WO2016152766A1 - フレキシブル太陽電池 - Google Patents
フレキシブル太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2016152766A1 WO2016152766A1 PCT/JP2016/058663 JP2016058663W WO2016152766A1 WO 2016152766 A1 WO2016152766 A1 WO 2016152766A1 JP 2016058663 W JP2016058663 W JP 2016058663W WO 2016152766 A1 WO2016152766 A1 WO 2016152766A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- photoelectric conversion
- solar cell
- organic
- flexible solar
- layer
- Prior art date
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- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DIAIBWNEUYXDNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dihexylhexan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCN(CCCCCC)CCCCCC DIAIBWNEUYXDNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OOHAUGDGCWURIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dipentylpentan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCN(CCCCC)CCCCC OOHAUGDGCWURIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QHCCDDQKNUYGNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethylbutan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCNCC QHCCDDQKNUYGNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XCVNDBIXFPGMIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethylpropan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCNCC XCVNDBIXFPGMIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXSXRABJBXYMFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-hexylhexan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCNCCCCCC PXSXRABJBXYMFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XJINZNWPEQMMBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methylhexan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCNC XJINZNWPEQMMBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JACMPVXHEARCBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentylpentan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCNCCCCC JACMPVXHEARCBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002071 nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- LKKPNUDVOYAOBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalocyanine Chemical group N1C(N=C2C3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C(N=C3C4=CC5=CC=CC=C5C=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=C2C(C=CC=C2)=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C2C4=N1 LKKPNUDVOYAOBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012788 optical film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- MPQXHAGKBWFSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxidophosphanium Chemical class [PH3]=O MPQXHAGKBWFSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005582 pentacene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 1
- 229920000301 poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003227 poly(N-vinyl carbazole) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001467 poly(styrenesulfonates) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000009719 polyimide resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960002796 polystyrene sulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011970 polystyrene sulfonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- WSANLGASBHUYGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfidophosphanium Chemical class S=[PH3] WSANLGASBHUYGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 description 1
- IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylamine Chemical compound CCCCN(CCCC)CCCC IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropylamine Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)CCC YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten disulfide Chemical compound S=[W]=S ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc indium(3+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[Zn++].[In+3] YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/30—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising bulk heterojunctions, e.g. interpenetrating networks of donor and acceptor material domains
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass and not covered by groups H10K10/80, H10K30/80, H10K50/80 or H10K59/80
- H10K77/10—Substrates, e.g. flexible substrates
- H10K77/111—Flexible substrates
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/80—Constructional details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/80—Constructional details
- H10K30/81—Electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/80—Constructional details
- H10K30/81—Electrodes
- H10K30/82—Transparent electrodes, e.g. indium tin oxide [ITO] electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/50—Organic perovskites; Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites [HOIP], e.g. CH3NH3PbI3
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a flexible solar cell having a photoelectric conversion layer containing an organic-inorganic perovskite compound that is excellent in light resistance and photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- Such a flexible solar cell has a photoelectric conversion layer made of a silicon semiconductor or a compound semiconductor having a function of generating current when irradiated with light on a flexible base made of a heat-resistant polymer material such as polyimide or polyester. Are manufactured in a thin film. Furthermore, a solar cell sealing sheet is laminated and sealed on the upper and lower surfaces of the solar cell element as necessary. (For example, Patent Document 1 etc.)
- the present inventors have found that a novel flexible solar cells, are considering a flexible solar cell having a photoelectric conversion layer containing an organic-inorganic perovskite compound represented by the general formula R-M-X 3.
- a solar cell having high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be produced.
- a flexible solar cell having a photoelectric conversion layer containing an organic / inorganic perovskite compound has a problem of light resistance in which the photoelectric conversion efficiency is lowered by light irradiation.
- the present inventors solved the light resistance problem by performing an annealing process in which the photoelectric conversion layer after film formation is heated to a temperature of 80 ° C.
- An object of this invention is to provide the flexible solar cell which has the photoelectric converting layer containing the organic inorganic perovskite compound which is excellent in light resistance and photoelectric conversion efficiency in view of the said present condition.
- the present invention is a flexible solar cell having a structure in which a metal foil, an electron transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, a hole transport layer, and a transparent electrode are laminated in this order, and the photoelectric conversion layer has the general formula R-MX 3 (wherein R is an organic molecule, M is a metal atom, X is a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom), and is a flexible solar cell containing an organic-inorganic perovskite compound.
- R-MX 3 wherein R is an organic molecule, M is a metal atom, X is a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom
- the flexible solar cell of the present invention has a structure in which a metal foil, an electron transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, a hole transport layer, and a transparent electrode are laminated in this order.
- the said metal foil plays the role as a base material of a flexible solar cell.
- the metal foil may serve as a base material at the same time as one electrode of the flexible solar cell.
- the metal constituting the metal foil is not particularly limited, and is preferably one having excellent durability and conductivity that can be used as an electrode.
- metals such as aluminum, titanium, copper, and gold, stainless steel
- An alloy such as steel (SUS) can be used. These materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the metal which comprises the said metal foil contains stainless steel (SUS).
- SUS stainless steel
- the metal constituting the metal foil preferably contains aluminum.
- the difference in coefficient of linear expansion between the metal foil and the photoelectric conversion layer containing the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is reduced, thereby further suppressing the occurrence of distortion during annealing. be able to.
- the thickness of the said metal foil is not specifically limited, A preferable minimum is 5 micrometers and a preferable upper limit is 500 micrometers. If the thickness of the metal foil is 5 ⁇ m or more, the mechanical strength of the resulting flexible solar cell is sufficient and the handleability is improved. If the thickness is 500 ⁇ m or less, the metal foil can be bent, and the flexibility is improved. Will improve. The minimum with more preferable thickness of the said metal foil is 10 micrometers, and a more preferable upper limit is 100 micrometers.
- the metal foil When the metal foil is used as a base material for a flexible solar cell, the metal foil itself serves as an electrode and a base material, and an electrode is provided on the surface of the metal foil on the photoelectric conversion layer side through an insulating layer.
- the form to form is considered.
- the insulating layer which consists of an insulating resin layer or a metal oxide layer is suitable. More specifically, the insulating layer is preferably formed using an insulating resin such as a polyimide resin or a silicone resin, or a metal oxide such as zirconia, silica, or hafnia.
- a preferable lower limit of the thickness of the insulating layer is 0.1 ⁇ m, and a preferable upper limit is 10 ⁇ m.
- the metal foil and the electrode can be reliably insulated. It does not specifically limit as an electrode formed in the surface by the side of the photoelectric converting layer of the said metal foil through an insulating layer, The metal electrode normally used in a solar cell can be used.
- the electron transport layer is preferably formed on the metal foil or an electrode formed on the surface of the metal foil on the photoelectric conversion layer side through an insulating layer.
- the material of the electron transport layer is not particularly limited.
- N-type conductive polymer, N-type low molecular organic semiconductor, N-type metal oxide, N-type metal sulfide, alkali metal halide, alkali metal, surface activity Specific examples include, for example, cyano group-containing polyphenylene vinylene, boron-containing polymer, bathocuproine, bathophenanthrene, hydroxyquinolinato aluminum, oxadiazole compound, benzimidazole compound, naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid compound, perylene derivative, Examples include phosphine oxide compounds, phosphine sulfide compounds, fluoro group-containing phthalocyanines, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, gallium oxide, tin sulfide, indium
- the preferable lower limit of the thickness of the electron transport layer is 1 nm, and the preferable upper limit is 2000 nm. If the thickness is 1 nm or more, holes can be sufficiently blocked. If the said thickness is 2000 nm or less, it will become difficult to become resistance at the time of electron transport, and photoelectric conversion efficiency will become high.
- the more preferable lower limit of the thickness of the electron transport layer is 3 nm, the more preferable upper limit is 1000 nm, the still more preferable lower limit is 5 nm, and the still more preferable upper limit is 500 nm.
- Examples of the method of forming the electron transport layer include a method of performing an electron transport layer forming step of forming an electron transport layer on a metal foil.
- the method for forming the electron transport layer on the metal foil is not particularly limited.
- a coating solution containing titanium is applied on the metal foil and then baked.
- a thin film electron transport layer is formed, and then a titanium oxide paste containing an organic binder and titanium oxide particles is applied onto the thin film electron transport layer, followed by baking to form a porous electron transport layer. And the like.
- the method of sputtering titanium on metal foil and oxidizing the surface and obtaining titanium oxide as an electron carrying layer is also mentioned.
- the photoelectric conversion layer includes an organic / inorganic perovskite compound represented by the general formula R-MX 3 (where R is an organic molecule, M is a metal atom, and X is a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom).
- R-MX 3 an organic / inorganic perovskite compound represented by the general formula R-MX 3 (where R is an organic molecule, M is a metal atom, and X is a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom).
- the portion containing the organic / inorganic perovskite compound represented by the general formula R—M—X 3 is hereinafter also referred to as an organic / inorganic perovskite compound portion.
- the organic / inorganic perovskite compound, when represented by the general formula RMX 3 is a cubic system in which a metal atom M is disposed at the body center, an organic molecule R is disposed at each vertex, and a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom X is disposed at the face center. It is preferable to have the following structure. FIG.
- FIG. 1 shows a cubic structure in which a metal atom M is arranged in the body center, an organic molecule R is arranged at each vertex, and a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom X is arranged in the face center.
- R is an organic molecule, and is a molecule represented by C 1 N m X n (l, m, and n are all positive integers).
- R is specifically methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, dipentylamine, dihexylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, tributylamine , Tripentylamine, trihexylamine, ethylmethylamine, methylpropylamine, butylmethylamine, methylpentylamine, hexylmethylamine, ethylpropylamine, ethylbutylamine, imidazole, azole, pyrrole, aziridine, azirine, azet
- methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine and their ions and phenethylammonium are preferred, and methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine and these ions are more preferred.
- M is a metal atom, such as lead, tin, zinc, titanium, antimony, bismuth, nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, copper, gallium, germanium, magnesium, calcium, indium, aluminum, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, europium, etc. Can be mentioned. These elements may be used independently and 2 or more types may be used together.
- X is a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom, and examples thereof include chlorine, bromine, iodine, sulfur, and selenium. These elements may be used independently and 2 or more types may be used together.
- the halogen atom is preferable because the organic / inorganic perovskite compound becomes soluble in an organic solvent and can be applied to an inexpensive printing method by containing halogen in the structure. Furthermore, iodine is more preferable because the energy band gap of the organic-inorganic perovskite compound becomes narrow.
- X is a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom.
- the organic / inorganic perovskite compound becomes soluble in an organic solvent and can be applied to an inexpensive printing method.
- the photoelectric conversion layer may further contain an organic semiconductor or an inorganic semiconductor in addition to the organic / inorganic perovskite compound as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- the organic semiconductor or inorganic semiconductor here may serve as an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer.
- the organic semiconductor include compounds having a thiophene skeleton such as poly (3-alkylthiophene).
- conductive polymers having a polyparaphenylene vinylene skeleton, a polyvinyl carbazole skeleton, a polyaniline skeleton, a polyacetylene skeleton, and the like can be given.
- compounds having a porphyrin skeleton such as a phthalocyanine skeleton, a naphthalocyanine skeleton, a pentacene skeleton, or a benzoporphyrin skeleton, a spirobifluorene skeleton, etc.
- carbon-containing materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and fullerene that may be surface-modified Also mentioned.
- the inorganic semiconductor examples include titanium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, gallium oxide, tin sulfide, indium sulfide, zinc sulfide, CuSCN, Cu 2 O, CuI, MoO 3 , V 2 O 5 , WO 3 , MoS 2, MoSe 2, Cu 2 S , and the like.
- the photoelectric conversion layer may be a thin film organic semiconductor or a laminated body in which an inorganic semiconductor portion and a thin organic inorganic perovskite compound portion are laminated, or an organic semiconductor Alternatively, a composite film in which an inorganic semiconductor site and an organic / inorganic perovskite compound site are combined may be used.
- a laminated body is preferable in that the production method is simple, and a composite film is preferable in that the charge separation efficiency in the organic semiconductor or the inorganic semiconductor can be improved.
- the preferable lower limit of the thickness of the thin-film organic / inorganic perovskite compound site is 5 nm, and the preferable upper limit is 5000 nm. If the thickness is 5 nm or more, light can be sufficiently absorbed, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is increased. If the said thickness is 5000 nm or less, since it can suppress that the area
- the more preferable lower limit of the thickness is 10 nm, the more preferable upper limit is 1000 nm, the still more preferable lower limit is 20 nm, and the still more preferable upper limit is 500 nm.
- a preferable lower limit of the thickness of the composite film is 30 nm, and a preferable upper limit is 3000 nm. If the thickness is 30 nm or more, light can be sufficiently absorbed, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is increased. If the said thickness is 3000 nm or less, since it becomes easy to reach
- the more preferable lower limit of the thickness is 40 nm, the more preferable upper limit is 2000 nm, the still more preferable lower limit is 50 nm, and the still more preferable upper limit is 1000 nm.
- a method of forming a photoelectric conversion layer a method of forming a photoelectric conversion layer containing an organic / inorganic perovskite compound on the electron transport layer and then performing a photoelectric conversion layer forming step of annealing at a temperature of 80 ° C. or higher is preferable.
- the method for forming the photoelectric conversion layer on the electron transport layer is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a vacuum deposition method, a sputtering method, a gas phase reaction method (CVD), an electrochemical deposition method, and a printing method.
- the flexible solar cell which can exhibit high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be easily formed in a large area by employ
- Examples of the printing method include a spin coating method and a casting method, and examples of a method using the printing method include a roll-to-roll method.
- a method for forming the photoelectric conversion layer specifically, for example, an organic / inorganic perovskite compound forming solution (that is, a precursor solution of an organic / inorganic perovskite compound) is stacked on the electron transporting layer.
- Examples of the method include forming the organic inorganic perovskite compound part and then forming the thin film organic semiconductor part on the thin film organic inorganic perovskite compound part.
- the annealing has a role of imparting light resistance to the photoelectric conversion layer containing the organic / inorganic perovskite compound.
- the crystallinity of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound is increased, so that it is considered that excellent light resistance is exhibited.
- the increase in crystallinity increases electron mobility and improves photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- distortion has occurred due to heating during annealing due to a difference in linear expansion coefficient between the substrate and the photoelectric conversion layer.
- a metal foil is used as a base material, such distortion hardly occurs.
- the crystallinity is obtained by separating the crystalline-derived scattering peak detected from the X-ray scattering intensity distribution measurement and the halo derived from the amorphous part by fitting, obtaining the intensity integral of each, It can be obtained by calculating the ratio of the parts.
- the minimum of the preferable crystallinity degree of the said organic inorganic perovskite compound is 30%. When the crystallinity is 30% or more, the mobility of electrons increases and the photoelectric conversion efficiency increases. A more preferred lower limit of crystallinity is 50%, and a more preferred lower limit is 70%.
- the annealing temperature is preferably 80 ° C. or higher. By annealing at a temperature of 80 ° C. or higher, the crystallinity of the organic / inorganic perovskite compound can be increased, so that a flexible solar cell having excellent light resistance and high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained.
- the annealing temperature is more preferably 100 ° C. or higher, and further preferably 120 ° C. or higher.
- the upper limit of the annealing temperature is not particularly limited, but even if the temperature is higher than that, the effect of increasing the degree of crystallinity does not change, and there is also an adverse effect on other members. is there.
- the annealing heating time is not particularly limited, but is preferably 3 minutes or more and 2 hours or less.
- the heating time is 3 minutes or longer, the crystallinity of the organic-inorganic perovskite compound can be sufficiently increased. If the heating time is within 2 hours, the organic inorganic perovskite compound can be heat-treated without causing thermal degradation.
- These heating operations are preferably performed in a vacuum or under an inert gas, and the dew point temperature is preferably 10 ° C or lower, more preferably 7.5 ° C or lower, and further preferably 5 ° C or lower.
- the material of the hole transport layer is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a P-type conductive polymer, a P-type low molecular organic semiconductor, a P-type metal oxide, a P-type metal sulfide, and a surfactant.
- examples include polystyrene sulfonate adduct of polyethylenedioxythiophene, carboxyl group-containing polythiophene, phthalocyanine, porphyrin, molybdenum oxide, vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, tin oxide, molybdenum sulfide, tungsten sulfide, copper sulfide. , Tin sulfide and the like, fluoro group-containing phosphonic acid, carbonyl group-containing phosphonic acid and the like.
- a hole transport layer containing an amorphous organic semiconductor is suitable.
- an amorphous organic semiconductor high conversion efficiency can be obtained by relieving the stress when the transparent electrode is formed.
- the amorphous organic semiconductor include Poly (4-butylphenyl-diphenyl-amine).
- the preferable lower limit of the thickness of the hole transport layer is 1 nm, and the preferable upper limit is 2000 nm. If the thickness is 1 nm or more, electrons can be sufficiently blocked. If the said thickness is 2000 nm or less, it will become difficult to become resistance at the time of hole transport, and a photoelectric conversion efficiency will become high.
- the more preferable lower limit of the thickness is 3 nm, the more preferable upper limit is 1000 nm, the still more preferable lower limit is 5 nm, and the still more preferable upper limit is 500 nm.
- Examples of the method of forming the hole transport layer include a method of performing a hole transport layer forming step of forming a hole transport layer on the photoelectric conversion layer.
- the method of forming the hole transport layer on the photoelectric conversion layer is not particularly limited. For example, a method of applying a solution in which a hole transport material is dissolved in an organic solvent and then volatilizing the organic solvent, vapor deposition, sputtering, or the like. Examples include a vacuum film forming method.
- the material constituting the transparent electrode is not particularly limited.
- CuI indium tin oxide
- SnO 2 indium tin oxide
- AZO aluminum zinc oxide
- IZO indium zinc oxide
- GZO gallium zinc oxide
- conductive transparent materials, etc., and the like may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- Examples of the method for forming the transparent electrode include a method of performing a transparent electrode forming step of forming a transparent electrode on the hole transport layer.
- the method for forming the transparent electrode on the hole transport layer is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method of sputtering the above material, a method of electron beam evaporation, and a method of applying nanoparticles and nanotubes.
- a laminate having a structure in which a metal foil, an electron transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, a hole transport layer, and a transparent electrode are laminated in this order is covered with a sealing layer.
- a sealing layer By covering with a sealing layer, the laminate including the photoelectric conversion layer can be protected from the outside environment and sufficient durability can be obtained, and a flexible solar cell with higher photoelectric conversion efficiency and higher durability can be obtained. be able to.
- the material used for the sealing layer is not particularly limited, and a known material can be used, which may be an organic material or an inorganic material. That is, the sealing layer may include an organic sealing layer made of an organic material or an inorganic sealing layer made of an inorganic material. Furthermore, the sealing layer preferably includes both an organic sealing layer and an inorganic sealing layer. Examples of the organic material include a curable resin and a hot melt resin. Examples of the inorganic material include inorganic oxides, inorganic nitrides, inorganic sulfides, and the like, and silicone resins having an organic group may be used.
- the said sealing layer contains an inorganic sealing layer, and the said inorganic sealing layer consists of an inorganic oxide or inorganic nitride. Is preferred.
- a sealing step of covering a stacked body having a structure in which a metal foil, an electron transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, a hole transport layer, and a transparent electrode are stacked in this order with the sealing layer The method of performing is mentioned.
- the method for forming the sealing layer is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a printing method such as dispensing and screen printing if the material used for the sealing layer is an organic material. If the material used for the sealing layer is an inorganic material, sputtering, vapor deposition, and the like can be given.
- Specific examples of the method of forming the sealing layer include a method of forming the sealing layer on the second electrode of the laminate so as to cover the entire laminate. .
- the sealing layer is formed on the second electrode.
- the first electrode may be a cathode (that is, a metal foil or an electrode formed on the surface of the metal foil on the photoelectric conversion layer side through an insulating layer) or an anode (that is, a transparent electrode), and the second electrode may be Either an anode or a cathode may be used.
- the preferable lower limit of the thickness of the organic sealing layer is 100 nm, and the preferable upper limit is 100000 nm.
- the thickness is 100 nm or more, the laminate can be sufficiently covered by the organic sealing layer.
- the organic sealing layer can sufficiently block water vapor entering from the side surface.
- a more preferable lower limit of the thickness is 500 nm, a more preferable upper limit is 50000 nm, a still more preferable lower limit is 1000 nm, and a still more preferable upper limit is 20000 nm.
- the preferable lower limit of the thickness of the inorganic sealing layer is 30 nm, and the preferable upper limit is 3000 nm. If the said thickness is 30 nm or more, the said inorganic sealing layer can have sufficient water vapor
- the more preferable lower limit of the thickness is 50 nm, the more preferable upper limit is 1000 nm, the still more preferable lower limit is 100 nm, and the still more preferable upper limit is 500 nm.
- the thickness of the inorganic sealing layer can be measured using an optical film thickness measuring device (for example, FE-3000 manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.).
- FIG. 1 An example of the flexible solar cell of the present invention is schematically shown in FIG.
- a metal foil 2 an electron transport layer 3, a photoelectric conversion layer 4 containing an organic / inorganic perovskite compound, a hole transport layer 5 and a transparent electrode 6 are formed in this order.
- an organic compound represented by the general formula R—M—X 3 (where R is an organic molecule, M is a metal atom, and X is a halogen atom or a chalcogen atom).
- a method for producing a flexible solar cell including an inorganic perovskite compound, the step of forming an electron transport layer on a metal foil, and the photoelectric conversion layer including the organic inorganic perovskite compound on the electron transport layer After forming, a photoelectric conversion layer forming step of annealing at a temperature of 80 ° C. or higher, a hole transport layer forming step of forming a hole transport layer on the photoelectric conversion layer, and a transparent electrode on the hole transport layer.
- the manufacturing method of the flexible solar cell which has the transparent electrode formation process to form is preferable.
- the flexible solar cell which has the photoelectric converting layer containing the organic inorganic perovskite compound which is excellent in light resistance and a photoelectric conversion efficiency can be provided.
- Example 1 After applying a titanium oxide paste containing polyisobutyl methacrylate as an organic binder and titanium oxide (mixture of average particle diameters of 10 nm and 30 nm) on a metal foil made of aluminum having a thickness of 50 ⁇ m by spin coating, the temperature is 150 ° C. And dried for 10 minutes. Then, using a high-pressure mercury lamp (HLR100T-2, manufactured by Sen Special Light Company), ultraviolet rays were irradiated for 15 minutes at an irradiation intensity of 500 mW / cm 2 to form a porous electron transport layer made of titanium oxide and having a thickness of 200 nm. did.
- HLR100T-2 high-pressure mercury lamp
- lead iodide as a metal halide compound was dissolved in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to prepare a 1M solution, and a film was formed on the porous electron transport layer by a spin coating method. Further, methylammonium iodide as an amine compound was dissolved in 2-propanol to prepare a 1% by weight solution. A layer containing CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , which is an organic / inorganic perovskite compound, was formed by immersing the sample formed of lead iodide in the solution. Thereafter, the obtained sample was annealed at 120 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- a 1% by weight chlorobenzene solution of Poly (4-butylphenyl-diphenyl-amine) (manufactured by 1-Material) was laminated to a thickness of 50 nm by spin coating on the organic / inorganic perovskite compound portion of the annealed photoelectric conversion layer.
- a hole transport layer was formed.
- a transparent electrode having a thickness of 300 nm made of ITO was formed on the hole transport layer by an electron beam evaporation method to obtain a flexible solar cell.
- Examples 2 to 7 A flexible solar cell was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the type of metal foil and the annealing temperature were set as shown in Table 1.
- Example 8 Except that a 1% by weight chlorobenzene solution of P3HT (manufactured by Aldrich) was laminated to a thickness of 50 nm by spin coating on the organic / inorganic perovskite compound portion of the annealed photoelectric conversion layer.
- a flexible solar cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 9 Zirconia (ZrO 2 ) was formed as an insulating layer on a metal foil made of aluminum having a thickness of 50 ⁇ m, and titanium (Ti) was formed as an electrode in order with a thickness of 500 nm by electron beam evaporation. Thereafter, a flexible solar cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 10 A flexible solar cell was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 9 except that aluminum (Al) was used instead of titanium (Ti) as an electrode.
- Example 11 A metal foil made of SUS was used in place of the metal foil made of aluminum, and polyimide (UPIA-VS, manufactured by Ube Industries) was used as an insulating layer in place of zirconia (ZrO 2 ) to a thickness of 10 ⁇ m by spin coating.
- a flexible solar cell was manufactured in the same manner as Example 9 except for the above.
- Aluminum was formed to a thickness of 100 nm on a plastic substrate made of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) by vacuum deposition.
- a titanium oxide paste containing polyisobutyl methacrylate as an organic binder and titanium oxide (a mixture of an average particle size of 10 nm and 30 nm) was applied by a spin coating method and then dried at 150 ° C. for 10 minutes. Then, using a high-pressure mercury lamp (HLR100T-2, manufactured by Sen Special Light Company), ultraviolet rays were irradiated for 15 minutes at an irradiation intensity of 500 mW / cm 2 to form a porous electron transport layer made of titanium oxide and having a thickness of 200 nm. did.
- HLR100T-2 high-pressure mercury lamp
- lead iodide as a metal halide compound was dissolved in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to prepare a 1M solution, and a film was formed on the porous electron transport layer by a spin coating method. Further, methylammonium iodide as an amine compound was dissolved in 2-propanol to prepare a 1% by weight solution. A layer containing CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , which is an organic / inorganic perovskite compound, was formed by immersing the sample formed of lead iodide in the solution. Thereafter, the obtained sample was annealed at 60 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- a 1% by weight chlorobenzene solution of Poly (4-butylphenyl-diphenyl-amine) (manufactured by 1-Material) was laminated to a thickness of 50 nm by spin coating on the organic / inorganic perovskite compound portion of the annealed photoelectric conversion layer.
- a hole transport layer was formed.
- a transparent electrode having a thickness of 300 nm made of ITO was formed on the hole transport layer by an electron beam evaporation method to obtain a flexible solar cell.
- Comparative Example 2 A flexible solar cell was manufactured in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the annealing treatment temperature was set as shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 4 A flexible solar cell was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2 except that a plastic substrate made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was used instead of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN).
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PEN polyethylene naphthalate
- the flexible solar cell which has the photoelectric converting layer containing the organic inorganic perovskite compound which is excellent in light resistance and a photoelectric conversion efficiency can be provided.
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Abstract
Description
しかしながら、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含む光電変換層を有するフレキシブル太陽電池は、光照射により光電変換効率が低下する、耐光性の問題を有していた。これに対して本発明者らは、成膜後の光電変換層を80℃以上の温度に加熱するアニール工程を行い、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の結晶化度を上げることにより、耐光性の課題を解決することを見出した。ところが、ポリイミドやポリエステル系の耐熱高分子材料からなるフレキシブル基材上に光電変換層等を積層していく従来の製造方法により有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含む光電変換層を有するフレキシブル太陽電池を製造しようとすると、フレキシブル基材と光電変換層等との線膨張係数の相違により、アニール時に歪みが生じ、その結果、高い光電変換効率を達成することが難しいという問題があった。さらに電子輸送層として金属酸化物を使用する際には高温でのアニール工程を行わない場合、高い変換効率を達成することが難しいという問題があった。
以下に本発明を詳述する。
上記金属箔は、フレキシブル太陽電池の基材としての役割を果たす。上記金属箔は、フレキシブル太陽電池の一方の電極であると同時に、基材としての役割を果たしてもよい。基材として金属箔を用いることにより、後述する光電変換層形成工程において耐光性を付与する目的で80℃以上の温度でアニールを行っても、歪みの発生を最小限に抑えて、高い光電変換効率を有するフレキシブル太陽電池を得ることができる。上記金属箔は、実質的に平坦であることが好ましい。
なかでも、上記金属箔を構成する金属は、ステンレス鋼(SUS)を含むことが好ましい。上記金属箔を構成する金属としてステンレス鋼(SUS)を用いることで、上記金属箔が強靱になり曲げに対する耐性が向上するため、曲げ変形に起因する光電変換効率のばらつきを抑えることができる。上記金属箔を構成する金属は、アルミニウムを含むことも好ましい。上記金属箔を構成する金属としてアルミニウムを用いることで、上記金属箔と、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含有する光電変換層との線膨張係数の差が小さくなるため、アニール時の歪みの発生を更に抑えることができる。
上記絶縁層としては特に限定されないが、絶縁樹脂層又は金属酸化物層からなる絶縁層が好適である。より具体的には、ポリイミド樹脂、シリコーン樹脂等の絶縁樹脂や、ジルコニア、シリカ、ハフニア等の金属酸化物を用いて上記絶縁層を形成することが好ましい。
上記絶縁層の厚みの好ましい下限は0.1μm、好ましい上限は10μmである。上記絶縁層の厚みがこの範囲内であれば、上記金属箔と電極とを確実に絶縁することができる。
上記金属箔の光電変換層側の表面に絶縁層を介して形成される電極としては特に限定されず、太陽電池において通常用いられる金属電極を用いることができる。
上記金属箔上に電子輸送層を形成する方法は特に限定されず、例えば、酸化チタンからなる電子輸送層を形成する場合、上記金属箔上に、チタンを含有する塗布液を塗布後、焼成して薄膜状の電子輸送層を形成し、次いで、該薄膜状の電子輸送層上に、有機バインダと酸化チタン粒子とを含有する酸化チタンペーストを塗布し、焼成して多孔質状の電子輸送層を形成する方法等が挙げられる。また、金属箔上にチタンをスパッタリングし、表面を酸化させることにより酸化チタンを得て電子輸送層とする方法も挙げられる。
有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を用いることにより、本発明のフレキシブル太陽電池は、光電変換効率に優れたものとなる。
上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物は、一般式R-M-X3で表したとき、体心に金属原子M、各頂点に有機分子R、面心にハロゲン原子又はカルコゲン原子Xが配置された立方晶系の構造を有することが好ましい。このような体心に金属原子M、各頂点に有機分子R、面心にハロゲン原子又はカルコゲン原子Xが配置された立方晶系の構造を図1に示す。詳細は明らかではないが、上記構造を有することにより、結晶格子内の八面体の向きが容易に変わることができるため、電子移動度が高くなることから、高い光電変換効率を実現することができると推定される。
上記有機半導体として、例えば、ポリ(3-アルキルチオフェン)等のチオフェン骨格を有する化合物等が挙げられる。また、例えば、ポリパラフェニレンビニレン骨格、ポリビニルカルバゾール骨格、ポリアニリン骨格、ポリアセチレン骨格等を有する導電性高分子等も挙げられる。更に、例えば、フタロシアニン骨格、ナフタロシアニン骨格、ペンタセン骨格、ベンゾポルフィリン骨格等のポルフィリン骨格、スピロビフルオレン骨格等を有する化合物や、表面修飾されていてもよいカーボンナノチューブ、グラフェン、フラーレン等のカーボン含有材料も挙げられる。
上記電子輸送層上に光電変換層を形成する方法は特に限定されず、真空蒸着法、スパッタ法、気相反応法(CVD)、電気化学沈積法、印刷法等が挙げられる。なかでも、印刷法を採用することで、高い光電変換効率を発揮できるフレキシブル太陽電池を大面積で簡易に形成することができる。印刷法として、例えば、スピンコート法、キャスト法等が挙げられ、印刷法を用いた方法としてロールtoロール法等が挙げられる。
上記光電変換層を形成する方法として、具体的には例えば、上記電子輸送層上に、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物形成用溶液(即ち、有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の前駆体溶液)を積層して上記薄膜状の有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物部位を形成した後、上記薄膜状の有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物部位上に、上記薄膜状の有機半導体部位を形成する方法等が挙げられる。
従来のフレキシブル太陽電池の製造方法では、基材と光電変換層等との線膨張率の相違により、アニール時の加熱によって歪みが発生してしまっていた。しかしながら、本発明のフレキシブル太陽電池では、基材として金属箔を用いていることから、このような歪みがほとんど発生することがない。
上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の好ましい結晶化度の下限は30%である。結晶化度が30%以上であると、電子の移動度が高くなり、光電変換効率が上昇する。より好ましい結晶化度の下限は50%であり、更に好ましい下限は70%である。
上記アニールの温度の上限は特に限定されないが、それ以上の温度としても結晶化度上昇の効果が変わらず、また、他の部材への悪影響もあることから、200℃程度が実質的な上限である。
上記アニールの加熱時間は特に限定されないが、3分以上、2時間以内であることが好ましい。上記加熱時間が3分以上であれば、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物の結晶化度を充分に上げることができる。上記加熱時間が2時間以内であれば、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を熱劣化させることなく加熱処理を行うことができる。
これらの加熱操作は真空又は不活性ガス下で行われることが好ましく、露点温度は10℃以下が好ましく、7.5℃以下がより好ましく、5℃以下が更に好ましい。
上記アモルファス有機半導体としては、例えば、Poly(4-butylphenyl-diphenyl-amine)等が挙げられる。
上記光電変換層上にホール輸送層を形成する方法は特に限定されず、例えば、有機溶媒にホール輸送材料を溶解させた溶液を塗布し、その後、有機溶媒を揮発させる方法、蒸着又はスパッタリング等の真空成膜する方法等が挙げられる。
上記ホール輸送層上に透明電極を形成する方法は特に限定されず、例えば、上記の材料をスパッタリングする方法、電子ビーム蒸着する方法、ナノ粒子やナノチューブを塗布する方法等が挙げられる。
有機材料としては、硬化性樹脂、ホットメルト樹脂等が挙げられる。無機材料としては、無機酸化物、無機窒化物、無機硫化物等が挙げられ、有機基を有するシリコーン樹脂等でもよい。具体的には、酸化ケイ素、酸化スズ、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化マグネシウム、複数の金属からなる複合酸化物窒化アルミニウム、窒化ケイ素等が挙げられる。なかでも、ガスバリア性に優れ、フレキシブル太陽電池の耐久性をより高めることができることから、上記封止層は無機封止層を含み、上記無機封止層は無機酸化物又は無機窒化物からなることが好ましい。
上記封止層を形成する方法は特に限定されず、封止層として用いられる材料が有機材料であれば、ディスペンス、スクリーン印刷等の印刷法が挙げられる。封止層として用いられる材料が無機材料であれば、スパッタリング、蒸着等が挙げられる。
上記封止層を形成する方法として、具体的には例えば、上記積層体の上記第二の電極上に、上記積層体の全体を覆うようにして上記封止層を形成する方法等が挙げられる。上記第一の電極から順に形成した場合、上記封止層は上記第二の電極上に形成される。上記第一の電極は陰極(即ち、金属箔又は金属箔の光電変換層側の表面に絶縁層を介して形成された電極)でも陽極(即ち、透明電極)でもよく、上記第二の電極は陽極でも陰極でもよい。
なお、無機封止層の厚みは、光学膜厚測定装置(例えば、大塚電子社製、FE-3000等)を用いて測定することができる。
本発明のフレキシブル太陽電池を製造する方法としては、一般式R-M-X3(但し、Rは有機分子、Mは金属原子、Xはハロゲン原子又はカルコゲン原子である。)で表される有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含むフレキシブル太陽電池の製造方法であって、金属箔上に、電子輸送層を形成する電子輸送層形成工程と、上記電子輸送層上に、上記有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含む光電変換層を形成した後、80℃以上の温度でアニールする光電変換層形成工程と、上記光電変換層上に、ホール輸送層を形成するホール輸送層形成工程と、上記ホール輸送層上に、透明電極を形成する透明電極形成工程を有するフレキシブル太陽電池の製造方法が好ましい。
厚さ50μmのアルミニウムからなる金属箔上に、有機バインダとしてのポリイソブチルメタクリレートと酸化チタン(平均粒子径10nmと30nmとの混合物)とを含有する酸化チタンペーストをスピンコート法により塗布した後150℃で10分間乾燥させた。その後、高圧水銀ランプ(セン特殊光源社製、HLR100T-2)を用いて、紫外線を射強度500mW/cm2で15分間照射し、酸化チタンからなる厚み200nmの多孔質状の電子輸送層を形成した。
次いで、ハロゲン化金属化合物としてヨウ化鉛をN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)に溶解させて1Mの溶液を調製し、上記多孔質状の電子輸送層上にスピンコート法によって製膜した。更に、アミン化合物としてヨウ化メチルアンモニウムを2-プロパノールに溶解させて1重量%の溶液を調製した。この溶液内に上記のヨウ化鉛を製膜したサンプルを浸漬させることによって有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物であるCH3NH3PbI3を含む層を形成した。その後、得られたサンプルに対して120℃にて30分間アニール処理を行った。
金属箔の種類とアニール処理の温度を表1に示すような条件とした以外は、実施例1と同様にしてフレキシブル太陽電池を製造した。
アニール後の光電変換層の有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物部位上に、P3HT(Aldrich社製)の1重量%クロロベンゼン溶液を、スピンコート法によって50nmの厚みに積層してホール輸送層を形成した以外は、実施例1と同様にしてフレキシブル太陽電池を製造した。
厚さ50μmのアルミニウムからなる金属箔上に絶縁層としてジルコニア(ZrO2)を、電極としてチタン(Ti)をそれぞれ順に500nmの厚みで電子ビーム蒸着法により製膜した。その後は実施例1と同様にしてフレキシブル太陽電池を製造した。
電極としてチタン(Ti)の代わりにアルミニウム(Al)を用いた以外は実施例9と同様にしてフレキシブル太陽電池を製造した。
アルミニウムからなる金属箔の代わりにSUSからなる金属箔を用い、絶縁層としてジルコニア(ZrO2)の代わりにポリイミド(UPIA-VS、宇部興産社製)をスピンコートにて10μmの厚みで製膜した以外は実施例9と同様にしてフレキシブル太陽電池を製造した。
ポリエチレンナフタレート(PEN)からなるプラスチック基材上に、真空蒸着法によりアルミニウムを100nmの厚みに製膜した。有機バインダとしてのポリイソブチルメタクリレートと酸化チタン(平均粒子径10nmと30nmとの混合物)とを含有する酸化チタンペーストをスピンコート法により塗布した後150℃で10分間乾燥させた。その後、高圧水銀ランプ(セン特殊光源社製、HLR100T-2)を用いて、紫外線を射強度500mW/cm2で15分間照射し、酸化チタンからなる厚み200nmの多孔質状の電子輸送層を形成した。
次いで、ハロゲン化金属化合物としてヨウ化鉛をN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)に溶解させて1Mの溶液を調製し、上記多孔質状の電子輸送層上にスピンコート法によって製膜した。更に、アミン化合物としてヨウ化メチルアンモニウムを2-プロパノールに溶解させて1重量%の溶液を調製した。この溶液内に上記のヨウ化鉛を製膜したサンプルを浸漬させることによって有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物であるCH3NH3PbI3を含む層を形成した。その後、得られたサンプルに対して60℃にて30分間アニール処理を行った。
アニール処理の温度を表1に示すような条件とした以外は、比較例1と同様にしてフレキシブル太陽電池を製造した。
ポリエチレンナフタレート(PEN)からなるプラスチック基材上に、電子ビーム蒸着法によりITOからなる厚み300nmのITO膜を形成し、純水、アセトン、メタノールをこの順に用いて各10分間超音波洗浄した後、乾燥させた。多孔質状の電子輸送層を形成する工程以降は、ホール輸送層上に真空蒸着により厚み100nmの金膜を形成したこと以外は比較例2と同様にしてフレキシブル太陽電池を得た。
ポリエチレンナフタレート(PEN)の代わりにポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)からなるプラスチック基材を用いた以外は比較例2と同様の方法にてフレキシブル太陽電池を得た。
実施例及び比較例で得られたフレキシブル太陽電池について、以下の評価を行った。
フレキシブル太陽電池の電極間に、電源(KEITHLEY社製、236モデル)を接続し、100mW/cm2の強度のソーラーシミュレータ(山下電装社製)を用いて光電変換効率を測定した。得られた光電変換効率を初期変換効率とした。下記に示す基準で判定を行った。
◎:初期変換効率が6%以上の場合
○:初期変換効率が5%以上、6%未満の場合
△:初期変換効率が4%以上、5%未満の場合
×:初期変換効率が4%未満の場合
100mW/cm2の強度のソーラーシミュレータにて光を1時間照射し続けたときの、変換効率を測定し、初期変換効率に対する保持率を算出した。
○:保持率が70%以上
△:保持率が40%以上、70%未満
×:保持率が40%未満
同じ条件にて10個のフレキシブル太陽電池のサンプルを作製して、10個のサンプルの光電変換効率の平均値を算出した。下記に示す基準で判定を行った。
◎:10個のサンプルの平均値と最小値との差が1%未満
○:10個のサンプルの平均値と最小値との差が1%以上、2%未満
×:10個のサンプルの平均値と最小値との差が2%以上
2 金属箔
3 電子輸送層
4 有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含む光電変換層
5 ホール輸送層
6 透明電極
Claims (5)
- 金属箔、電子輸送層、光電変換層、ホール輸送層及び透明電極がこの順に積層された構造を有するフレキシブル太陽電池であって、
前記光電変換層は、一般式R-M-X3(但し、Rは有機分子、Mは金属原子、Xはハロゲン原子又はカルコゲン原子である。)で表される有機無機ペロブスカイト化合物を含有する
ことを特徴とするフレキシブル太陽電池。 - 金属箔を構成する金属がステンレス鋼を含むことを特徴とする請求項1記載のフレキシブル太陽電池。
- 金属箔を構成する金属がアルミニウムを含むことを特徴とする請求項1記載のフレキシブル太陽電池。
- 金属箔の光電変換層側の表面に絶縁層を介して電極を有することを特徴とする請求項1、2又は3記載のフレキシブル太陽電池。
- ホール輸送層がアモルファス有機半導体を含むことを特徴とする請求項1、2、3又は4記載のフレキシブル太陽電池。
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