WO2016096643A1

WO2016096643A1 - Modified kappa light chain-binding polypeptides

Info

Publication number: WO2016096643A1
Application number: PCT/EP2015/079387
Authority: WO
Inventors: Gustav Rodrigo; Mats ANDER; Tomas Bjorkman
Original assignee: Ge Healthcare Bioprocess R&D Ab
Priority date: 2014-12-17
Filing date: 2015-12-11
Publication date: 2016-06-23
Also published as: JP6843438B2; JP2017537632A; ES2977457T3; US20170320919A1; US11136357B2; US20190144511A1; EP3233891A1; EP3233891B1; EP3233892B1; JP2018505657A; JP7204086B2; DK3233891T3; CN107108701A; ES2975669T3; US20170327545A1; CN107108700B; WO2016096644A1; US10208092B2; US10208091B2; DK3233892T3

Abstract

A kappa light chain-binding polypeptide comprising or consisting essentially of one or more binding domains of Peptostreptococcus Protein L, each of said domains being selected from the group consisting of domain 2, domain 3 and domain 4.

Description

MODIFIED KAPPA LIGHT CHAIN-BINDING POLYPEPTIDES

Technical field of the invention The present invention relates to the field of affinity chromatography, and more specifically to polypeptides comprising kappa light chain-binding domains of Protein L, which are useful in affinity chromatography of many types of immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin fragments. The invention also relates to separation matrices containing the polypeptides and to separation methods using such separation matrices.

Background of the invention

Immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin fragments represent the most prevalent biopharmaceutical products in either manufacture or development worldwide. The high commercial demand for and hence value of this particular therapeutic market has led to the emphasis being placed on pharmaceutical companies to maximize the productivity of their respective manufacturing processes whilst controlling the associated costs.

Affinity chromatography, typically on matrices comprising staphylococcal Protein A or variants thereof, is normally used as one of the key steps in the purification of intact

immunoglobulin molecules. The highly selective binding of Protein A to the Fc chain of immunoglobulins provides for a generic step with very high clearance of impurities and contaminants. For antibody fragments, such as Fab, single-chain variable fragments (scFv), bi-specific

T-cell engagers (BiTEs), domain antibodies etc., which lack the Fc chain but have a subclass 1,3 or 4 kappa light chain, matrices comprising Protein L derived from Peptostreptococcus magnus (B Akerstrom, L Bjorck: J. Biol. Chem. 264, 19740-19746, 1989; W Kastern et al: J. Biol.

Chem. 267, 12820-12825, 1992; B H K Nilson et al: J. Biol. Chem. 267, 2234-2239, 1992 and US Pat. 6,822,075) show great promise as a purification platform providing the high selectivity needed. The Protein L disclosed in US Pat. 6,822,075 comprises the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 plus an additional AVEN sequence at the N-terminus. SEQ ID NO: 1 (Protein L)

KEETPETPETD SEEEVTIKAN LIFANGSTQT AEFKGTFEKA TSEAYAYADT LKKDNGEYTV DVADKGYTLN IKFAGKEKTPEE PKEEVTIKAN LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADA LKKDNGEYTV DVADKGYTLN IKFAGKEKTPEE PKEEVTIKAN LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKENGKYTV DVADKGYTLN IKFAGKEKTPEE PKEEVTIKAN LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFAEA TAEAYRYADL LAKENGKYTA DLEDGGYTIN IRFAGKKVDEKPEE

Protein L matrices are commercially available as Capto™ L from GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, Sweden (Capto L data file 29-0100-08 AC, 2014) and can be used for separation of kappa light chain-containing proteins such as intact antibodies, Fab fragments, scFv fragments, domain antibodies etc. About 75% of the antibodies produced by healthy humans have a kappa light chain and many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments contain kappa light chains.

Any bioprocess chromatography application requires comprehensive attention to definite removal of contaminants. Such contaminants can for example be non-eluted molecules adsorbed to the stationary phase or matrix in a chromatographic procedure, such as non-desired biomolecules or microorganisms, including for example proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, bacteria and viruses. The removal of such contaminants from the matrix is usually performed after a first elution of the desired product in order to regenerate the matrix before subsequent use. Such removal usually involves a procedure known as cleaning-in-place (CIP), wherein agents capable of eluting contaminants from the stationary phase are used. One such class of agents often used with chromatography media is alkaline solutions that are passed over the matrix. At present the most extensively used cleaning and sanitizing agent is NaOH, and it is desirable to use it in concentrations ranging from 0.05 up to e.g. 1 M, depending on the degree and nature of contamination. Protein L is however a rather alkali-sensitive protein compared to e.g. Protein A and only tolerates up to about 15 mM NaOH over a large number of cycles. This means that additional, less desirable cleaning solutions, e.g. urea or guanidinium salts, may also have to be used in order to ensure sufficient cleaning.

An extensive research has earlier been focused on the development of engineered protein A ligands that exhibit an improved capacity to withstand alkaline pH-values. For example, WO2003/080655A1 discloses that Protein A domains with particular asparagine mutations are considerably more alkali stable than the native protein. There is thus still a need in this field to obtain a separation matrix containing Protein L-derived ligands having an improved stability towards alkaline cleaning procedures.

Summary of the invention

One aspect of the invention is to provide a polypeptide with improved alkaline stability. This is achieved with a polypeptide as defined in claim 1.

One advantage is that the alkaline stability is improved over Protein L and the parental polypeptides. A further advantage is that the highly selective binding towards kappa light chain- containing proteins demonstrated for Protein L is retained in the polypeptides of the invention.

A second aspect of the invention is to provide a nucleic acid or a vector encoding a polypeptide or multimer with improved alkaline stability. This is achieved with a nucleic acid or vector as defined in the claims.

A third aspect of the invention is to provide an expression system capable of expressing a polypeptide or multimer with improved alkaline stability. This is achieved with an expression system as defined in the claims.

A fourth aspect of the invention is to provide a separation matrix capable of selectively binding kappa light chain-containing proteins and exhibiting an improved alkaline stability. This is achieved with a separation matrix as defined in the claims. A fifth aspect of the invention is to provide an efficient and economical method of isolating a kappa light chain-containing protein. This is achieved with a method as defined in the claims.

Further suitable embodiments of the invention are described in the dependent claims. Definitions

The terms "antibody" and "immunoglobulin" are used interchangeably herein, and are understood to include also fragments of antibodies, fusion proteins comprising antibodies or antibody fragments and conjugates comprising antibodies or antibody fragments. The terms a "kappa light chain-binding polypeptide" and "kappa light chain-binding protein" herein mean a polypeptide or protein respectively, capable of binding to a subclass 1, 3 or 4 kappa light chain of an antibody (also called V_Ki, V_Km and V_Kiv, as in B H K Nilson et al: J. Biol. Chem. 267, 2234-2239, 1992), and include e.g. Protein L, and any variant, fragment or fusion protein thereof that has maintained said binding property.

The term "kappa light chain-containing protein" is used as a synonym of "immunoglobulin kappa light chain- containing protein" and herein means a protein comprising a subclass 1 , 3 or 4 kappa light chain (also called V_Ki, V_Km and V_Kiv, as in B H K Nilson et al: J. Biol. Chem. 267, 2234-2239, 1992) derived from an antibody and includes any intact antibodies, antibody fragments, fusion proteins, conjugates or recombinant proteins containing a subclass 1, 3 or 4 kappa light chain.

Brief description of figures

Fig. 1 shows an alignment of the five kappa light chain-binding domains of Protein L as described in US 6,822,075 and W Kastern et al: J Biol. Chem. 267, 12820-12825, 1992.

Fig. 2 shows the alkali stability of different kappa light chain-binding domains of Protein L.

Fig. 3 shows the alkali stability of mutated kappa light chain-binding domains of Protein L.

Fig. 4 shows the alkali stability of Protein L ligands comprising four domains. Fig. 5 shows the alkali stability of mutated dimeric, tetrameric and hexameric kappa light chain- binding domains of Protein L in comparison with Protein L.

Detailed description of embodiments In one aspect the present invention discloses a kappa light chain-binding polypeptide comprising or consisting essentially of one or more binding domains of Peptostreptococcus magnus Protein L, wherein each of these domains is selected from the group consisting of Domain 2, Domain 3 and Domain 4. Domain 2 can have an amino acid sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 12, or it can have at least 90%, such as at least 95%, sequence homology with SEQ ID NO:3 or 12. SEQ ID NO: 12 is a variant of SEQ ID NO: 3, with an alanine in position 31. Domain 3 can have an amino acid sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:4, or it can have at least 90%, such as at least 95%, sequence homology with SEQ ID NO:4. Domain 4 can have an amino acid sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:5, or it can have at least 90%, such as at least 95%, sequence homology with SEQ ID NO:5.

In some embodiments of the polypeptide, each domain is selected from the group consisting of Domain 3 and Domain 4, or each of the domains is Domain 3. Specifically, the polypeptide may comprise or consist essentially of a multimer of Domain 3. In certain embodiments, at least two of the domains are selected from the group consisting of Domain 2, Domain 3 and Domain 4, or from the group consisting of Domain 3 and Domain 4.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide does not contain any Domain 1 of Peptostreptococcus Protein L. Domain 1 can have an amino acid sequence as defined by SEQ ID NO:2, or it can have at least 90%, such as at least 95% sequence homology with SEQ ID NO:2.

In certain embodiments of the polypeptide, at least the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 45 in SEQ ID NO:2-5 (e.g. the amino acid at position 45 in SEQ ID NO: 2-5 or 12) in one or more, such as all, of the binding domains has been mutated to an amino acid which is not asparagine, proline or cysteine. The amino acid at position 45 can e.g. be mutated to an alanine.

In some embodiments of the polypeptide, at least the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 10 in SEQ ID NO:2-5 (e.g. the amino acid at position 10 in SEQ ID NO: 2-5 or 12) in one or more, such as all, of the binding domains has been mutated to an amino acid which is not asparagine, proline or cysteine. The amino acid at position 10 can e.g. be mutated to a glutamine.

In certain embodiments of the polypeptide, at least the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 60 in SEQ ID NO:2-5 (e.g. the amino acid at position 60 in SEQ ID NO: 2-5 or 12) in one or more, such as all, of the binding domains has been mutated to an amino acid which is not asparagine, proline or cysteine. The amino acid at position 60 can e.g. be mutated to a glutamine.

Specifically, one or more, such as all, of the binding domains may have mutations selected from the group consisting of N10Q; N45A; N60Q; N10Q,N45A; N45A,N60Q, N10Q,N60Q and N10Q,N45A,N60Q, or alternatively selected from the group consisting ofN45A; N10Q,N45A; N45A,N60Q and N10Q,N45A,N60Q.

In some embodiments of the polypeptide, at least the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 19 in SEQ ID NO:2-5 (e.g. the amino acid at position 19 in SEQ ID NO: 2-5 or 12) in one or more, such as all, of the binding domains has been mutated to an amino acid which is not glutamine, asparagine, proline or cysteine. The amino acid at position 19 can e.g. be mutated to a glutamic acid or an alanine. Specifically, one or more, such as all, of the binding domains may have mutations selected from the group consisting of Q19E and Q19A.

In certain embodiments of the polypeptide, one or more, such as all, of said binding domains has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of sequences defined by SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: l l, SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 14. One or more, such as all, of said binding domains can alternatively have an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of sequences defined by SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NO: l 1. The polypeptide may further at the N-terminus comprise a plurality of amino acid residues originating from the cloning process or constituting a residue from a cleaved off signaling sequence. The number of additional amino acid residues may e.g. be 15 or less, such as 10 or less or 5 or less. As a specific example, the polypeptide may comprise an AQV sequence at the N-terminus.

SEQ ID NO: 7 (Domain 3, N45A mutation)

PKEEVTIKAN LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKEAGKYTV DVADKGYTLN IKFAGKEKTPEE

SEQ ID NO: 8 (Domain 3, N10Q,N45A mutation)

PKEEVTIKAQ LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKEAGKYTV DVADKGYTLN IKFAGKEKTPEE SEQ ID NO: 9 (Domain 3,N45A,N60Q mutation)

PKEEVTIKAN LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKEAGKYTV DVADKGYTLQ IKFAGKEKTPEE

SEQ ID NO: 10 (Domain 3, N10Q, N60Q mutation)

PKEEVTIKAQ LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKENGKYTV DVADKGYTLQ IKFAGKEKTPEE

SEQ ID NO: 11 (Domain 3, N10Q,N45A,N60Q mutation)

PKEEVTIKAQ LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKEAGKYTV DVADKGYTLQ IKFAGKEKTPEE SEQ ID NO: 12 (variant of Domain 2)

PKEEVTIKAN LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA AAEAYRYADA LKKDNGEYTV DVADKGYTLN IKFAGKEKTPEE SEQ ID NO : 13 (Domain 3 , Q 19 A mutation)

PKEEVTIKAN LIYADGKTAT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKENGKYTV DVADKGYTLN IKFAGKEKTPEE SEQ ID NO : 14 (Domain 3 , Q 19E mutation)

PKEEVTIKAN LIYADGKTET AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKENGKYTV DVADKGYTLN IKFAGKEKTPEE

In some embodiments, the polypeptide is a multimer comprising, or consisting essentially of, a plurality of mutated or non-mutated domains as defined by any embodiment disclosed above. The multimer can e.g. be a dimer, a trimer, a tetramer, a pentamer or a hexamer. It can be a homomultimer, where all the units in the multimer are identical or it can be a heteromultimer, where at least one unit differs from the others. Advantageously, all the units in the multimer are alkali stable, such as by comprising the mutations disclosed above. The domains can be linked to each other directly by peptide bonds between the C- and N-termini of the domains. Alternatively, two or more units in the multimer can be linked by elements comprising oligomeric or polymeric species, such as elements comprising up to 15 or 30 amino acids, such as 1-5, 1-10 or 5-10 amino acids. The nature of such a link should preferably not destabilize the spatial conformation of the domains. This can e.g. be achieved by avoiding the presence of cysteine in the links.

Furthermore, said link should preferably also be sufficiently stable in alkaline environments not to impair the properties of the domains. For this purpose, it is advantageous if the links do not contain asparagine. It can additionally be advantageous if the links do not contain glutamine. The multimer may further at the N-terminus comprise a plurality of amino acid residues originating from the cloning process or constituting a residue from a cleaved off signaling sequence. The number of additional amino acid residues may e.g. be 15 or less, such as 10 or less or 5 or less. As a specific example, the multimer may comprise an AQV sequence at the N-terminus.

In certain embodiments, the multimer may comprise, or consist essentially, of a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO: 18, such as a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO: 18.

SEQ ID NO: 15 (Domain 3, tetramer) PKEEVTIKAN LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKENGKYTV DVADKGYTLN IKFAGKEKTPEE PKEEVTIKAN LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKENGKYTV DVADKGYTLN IKFAGKEKTPEE PKEEVTIKAN LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKENGKYTV DVADKGYTLN IKFAGKEKTPEE PKEEVTIKAN LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKENGKYTV DVADKGYTLN IKFAGKEKTPEE

SEQ ID NO: 16 Domain 3(N10Q,N45A,N60Q)2

PKEEVTIKAQ LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKEAGKYTV DVADKGYTLQ IKFAGKEKTPEE PKEEVTIKAQ LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKEAGKYTV DVADKGYTLQ IKFAGKEKTPEE

SEQ ID NO: 17 Domain 3 (N10Q,N45A,N60Q)4

PKEEVTIKAQ LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKEAGKYTV DVADKGYTLQ IKFAGKEKTPEE PKEEVTIKAQ LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKEAGKYTV DVADKGYTLQ IKFAGKEKTPEE PKEEVTIKAQ LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKEAGKYTV DVADKGYTLQ IKFAGKEKTPEE PKEEVTIKAQ LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKEAGKYTV DVADKGYTLQ IKFAGKEKTPEE

SEQ ID NO: 18 Domain 3 (N10Q,N45A,N60Q)6

PKEEVTIKAQ LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKEAGKYTV DVADKGYTLQ IKFAGKEKTPEE PKEEVTIKAQ LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKEAGKYTV DVADKGYTLQ IKFAGKEKTPEE PKEEVTIKAQ LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKEAGKYTV DVADKGYTLQ IKFAGKEKTPEE PKEEVTIKAQ LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKEAGKYTV DVADKGYTLQ IKFAGKEKTPEE PKEEVTIKAQ LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKEAGKYTV DVADKGYTLQ IKFAGKEKTPEE PKEEVTIKAQ LIYADGKTQT AEFKGTFEEA TAEAYRYADL LAKEAGKYTV DVADKGYTLQ IKFAGKEKTPEE

In some embodiments, the polypeptide and/or multimer, as disclosed above, further comprises at the C-terminus or N-terminus one or more coupling elements, selected from the group consisting of a cysteine residue, a plurality of lysine residues and a plurality of histidine residues. The coupling element may e.g. be a single cysteine at the C-terminus. The coupling element(s) may be directly linked to the C- or N-terminus, or it/they may be linked via a linker comprising up to 15 amino acids, such as 1-5, 1-10 or 5-10 amino acids. This stretch should preferably also be sufficiently stable in alkaline environments not to impair the properties of the mutated protein. For this purpose, it is advantageous if the stretch does not contain asparagine. It can additionally be advantageous if the stretch does not contain glutamine. An advantage of having a C- or N-terminal cysteine is that endpoint coupling of the protein can be achieved through reaction of the cysteine thiol with an electrophilic group on a support. This provides excellent mobility of the coupled protein which is important for the binding capacity. The alkali stability of the polypeptide or multimer can be assessed by coupling it to an SPR chip, e.g. to Biacore CM5 sensor chips as described in the examples, and measuring the kappa light chain-binding capacity of the chip, using e.g. a specific kappa light chain-containing protein or polyclonal human IgG (where the majority of the IgG molecules have a kappa light chain), before and after incubation in alkaline solutions at a specified temperature, e.g. 22 +/- 2 °C. The incubation can e.g. be performed in 0.1 M NaOH for a number of 10 min cycles, such as 50, 96 or 100 cycles. The binding capacity of the matrix after 96-100 10 min incubation cycles in 0.1 M NaOH at 22 +/- 2 °C can be at least 40, such as at least 50, or at least 55 % of the binding capacity before the incubation. Alternatively, the remaining binding capacity after 96-100 cycles for a particular mutant measured as above can be compared with the remaining binding capacity for the parental polypeptide/multimer. In this case, the remaining binding capacity for the mutant may be at least 105%, such as at least 110%, at least 125%, at least 150% or at least 200% of the parental polypeptide/multimer. The invention also discloses a kappa light chain-binding polypeptide comprising at least one mutated binding domain of Peptostreptococcus Protein L, in which at least one asparagine residue of a parental domain defined by, or having at least 95% or 98%> sequence homology with, SEQ ID NO: 2-6 or 12 has been mutated to another amino acid residue which is not asparagine, proline or cysteine. The polypeptide may comprise at least the mutation N45A and/or the mutation N60Q. In specific embodiments, the mutation(s) are selected from the group consisting of N45A; N10Q,N45A; N45A,N60Q, N10Q,N60Q and N10Q,N45A,N60Q, or alternatively selected from the group consisting of N45A; N10Q,N45A; N45A,N60Q and N10Q,N45A,N60Q. The alkali stability relative to a parental polypeptide can be improved and measured as disclosed above.

In some embodiments the polypeptide comprises or consists essentially of a plurality of mutated binding domains, such as 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 domains, wherein each domain comprises at least one of the mutations N10Q, N45A and N60Q, such as N45A and/or N60Q. Specifically, the mutation(s) in each domain can be selected from the group consisting of N45A; N10Q,N45A; N45A,N60Q, N10Q,N60Q and N10Q,N45A,N60Q, or alternatively selected from the group consisting of N45A; N10Q,N45A; N45A,N60Q and N10Q,N45A,N60Q. The domains can optionally be linked to each other by elements comprising up to 15 amino acids. In a second aspect the present invention discloses a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide or multimer according to any embodiment disclosed above. Thus, the invention encompasses all forms of the present nucleic acid sequence such as the R A and the DNA encoding the polypeptide or multimer. The invention embraces a vector, such as a plasmid, which in addition to the coding sequence comprises the required signal sequences for expression of the polypeptide or multimer according the invention. In one embodiment, the vector comprises nucleic acid encoding a multimer according to the invention, wherein the separate nucleic acids encoding each unit may have homologous or heterologous DNA sequences. In a third aspect the present invention discloses an expression system, which comprises, a nucleic acid or a vector as disclosed above. The expression system may e.g. be a gram-positive or gram-negative prokaryotic host cell system, e.g. Bacillus sp. or Escherichia coli which has been modified to express the present polypeptide or multimer. In an alternative embodiment, the expression system is a eukaryotic host cell system, such as a yeast, e.g. Pichea pastoris or Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In a fourth aspect, the present invention discloses a separation matrix, wherein a plurality of polypeptides or multimers according to any embodiment disclosed above have been coupled to a solid support. Such a matrix is useful for separation of kappa light chain-containing proteins and, due to the improved alkali stability of the polypeptides/multimers, the matrix will withstand highly alkaline conditions during cleaning, which is essential for long-term repeated use in a bioprocess separation setting. The alkali stability of the matrix can be assessed by measuring the kappa light chain-binding capacity, using e.g. a specific kappa light chain- containing protein or polyclonal human IgG, before and after incubation in alkaline solutions at a specified

temperature, e.g. 22 +/- 2 °C. The incubation can e.g. be performed in 0.1 M NaOH for a number of 15 min cycles, such as 100, 200 or 300 cycles. The binding capacity of the matrix after 100 15 min incubation cycles in 0.1 M NaOH at 22 +/- 2 °C can be at least 80, such as at least 85, at least 90 or at least 95% of the binding capacity before the incubation. Alternatively, the incubation can be performed in 0.1 M NaOH for a number of 4 h cycles, such as 6 cycles giving a total incubation time of 24 h. The binding capacity of the matrix after 24 h min total incubation time in 0.1 M NaOH at 22 +/- 2 °C can be at least 80, such as at least 85, at least 90 or at least 95% of the binding capacity before the incubation.

As the skilled person will understand, the expressed polypeptide or multimer should be purified to an appropriate extent before been immobilized to a support. Such purification methods are well known in the field, and the immobilization of protein-based ligands to supports is easily carried out using standard methods. Suitable methods and supports will be discussed below in more detail.

The solid support of the matrix according to the invention can be of any suitable well-known kind. A conventional affinity separation matrix is often of organic nature and based on polymers that expose a hydrophilic surface to the aqueous media used, i.e. expose hydroxy (-OH), carboxy (-COOH), carboxamido (-CONH₂, possibly in N- substituted forms), amino (-NH₂, possibly in substituted form), oligo- or polyethylenoxy groups on their external and, if present, also on internal surfaces. The solid support can suitably be porous. The porosity can be expressed as a Kav or Kd value (the fraction of the pore volume available to a probe molecule of a particular size) measured by inverse size exclusion chromatography, e.g. according to the methods described in Gel Filtration Principles and Methods, Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology 1991, pp 6- 13. By definition, both Kd and Kav values always lie within the range 0 - 1. The Kav value can advantageously be 0.6 - 0.95, e.g. 0.7 - 0.90 or 0.6 - 0.8, as measured with dextran of Mw 110 kDa as a probe molecule. An advantage of this is that the support has a large fraction of pores able to accommodate both the polypeptides/multimers of the invention and immunoglobulins binding to the polypeptides/multimers and to provide mass transport of the immunoglobulins to and from the binding sites.

The polypeptides or multimers may be attached to the support via conventional coupling techniques utilising e.g. thiol, amino and/or carboxy groups present in the ligand. Bisepoxides, epichlorohydrin, CNBr, N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) etc. are well-known coupling reagents. Between the support and the polypeptide/multimer, a molecule known as a spacer can be introduced, which improves the availability of the polypeptide/multimer and facilitates the chemical coupling of the polypeptide/multimer to the support. Suitable spacers can be introduced e.g. by activation of the support with epichlorohydrin, butanediol diepoxide, allyl glycidyl ether etc. Alternatively, the polypeptide/multimer may be attached to the support by non-covalent bonding, such as physical adsorption or biospecific adsorption.

In some embodiments the matrix comprises 5 - 20, such as 5 - 15 mg/ml, 5 - 11 mg/ml or 8 - mg/ml of the polypeptide or multimer coupled to the support. The amount of coupled

polypeptide/multimer can be controlled by the concentration of polypeptide/multimer used in coupling process, by the coupling conditions used and/or by the pore structure of the support used. As a general rule the absolute binding capacity of the matrix increases with the amount of coupled polypeptide/multimer, at least up to a point where the pores become significantly constricted by the coupled polypeptide/multimer. The relative binding capacity per mg coupled polypeptide/multimer will decrease at high coupling levels, resulting in a cost-benefit optimum within the ranges specified above.

In some embodiments the polypeptides are coupled to the support via multipoint attachment. This can suitably be done by using such coupling conditions that a plurality of reactive groups in the polypeptide react with reactive groups in the support. Typically, multipoint attachment can involve the reaction of several intrinsic reactive groups of amino acid residues in the sequence, such as amines in lysines, with the reactive groups on the support, such as epoxides, cyanate esters (e.g. from CNBr activation), succinimidyl esters (e.g. from NHS activation) etc. It is however also possible to deliberately introduce reactive groups at different positions in the polypeptides to affect the coupling characteristics. In order to provide multipoint coupling via lysines, the coupling reaction is suitably carried out at a pH where a significant fraction of the lysine primary amines are in the non-protonated nucleophilic state, e.g. at pH higher than 8.0, such as above 10. In certain embodiments the polypeptides or multimers are coupled to the support via thioether bonds. Methods for performing such coupling are well-known in this field and easily performed by the skilled person in this field using standard techniques and equipment. Thioether bonds are flexible and stable and generally suited for use in affinity chromatography. In particular when the thioether bond is via a terminal or near-terminal cysteine residue on the polypeptide or multimer, the mobility of the coupled polypeptide/multimer is enhanced which provides improved binding capacity and binding kinetics. In some embodiments the polypeptide/multimer is coupled via a C-terminal cysteine provided on the protein as described above. This allows for efficient coupling of the cysteine thiol to electrophilic groups, e.g. epoxide groups, halohydrin groups etc. on a support, resulting in a thioether bridge coupling. The polypeptide/multimer can e.g. be coupled via single-point attachment, e.g. via a single cysteine or by directed multipoint attachment, using e.g. a plurality of lysines or other coupling groups near a terminus of the polypeptide/multimer. In certain embodiments the support comprises a polyhydroxy polymer, such as a polysaccharide. Examples of polysaccharides include e.g. dextran, starch, cellulose, pullulan, agar, agarose etc. Polysaccharides are inherently hydrophilic with low degrees of nonspecific interactions, they provide a high content of reactive (activatable) hydroxyl groups and they are generally stable towards alkaline cleaning solutions used in bioprocessing.

In some embodiments the support comprises agar or agarose. The supports used in the present invention can easily be prepared according to standard methods, such as inverse suspension gelation (S Hjerten: Biochim Biophys Acta 79(2), 393-398 (1964). Alternatively, the base matrices are commercially available products, such as crosslinked agarose beads sold under the name of SEPHAROSE™ FF (GE Healthcare). In an embodiment, which is especially advantageous for large-scale separations, the support has been adapted to increase its rigidity using the methods described in US6602990 or US7396467, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, and hence renders the matrix more suitable for high flow rates.

In certain embodiments the support, such as a polysaccharide or agarose support, is crosslinked, such as with hydroxyalkyl ether crosslinks. Crosslinker reagents producing such crosslinks can be e.g. epihalohydrins like epichlorohydrin, diepoxides like butanediol diglycidyl ether, allylating reagents like allyl halides or allyl glycidyl ether. Crosslinking is beneficial for the rigidity of the support and improves the chemical stability. Hydroxyalkyl ether crosslinks are alkali stable and do not cause significant nonspecific adsorption.

Alternatively, the solid support is based on synthetic polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyhydroxyalkyl acrylates, polyhydroxyalkyl methacrylates, polyacrylamides,

polymethacrylamides etc. In case of hydrophobic polymers, such as matrices based on divinyl and monovinyl-substituted benzenes, the surface of the matrix is often hydrophilised to expose hydrophilic groups as defined above to a surrounding aqueous liquid. Such polymers are easily produced according to standard methods, see e.g. "Styrene based polymer supports developed by suspension polymerization" (R Arshady: Chimica e L'Industria 70(9), 70-75 (1988)).

Alternatively, a commercially available product, such as SOURCE™ (GE Healthcare) is used. In another alternative, the solid support according to the invention comprises a support of inorganic nature, e.g. silica, zirconium oxide etc.

In yet another embodiment, the solid support is in another form such as a surface, a chip, capillaries, or a filter (e.g. a membrane or a depth filter matrix).

As regards the shape of the matrix according to the invention, in one embodiment the matrix is in the form of a porous monolith. In an alternative embodiment, the matrix is in beaded or particle form that can be porous or non-porous. Matrices in beaded or particle form can be used as a packed bed or in a suspended form. Suspended forms include those known as expanded beds and pure suspensions, in which the particles or beads are free to move. In case of monoliths, packed bed and expanded beds, the separation procedure commonly follows conventional

chromatography with a concentration gradient. In case of pure suspension, batch- wise mode will be used.

In a sixth aspect, the present invention discloses a method of isolating a kappa light chain- containing protein, wherein a separation matrix as disclosed above is used. In certain embodiments, the method comprises the steps of:

a) contacting a liquid sample comprising a kappa light chain-containing protein with a separation matrix as disclosed above,

b) washing said separation matrix with a washing liquid,

c) eluting the kappa light chain-containing protein from the separation matrix with an elution liquid, and

d) cleaning the separation matrix with a cleaning liquid.

The method may also comprise steps of, before step a), providing an affinity separation matrix according to any of the embodiments described above and providing a solution comprising a kappa light chain-containing protein and at least one other substance as a liquid sample and of, after step c), recovering the eluate and optionally subjecting the eluate to further separation steps, e.g. by anion or cation exchange chromatography, multimodal chromatography and/or hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Suitable compositions of the liquid sample, the washing liquid and the elution liquid, as well as the general conditions for performing the separation are well known in the art of affinity chromatography and in particular in the art of Protein L chromatography. The liquid sample comprising a kappa light chain-containing protein and at least one other substance may comprise host cell proteins (HCP), such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell, E. coli or yeast cell proteins. Contents of CHO cell and E. coli proteins can conveniently be determined by immunoassays directed towards these proteins, e.g. the CHO HCP or E. coli HCP ELISA kits from Cygnus Technologies. The host cell proteins or CHO cell/E. co /z^'/yeast proteins may be desorbed during step b).

The elution may be performed by using any suitable solution used for elution from Protein L media. This can e.g. be a solution or buffer with pH 4 or lower, such as pH 2.5 - 4 or 2.8 - 3.5. In some embodiments the elution buffer or the elution buffer gradient comprises at least one mono- di- or trifunctional carboxylic acid or salt of such a carboxylic acid. In certain

embodiments the elution buffer or the elution buffer gradient comprises at least one anion species selected from the group consisting of acetate, citrate, glycine, succinate, phosphate, and formiate.

In some embodiments, the cleaning liquid is alkaline, such as with a pH of 12 - 14. Such solutions provide efficient cleaning of the matrix, in particular at the upper end of the interval In certain embodiments, the cleaning liquid comprises 0.01 - 1.0 M NaOH or KOH, such as 0.05 - 1.0 or 0.05 - 0.1 M NaOH or KOH. The high stability of the polypeptides of the invention enables the use of such comparatively strong alkaline solutions.

In some embodiments, steps a) - d) are repeated at least 10 times, such as at least 50 times or 50 - 200 times. This is important for the process economy in that the matrix can be re-used many times.

Examples

Mutagenesis of protein

Monomer constructs were designed from a Protein L disclosed in US6822075 (SEQ ID NO: 1), containing four kappa light chain-binding domains. These are numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4, starting from the N-terminus (Fig.1). The DNA fragments were purchased from a DNA synthesizing company (DNA2.0). Four monomer constructs were prepared in a pJexpress201 cloning vector, each with an N-terminal cysteine. For an overview of constructs, see SEQ ID NO: 2,4,5,12. Constructs were subcloned to expression vector pGO, containing E.coli GAP promoter and

OmpA signal peptide sequence for periplasmatic localization of the target protein. The sequence encoding the four domains was prepared by amplifying with oligonucleotides containing the restriction enzyme recognition sites for Fspl and Pstl on the 5 ' side and 3 ' side, respectively. The prepared DNA fragment encoding each domain was digested with Fspl and Pstl (New England Bio labs). Separately, expression vector was prepared with digestion with Fspl and Pstl and purified by agarose gel electrophoresis and recovered. Both were mixed and ligated with Quick ligation kit (New England Bio labs). The ligated plasmid expressing each domain was transformed into a chemical competent E. coli K12 strain with a heat shock method.

Further mutations of amino acids N10, N45, Q19, and N60 in domain 3 were prepared in expression vector pJexpress401(DNA2.0) containing T5 promoter under a lac operon control mechanism (SEQ ID NO: 7-11,13-14). Constructs were designed with and without OmpA signal peptide but without a C-terminal cysteine.

Tetramers of domain 3, dimer, tetramer and hexamer of domain 3 with N45, N10 and N60 mutations were also prepared in pJexpress401, with and without C-terminal cysteine (SEQ ID NO: 15-18). Construct expression and purification

The E. coli K12 recombinant cells were cultured in shake flasks with LB-broth (10 g peptone, 5 g yeast extract, 5 g NaCl) supplemented with 25 mg/1 kanamycin at 37°C until optical density at 600 nm reached 0.8. At this point protein expression was induced with Isopropyl β-D-l- thiogalactopyranoside (VWR International) with final concentration of 1 mM. Upon induction the temperature was lowered to 30°C and the cultures were incubated for 5 hours. The cultivation was stopped and cells were centrifuged for 15 minutes at 4000 x g and the supernatant was discarded. Cells were resuspended in 1/10 of culturing volume with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and sonicated using pulse-sonication with an active time of 2 minutes. The sonicated samples were clarified from cell debris by centrifugation at 6000xg for 30 minutes, followed by micro filtration with a membrane having a 0.2 μιη pore size.

The purified ligands were analyzed with LC-MS to determine the purity and to ascertain that the molecular weight corresponded to the expected (based on the amino acid sequence). Example 1

The purified monomeric ligands listed in Table 1 , further comprising, in the cases of the non- mutated single domains, a cysteine at the C terminus and an AQV sequence at the N-terminus, were immobilized on Biacore CM5 sensor chips (GE Healthcare, Sweden), using the amine coupling kit of GE Healthcare (for carbodiimide coupling of amines on the carboxymethyl groups on the chip) in an amount sufficient to give a signal strength of about 1000RU in a Biacore instrument (GE Healthcare, Sweden) . To follow the IgG binding capacity of the immobilized surface lmg/ml human polyclonal IgG (Gammanorm) was flowed over the chip and the signal strength was noted. The surface was then cleaned-in-place (CIP), i.e. flushed with lOOmM NaOH for 10 minutes at room temperature (22 +/- 2°C). This was repeated for 96 cycles and the immobilized ligand alkaline stability was followed as the relative loss of IgG binding capacity (signal strength) after each cycle. The results for the non-mutated domains are shown in Fig. 2 and indicate that Domain 1 has a distinctly lower alkali stability than the other domains and that Domain 3 has the highest alkali stability. Results for single-domain asparagine mutants of Domain 3 are shown in Fig. 3 and show an improved alkali stability for all the mutants in comparison with the parental Domain 3, which was used as a reference in parallel with the mutations.

Table 1.

Example 2

The purified multidomain ligands listed in Table 2 were immobilized on Biacore CM5 sensor chips (GE Healthcare, Sweden), using the amine coupling kit of GE Healthcare (for

carbodiimide coupling of amines on the carboxymethyl groups on the chip) in an amount sufficient to give a signal strength of about 1000RU in a Biacore instrument (GE Healthcare, Sweden) . The Protein L had an additional AIHNRA sequence at the N-terminus.To follow the IgG binding capacity of the immobilized surface lmg/ml human polyclonal IgG (Gammanorm) was flowed over the chip and the signal strength was noted. The surface was then cleaned- in- place (CIP), i.e. flushed with lOOmM NaOH for 10 minutes at room temperature (22 +/- 2°C). This was repeated for 96 cycles and the immobilized ligand alkaline stability was followed as the relative loss of IgG binding capacity (signal strength) after each cycle. The results are shown in Table 2 and Fig. 4 and show that the tetrameric Domain 3 has an improved alkali stability in comparison with Protein L which was run in parallel as a reference.

Table 2

Example 3

The purified multidomain ligands listed in Table 3 were immobilized on Biacore CM5 sensor chips and evaluated by the methods used in Example 2. -cys at the end of the ligand designation indicates that the ligand has a C-terminal cysteine in addition to the sequence defined by SEQ ID NO: 16-18. The results are shown in Table 3 and Fig. 5 and show that all the mutated Domain 3 dimers, tetramers and hexamers have an improved alkali stability in comparison with Protein L which was run in parallel as a reference.

Table 3

Example 4

The purified di-, tetra- and hexameric ligands of Table 4 were immobilized on agarose beads using the methods described below and assessed for capacity. The results are shown in Table 4. Table 4

Activation

The base matrix used was rigid cross-linked agarose beads of 85 micrometers (volume- weighted) median diameter, prepared according to the methods of US6602990 and with a pore size corresponding to an inverse gel filtration chromatography Kav value of 0.70 for dextran of Mw 110 kDa, according to the methods described in Gel Filtration Principles and Methods,

Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology 1991, pp 6-13. 25 mL (g) of drained base matrix, 10.0 mL distilled water and 2.02 g NaOH (s) was mixed in a 100 mL flask with mechanical stirring for 10 min at 25°C. 4.0 mL of epichlorohydrin was added and the reaction progressed for 2 hours. The activated gel was washed with 10 gel sediment volumes (GV) of water. Coupling

The activated gel was washed with 5 GV 0.2 M phosphate/1 mM EDTA pH 11.5 (coupling buffer). 15 ml gel + 13 mg ligand/ml gel (5.0 ml) + 5.5 ml coupling buffer + 4.7 g sodium sulfate were mixed in a 50 ml flask and stirred at 30 °C for 18.5 h. The pH was measured as 10.8.

After immobilization the gels were washed 3xGV with distilled water and then 5xGV with 0.1 M phosphate/1 mM EDTA pH 8.5 . The gels + 1 GV {0.1 M phosphate/1 mM EDT A/7.5 % thioglycerol pH 8.5} was mixed and the flask was stirred at 45 °C for 2h 20 min. . The gel was then washed alternately with lxGV 0.1 M HAc and lxGV {0.1 M TRIS/0.15 M NaCl pH 8.5} and and then 6xGV with distilled water. Gel samples were sent to an external laboratory for amino acid analysis and the ligand content (mg/ml gel) was calculated from the total amino acid content. The coupling protocol used provides multipoint coupling, with several lysines of each domain attached to the gel. 2 ml of resin was packed in TRICORN™ 5 100 columns. Protein a) Purified Fab prepared from a papain-digested IgG mAb , diluted to lmg/ml in Equilibration buffer. b) Purified Dab prepared from heat-treated E. coli supernatant, diluted to lmg/ml in Equilibration buffer. The Dab contained solely a kappa light chain, without any antigen-binding site.

Equilibration buffer

APB Phosphate buffer 20 mM +0.15 M NaCl , pH 7,4 (Medicago)

Adsorption buffer

APB Phosphate buffer 20 mM +0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.4 (Medicago).

Elution buffer 25 mM citrate pH 2.5

The breakthrough capacity was determined with an AKTAExplorer 10 system at a residence time of 4 minutes. Equilibration buffer was run through the bypass column until a stable baseline was obtained. This was done prior to auto zeroing. Sample was applied to the column until a 100% UV signal was obtained. Then, equilibration buffer was applied again until a stable baseline was obtained.

Sample was loaded onto the column until a UV signal of 85% of maximum absorbance was reached. The column was then washed with equilibration buffer and eluted at pH 2.5 at a flow rate of 0.5 ml min.

For calculation of breakthrough capacity at 10%, the equation below was used. That is the amount of Fab/Dab that is loaded onto the column until the concentration of Fab/Dab in the column effluent is 10% of the Fab/Dab concentration in the feed.

100% UV signal;

A_su = absorbance contribution from non-binding proteins;

A(V) = absorbance at a given applied volume;

Vc = column volume;

V_app = volume applied until 10%> breakthrough;

V_Sys = system dead volume;

Co = feed concentration.

The dynamic binding capacity (DBC) at 10% breakthrough was calculated and the appearance of the curve was studied. The curve was also studied regarding binding, elution and CIP peak. The dynamic binding capacity (DBC) was calculated for 10 and 80% breakthrough.

This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims. All patents and patent applications mentioned in the text are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties, as if they were individually incorporated.

Claims

1. A kappa light chain-binding polypeptide comprising or consisting essentially of one or more binding domains of Peptostreptococcus Protein L, each of said domains being selected from the group consisting of domain 2, domain 3 and domain 4.

2. The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein each domain is selected from the group consisting of domain 3 and domain 4.

3. The polypeptide of claim 1 or 2, wherein each of said domains is domain 3.

4. The polypeptide of any preceding claim, wherein at least two of said domains are selected from the group consisting of domain 2, domain 3 and domain 4, or from the group consisting of domain 3 and domain 4.

5. The polypeptide of any preceding claim, comprising or consisting essentially of a multimer of domain 3.

6. The polypeptide of any preceding claim, which does not contain any domain 1 of

Peptostreptococcus Protein L.

7. The polypeptide of claim 6, wherein the amino acid sequence of domain 1 is defined by SEQ ID NO:2, or has at least 90%, or at least 95% sequence homology with SEQ ID NO:2.

8. The polypeptide of any preceding claim, wherein the amino acid sequence of domain 2 is defined by SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO: 12, or has at least 90%, such as at least 95%, sequence homology with SEQ ID NO:3 or 12.

9. The polypeptide of any preceding claim, wherein the amino acid sequence of domain 3 is defined by SEQ ID NO:4, or has at least 90%>, such as at least 95%, sequence homology with SEQ ID NO:4.

10. The polypeptide of any preceding claim, wherein the amino acid sequence of domain 4 is defined by SEQ ID NO:5, or has at least 90%, such as at least 95%, sequence homology with SEQ ID NO:5.

11. The polypeptide of any preceding claim, wherein in one or more, such as all, of said binding domains at least the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 45 in SEQ ID NO:2-5 has been mutated to an amino acid which is not asparagine, proline or cysteine, such as to an alanine.

12. The polypeptide of any preceding claim, wherein in one or more, such as all, of said binding domains at least the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 10 in SEQ ID NO:2-5 has been mutated to an amino acid which is not asparagine, proline or cysteine, such as to a glutamine.

13. The polypeptide of any preceding claim, wherein in one or more, such as all, of said binding domains at least the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 60 in SEQ ID NO:2-5 has been mutated to an amino acid which is not asparagine, proline or cysteine, such as to a glutamine.

14. The polypeptide of any preceding claim, wherein one or more, such as all, of said binding domains has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of sequences defined by SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NO: l l .

15. The polypeptide of any preceding claim, further comprising an N-terminal moiety.

16. The polypeptide of any preceding claim, further comprising a C-terminal moiety.

17. The polypeptide of any preceding claim, wherein the domains are linked to each other by elements comprising up to five or fifteen amino acid residues.

18. The polypeptide of any preceding claim, comprising or consisting essentially of two, three, four, five, six or seven domains.

19. The polypeptide of any preceding claim, comprising or consisting essentially of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of sequences defined by SEQ ID NO: 15-18 or by SEQ ID NO: 16-18.

20. The polypeptide according to any preceding claim, wherein the alkaline stability is improved as measured by the remaining binding capacity for kappa light chain- containing proteins after 96-100 10 min incubation cycles in 0.1 M aqueous NaOH at 22 +/- 2 °C.

21. The polypeptide according to any preceding claim, further comprising at the C-terminus or N-terminus one or more coupling element, selected from the group consisting of a cysteine residue, a plurality of lysine residues and a plurality of histidine residues.

22. A nucleic acid or a vector encoding a polypeptide according to any preceding claim.

23. An expression system, which comprises a nucleic acid or vector according to claim 22.

24. A separation matrix, wherein a plurality of polypeptides or multimers according to any one of claims 1 - 21 have been coupled to a solid support.

25. The separation matrix according to claim 24, wherein the polypeptides or multimers have been coupled to the solid support by multipoint attachment.

26. The separation matrix according to claim 24 or 25, wherein the solid support is a

polysaccharide.

27. The separation matrix according to any one of claims 24-26, wherein the binding capacity of the matrix for kappa light chain-containing proteins after 100 15 min incubation cycles in 0.1 M NaOH at 22 +/- 2 °C is at least 40, such as at least 50, or at least 55% of the binding capacity before the incubation.

28. A method of isolating a kappa light chain -containing protein, wherein a separation matrix according to any one of claims 24-27 is used.

29. The method of claim 29, comprising the steps of: a) contacting a liquid sample comprising a kappa light chain -containing protein with a separation matrix according to any one of claims 24-27,

b) washing said separation matrix with a washing liquid,

d) cleaning the separation matrix with a cleaning liquid.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the cleaning liquid is alkaline, such as with a pH of 12 - 14.

31. The method of claim 29 or 30, wherein the cleaning liquid comprises 0.01 - 1.0 M NaOH or KOH, such as 0.05 - 1.0 M or 0.05 - 0.1 M NaOH or KOH.

32. The method of any one of claims 29 - 31, wherein steps a) - d) are repeated at least 10 times, such as at least 50 times or 50 - 200 times.