WO2016083303A1 - Preparation of polymers comprising at least one benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-5,6-dicarbonitrile-unit - Google Patents

Preparation of polymers comprising at least one benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-5,6-dicarbonitrile-unit Download PDF

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WO2016083303A1
WO2016083303A1 PCT/EP2015/077364 EP2015077364W WO2016083303A1 WO 2016083303 A1 WO2016083303 A1 WO 2016083303A1 EP 2015077364 W EP2015077364 W EP 2015077364W WO 2016083303 A1 WO2016083303 A1 WO 2016083303A1
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Prior art keywords
formula
compound
occurrence
alkyl
polymers
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PCT/EP2015/077364
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French (fr)
Inventor
Thomas Gessner
Helmut Reichelt
Jakob Jacek WUDARCZYK
Felix Peter HINKEL
Tomasz MARSZALEK
Martin Baumgarten
Klaus Muellen
Original Assignee
Basf Se
MAX-PLANCK-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V.
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Application filed by Basf Se, MAX-PLANCK-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. filed Critical Basf Se
Priority to KR1020177013560A priority Critical patent/KR20170089848A/en
Priority to EP15798423.8A priority patent/EP3224296A1/en
Priority to US15/528,897 priority patent/US10059797B2/en
Priority to CN201580063545.XA priority patent/CN107001597A/en
Priority to JP2017527887A priority patent/JP2017537193A/en
Publication of WO2016083303A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016083303A1/en

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    • C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
    • C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
    • C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
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    • C07D285/01—Five-membered rings
    • C07D285/02—Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated thiadiazoles
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    • H10K10/40—Organic transistors
    • H10K10/46—Field-effect transistors, e.g. organic thin-film transistors [OTFT]
    • H10K10/462—Insulated gate field-effect transistors [IGFETs]
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    • H10K10/46—Field-effect transistors, e.g. organic thin-film transistors [OTFT]
    • H10K10/462—Insulated gate field-effect transistors [IGFETs]
    • H10K10/484—Insulated gate field-effect transistors [IGFETs] characterised by the channel regions
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Definitions

  • Organic semiconducting materials can be used in electronic devices such as organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs), organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), and organic electrochromic devices (ECDs).
  • OCVs organic photovoltaic devices
  • OFETs organic field-effect transistors
  • OLEDs organic light emitting diodes
  • ECDs organic electrochromic devices
  • the organic semiconducting mate- rial-based devices show high charge carrier mobility as well as high stability.
  • the organic semiconducting materials are compatible with liquid processing techniques such as spin coating as liquid processing techniques are convenient from the point of processability, and thus allow the production of low cost organic semiconduct- ing material-based electronic devices.
  • liquid processing techniques are also compatible with plastic substrates, and thus allow the production of light weight and mechanically flexible organic semiconducting material-based electronic devices.
  • the organic semiconducting materials can be a p-type, an n-type or an ambipolar (showing p- type and n-type behavior) organic semiconducting materials.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence C6-i4-arylene or a 5 to 15 membered heteroarylene,
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
  • At least two adjacent Ar 1 respectively, at least two adjacent Ar 2 can be additionally connected via an -(L) m - linker,
  • R 1 and R 2 are individually from each other and at each occur- rence H or Ci-20-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2,
  • o is an integer from 1 to 8
  • n is an integer from 1 to 8, which process comprises the step of
  • Y 2 is I , Br, CI or 0-S(0) 2 CF 3 with an S-donor agent, in order to obtain the compound of formula wherein Y 2 is as defined for the compound of formula (5).
  • the S-donor-agent is preferably thionyl chloride.
  • the reaction is usually performed at elevated temperatures, such as at temperatures in the range of 30 to 100 °C, preferably at temperatures in the range of 40 to 70 °C.
  • Ci-6-alkyl, Ci-20-alkyl and Ci-30-alkyl can be branched or unbranched.
  • Examples of Ci-6-alkyl are methyl, ethyl, /7-propyl, isopropyl, /7-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, fe/T-butyl, /7-pentyl, neopentyl, iso- pentyl, /7-(1-ethyl)propyl and n- exy ⁇ .
  • Ci- 20 -alkyl examples are Ci-6-alkyl and /7-heptyl, /7-octyl, /7-(2-ethyl)hexyl, /7-nonyl, n-decy ⁇ , /7-undecyl, /7-dodecyl, /7-undecyl, /7-dodecyl, /7-tridecyl, /7-tetra- decyl, /7-pentadecyl, /7-hexadecyl, /7-heptadecyl, /7-octadecyl, /7-nonadecyl and /7-icosyl (C20).
  • Ci-30-alkyl, Ci-36-alkyl, Ci-so-alkyl, Ci-60-alkyl and Ci-100-alkyl are Ci-20-alkyl and /7-docosyl (C22), /7-tetracosyl (C24) , /7-hexacosyl (C26) , /7-octacosyl (C28) and /7-triacontyl (C30) .
  • C6-i4-arylene examples include C6-io-arylene and
  • R 100 is Ci -2 o-alkyl.
  • Examples of 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene are 5-membered heteroarylene and
  • Examples of 5 to 12 membered heteroarylene are 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene and
  • R 100 is Ci-20-alkyl
  • R 100 is Ci-20-alkyl
  • C6-i4-aryl examples are C6-io-aryl and
  • the polymers comprise at least 40% by weight of the units of formula (1 ) based on the weight of the polymer.
  • the polymers comprise at least 60% by weight of the units of formula (1 ) based on the weight of the polymer.
  • the polymers comprise at least 80% by weight of the units of formula (1 ) based on the weight of the polymer. Most preferably, the polymers essentially consist of units of formula (1 ).
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence C6-i4-arylene or a 5 to 12 membered heteroarylene,
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
  • At least two adjacent Ar 1 respectively, at least two adjacent Ar 2 can be additionally connected via an -(L) m - linker,
  • R 1 and R 2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-2o-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence Ce- ⁇ - arylene or a 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene,
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
  • At least two adjacent Ar 1 respectively, at least two adjacent Ar 2 can be additionally connected via an -(L) m - linker,
  • R 1 and R 2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-2o-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence a 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene,
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
  • At least two adjacent Ar 1 respectively, at least two adjacent Ar 2 can be additionally connected via an -(L) m - linker,
  • R 1 and R 2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-2o-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence a 5 membered heteroarylene,
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are both which can be substituted with one or two Ci-3o-alkyl.
  • o is an integer from 1 to 6
  • n is an integer from 1 to 6.
  • o is an integer from 1 to 4, and
  • n is an integer from 1 to 4.
  • o is an integer from 1 to 3
  • n is an integer from 1 to 3.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence C6-i4-arylene or a 5 to 12 membered heteroarylene,
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
  • At least two adjacent Ar 1 respectively, at least two adjacent Ar 2 can be additionally connected via an -(L) m - linker,
  • R 1 and R 2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-2o-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2,
  • o is an integer from 1 to 8
  • n is an integer from 1 to 8.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence C6-io-arylene or a 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene, wherein Ar 1 and Ar 2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
  • At least two adjacent Ar 1 respectively, at least two adjacent Ar 2 can be additionally connected via an -(L) m - linker,
  • R 1 and R 2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-2o-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2,
  • o is an integer from 1 to 6
  • n is an integer from 1 to 6.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence a 5 to 9 membered het- eroarylene,
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
  • At least two adjacent Ar 1 respectively, at least two adjacent Ar 2 can be additionally connected via an -(L) m - linker,
  • R 1 and R 2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-2o-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2,
  • o is an integer from 1 to 6
  • n is an integer from 1 to 6.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence a 5 membered het- eroarylene,
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl,
  • o is an integer from 1 to 4, and
  • n is an integer from 1 to 4.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are both which can be substituted by Ci-30-alkyl, and o is an integer from 1 to 3, and
  • n is an integer from 1 to 3.
  • Y 2 is at each occurrence I, Br, CI or 0-S(0) 2 CF 3 be prepared by treating a compound of formula
  • Y 2 is as defined for the compound of formula (5).
  • the reaction conditions depend on the Y 2 -donor. If the Y 2 -donor, for example, is hydrobromic acid in combination with hydrogen peroxide, the reaction is usually performed by first adding hydrobromic acid to compound (6), followed by addition of hydrogen peroxide at temperatures in the range of -5 to 10 °C, preferably at 0 °C. The reaction can be performed in the presence of a suitable solvent such as methanol.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence C6-i4-arylene or a 5 to 15 membered heteroarylene,
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
  • At least two adjacent Ar 1 respectively, at least two adjacent Ar 2 can be additionally connected via an -(L) m - linker,
  • R 1 and R 2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-2o-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2,
  • o is an integer from 1 to 8
  • n is an integer from 1 to 8, which process comprises the steps of
  • Y 2 is I , Br, CI or 0-S(0) 2 CF 3 with an S-donor agent, in order to obtain the compound of formula
  • Ar 1 and o are as defined for the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ), and Z b is selected from the group consisting of B(OZ 1 )(OZ 2 ), SnZ 1 Z 2 Z 3 ,
  • Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , Z 5 and Z 6 are independently from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-6-alkyl, in the presence of catalyst II, in order to obtain a compound of formula
  • Ar 1 and o are as defined for the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ), and treating a compound of formula (3) as obtained in step (ii) with a Y 1 -donor agent, wherein Y 1 is I, Br, CI or 0-S(0)2CF3, in order to obtain the compound of formula
  • Ar 1 and o are as defined for the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ), and Y 1 is at each occurrence I, Br, CI or 0-S(0)2CF3, treating a compound of formula (2) as obtained in step (iii) with a compound of formula
  • Ar 2 and n are as defined for the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ), and Z a is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of B(OZ 1 )(OZ 2 ), SnZ 1 Z 2 Z 3 ,
  • Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , Z 5 and Z 6 are independently from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-6-alkyl, in the presence of catalyst I , in order to obtain polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ).
  • step (iii) depend on the Y 1 -donor. If the Y 1 -donor, for example, is N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) the reaction is usually performed at ambient temperatures, such as at temperatures in the range of 15 to 30 °C, preferably at room temperature. The reaction can be performed in the presence of a suitable solvent such as mixtures of chloroform and acetic acid.
  • NBS N-bromosuccinimide
  • Z b is selected from the group consisting of B(OZ 1 )(OZ 2 ),
  • catalyst I I is preferably a Pd catalyst such as Pd(P(Ph)3) 4 , Pd(OAc)2 or Pd2(dba)3 in combination with a base such as K 3 P0 4 , Na2CC>3, K2CO3, LiOH or NaOMe.
  • a phosphine ligand such as P(Ph)3, P(o-tolyl)3 and P(terf-Bu)3.
  • the reaction is usually performed at elevated temperatures, such as at temperatures in the range of 40 to 250 °C, preferably 60 to 200 °C.
  • the reaction can be performed in the presence of a suitable solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, toluene or chlorobenzene.
  • the reaction is usually performed under inert gas.
  • catalyst I is preferably a Pd catalyst such as Pd(P(Ph)3) 4 or Pd2(dba)3.
  • the reaction may also require the presence of a phosphine ligand such as P(Ph)3, P(o-tolyl)3 and P(fe/?-Bu)3.
  • the reaction is also usually performed at elevated temperatures, such as at temperatures in the range of 40 to 250 °C, preferably 60 to 200 °C.
  • the reaction can be performed in the presence of a suitable solvent such as toluene or chlorobenzene.
  • the reaction is usually performed under inert gas.
  • Also part of the present invention is a process for the preparation of a compound of
  • Y 2 is I, Br, CI or 0-S(0) 2 CF 3 , which process comprises the step of treating a compound of formula
  • Y 2 is as defined for the compound of formula (4) with an S-donor agent.
  • the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ) can be used as semiconducting material in electronic devices.
  • the electronic device can be an organic photovoltaic device (OPVs), an organic field-effect transistor (OFETs), an organic light emitting diode (OLEDs) or an organic photodiode (OPDs).
  • the process of the present invention for the preparation of the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ) is advantageous as it starts from the intermediate compound of formula (4), which allows the easy incorporation of various Ar 1 and Ar 2 .
  • the process of the present invention is also advantageous as it is technically feasible as well as economic and ecological and thus suitable for being used to manufacture the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ) on larger scales.
  • the process described by Casey et al. for example, requires crone ether in order to replace the F-groups by CN-groups. However, crone ethers are toxic as well as expensive and thus the process described by Casey et al. is not suitable for being used to manufac- ture the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ) on larger scales.
  • Figure 1 shows the transfer curves measured at various drain voltages V D s of a bottom-gate, bottom-contact field effect transistor comprising polymer Pa as semiconductor.
  • Trimethyl(5-octylthiophen-2-yl)stannane was added and stirring of the solution was continued for 8 hours at 130°C. After adding bromobenzene and stirring for further 12 hours, the mixture was cooled to room temperature. The polymer was precipitated in 250 ml_ from methanol, filtered, solved in hot chloroform and stirred with BASOLITE ® 100 FOR 30 minutes to remove metal salts. After filtration of BASOLITE and precipitation from methanol once again, the crude material was purified by Sohxiet extraction using methanol, ethyl acetate and petrol ether. Polymer Pa was collected and dried under vacuum (192.48 mg, 94%).
  • S1O2 dielectric covering the highly doped Si acting as the gate electrode was functionalized with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) to minimize interfacial trapping sites.
  • HMDS hexamethyldisilazane
  • Polymer Pa thin films were deposited by drop-casting 2 mg mL -1 of a solution of polymer Pa in 1 ,2 dichlorobenzene on the hot field effect transistor precursor (100 °C) in nitrogen atmosphere, followed by annealing at 120 °C for 30 min.
  • the channel lengths and widths are 20 and 1400 ⁇ , respectively.
  • L denotes the channel length
  • W denotes the channel width
  • C denotes the capacitance per unit area
  • IDS denotes the drain source current
  • VGS denotes the gate voltage
  • a denotes the slope obtained by linear fitting of plots of the square-root of the drain current versus the gate voltage (V G s).

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Abstract

The present invention provides process for the preparation of polymers comprising at least unit of formula (1), which process comprises the step of (v) treating a compound of formula (5), wherein Y2 is I, Br, CI or O-S(O)2CF3, with an S-donor agent, in order to obtain the compound of formula (4), wherein Y2 is as defined for the compound of formula (5), a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (4) as well as compounds of formula (4).

Description

Preparation of Polymers comprising at least one Benzo[c][1 ,2,5]thiadiazol-5,6-dicarbonitrile-unit Description Organic semiconducting materials can be used in electronic devices such as organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs), organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), and organic electrochromic devices (ECDs).
For efficient and long lasting performance, it is desirable that the organic semiconducting mate- rial-based devices show high charge carrier mobility as well as high stability.
Furthermore, it is desirable that the organic semiconducting materials are compatible with liquid processing techniques such as spin coating as liquid processing techniques are convenient from the point of processability, and thus allow the production of low cost organic semiconduct- ing material-based electronic devices. In addition, liquid processing techniques are also compatible with plastic substrates, and thus allow the production of light weight and mechanically flexible organic semiconducting material-based electronic devices.
The organic semiconducting materials can be a p-type, an n-type or an ambipolar (showing p- type and n-type behavior) organic semiconducting materials.
Casey, A.; Han, Y.; Fei, Z.; White A.J. P.; Anthopoulos, T.D.; Heeney, M. J. Mat. Chem C, 2014, DOI: 10.1039/C4tc02008a describes polymers comprising at least one benzo[c][1 ,2,5]thia- diazole-5,6-dicarbonitrile-unit and their use as semiconducting material in electronic devices.
The process for the preparation of the polymers comprising at least one benzo[c][1 ,2,5]thia- diazole-5,6-dicarbonitrile-unit of Casey et al. start form
Figure imgf000002_0001
It was the object of the present invention to provide an improved process for the preparation of polymers comprising at least one benzo[c][1 ,2,5]thiadiazole-5,6-dicarbonitrile-unit.
This object is solved by the processes of claims 1 and 8, the compound of claim The process of the present invention is a process for the preparation of the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula
Figure imgf000003_0001
wherein
Ar1 and Ar2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence C6-i4-arylene or a 5 to 15 membered heteroarylene,
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
wherein at least two adjacent Ar1 , respectively, at least two adjacent Ar2 can be additionally connected via an -(L)m- linker,
wherein L is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of CR1R2, C=CR1R2, C=0 and SiR1R2.wherein R1 and R2 are individually from each other and at each occur- rence H or Ci-20-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2,
o is an integer from 1 to 8, and
n is an integer from 1 to 8, which process comprises the step of
(i) treating a compound of formula
Figure imgf000003_0002
wherein
Y2 is I , Br, CI or 0-S(0)2CF3 with an S-donor agent, in order to obtain the compound of formula
Figure imgf000004_0001
wherein Y2 is as defined for the compound of formula (5). The S-donor-agent is preferably thionyl chloride. The reaction is usually performed at elevated temperatures, such as at temperatures in the range of 30 to 100 °C, preferably at temperatures in the range of 40 to 70 °C.
Ci-6-alkyl, Ci-20-alkyl and Ci-30-alkyl can be branched or unbranched. Examples of Ci-6-alkyl are methyl, ethyl, /7-propyl, isopropyl, /7-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, fe/T-butyl, /7-pentyl, neopentyl, iso- pentyl, /7-(1-ethyl)propyl and n- exy\. Examples of Ci-20-alkyl are Ci-6-alkyl and /7-heptyl, /7-octyl, /7-(2-ethyl)hexyl, /7-nonyl, n-decy\, /7-undecyl, /7-dodecyl, /7-undecyl, /7-dodecyl, /7-tridecyl, /7-tetra- decyl, /7-pentadecyl, /7-hexadecyl, /7-heptadecyl, /7-octadecyl, /7-nonadecyl and /7-icosyl (C20). Examples of Ci-30-alkyl, Ci-36-alkyl, Ci-so-alkyl, Ci-60-alkyl and Ci-100-alkyl are Ci-20-alkyl and /7-docosyl (C22), /7-tetracosyl (C24) , /7-hexacosyl (C26) , /7-octacosyl (C28) and /7-triacontyl (C30) .
Examples of C6-io-arylene are
Figure imgf000004_0002
ι
Examples of C6-i4-arylene are C6-io-arylene and
Figure imgf000005_0001
wherein R100 is Ci-2o-alkyl.
Examples of 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene are 5-membered heteroarylene and
Figure imgf000006_0001
Examples of 5 to 12 membered heteroarylene are 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene and
Figure imgf000007_0001
wherein R100 is Ci-20-alkyl.
Figure imgf000008_0001
Figure imgf000008_0002
wherein R100 is Ci-20-alkyl.
Examples of C6-io-aryl are
Figure imgf000009_0001
Examples of C6-i4-aryl are C6-io-aryl and
Figure imgf000009_0002
Examples of at least two adjacent Ar1, respectively, at least two adjacent Ar2 being additionally connected via an -(L)m- linker are
Figure imgf000009_0003
wherein R1 and R2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-20-alkyl. Preferably, the polymers comprise at least 40% by weight of the units of formula (1 ) based on the weight of the polymer.
More preferably, the polymers comprise at least 60% by weight of the units of formula (1 ) based on the weight of the polymer.
Even more preferably, the polymers comprise at least 80% by weight of the units of formula (1 ) based on the weight of the polymer. Most preferably, the polymers essentially consist of units of formula (1 ).
Preferably, Ar1 and Ar2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence C6-i4-arylene or a 5 to 12 membered heteroarylene,
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
wherein at least two adjacent Ar1 , respectively, at least two adjacent Ar2 can be additionally connected via an -(L)m- linker,
wherein L is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of CR1R2, C=CR1R2, C=0 and SiR1R2.wherein R1 and R2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-2o-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2.
More preferably, Ar1 and Ar2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence Ce-ιο- arylene or a 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene,
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
wherein at least two adjacent Ar1 , respectively, at least two adjacent Ar2 can be additionally connected via an -(L)m- linker,
wherein L is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of CR1R2, C=CR1R2, C=0 and SiR1R2.wherein R1 and R2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-2o-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2.
Even more preferably, Ar1 and Ar2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence a 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene,
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
wherein at least two adjacent Ar1 , respectively, at least two adjacent Ar2 can be additionally connected via an -(L)m- linker,
wherein L is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of CR1R2, C=CR1R2, C=0 and SiR1R2.wherein R1 and R2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-2o-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2. Most preferably, Ar1 and Ar2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence a 5 membered heteroarylene,
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl.
In particular preferred, Ar1 and Ar2 are both
Figure imgf000011_0001
which can be substituted with one or two Ci-3o-alkyl.
Preferably,
o is an integer from 1 to 6, and
n is an integer from 1 to 6.
More preferably,
o is an integer from 1 to 4, and
n is an integer from 1 to 4.
Most preferably,
o is an integer from 1 to 3, and
n is an integer from 1 to 3. In preferred polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 )
Ar1 and Ar2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence C6-i4-arylene or a 5 to 12 membered heteroarylene,
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
wherein at least two adjacent Ar1 , respectively, at least two adjacent Ar2 can be additionally connected via an -(L)m- linker,
wherein L is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of CR1R2, C=CR1R2, C=0 and SiR1R2.wherein R1 and R2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-2o-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2,
o is an integer from 1 to 8, and
n is an integer from 1 to 8.
In more preferred polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 )
Ar1 and Ar2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence C6-io-arylene or a 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene, wherein Ar1 and Ar2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
wherein at least two adjacent Ar1 , respectively, at least two adjacent Ar2 can be additionally connected via an -(L)m- linker,
wherein L is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of CR1 R2, C=CR1 R2,
C=0 and SiR1 R2.wherein R1 and R2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-2o-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2,
o is an integer from 1 to 6, and
n is an integer from 1 to 6.
In even more preferred polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 )
Ar1 and Ar2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence a 5 to 9 membered het- eroarylene,
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
wherein at least two adjacent Ar1 , respectively, at least two adjacent Ar2 can be additionally connected via an -(L)m- linker,
wherein L is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of CR1 R2, C=CR1 R2, C=0 and SiR1 R2.wherein R1 and R2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-2o-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2,
o is an integer from 1 to 6, and
n is an integer from 1 to 6. In most preferred polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 )
Ar1 and Ar2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence a 5 membered het- eroarylene,
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl,
o is an integer from 1 to 4, and
n is an integer from 1 to 4.
In particular preferred polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 )
Ar1 and Ar2 are both
Figure imgf000012_0001
which can be substituted by Ci-30-alkyl, and o is an integer from 1 to 3, and
n is an integer from 1 to 3.
An especially preferred polymer is
Figure imgf000013_0001
(Pa)
The compound of formula
Figure imgf000013_0002
wherein
Y2 is at each occurrence I, Br, CI or 0-S(0)2CF3 be prepared by treating a compound of formula
Figure imgf000013_0003
with an Y2 donor agent, wherein Y2 is as defined for the compound of formula (5). The reaction conditions depend on the Y2-donor. If the Y2-donor, for example, is hydrobromic acid in combination with hydrogen peroxide, the reaction is usually performed by first adding hydrobromic acid to compound (6), followed by addition of hydrogen peroxide at temperatures in the range of -5 to 10 °C, preferably at 0 °C. The reaction can be performed in the presence of a suitable solvent such as methanol.
A preferred process for the preparation of the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula
Figure imgf000014_0001
wherein
Ar1 and Ar2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence C6-i4-arylene or a 5 to 15 membered heteroarylene,
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
wherein at least two adjacent Ar1 , respectively, at least two adjacent Ar2 can be additionally connected via an -(L)m- linker,
wherein L is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of CR1R2, C=CR1R2, C=0 and SiR1R2.wherein R1 and R2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-2o-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2,
o is an integer from 1 to 8, and
n is an integer from 1 to 8, which process comprises the steps of
(i) treating a compound of formula
Figure imgf000014_0002
wherein
Y2 is I , Br, CI or 0-S(0)2CF3 with an S-donor agent, in order to obtain the compound of formula
Figure imgf000015_0001
wherein Y2 is as defined for the compound of formula (5), treating the compound of formula (4) as obtained in step (i) with a compound of formula
Figure imgf000015_0002
wherein
Ar1 and o are as defined for the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ), and Zb is selected from the group consisting of B(OZ1)(OZ2), SnZ1Z2Z3,
Figure imgf000015_0003
wherein Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5 and Z6 are independently from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-6-alkyl, in the presence of catalyst II, in order to obtain a compound of formula
Figure imgf000016_0001
wherein
Ar1 and o are as defined for the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ), and treating a compound of formula (3) as obtained in step (ii) with a Y1-donor agent, wherein Y1 is I, Br, CI or 0-S(0)2CF3, in order to obtain the compound of formula
Figure imgf000016_0002
wherein
Ar1 and o are as defined for the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ), and Y1 is at each occurrence I, Br, CI or 0-S(0)2CF3, treating a compound of formula (2) as obtained in step (iii) with a compound of formula
Figure imgf000016_0003
wherein
Ar2 and n are as defined for the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ), and Za is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of B(OZ1)(OZ2), SnZ1Z2Z3,
Figure imgf000016_0004
wherein Z1 , Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5 and Z6 are independently from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-6-alkyl, in the presence of catalyst I , in order to obtain polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ).
The reaction conditions of step (iii) depend on the Y1-donor. If the Y1-donor, for example, is N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) the reaction is usually performed at ambient temperatures, such as at temperatures in the range of 15 to 30 °C, preferably at room temperature. The reaction can be performed in the presence of a suitable solvent such as mixtures of chloroform and acetic acid.
When Za, respectively, Zb is selected from the group consisting of B(OZ1)(OZ2),
Figure imgf000017_0001
wherein Z1 , Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5 and Z6 are independently from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-6-alkyl, catalyst I, respectively, catalyst I I is preferably a Pd catalyst such as Pd(P(Ph)3)4, Pd(OAc)2 or Pd2(dba)3 in combination with a base such as K3P04, Na2CC>3, K2CO3, LiOH or NaOMe. De- pending on the Pd catalyst, the reaction may also require the presence of a phosphine ligand such as P(Ph)3, P(o-tolyl)3 and P(terf-Bu)3. The reaction is usually performed at elevated temperatures, such as at temperatures in the range of 40 to 250 °C, preferably 60 to 200 °C. The reaction can be performed in the presence of a suitable solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, toluene or chlorobenzene. The reaction is usually performed under inert gas.
When Za, respectively, Zb is SnZ1Z2Z3, wherein Z1 , Z2 and Z3 are independently from each other and at each occurrence Ci-6-alkyl, catalyst I , respectively, catalyst I I is preferably a Pd catalyst such as Pd(P(Ph)3)4 or Pd2(dba)3. Depending on the Pd catalyst, the reaction may also require the presence of a phosphine ligand such as P(Ph)3, P(o-tolyl)3 and P(fe/?-Bu)3. The reaction is also usually performed at elevated temperatures, such as at temperatures in the range of 40 to 250 °C, preferably 60 to 200 °C. The reaction can be performed in the presence of a suitable solvent such as toluene or chlorobenzene. The reaction is usually performed under inert gas. Also part of the present invention is a process for the preparation of a compound of
Figure imgf000018_0001
wherein Y2 is I, Br, CI or 0-S(0)2CF3, which process comprises the step of treating a compound of formula
Figure imgf000018_0002
wherein
Y2 is as defined for the compound of formula (4) with an S-donor agent.
Also part of the present invention the compound of
Figure imgf000018_0003
wherein Y2 is I, Br, CI or 0-S(0)2CF3. The polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ) can be used as semiconducting material in electronic devices. The electronic device can be an organic photovoltaic device (OPVs), an organic field-effect transistor (OFETs), an organic light emitting diode (OLEDs) or an organic photodiode (OPDs).
The process of the present invention for the preparation of the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ) is advantageous as it starts from the intermediate compound of formula (4), which allows the easy incorporation of various Ar1 and Ar2. The process of the present invention is also advantageous as it is technically feasible as well as economic and ecologic and thus suitable for being used to manufacture the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ) on larger scales. The process described by Casey et al., for example, requires crone ether in order to replace the F-groups by CN-groups. However, crone ethers are toxic as well as expensive and thus the process described by Casey et al. is not suitable for being used to manufac- ture the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ) on larger scales.
Figure 1 shows the transfer curves measured at various drain voltages VDs of a bottom-gate, bottom-contact field effect transistor comprising polymer Pa as semiconductor.
Example 1
Preparation of compound 4a
Figure imgf000019_0001
(6) (5a) (4a)
Preparation of compound 5a
Compound 6 (1 g, 6.32 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (1 10 ml.) under argon atmosphere, potassium bromide was added and the mixture was cooled down to 0 °C. Hydrobromic acid (62 wt%, 2,01 eq, 12.68 mmol, 1 ,12 ml.) was added dropwise, followed by dropwise addition of tert- butylhydroperoxide 70 wt% (4.01 eq., 25.37 mmol, 0.55 ml_). The addition of hydrogen peroxide was repeated two to three times after stirring at room temperature for 24 hours each time. The reaction was continuously monitored by FD-MS and 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. After completion of the reaction, the crude product was filtered off, washed with methanol and the solid residue was subjected to soxh let-extraction with DCM for 5 days. After precipitation from DCM the com- pound 5a was obtained as a pale red solid. Yield: 1.176 g, 3.72 mmol, 59%. 1H-NMR: δ (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) = 6.42 (s, 4H). 3C-NMR: δ (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) = 105.94, 105.99, 1 16.33, 136.88. FD-MS: m/z = 315.4 (calc. 315.9). HRMS (ESI): 316.8919 (MH+); Calcd. for C8H5N4Br2: 316.9595. Preparation of compound 4a
Compound 5a (1 ,51 g, 5.18 mmol) was stirred in 60 mL freshly distilled thionyl chloride under argon atmosphere for 18 h at 55°C. The reaction mixture was poured into a mixture of half- concentrated solution of potassium carbonate and ice. The aqueous phase was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried with magnesium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated. The crude products were purified by column chromatography (di- chloromethane: hexane, v:v = 1 :1 ) to yield 915.9 mg, (2.680 mmol, 52%) of compound 4a as an orange solid.13C-NMR: δ (300 MHz, CD2CI2) = 1 14.88, 1 18.30, 123.50, 154.06. FD-MS: m/z = 343.5 (calc. 343.8). HRMS (ESI): 366.81 18 (MNa+); Calcd. for C8N4Br2SNa: 366.9751 .
Example 2
Preparation of compound 3a
Figure imgf000020_0001
(4a) (3a)
Compound 4a (400 mg, 1.163 mmol) and tributyl(4-hexadecylthiophen-2-yl)stannane (62,5% solution 2.053 g, 2.442 mmol) were dissolved in 15 mL o-dichlorobenzene and the solution was degassed through bubbling with argon for 15 minutes. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (268.7 mg, 0.233 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at 130°C for 48 hours. After cooling down to room temperature, the mixture was poured on water, the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted two times with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and the dichloromethane was evaporated. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (hexane: dichloromethane, v:v = 2:1 ) to yield 572.6 mg (0.573 mmol, 49%) of compound 3a as an orange solid. H-NMR: δ (500 MHz, C2D2CI4) =0.81 (t, 6H), 1.07-1 .47 (m, 52H), 1.65 (p, 6H), 2.66 (t, 4H) 7.42 (d,2H), 7.93 (d, 2H). 3C-NMR: δ (500 MHz, C2D2CI4) = 14.13, 22.77, 29.44, 29.46, 29.46, 29.73, 29.82, 30.57, 32.06, 1 10.93, 1 16.47, 127.52,133.12, 133.43 134.1 1 , 144.62, 153.66. FD-MS: m/z = 798.4 (calc. 798.5). HRMS (ESI): 821.4656 (MNa+); Calcd. for C48H7oN4S3Na: 821.4660. Example 3
Preparation of compound 2a
Figure imgf000021_0001
Compound 3a (320 mg, 0.4 mmol) and NBS (178.1 mg, 1 ,001 mmol) were dissolved in 150 mL chloroform/acetic acid 4:1 and the solution was degassed through bubbling with argon for 15 minutes. The mixture was stirred for 7 days at room temperature, while being monitored by thin- layer chromatography. Additional 0.5 (35.62 mg, 0.2 mmol), 1 (71.23 mg, 0.4 mmol) and 2 (142.47 mg, 0.8 mmol) equivalents of NBS had been added after 1 , 2 and 5 days respectively. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was poured on water, the aqueous phase was extracted two times with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and the solvent was evaporated. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (hexane: dichloromethane, v:v = 2:1 ) to yield 355.1 mg (0.371 mmol, 93%) of compound 2a as an red solid. H-NMR: δ (300 MHz, CD2CI2) = 0.87 (t,6H), 1.37 (m, 52H), 1 .68 (p, 4H), 2.70 (t, 4H), 7.97 (s, 2H). 3C-NMR: δ (300 MHz, CD2CI2) = 14.45, 23.27, 29.74, 29.94, 29.97, 30.03, 30.15, 30.23, 30.27, 32.50, 1 10.71 , 1 16.89, 1 18.46, 132.38, 133.36, 133.80, 143.97, 153.46. FD-MS: m/z = 956.3 (calc. 956.3).
Figure imgf000022_0001
Compound 2a (200 mg,0.209 mmol), 5,5'-bis(trimethylstannyl)-2,2'-bithiophene (102.8 mg, 0.209 mmol) and tri(otolyl)phosphine (51.3 mg, 0.168 mmol) were dissolved in 25 ml. of o-dichloro- benzene and the solution was degassed through bubbling with argon for 30 minutes. Dipalladi- um-tris(dibenzylideneacetone) (14.5 mg, 0.014 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at 130°C for 48 hours. Trimethyl(5-octylthiophen-2-yl)stannane was added and stirring of the solution was continued for 8 hours at 130°C. After adding bromobenzene and stirring for further 12 hours, the mixture was cooled to room temperature. The polymer was precipitated in 250 ml_ from methanol, filtered, solved in hot chloroform and stirred with BASOLITE® 100 FOR 30 minutes to remove metal salts. After filtration of BASOLITE and precipitation from methanol once again, the crude material was purified by Sohxiet extraction using methanol, ethyl acetate and petrol ether. Polymer Pa was collected and dried under vacuum (192.48 mg, 94%). 1 H- NMR: δ (500 MHz, C2D2CI4) = 0.79-0.99(m), 1.10-1 .64 (m), 5.55-6.50 (m), 7.23-8.01 (m). Gel- permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis against polystyrene standards in 1 ,2,4-trichloro- benzene (TCB) using refractive index detector (Rl-detector) exhibited a number-averaged mo- lecular weight (Mi) of 8.8Ί 03 g/mol and a weight-averaged molecular weight (Λ ) of
13.9Ί 03 g/mol, giving a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.59. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed on the polymer Pa. Pa shows an initial weight loss at 430°C indicating high thermal stability of the polymer.
Example 5
Preparation of compound 3b
Figure imgf000023_0001
(4a) (3b)
Compound 4a (300 mg, 0.872 mmol) and 0.55 mL tributyl(thiophen-2-yl)stannane (650.9 mg, 1.744 mmol) were dissolved in 15 mL o-dichlorobenzene and the solution was degassed through bubbling with argon for 15 minutes. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (201 .6 mg, 0.174 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at 130°C for 48 hours. After cooling down to room temperature, the mixture was poured on water, the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted two times with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and the dichloromethane was evaporated. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (hexane: dichloromethane, v:v = 2:1 ) to yield 136.2 mg (0.389 mmol, 45%) of compound 3b as an orange solid. 1H-NMR: δ (300 MHz, CD2CI2) = 7.35 (dd, 2H), 7.83 (dd, 2H), 8.17 (dd, 2H). 3C-NMR: δ (300 MHz, CD2CI2) = 1 1 1 .51 , 1 16.92, 128.32, 132.74, 133.02, 133.75, 133.81 , 153.94. FD-MS: m/z = 349.5 (calc. 350.0). HRMS (ESI): 372.9664 (MNa+); Calcd. for CieHel USsNa: 372.9652.
Example 6
Preparation of compound 3c
Figure imgf000023_0002
(4a) (3c)
Compound 4a (200 mg, 0.581 mmol) and 0.51 mL tributyl(5-octylthiophen-2-yl)stannane (593.7 mg, 1.221 mmol) were dissolved in 10 mL o-dichlorobenzene and the solution was degassed through bubbling with argon for 15 minutes. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (134.4 mg, 0.1 16 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at 130°C for 48 hours. After cooling down to room temperature, the mixture was poured on water, the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted two times with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and the dichloromethane was evaporated. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (hexane: dichloromethane, v:v = 2:1 ) to yield 129.7 mg (0.226 mmol, 39%) of compound 3c as an red solid.
Example 7
Preparation of a bottom-gate, bottom-contact field effect transistor comprising polymer Pa as semiconductor The source and drain electrodes with 60 nm in thickness were deposited by Au evaporation. The channel lengths and widths are 20 and 1400 μηη, respectively. A 300 nm thick
S1O2 dielectric covering the highly doped Si acting as the gate electrode was functionalized with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) to minimize interfacial trapping sites. Polymer Pa thin films were deposited by drop-casting 2 mg mL-1 of a solution of polymer Pa in 1 ,2 dichlorobenzene on the hot field effect transistor precursor (100 °C) in nitrogen atmosphere, followed by annealing at 120 °C for 30 min. The channel lengths and widths are 20 and 1400 μηη, respectively.
Electrical measurements were performed using Keithley 4200 SCS in a glove-box under nitrogen atmosphere.
The transfer curves measured at various drain voltages VDs are depicted in Figure 1.
The field effect mobility was calculated from the transfer curves in the saturation regime using the equation:
Figure imgf000024_0001
where: L denotes the channel length; W denotes the channel width; C, denotes the capacitance per unit area; IDS denotes the drain source current; VGS denotes the gate voltage; and a denotes the slope obtained by linear fitting of plots of the square-root of the drain current versus the gate voltage (VGs).
The ambipolar behaviour of Pa is clearly evident from the output characteristic in both p- and n- type operation modes for negative and positive gate voltages with mobility of 6 x 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 for holes and 1 x 10"4 cm2 V-1 s_1 for electrons.

Claims

Claims
1. A process for the preparation of polymers comprising at least one unit of formula
Figure imgf000025_0001
wherein
Ar1 and Ar2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence C6-i4-arylene or a 5 to 15 membered heteroarylene,
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
wherein at least two adjacent Ar1 , respectively, at least two adjacent Ar2 can be connected via an -(L)m- linker,
wherein L is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of CR1R2, C=CR1R2, C=0 and SiR1R2.wherein R1 and R2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-2o-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2,
o is an integer from 1 to 8, and
n is an integer from 1 to 8, which process comprises the step of
(i) treating a compound of formula
Figure imgf000025_0002
wherein
Y2 is I , Br, CI or 0-S(0)2CF3, with an S-donor agent, in order to obtain the compound of formula
Figure imgf000026_0001
wherein Y2 is as defined for the compound of formula (5).
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein in the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ) Ar1 and Ar2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence C6-io-arylene or a 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene,
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
wherein at least two adjacent Ar1 , respectively, at least two adjacent Ar2 can be connected via an -(L)m- linker,
wherein L is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of CR1 R2, C=CR1R2, C=0 and SiR1R2,wherein R1 and R2 are individually from each other and at each occur- rence H or Ci-20-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2.
3. The process of claim 2, wherein in the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ) Ar1 and Ar2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence a 5 to 9 membered het- eroarylene,
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl, and
wherein at least two adjacent Ar1 , respectively, at least two adjacent Ar2 can be connected via an -(L)m- linker,
wherein L is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of CR1R2, C=CR1R2,
C=0 and SiR1R2.wherein R1 and R2 are individually from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-2o-alkyl, and m is 1 or 2.
4. The process of claim 3, wherein in the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ) Ar1 and Ar2 are independently from each other and at each occurrence a 5 membered heteroarylene,
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 can be substituted with one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of Ci-30-alkyl, CN and C6-i4-aryl.
5. The process of claim 4, wherein in the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ) o is an integer from 1 to 6, and
n is an integer from 1 to 6.
6. The process of claim 5, wherein in the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ) o is an integer from 1 to 4, and
n is an integer from 1 to 4.
7. The process of claim 1 , which process comprises the additional steps of treating the compound of formula (4) as obtained in step with a compound of formula
Figure imgf000027_0001
wherein
Ar1 and o are as defined for the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ), and Zb is selected from the group consisting of B(OZ1)(OZ2), SnZ1Z2Z3,
Figure imgf000027_0002
wherein Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5 and Z6 are independently from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-6-alkyl, in the presence of catalyst II, in order to obtain a compound of formula
Figure imgf000028_0001
wherein
Ar1 and o are as defined for the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ), and treating a compound of formula (3) as obtained in step (ii) with a Y1-donor agent, wherein Y1 is I, Br, CI or 0-S(0)2CF3, in order to obtain the compound of formula
Figure imgf000028_0002
wherein
Ar1 and o are as defined for the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ), and Y1 is at each occurrence I, Br, CI or 0-S(0)2CF3, treating a compound of formula (2) as obtained in step (iii) with a compound of formula
Figure imgf000028_0003
wherein
Ar2 and n are as defined for the polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ), and Za is at each occurrence selected from the group consisting of B(OZ1)(OZ2), SnZ1Z2Z3,
Figure imgf000028_0004
wherein Z Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5 and Z6 are independently from each other and at each occurrence H or Ci-6-alkyl, in the presence of catalyst I, in order to obtain polymers comprising at least one unit of formula (1 ).
A process for the preparation of a compound of
Figure imgf000029_0001
wherein Y2 is I, Br, CI or 0-S(0)2CF3, which process comprises the step of treating a compound of formula
Figure imgf000029_0002
wherein
Y2 is as defined for the compound of formula (4) with an S-donor agent. The compound of
Figure imgf000030_0001
wherein Y2 is I , Br, CI or 0-S(0)2CF3.
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HUSSEIN MEDLEJ ET AL: "Fluorinated benzothiadiazole-based low band gap copolymers to enhance open-circuit voltage and efficiency of polymer solar cells", EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL, vol. 59, 1 October 2014 (2014-10-01), pages 25 - 35, XP055167491, ISSN: 0014-3057, DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.07.006 *
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