantly updated and developed along with human development. Concrete materials have good plasticity before coagulation, good mechanical properties and durability after hardening. Therefore, concrete materials are currently the most widely used building materials and are the preferred basic materials for various building infrastructures. Concrete can be classified according to different types of cementitious materials, such as silicate cement concrete, alkali slag concrete, sulphoaluminate concrete, phosphate concrete, and the like. These concrete materials have approximately the same technical properties.
  • 3D printed buildings provide a new approach to future buildings.
  • the 3D printed building forms the required building structure by stacking concrete ink layer by layer.
  • the performance of concrete inks determines the construction quality and progress of 3D buildings, especially the setting time and mechanical properties of concrete inks.
  • Concrete ink is the core technology of existing 3D architectural printing, and its formulation and construction techniques are rarely disclosed.
  • In order to ensure the setting time of concrete 3D printing building structure usually according to the speed of construction, it is necessary to set a fixed setting time to determine the addition of a fixed proportion of cementing material in the material. Once this kind of fixed proportion of cementing material is used, it is mixed. After the combination, the setting time cannot be easily changed.
  • the patent document "A 3D printing method for building beam members" Application No.
  • 201310697608.X describes a method for increasing the temperature of concrete by using hot steam to shorten the setting time, but this method of heat steam to shorten the setting time Although the time can be shortened, the effect of the change is slow, the range of the adjustable setting time is narrow, and the influence of the ambient temperature is large, and the technical problem of controlling the concrete setting time cannot be achieved.
  • the setting hardening time is adjusted by changing the composition and dosage of the admixture.
  • the setting and hardening time of the concrete are basically determined, and the prepared concrete can not have good fluidity and long setting time, and can meet the requirements of construction performance such as stirring and transportation, and can be quickly condensed;
  • the patent name "alkali-activated gelling material capable of controlling the setting time, control method and application” (Patent Application No. 2015100322160) describes the use of an external electric field to control the alkali after casting.
  • a technique for stimulating the setting time of concrete prepared from a cementitious material is not suitable for controlling the setting time of concrete before or during molding because it is used to adjust and control the setting time of concrete after molding. Especially, it is not suitable for 3D printing concrete technology in the molding process. Control the requirements of concrete setting time.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the technical solution of the present invention is to adjust the setting time of the curing time by adjusting the composition and dosage of the admixture for the admixture such as the early setting agent, the quick-setting agent or the retarder.
  • the existing concrete setting time can not adjust the control defects after the material is determined, and only adjusts the control condensation time after the concrete is formed.
  • a new concrete construction technology and special equipment that can control the setting time are proposed to achieve the construction.
  • the effect of concrete setting time can be changed as needed, on the one hand, it can meet the requirements of adjusting and controlling the setting time of concrete before molding, and on the other hand, the prepared concrete can have good fluidity before molding.
  • a first object of the present invention is to provide a construction technique for controlling the setting time of an alkali-activated cementitious material during extrusion
  • a second object of the present invention is to provide a special device employing the above construction technique.
  • the present invention provides a concrete construction technique capable of controlling the setting time, including the following steps,
  • the raw material of the concrete is mixed with an appropriate amount of mixing water and aggregate to form a concrete mixture, and the concrete raw material includes at least an activator and a powdery silicon-containing aluminum oxide.
  • the second step pumping, using a transfer pump, pumping the mixture through the delivery pipe to the extrusion device;
  • the third step extrusion, extrusion of the concrete mixture through the extrusion port;
  • the formed mixture after extrusion forms a building member of a desired size and shape
  • the fifth step is coagulation hardening, and the building components are coagulated and hardened;
  • an electric treatment step of applying an electric field to the concrete mixture is further included, and the mixture treated by the external electric field is extruded immediately after passing through the extrusion port.
  • an electric treatment step of applying an electric field to the concrete mixture is added, and an electric treatment step of applying an electric field can accelerate the hydration speed of the cement material in the concrete and control the setting time, so that it can be before molding
  • the concrete setting time can be adjusted and controlled; the electric treatment technology using the applied electric field can be energized and de-energized at any time according to the needs, and the voltage can be adjusted according to the needs at any time, and the early strength of the concrete can be quickly and reasonably improved according to the demand.
  • Improve the construction efficiency at the same time, because the original cement with cement material has good fluidity and long setting time, it can meet the construction performance requirements of mixing and transportation, and the concrete of the construction technical scheme is not energized.
  • Concrete can also meet the requirements of good fluidity and long setting time, and can meet the construction performance requirements of mixing and conveying. It is relatively pre-set with early strength agent, quick-setting agent or retarder. Additives, by changing the components and agents of the admixture Setting and hardening time to adjust in terms of technical solutions to better meet meet meet agitation, Construction performance requirements such as transportation.
  • the mixture treated by the applied electric field is extruded immediately after passing through the extrusion port.
  • the voltage of the applied electric field can be adjusted according to the molding time and the extrusion speed. Different voltage adjustments can control the concrete setting time. Compared with the prior art, the voltage adjustment is simple and convenient, and the adjustable range is wider.
  • the activator is defined to be a mixture comprising at least one of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and water glass.
  • the mixing solution in the mixture formed by mixing the activator containing the above-mentioned alkali-activated gelling material and the mixing water is a strongly alkaline solution having a high hydroxide ion concentration and is a good one.
  • the electrical conductor has the ability to convert electrical energy into thermal energy to increase the temperature of the mixture and accelerate the hydration reaction rate of the cementitious material. Under the action of the external electric field, the hydroxide ions are temporarily enriched under the electric field on the surface of the solid particles, which increases the concentration of the local reactants and further promotes the hydration reaction.
  • the hydration process of the alkali-initiated gelling material is an exothermic reaction.
  • the powdery silicon-containing aluminum oxide active material is defined as a type of silicon-aluminum oxide which is obtained by high-temperature treatment or high-temperature processing, and has volcanic ash activity and has a square of 200 square meters.
  • the powdery material with a specific surface area of m/kg or more includes at least granulated blast furnace slag powder, ground steel slag, Bayer process red mud, fly ash, ground slag, ground calcined clay mineral, phosphate slag powder, and fine a mixture of one or more of calcined coal gangue, ground calcined shale.
  • the mass composition range of the gelling material is defined as: 60-80 parts of powdery silicon-containing aluminum oxide active material, 2-16 parts of activator calculated by Na2O+0.658K2O, water reducing agent 0-10 Parts, retarder 0-10 parts, expansion agent 0-10 parts, admixture 0-40 parts.
  • the applied electric field is defined, and the applied electric field is defined as an alternating current.
  • a special equipment for concrete construction technology capable of controlling the setting time, includes a conveying pump, a conveying pipe, and an extrusion device, and the extrusion device includes The electric treatment device and the extrusion port are connected to the conveying pipeline, and the extrusion port is located after the electric treatment device, and at least one set of electrodes in contact with the concrete mixture is disposed on the electric treatment device, and the electrodes are formed after being energized.
  • Voltage difference refers to a device that pressurizes the mixture to provide the power required for transportation and extrusion
  • the transfer pipe refers to a pipe that can be connected to a certain pressure between the transfer pump and the electric treatment equipment.
  • the electrical treatment device described can provide a mixture flowing through the device An apparatus for applying an electric field and forming an electric current; the extrusion port is an opening capable of extruding the electrotreated mixture; and the extrusion port may be a short open pipe disposed separately after the electric treatment device It may also be a pipe opening that is directly disposed at the rear end of the electric processing device, but serves to extrude the electrically treated mixture.
  • the electric treatment equipment is provided with at least one set of electrodes in contact with the concrete mixture, and an electric field is formed after the electrodes are energized, and flows through
  • the mixture in the device forms an alternating current, and the applied electric field can accelerate the hydration speed of the cementing material and control the setting time, thereby ensuring the realization of the concrete construction technology capable of controlling the setting time.
  • the outer wall of the electric treatment device adopts an insulated pipe, and the electrode mated with the electrode is disposed inside the insulated pipe. At this time, the electrode and the concrete are in contact with each other, and the outer wall of the electric treatment device is insulated.
  • the pipe can ensure that the electrode does not short-circuit or leak when the electric field is formed by electric current, and the electrode is arranged inside the pipe and the electrode is mixed with the electrode. The mutual contact of the soil ensures that the current of the mixture can form between the electrodes when the electrodes are energized.
  • a set of electrodes defining the electrical processing device is comprised of two electrodes or three electrodes that may be evenly distributed, with current flowing through the mixture between the electrodes. Since the current through the mixture can be formed between the electrodes, the hydration speed of the cementitious material in the concrete passing through the electric treatment device can be stably controlled after the uniform arrangement, and the realization of the concrete construction technology can be more stably ensured.
  • Figure 1 is a flow chart of concrete construction technology that can control the setting time
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic view showing the composition of a special equipment for concrete construction technology capable of controlling the setting time; wherein the direction indicated by the arrow is the flow direction of the mixture.
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line M-M of FIG. 2 when a set of electrodes is composed of two electrodes of electrode A and electrode B;
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line M-M of FIG. 2 when a set of electrodes is composed of three electrodes of electrode A, electrode B, and electrode C.
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line M-M of FIG. 2 when another state is formed by using two electrodes of the electrode A and the electrode B;
  • the present invention relates to a concrete construction technique capable of controlling the setting time, comprising the following steps.
  • the raw material of the concrete is mixed with an appropriate amount of mixing water and aggregate to form a concrete mixture, and the concrete raw material includes at least an activator and a powdery silicon-containing aluminum oxide.
  • the third step extrusion, extrusion of the concrete mixture through the extrusion port;
  • the formed mixture after extrusion forms a building member of a desired size and shape
  • the fifth step is coagulation hardening, and the building components are coagulated and hardened;
  • the utility model is characterized in that, between the second step pumping and the third step extrusion, an electric treatment step of applying an electric field to the concrete mixture is further included, and the mixture treated by the external electric field is passed through the extrusion port. Extrusion immediately afterwards.
  • the mixture is hardened and solidified in 8 minutes, and the applied electric field is alternating current of 110V per meter, and the mixture is condensed in 11 minutes.
  • Hardening which significantly speeds up the hydration speed of the cementitious material and controls the setting time; the mixture treated by the external electric field is immediately extruded (before the coagulation hardening as required) and then extruded through the extrusion port.
  • the concrete raw material includes a cementing material
  • the mass composition range of the cementing material is: 78 parts of powdery silicon-containing aluminum oxide active material, 4 parts of activator calculated by Na 2 O+0.658K 2 O mixture, minus 1 part of water, 1.5 parts of retarder, 1 part of expansion agent, 1.2 parts of admixture
  • powdery silicon-containing aluminum oxide active material refers to a class of silicon-aluminum obtained after high temperature treatment or high temperature processing stage a powdered material having a main chemical composition and having pozzolanic activity and having a specific surface area of 200 m 2 /kg or more, including granulated blast furnace slag powder, ground steel slag, fly ash, and ground calcined shale A homogeneous mixture.
  • the gelling material composed of the activator and the powdery silicon-containing aluminum oxide active material may also be as shown in the following table:
  • the specific mass composition range of the specific cementitious material can also be:
  • the powdery silicon-containing aluminum oxide active material refers to a kind of silicon-aluminum oxide which is obtained by high temperature treatment or high temperature processing stage and has volcanic ash activity and has 200 square meters.
  • the powdery silicon-containing aluminum oxide active material refers to a kind of silicon-aluminum oxide which is obtained by high temperature treatment or high temperature processing stage and has volcanic ash activity and has a specific surface area of 200 square meters or more.
  • the powdered material includes a homogeneous mixture of ground steel slag, fly ash, and ground calcined shale.
  • the powdery silicon-containing aluminum oxide active material refers to a type of silicon-aluminum oxide which is obtained by high temperature treatment or high temperature processing stage and has volcanic ash activity and has 200 square meters.
  • powdery silicon-containing aluminum oxide active material refers to a kind of silicon-aluminum oxide as the main chemical component obtained by high temperature treatment or through high temperature processing stage and has pozzolanic activity, and has 200 square meters / A powdery material having a specific surface area of more than kilogram, including a uniform mixture of granulated blast furnace slag powder, ground steel slag, and fly ash.
  • the active material refers to a kind of powdery material having a specific surface area of 200 m 2 /kg or more with a volcanic ash activity which is obtained by high temperature treatment or through a high temperature processing stage, including granules.
  • a special equipment for concrete construction technology capable of controlling the setting time includes a transfer pump 1, a delivery pipe 2, and an extrusion device 3.
  • the extrusion device includes The electric treatment device 31 and the extrusion port 32, the electrical treatment device 31 is connected to the delivery pipe 2, the extrusion port 32 is located behind the electric treatment device, and the electrical treatment device 31 is composed of an insulated pipe 311 and an electrode 312 matched thereto, the electrode 312 an electrode in contact with the mixture, a voltage difference is formed after energization between the electrodes:
  • the transfer pump refers to a device that pressurizes the mixture to provide power required for delivery and extrusion;
  • the transfer conduit is Refers to a pipe that can be subjected to a certain pressure between a transfer pump and an electrical treatment device, and can usually be configured as a hose capable of withstanding pressure; the electrical treatment device can provide an applied electric field and form a current for the mixture flowing through the device.
  • the electrode may be composed of two electrodes, electrode A312 and electrode B312, and the electric field formed by the electrode A312 and the electrode B312 intersect with the flow direction of the mixture; or as shown in FIG. 4, the electrode A312, the electrode B312, and the electrode C312 consists of three electrodes, the electric field formed intersects with the flow direction of the mixture. At this time, three-phase electricity is used as the power source.
  • the electrode A312 and the electrode B 312 are composed of two electrodes. Wherein electrode A312 is the center electrode and electrode B312 is the circumference electrode surrounding the center electrode, and the electric field formed intersects the flow direction of the mixture.

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Abstract

一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术及其专用设备，施工技术包括拌合、泵送、挤出、成型、凝结硬化步骤，在泵送和挤出步骤之间，还包括有对混凝土拌合物进行外加电场的电处理步骤，经过外加电场电处理的拌合物通过挤出口后立即挤出；专用设备，包括输送泵、输送管道、挤出装置，挤出装置包括电处理设备和挤出口，电处理设备与所述的输送管道连接，挤出口位于电处理设备后，电处理设备上至少设置有一组与混凝土拌合物相接触的电极，电极之间通电后形成电压差。上述施工技术和设备可以在混凝土成型前任意调整和控制混凝土的凝结时间，使所制备的混凝士在成型前有良好的流动性。

Description

一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术及其专用设备 技术领域
本发明涉及一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术及其专用设备，一种能为3D打印混凝土成型以及普通的混凝土成型提供施工技术和专用设备。
背景技术
人类的生存和发展史就是一部各种材料的发展史。建筑材料是伴随人类的发展而得到不断的更新、发展。混凝土材料具有凝结前的良好可塑性，硬化后的良好力学性能与耐久性等优良性能。因此，混凝土材料是目前应用最广泛的建筑材料，也是各种建造基础设施的优选基础性材料。混凝土可以根据胶凝材料的不同来分类，比如，硅酸盐类水泥混凝土，碱矿渣混凝土，硫铝酸盐混凝土，磷酸盐混凝土等。这些混凝土材料具有大致相同的技术性能。
3D打印建筑为未来的建筑提供新的方法。3D打印建筑通过逐层叠加混凝土油墨方式形成所需要的建筑结构。混凝土油墨的性能决定了3D建筑的施工质量和进度，特别是混凝土油墨的凝结时间和力学性能。混凝土油墨是现有3D建筑打印的核心技术，其配方和施工技术很少公开。为了保证混凝土3D打印建筑结构时的凝结时间，通常根据施工的速度，需要预定好固定的凝结时间确定在材料中添加固定比例的胶凝材料，一旦采用这种添加固定比例的胶凝材料经过拌合后，凝结时间不能轻易改变。专利文献“一种建筑物梁构件的3D打印方法”(申请号201310697608.X)介绍了一种利用热蒸汽提高混凝土的温度从而缩短凝结时间的方法，但这种热蒸汽来缩短凝结时间的方法虽然能缩短时间，但改变的效果较慢，可调整凝结时间的范围较窄，且受环境温度的影响很大，还是不能实现控制混凝土凝结时间的技术问题。
由于目前调整混凝土凝结时间的方法都是在混凝土中加入一定量的各种早强剂、速凝剂或缓凝剂等外加剂，通过改变外加剂的组分和剂量来调整的凝结硬化时间。存在混凝土的配合比一旦确定，其凝结、硬化时间就已经基本确定，不能使所制备的混凝土既具有良好的流动性、长的凝结时间，以满足搅拌、输送等施工性能要求又能快速凝结；另外，本申请人的专利申请，专利名称为“可以控制凝结时间的碱激发胶凝材料、控制方法及应用”(专利申请号2015100322160)的文献中介绍了利用外加电场控制完成浇筑成型后的碱激发胶凝材料配制的混凝土的凝结时间的技术。该技术由于是在成型后再根据需求调整和控制混凝土的凝结时间，并不适合成型前或成型过程中就需要控制混凝土凝结时间的要求，特别是不适合3D打印混凝土技术在成型过程中就需要控制混凝土凝结时间的要求。
发明内容
本发明的技术方案所要解决的技术问题是针对上述预先设定好早强剂、速凝剂或缓凝剂等外加剂，通过改变外加剂的组分和剂量来调整的凝结硬化时间技术方案中存在的混凝土凝结时间在材料确定后就不可调节控制的缺陷以及只是在混凝土成型后才调节控制凝结时间的不足，提出一种新的可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术及专用设备，从而达到在施工过程中根据需要能改变混凝土凝结时间的效果，一方面能满足在成型前就能调整和控制混凝土的凝结时间的要求，另一方面又能使所制备的混凝土在成型前既具有良好的流动性、长的凝结时间，以满足搅拌、输送等施工性能要求，还能根据需求，快速方便的调整凝结时间，快速合理的提高混凝土早期强度，合理提高施工效率。
本发明的第一个目的是提供一种在挤出时控制碱激发胶凝材料凝结时间的施工技术；
本发明的第二个目的是提供一种采用上述施工技术的专用设备。
为实现本发明的第一个目的，本发明提供一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术，包括以下步骤，
第一步，拌合，将所述混凝土的原材料与适量的拌合水、集料混合均匀形成混凝土拌合物，所述的混凝土原材料中至少包括有激发剂和粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料组成的胶凝材料；
第二步，泵送，采用输送泵，将拌合物通过输送管道，泵送到挤出装置；
第三步，挤出，将混凝土拌合物通过挤出口挤出；
第四步，成型，挤出后的拌合物形成所需尺寸与形状的建筑构件；
第五步，凝结硬化，建筑构件凝结硬化；
在所述的第二步泵送和第三步挤出之间，还包括有对混凝土拌合物进行外加电场的电处理步骤，经过外加电场电处理的拌合物通过挤出口后立即挤出。
由于在上述混凝土施工技术中，增加了对混凝土拌合物进行外加电场的电处理步骤，外加电场的电处理步骤能加快混凝土中胶凝材料的水化速度，控制凝结时间，所以可以在成型前任何阶段都能调整和控制混凝土的凝结时间；采用外加电场的电处理技术可以根据需要随时通电和断电，还可以随时根据需要调整通电压的大小，根据需求快速合理的提高混凝土早期强度，合理提高施工效率；同时，由于原来的具有胶凝材料的混凝土具有良好的流动性、长的凝结时间，能满足搅拌、输送等施工性能要求，而本施工技术方案的混凝土在不通电的情况下，同样具有普通的混凝土材料特性，混凝土也能满足具有良好的流动性、长的凝结时间，能满足搅拌、输送等施工性能要求，相对采用预先设定好早强剂、速凝剂或缓凝剂等外加剂，通过改变外加剂的组分和剂量来调整的凝结硬化时间技术方案而言更能满足满足搅拌、 输送等施工性能要求。经过外加电场处理的拌合物通过挤出口后立即挤出。另外，可以根据成型的时间和挤出的速度调整外加电场的电压，不同的电压调整能控制混凝土凝结时间，相对现有技术采用水蒸汽而言，电压的调节简单方便，可调整的范围更宽，同时，能保证在混凝土成型前能随时根据成型的时间要求改变调整和控制混凝土凝结时间的要求，是一种混凝土成型前动态可调的技术，不仅适用于目前采用3D打印混凝土成型的技术上，还适用于普通的混凝土成型技术上。
进一步，限定所述的激发剂是至少包括氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钠、碳酸钾、水玻璃中的一种或几种组成的混合物。含有上述碱激发胶凝材料的激发剂与拌合水混含后形成的拌合物中的拌合液是一种强碱性的溶液，其氢氧根离子浓度很高，是一种良的导电体，具有将电能转化为热能提高拌合物温度、加快胶凝材料的水化反应速度的能力。在外电场的作用下，氢氧根离子在固体颗粒表面形成电场条件下的临时富集，提高局部的反应物的浓度，进一步促进水化反应。另外，碱激发胶凝材料的水化过程是一个放热反应，水化速度越快，所释放的热能越多，拌合物的温度就越高。因此，在外加电场的作用下，上述碱激发胶凝材料的激发剂拌合物内形成了一个水化速度与温度正反馈的水化环境，水化产物快速形成，表现为拌合物的凝结硬化。通过外加电场，改变碱激发胶凝材料拌合物内的温度和电场梯度，可以控制其水化速度和水化进度，从而控制凝结时间。
进一步，限定所述的粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料是指经过高温处理或通过高温加工阶段而得到的一类以硅铝氧化物为主要化学成分的且具有火山灰活性的、具有200平方米/千克以上比表面积的粉状材料，至少包括粒化高炉矿渣粉、磨细钢渣、拜耳法赤泥、粉煤灰、磨细炉渣、磨细的煅烧粘土矿物、磷矿渣粉、磨细的煅烧煤矸石、磨细的煅烧页岩中的一种或多种组成的混合物。
进一步，限定所述的胶凝材料的质量组成范围为：粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料60-80份，以Na2O+0.658K2O计算的激发剂2-16份，减水剂0-10份、缓凝剂0-10份、膨胀剂0-10份，掺合料0-40份。
在本技术方案中，对所述的外加电场进行限定，限定所述的外加电场是交流电。
另外，为实现本发明的第二个目的，本发明的技术方案，一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术的专用设备，包括输送泵、输送管道、挤出装置，所述的挤出装置包括电处理设备和挤出口，电处理设备与所述的输送管道连接，挤出口位于电处理设备后，电处理设备上至少设置有一组与混凝土拌合物相接触的电极，电极之间通电后形成电压差；所述的输送泵是指将拌合物加压、提供输送和挤出所需动力的设备；所述的输送管道是指连接输送泵和电处理设备间的能够承受一定压力的管道；所述的电处理设备能对流经本设备中的拌合物提供 外加电场并形成电流的设备；所述的挤出口，是指能将电处理后的拌合物进行挤出的开口；挤出口可以是单独设置在电处理设备后的一段短的具有开口的管道，也可以是直接设置在电处理设备后端的管道开口，只是起到将电处理后的拌合物进行挤出的的作用。
采用上述的这种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术的专用设备，由于设置电处理设备，电处理设备至少设置有一组与混凝土拌合物相接触的电极，电极之间通电后形成电场，对流经本设备中的拌合物形成交变电流，外加电场能加快胶凝材料的水化速度，控制凝结时间，从而保证了这种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术的实现。
进一步限定，所述的电处理设备的外壁采用绝缘的管道，与之配合的所述电极设置在绝缘管道的内部。此时，电极与混泥土处于相互接触状态，电处理设备的外壁采用绝缘的管道能够保证电极在通电形成电场时，不短路，不漏电，管道的内部设置与管道配合的电极，且电极与混泥土相互接触能保证电极在通电时，电极间能形成拌合物的电流。
更进一步，限定所述的电处理设备的一组电极由可以由均匀分布的两个电极或三个电极组成，电极间形成通过拌合物的电流。由于电极间可以形成通过拌合物的电流，均匀布置后能稳定控制经过电处理设备的混泥土中的胶凝材料的水化速度，能更稳定的保证混泥土施工技术的实现。
附图说明：
图1是一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术流程图；
图2是一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术的专用设备的组成示意图；其中，箭头所示的方向为拌合物的流动方向。
图3是采用由电极A和电极B两个电极组成一组电极时，图2中M-M剖面图；
图4是采用由电极A、电极B、电极C三个电极组成一组电极时，图2中M-M剖面图。
图5是采用由电极A和电极B两个电极组成一组电极时另一种状态时，图2中M-M剖面图；
具体实施方式：
下面通过实施的方式，对本发明方案进行说明。但是本发明的保护范围不局限于所述实施例。
如图1所示，本发明一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术，包括以下步骤，
第一步，拌合，将所述混凝土的原材料与适量的拌合水、集料混合均匀形成混凝土拌合物，所述的混凝土原材料中至少包括有激发剂和粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料组成的胶凝材料；
第二步，泵送，采用输送泵，将拌合物通过输送管道，泵送到挤出装置：
第三步，挤出，将混凝土拌合物通过挤出口挤出；
第四步，成型，挤出后的拌合物形成所需尺寸与形状的建筑构件；
第五步，凝结硬化，建筑构件凝结硬化；
其特征在于，在所述的第二步泵送和第三步挤出之间，还包括有对混凝土拌合物进行外加电场的电处理步骤，经过外加电场电处理的拌合物通过挤出口后立即挤出。
通常在外加电场的电处理步骤中，外加电场是每米电压为380V的交流电时，拌合物在8分钟凝结硬化，外加电场是每米电压为110V的交流电时，拌合物在11分钟凝结硬化，这样明显加快了胶凝材料的水化速度，控制凝结时间；经过外加电场电处理的拌合物立即(按照要求必须在凝结硬化前)通过挤出口后挤出。其中，混凝土原材料包括有胶凝材料，胶凝材料的质量组成范围为：粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料78份，以Na2O+0.658K2O混合物计算的激发剂4份，减水剂1份、缓凝剂1.5份、膨胀剂1份，掺合料1.2份；粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料是指经过高温处理或通过高温加工阶段而得到的一类以硅铝氧化物为主要化学成分的且具有火山灰活性的、具有200平方米/千克以上比表面积的粉状材料，包括粒化高炉矿渣粉、磨细钢渣、粉煤灰、磨细的煅烧页岩中的均匀混合物。
在上述实施例中，激发剂和粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料组成的胶凝材料，具体常用组分的还可以如下表所示：
Figure PCTCN2016000200-appb-000001
具体的胶凝材料的具体质量组成范围还可以是：
1)粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料78份，以Na2O+0.658K2O混合物计算的激发剂4份，减水剂1份、缓凝剂1份、膨胀剂1份，掺合料1.2份；粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料是指经过高温处理或通过高温加工阶段而得到的一类以硅铝氧化物为主要化学成分的且具有火山灰活性的、具有200平方米/千克以上比表面积的粉状材料，包括粒化高炉矿渣粉、磨细钢渣、粉煤灰、磨细的煅烧页岩中的均匀混合物。
2)粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料60份，以Na2O+0.658K2O混合物计算的激发剂3份，减水剂2份、缓凝剂3份。粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料是指经过高温处理或通过高温加工阶段而得到的一类以硅铝氧化物为主要化学成分的且具有火山灰活性的、具有200平方米/千克以上比表面积的粉状材料，包括磨细钢渣、粉煤灰、磨细的煅烧页岩中的均匀混合物。
3)粉状的含硅铝氧化物括性材料76份，以Na2O+0.658K2O混合物计算的激发剂4份，减水剂1份、缓凝剂1.5份、膨胀剂2份，掺合料1.2份；粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料是指经过高温处理或通过高温加工阶段而得到的一类以硅铝氧化物为主要化学成分的且具有火山灰活性的、具有200平方米/千克以上比表面积的粉状材料，包括粒化高炉矿渣粉、粉煤灰、磨细的煅烧页岩中的均匀混合物。
4)粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料80份，以Na2O+0.658K2O计算的激发剂5份，减水剂3份、缓凝剂2份、膨胀剂1份，掺合料15份，粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料是指经过高温处理或通过高温加工阶段而得到的一类以硅铝氧化物为主要化学成分的且具有火山灰活性的、具有200平方米/千克以上比表面积的粉状材料，包括粒化高炉矿渣粉、磨细钢渣、粉煤灰的均匀混合物。
5)粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料75份，以以Na2O+0.658K2O计算的激发剂6份、膨胀剂5份，掺合料10份，粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料是指经过高温处理或通过高温加工阶段而得到的一类以硅铝氧化物为主要化学成分的且具有火山灰活性的、具有200平方米/千克以上比表面积的粉状材料，包括粒化高炉矿渣粉、磨细钢渣、磨细的煅烧页岩中的均匀混合物。
如图2、图3、图4、图5所示，一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术的专用设备，包括输送泵1、输送管道2、挤出装置3，所述的挤出装置包括电处理设备31和挤出口32，电处理设备31与所述的输送管道2连接，挤出口32位于电处理设备后，电处理设备31由绝缘的管道311和与之配合的电极312组成，电极312与拌合物相接触的电极，电极之间通电后形成电压差：所述的输送泵是指将拌合物加压、提供输送和挤出所需动力的设备；所述的输送管道是指连接输送泵和电处理设备间的能够承受一定压力的管道，通常可以设置为能承受压力的软管；所述的电处理设备能对流经本设备中的拌合物提供外加电场并形成电流的设备；所述的挤出 口，是指能将电处理后的拌合物进行挤出的开口。上述电极可以是如图3所示，由电极A312和电极B312两个电极组成，其形成的电场与拌合物的流动方向相交；也可以如图4所示，由电极A312、电极B312、电极C312三个电极组成，其形成的电场与拌合物的流动方向相交，此时，采用三相电作为电源；同样也可以是如图5所示，由电极A312和电极B 312两个电极组成，其中，电极A312是中心电极，电极B312是围绕中心电极的周圈电极，其形成的电场与拌合物的流动方向相交。
以上对本发明提供的具体实施例的说明只是用于帮助理解本发明的方法及其核心思想。应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以对本发明进行若干改进和修饰，这些改进和修饰也落入本发明权利要求的保护范围内。

Claims (9)

  1. 一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术，包括以下步骤，
    第一步，拌合，将所述混凝土的原材料与适量的拌合水、集料混合均匀形成混凝土拌合物，所述的混凝土原材料中至少包括有激发剂和粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料组成的胶凝材料；
    第二步，泵送，采用输送泵，将拌合物通过输送管道，泵送到挤出装置；
    第三步，挤出，将混凝土拌合物通过挤出口挤出；
    第四步，成型，挤出后的拌合物形成所需尺寸与形状的建筑构件；
    第五步，凝结硬化，建筑构件凝结硬化；
    其特征在于，在所述的第二步泵送和第三步挤出之间，还包括有对混凝土拌合物进行外加电场的电处理步骤，经过外加电场电处理的拌合物通过挤出口后立即挤出。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术，其特征在于，所述的激发剂是至少包括氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钠、碳酸钾、水玻璃中的一种或几种组成的混合物。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术，其特征在于，所述的粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料是指经过高温处理或通过高温加工阶段而得到的一类以硅铝氧化物为主要化学成分的且具有火山灰活性的、具有200平方米/千克以上比表面积的粉状材料，至少包括粒化高炉矿渣粉、磨细钢渣、拜耳法赤泥、粉煤灰、磨细炉渣、磨细的煅烧粘土矿物、磷矿渣粉、磨细的煅烧煤矸石、磨细的煅烧页岩中的一种或多种组成的混合物。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术，其特征在于，所述的胶凝材料的质量组成范围为：粉状的含硅铝氧化物活性材料60-80份，以Na2O+0.658K2O计算的激发剂2-16份，减水剂0-10份、缓凝剂0-10份、膨胀剂0-10份，掺合料0-40份。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术，其特征在于，所述的外加电场是交流电。
  6. 采用权利要求1或2或3或4或5所述的一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术的专用设备，其特征在于，包括输送泵、输送管道、挤出装置，所述的挤出装置包括电处理设备和挤出口，电处理设备与所述的输送管道连接，挤出口位于电处理设备后，电处理设备上至少设置有一组与混凝土拌合物相接触的电极，电极之间通电后形成电压差；所述的输送泵是指将拌合物加压、提供输送和挤出所需动力的设备；所述的输送管道是指连接输送泵和电处理设备间的能够承受一定压力的管道；所述的电处理设备能对流经本设备中的拌合物提供 外加电场并形成电流的设备；所述的挤出口，是指能将电处理后的拌合物进行挤出的开口。
  7. 如权利要求6所述的一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术的专用设备，其特征在于，所述的电处理设备的外壁采用绝缘的管道，与之配合的所述电极设置在绝缘管道的内部。
  8. 如权利要求7所述的一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术的专用设备，其特征在于，所述的电处理设备的一组电极，由两个电极组成，电极间形成通过拌合物的电流。
  9. 如权利要求7所述的一种可以控制凝结时间的混凝土施工技术的专用设备，其特征在于，所述的电处理设备的一组电极，由三个电极组成，采用三相电作为电源，电极间形成通过拌合物的电流。
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