WO2016067261A1

WO2016067261A1 - 5-((benz)imidazol-2-yl)benzimidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazoles for electronic applications

Info

Publication number: WO2016067261A1
Application number: PCT/IB2015/058396
Authority: WO
Inventors: Michelle Groarke; Thomas Schäfer; Yuki Nakano; Takushi Shiomi; Hideaki Nagashima
Original assignee: Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.
Priority date: 2014-10-30
Filing date: 2015-10-30
Publication date: 2016-05-06
Also published as: EP3015469B1; EP3015469A1

Abstract

The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I);a process for their production and their use in electronic devices, especially electroluminescent devices. When used as charge transport material and/or host material for phosphorescent emitters in electroluminescent devices, the compounds of formula I may provide improved efficiency, stability, manufacturability and/or spectral characteristics of electroluminescent devices.

Description

5-((BENZ)IMIDAZOL-2-YL)BENZIMIDAZO[1 ,2-A]BENZIMIDAZOLES

FOR ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS

Description

The present invention relates to compounds of formula I, a process for their production and their use in electronic devices, especially electroluminescent devices. When used as charge transport material and/or host material for phosphorescent emitters in electroluminescent devices, the compounds of formula I may provide improved efficiency, stability, manufacturability and/or spectral characteristics of electroluminescent devices.

WO2011 162162 a light-emitting device material which comprises a compound having a specific structure of a carbazole skeleton and can realize a light-emitting device having high ioned:

DE 102012022880 relates to an electronic device comprises at least one organic layer comprising one or more substituted heteroaryl compounds t

DE102012022880 is directed to compounds of formula

(ll-2-b).

E is a divalent group S=0, or S(=0)2.

US2013001537 relates to compounds of formula and their use as a host material for phosphorescence emission. Ri and R2 each independently represent an unsubstituted phenyl group or a substituted phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R3 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

US2014145149 relates to compounds of formula containing an imidazole core and electron donor and acceptor fragments.

G¹ is an electron donor group or an electron acceptor group.

G² is an electron donor group or an electron acceptor group.

G¹ is an electron donor group, then G² is an electron acceptor group.

G¹ is an electron acceptor group, then G² is an electron donor group.

The electron acceptor group is at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of a six-membered aromatic ring system having at least two nitrogen atoms and a 5- membered aromatic ring system containing at least one nitrogen atom, one oxygen atom, one sulfur atom, or one selenium atom.

Preferred acceptor groups are and . The following compound is explicitly mentioned:

Notwithstanding these developments, there remains a need for organic light emitting devices comprising new charge transport materials to provide improved efficiency, stability, manufacturability, and/or spectral characteristics of electroluminescent devices.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention, with respect to the aforementioned prior art, to provide further materials suitable for use in OLEDs and further applications in organic electronics. More particularly, it should be possible to provide charge transport materials, charge/exciton blocker materials and matrix materials for use in OLEDs. The materials should be suitable especially for OLEDs which comprise at least one phosphorescence emitter, especially at least one green emitter or at least one blue emitter. Furthermore, the materials should be suitable for providing OLEDs which ensure good efficiencies, good operative lifetimes and a high stability to thermal stress, and a low use and operating volt- age of the OLEDs.

Certain 2-substituted (benz)imidazoles derivatives are found to be suitable for use in or- gano-electroluminescent devices. In particular, said derivatives are suitable charge transport materials, or host materials for phosphorescent emitters with good efficiency and durability.

Said object has been solved by compounds of the formula

wherein

R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶, R⁸⁷, R⁸⁸, R⁸⁹, R⁹⁰, R⁹¹, R⁹², R⁹³ and R⁹⁴ are independently of each other H, a Ci C25alkyl group, which can optionally be substituted by E and or interrupted by D; a Οβ- C2₄aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G, a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; or a group of formula— (A¹)₀-(A²)p-(A³)q-(A⁴)_rR¹⁶; or R

R⁹³ and R⁹⁴ together form a group of formula

, wherein

R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³ and R⁸⁴ are independently of each other H, a Ci-C2salkyl group, which can optionally be substituted by E and or interrupted by D; a C6-C24aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G, a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; or a group of formula -(Aⁱ)₀-(A²)p-(A³)_q-(A⁴)_rR¹⁶;

Xⁱ is a group of formula -(Aⁱ)₀-(A²)_P-(A³)_q-(A⁴)_r-Rⁱ6,

o is 0, or 1 , p is 0, or 1 , q is 0, or 1 , r is 0, or 1 ,

R¹⁶ is H, -NR¹⁰R¹¹, or -Si(R¹ )(R¹³)(R¹⁴), a C₆-C₂4aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; or a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G;

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are independently of each other a C6-C24aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; or a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; R¹², R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independently of each other a Ci-C2salkyl group, which can optionally be substituted by E and or interupted by D; a C6-C24aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; or a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; A¹, A², A³ and A⁴ are independently of each other a C6-C24arylen group, which can optionally be substituted by G, or a C2-C3oheteroarylen group, which can optionally be substituted by G;

D is -CO-, -COO-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2-, -0-, -NR65-, -SiR⁷<>R7ⁱ-, -POR⁷²-, -CR⁶³=CR⁶⁴-, or -C≡C- E is -OR6⁹, -SR6⁹, -NR65R66, -COR6⁸, -COOR6⁷, -CONR65R66, _CN, or F,

G is E, or a Ci-Cisalkyl group, a C6-C24aryl group, a C6-C24aryl group, which is substituted by F, Ci-Cisalkyl, or Ci-Cisalkyl which is interrupted by O; a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, or a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, which is substituted by F, Ci-Cisalkyl, or Ci-Cisalkyl which is interrupted by O;

R⁶³ and R⁶⁴ are independently of each other H, C6-Cisaryl; C6-Cisaryl which is substituted by Ci-Cisalkyl, or Ci-Cisalkoxy; Ci-Cisalkyl; or Ci-Cisalkyl which is interrupted by -0-; R⁶⁵ and R⁶⁶ are independently of each other a C6-Cisaryl group; a C6-Cisaryl which is substituted by Ci-Cisalkyl, or Ci-Cisalkoxy; a Ci-Cisalkyl group; or a Ci-Cisalkyl group, which is interrupted by -0-; or

R⁶⁵ and R⁶⁶ together form a five or six membered ring,

R⁶⁷ is a C6-Cisaryl group; a C6-Cisaryl group, which is substituted by Ci-Cisalkyl, or Ci- Cisalkoxy; a Ci-Cisalkyl group; or a Ci-Cisalkyl group, which is interrupted by -0-, R⁶⁸ is H; a C6-Cisaryl group; a C6-Cisaryl group, which is substituted by Ci-Cisalkyl, or Ci- Cisalkoxy; a Ci-Cisalkyl group; or a Ci-Cisalkyl group, which is interrupted by -O-, R⁶⁹ is a C6-Cisaryl; a Ce-Cisaryl, which is substituted by Ci-Cisalkyl, or Ci-Cisalkoxy; a Ci- Cisalkyl group; or a Ci-Cisalkyl group, which is interrupted by -O-,

R⁷⁰ and R⁷¹ are independently of each other a Ci-Cisalkyl group, a C6-Cisaryl group, or a C6-Cisaryl group, which is substituted by Ci-Cisalkyl, and

R⁷² is a Ci-Cisalkyl group, a C6-Cisaryl group, or a C6-Cisaryl group, which is substituted by Ci-Cisalkyl, with the proviso that in the case that o, p, q and r in the definition of X¹ are at the same time 0, R¹⁶ is a C6-C24aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; or a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; and X¹ is bonded to the nitrogen atom by a carbon atom. The combination of the electron transporting (benz)imidazole group with the high triplet energy benzimidazo[1 ,2-a]benzimidazo-2-yl gives rise to materials that are highly suitable in devices that emit blue light. Moreover, the improved ambipolar characteristics give rise to more balanced charge transport in devices resulting in lower voltages and higher external quantum efficiencies (EQE's).

The compounds of the present invention may be used for electrophotographic photoreceptors, photoelectric converters, organic solar cells (organic photovoltaics), switching elements, such as organic transistors, for example, organic FETs and organic TFTs, organic light emitting field effect transistors (OLEFETs), image sensors, dye lasers and electrolumi- nescent devices, such as, for example, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).

Accordingly, a further subject of the present invention is directed to an electronic device, comprising a compound according to the present invention. The electronic device is preferably an electroluminescent device.

The compounds of formula I can in principal be used in any layer of an EL device, but are preferably used as host, charge transport and/or charge/exciton blocking material. Particularly, the compounds of formula I are used as host material for green, especially blue light emitting phosphorescent emitters.

Hence, a further subject of the present invention is directed to a charge transport layer, comprising a compound of formula I according to the present invention.

A further subject of the present invention is directed to an emitting layer, comprising a compound of formula I according to the present invention. In said embodiment a compound of formula I is preferably used as host material in combination with a phosphorescent emitter.

A further subject of the present invention is directed to a charge/exciton blocking layer, comprising a compound of formula I according to the present invention.

D is preferably -CO-, -COO-, -S-, -SO-, -S0₂-, -0-, -NR⁶⁵-, wherein R⁶⁵ is Ci-Ci₈alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, or sec-butyl, or Ce-C aryl, such as phenyl, tolyl, naphthyl, or biphenylyl, or C2-C3oheteroaryl, such as, for example, benzimid-

H

azo[1 ,2-a]benzimidazo-2-yl ( ), carbazolyl, dibenzofuranyl, which can be unsubstituted or substituted especially by C6-Cioaryl, or C6-Cioaryl, which is substituted by Ci-C4alkyl; or C2-Cioheteroaryl.

E is preferably -OR69; -SR∞; -NR65R65; -COR∞; -COOR6⁷; -CONR65R65; ₀r -CN; wherein R⁶⁵, R⁶⁷, R⁶⁸ and R⁶⁹ are independently of each other Ci-Cisalkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, hexyl, octyl, or 2-ethyl-hexyl, or Ce-C aryl, such as phenyl, tolyl, naphthyl, or biphenylyl.

G is preferably -OR⁶⁹; -SR⁶⁹; -NR⁶⁵R⁶⁵; a Ci-Ci₈alkyl group, a C₆-Ci₄aryl group, a C₆- Ci₄aryl group, which is substituted by F, or Ci-Cisalkyl; a C2-Cioheteroaryl group, or a C2- Cioheteroaryl group, which is substituted by F, or Ci-Cisalkyl; or -Si(R^12')(R^13')(R^14'); wherein R⁶⁵, R⁶⁷, R⁶⁸ and R⁶⁹ are independently of each other Ci-Cisalkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, hexyl, octyl, or 2-ethyl-hexyl, or C6-Ci₄aryl, such as phenyl, tolyl, naphthyl, or biphenylyl; R^12', R^13' and R^14' are independently of each other; a C6-Ci₄aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by Ci-Cisalkyl ; or a C2- Cioheteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by Ci-Cisalkyl.

zimidazolo[2,1-b][1 ,3]benzothiazolyl, carbazolyl, dibenzofuranyl, which can be unsubstituted or substituted, especially by C6-Cioaryl, or C6-Cioaryl, which is substituted by Ci-C₄alkyl; or C2-Cioheteroaryl.

In a preferred embodiment the present invention is directed to compounds of formula

(la), wherein D, E, G, o, p, q, r, R¹⁶, A¹, A², A³ and A⁴, R⁸i, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸s, Rse, R⁸⁷, R⁸⁸, R⁸⁹, R⁹o, R9i , R92 and χι are defined above, or below. Compounds of formula

(lb), wherein R⁹², R⁹³ and R⁹⁴ are independently of each other H, a Ci-C2salkyl group, which can optionally be substituted by E and or interrupted by D; a C6-C24aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G, a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; or a group of formula— (A¹)o-(A²)p-(A³)q-(A⁴)r-R¹⁶, are less preferred than compounds of formula (la).

R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³ and R⁸⁴ are preferably H.

R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶, R⁸⁸, R⁸⁹, R⁹¹ and R⁹² are preferably H.

Among compounds of formula (la) compounds of formula (la-1)

87

(la-1) are more preferred, wherein

Xⁱ is a group of formula -(Aⁱ)₀-(A²)_p-(A³)_q-(A⁴)_r-Rⁱ6,

R⁸⁷ and R⁹⁰ are independently of each other H, or a group of formula— (A¹)₀-(A²)_p-(A³)_q (A⁴)r-R¹⁶, wherein o, p, q, r, R¹⁶, A¹, A², A³ and A⁴ are defined above, or below.

Compounds of formula (la), wherein at least one of R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶, R⁸⁷ and R⁸⁸, especially R⁸⁷ and/or R⁸³ is a Ci-C2salkyl group; are suitable materials for solution pro- cessable OLEDs. Examples of such compounds are shown in the table below.

represents the bonding to R¹⁶.

In a more preferred embodiment the present invention is directed to compounds of formula

(la), especially compounds of formula (la-1 ), R⁸⁷ and

R⁹⁰ are independently of each other H, or a group of formula— (A¹)₀-(A²)p-(A³)_q-(A )_rR¹⁶, wherein o, p, q, r, R defined above, or below; very especially com-

pounds of formula (la-1"), wherein X¹ is a group of formula

-(A1)o-(A2)p-(A3)_q-(A4)_rR16. χι is a group of formula -(Aⁱ)₀-(A²)_P-(A³)_q-(A⁴)_r-Rⁱ6.

For the group of formula— (A¹)₀-(A²)p-(A³)q-(A⁴)_r-R¹⁶ the following preferences apply.

A¹, A², A³ and A⁴ are independently of each other a C6-C24arylen group, which can option- ally be substituted by G, or a C2-C3oheteroarylen group, which can optionally be substituted by G.

The C6-C24arylen groups A¹, A², A³ and A⁴ which optionally can be substituted by G, are typically phenylene, 4-methylphenylene, 4-methoxyphenylene, naphthylene, especially 1- naphthylene, or 2-naphthylene, biphenylylene, terphenylylene, pyrenylene, 2- or 9- fluorenylene, phenanthrylene, or anthrylene, which may be unsubstituted or substituted.

The C2-C3oheteroarylen groups A¹, A², A³ and A⁴, which optionally can be substituted by G, represent a ring with five to seven ring atoms or a condensed ring system, wherein nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur are the possible hetero atoms, and is typically a heterocyclic group with five to 30 atoms having at least six conjugated-electrons such as, for example, benzofu-

ro[2,3-b]pyridylene ( ), benzothiopheno[2,3-b]pyridyl

), pyrido[2,3-b]indolylene ( ), benzofuro[2,3-

c]pyridylene ( ), benzothiopheno[2,3-c]pyridylene

), pyrido[2,3-c]indolylene (

), benzothiopheno[3,2-b]pyridylene (

thieno[3,2-b:4,5-b']dipyridylene ( ), pyrrolo[3,2-b:4,5-b']dipyridylene

( ), thienylene, benzothiophenylene, thianthrenylene, furylene, furfu- rylene, 2H-pyranylene, benzofuranylene, isobenzofuranylene, dibenzofuranylene

( ), dibenzothiophenylene ( ), phenoxythienylene, pyrrolylene, imidazolylene, pyrazolylene, pyridylene, bipyridylene, triazinylene, pyrimidi- nylene, pyrazinylene, pyndazinylene, indolizinylene, isoindolylene, indolylene, indazolylene, purinylene, quinolizinylene, chinolylene, isochinolylene, phthalazinylene, naphthyndinylene, chinoxalinylene, chinazolinylene, cinnolinylene, pteridinylene, carbolinylene, benzotriazol- ylene, benzoxazolylene, phenanthridinylene, acridinylene, pyrimidinylene, phenanthroli- nylene, phenazinylene, isothiazolylene, phenothiazinylene, isoxazolylene, furazanylene,

carbazolylene (

a]benzimidazo-2,5-ylene ( ' ), benzimidazo-1 ,2-ylene ( ). or phenoxazinylene, which can be unsubstituted or substituted.

Preferred C6-C24arylen groups are 1 ,3-phenylene, 1 ,4-phenylene, 3,3'-biphenylylene, 3,3'- nn-teφhenylene, 2- or 9-fluorenylene, phenanthrylene, which may be unsubstituted or substituted, especially by C6-Cioaryl , C6-Cioaryl which is substituted by Ci-C4alkyl ; or C2- C heteroaryl .

Preferred C2-C3oheteroarylen groups are pyridylene, triazinylene, pyrimidinylene, such as,

N ^X ³

for example, (X² is N , or CH; X³ is N , or CH ; R^24' is phenyl , or 9-carbazolyl ; benzofuro[2,3-b]pyridylene, benzothiopheno[2,3-b]pyridylene , pyrido[2,3-b]indolylene , benzofuro[2,3-c]pyridylene, benzothiopheno[2,3-c]pyridylene , pyrido[2,3-c]indolylene, fu- ro[3,2-b:4,5-b']dipyridylene, thieno[3,2-b:4,5-b']dipyridylene, pyrrolo[3,2-b:4,5- b']dipyridylene, dibenzofuranylene, dibenzothiophenylene , carbazolylene and benzimid- azo[1 ,2-a]benzimidazo-2,5-ylene, benzofuro[3,2-b]pyridylene, benzothiopheno[3,2- b]pyridylene, or benzimidazo-1 ,2-ylene, which can be unsubstituted or substituted , especially by C6-Ci4aryl , C6-Ci4aryl which is substituted by Ci-C4alkyl ; or C2-Cioheteroaryl .

The C6-C24arylen and C2-C3oheteroarylen groups may be substituted by G. G is preferably Ci-Cisalkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, hexyl, octyl, or 2-ethyl-hexyl, -CF3, a C6-Ci4aryl group, a Ce-C aryl group, which is substituted by F, or Ci-Cisalkyl; a C2-Cioheteroaryl group, or a C2-Cioheteroaryl group, which is substituted by F, or Ci-Cisalkyl.

Benzimidazo[1 ,2-a]benzimidazo-5-yl, benzimidazo[1 ,2-a]benzimidazo-2-yl, carbazolyl and dibenzofuranyl are examples of a C2-Cioheteroaryl group. Phenyl, 1-naphthyl and 2- naphthyl are examples of a Ce-C aryl group.

Preferably, A¹, A², A³ and A⁴ are independently of each other a group of formula

R¹⁶ may be a C6-C24aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G, or a C3oheteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G. The C6-C24aryl group, which optionally can be substituted by G, is typically phenyl, 4- methylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, naphthyl, especially 1-naphthyl, or 2-naphthyl, biphenylyl, terphenylyl, pyrenyl, 2- or 9-fluorenyl, phenanthryl, or anthryl, or triphenylenyl (especially triphenylen-2-yl), which may be unsubstituted or substituted.

The C2-C3oheteroaryl group R¹⁶, which optionally can be substituted by G, represent a ring with five to seven ring atoms or a condensed ring system, wherein nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur are the possible hetero atoms, and is typically a heterocyclic group with five to 30 atoms having at least six conjugated π-electrons such as 9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indolyl, benzofuro[2,3- b]pyridyl, benzothiopheno[2,3-b]pyridyl, 9H-pyrido[2,3-c]indolyl, benzofuro[2,3-c]pyridyl, benzothiopheno[2,3-c]pyridyl, furo[3,2-b:4,5-b']dipyridyl, pyrrolo[3,2-b:4,5-b']dipyridyl, thieno[3,2-b:4,5-b']dipyridyl, thienyl, benzothiophenyl, dibenzothiophenyl, thianthrenyl, furyl, furfuryl, 2H-pyranyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, phenoxythienyl, pyrrol- yl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, bipyridyl, triazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, in- dolizinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolizinyl, chinolyl, isochinolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, chinoxalinyl, chinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, carbolinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxazolyl, phenanthridinyl, acridinyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, isothia- zolyl, phenothiazinyl, isoxazolyl, furazanyl, benzimidazo[1 ,2-a]benzimidazo-5-yl, benzimid- azo[1 ,2-a]benzimidazo-2-yl, benzimidazolo[2,1-b][1 ,3]benzothiazolyl, carbazolyl, 9- phenylcarbazolyl, azabenzimidazo[1 ,2-a]benzimidazolyl, or phenoxazinyl, which can be unsubstituted or substituted.

The C6-C24aryl and C2-C3oheteroaryl groups may be substituted by G.

G is preferably Ci-Cisalkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, hexyl, octyl, or 2-ethyl-hexyl; -CF3, a Ce-C aryl group, a Ce-C aryl group, which is substituted by F, or Ci-Cisalkyl; a C2-Cioheteroaryl group, or a C2-Cioheteroaryl group, which is substituted by F, or Ci-Cisalkyl. Prefered C2-C3oheteroaryl groups are pyridyl, triazinyl, pyrimidinyl, especially 9H-pyrido[2,3- b]indolyl, benzofuro[2,3-b]pyridyl, benzothiopheno[2,3-b]pyridyl, 9H-pyrido[2,3-c]indolyl, benzofuro[2,3-c]pyridyl, benzothiopheno[2,3-c]pyridyl, furo[3,2-b:4,5-b']dipyridyl, pyr- rolo[3,2-b:4,5-b']dipyridyl, thieno[3,2-b:4,5-b']dipyridyl, benzimidazo[1 ,2-a]benzimidazo-5-yl

C6-Cioaryl, or C6-Cioaryl, which is substituted by Ci-C4alkyl; or C2-Ci4heteroaryl), benzimid-

azolo[2,1-b][1 ,3]benzothiazolyl ( , or ), carbazolyl, dibenzofuranyl, or dibenzothiophenyl, which can be unsubstituted or substituted especially by C6-Cioaryl, or C6-Cioaryl, which is substituted by Ci-C4alkyl; or

C2-Ci4heteroaryl .

Most preferred, R¹⁶ is a group of formula

wherein X¹ is a group of formula— (A¹)₀-(A²)p-(A³)_q-(A⁴)_r-R¹⁶, wherein

Exa (I) are shown in the table be-

low.

C-14 i

C-15 i

C-16 i

C-17 i

C-18 i

C-19 i

C-20 i

C-21 i C-22 i 0^'

C-23 i

C-24

C-25

C-26

C-27

C-28

C-29 C-30

C-31

C-32

C-33

C-34

C-35

C-36 0

C-37 0^'

C-58

C-59

C-60

O^'

C-61

C-62

C-63

C-64

0^'

C-140

i

C-141

C-142

\

C-143

O^"

C-144

C-145

\ C-146

C-147

C-148

C-149

O^"

C-150

C-151

0?

C-158 i

C-159 i 0^'

C-160 i

C-161

C-162

C-163

C-164

0^'

C-165

C-218

C-219

C-220

C-221

C-222

C-223

C-224

represents the bonding to R¹⁶.

Compounds C-1 to C-237 are preferred, compounds C-1 to C-153 are particularly preferred.

Halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. Ci-C25alkyl (Ci-Cisalkyl) is typically linear or branched, where possible. Examples are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec. -butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3- pentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylpentyl, n-hexyl, 1 -methyl hexyl, 1,1 ,3,3,5,5- hexamethylhexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 1-methylheptyl, 3-methyl- heptyl, n-octyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl and 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, oroctadecyl. Ci-Csalkyl is typically methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec. -butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-propyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl and 2- ethylhexyl. Ci-C4alkyl is typically methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec. -butyl, iso- butyl, tert.-butyl.

Ci-C25alkoxy groups (Ci-Cisalkoxy groups) are straight-chain or branched alkoxy groups, e.g. methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, amyloxy, isoamyloxy or tert-amyloxy, heptyloxy, octyloxy, isooctyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy, un- decyloxy, dodecyloxy, tetradecyloxy, pentadecyloxy, hexadecyloxy, heptadecyloxy and octadecyloxy. Examples of Ci-Csalkoxy are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, isobutoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentyloxy, 2-pentyloxy, 3-pentyloxy, 2,2- dimethylpropoxy, n-hexyloxy, n-heptyloxy, n-octyloxy, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutoxy and 2- ethylhexyloxy, preferably Ci-C4alkoxy such as typically methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso- propoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, isobutoxy, tert-butoxy.

The term "cycloalkyl group" is typically C5-Ci2cycloalkyl, such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, cycloundecyl, cyclododecyl, preferably cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, or cyclooctyl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted.

C6-C24aryl (C6-Cisaryl), which optionally can be substituted, is typically phenyl, 4- methylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, naphthyl, especially 1-naphthyl, or2-naphthyl, biphenylyl, terphenylyl, pyrenyl, 2- or 9-fluorenyl, phenanthryl, oranthryl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted. Phenyl, 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl are examples of a C6-Cioaryl group.

C₇-C25aralkyl is typically benzyl, 2-benzyl-2-propyl, β-phenyl-ethyl, α,α-dimethylbenzyl, ω-phenyl-butyl, ω,ω-dimethyl-co-phenyl-butyl, ω-phenyl-dodecyl, ω-phenyl-octadecyl, ω-phenyl-eicosyl or ω-phenyl-docosyl, preferably C₇-Cisaralkyl such as benzyl, 2-benzyl-2- propyl, β-phenyl-ethyl, α,α-dimethylbenzyl, ω-phenyl-butyl, ω,ω-dimethyl-co-phenyl-butyl, ω-phenyl-dodecyl or ω-phenyl-octadecyl, and particularly preferred C₇-Ci2aralkyl such as benzyl, 2-benzyl-2-propyl, β-phenyl-ethyl, α,α-dimethylbenzyl, ω-phenyl-butyl, or ω,ω-dimethyl-co-phenyl-butyl, in which both the aliphatic hydrocarbon group and aromatic hydrocarbon group may be unsubstituted or substituted. Preferred examples are benzyl, 2- phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, naphthylethyl, naphthylmethyl, and cumyl.

C2-C3oheteroaryl represents a ring with five to seven ring atoms or a condensed ring system, wherein nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur are the possible hetero atoms, and is typically a heterocyclic group with five to 30 atoms having at least six conjugated π-electrons such as thienyl, benzothiophenyl, dibenzothiophenyl, thianthrenyl, furyl, furfuryl, 2H-pyranyl, benzo- furanyl , isobenzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, phenoxythienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl , pyrazolyl , pyridyl , bipyridyl, triazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl , indolizinyl , isoindolyl , indolyl , indazolyl , purinyl , quinolizinyl, chinolyl, isochinolyl, phthalazinyl , naphthyridinyl , chinoxalinyl, chinazolinyl , cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl , carbolinyl , benzotriazolyl , benzoxazolyl , phe- nanthridinyl , acridinyl , pyrimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, isothiazolyl , phenothiazinyl , isoxazolyl , furazanyl, 4-imidazo[1 ,2-a]benzimidazoyl, 5-benzimidazo[1 ,2-a]benzimidazoyl , benzimidazolo[2, 1-b][1 ,3]benzothiazolyl, carbazolyl, or phenoxazinyl , which can be unsubstituted or substituted. Benzimidazo[1 ,2-a]benzimidazo-5-yl, benzimidazo[1 ,2- a]benzimidazo-2-yl , carbazolyl and dibenzofuranyl are examples of a C2-Ci4heteroaryl group.

C6-C24arylen groups, which optionally can be substituted by G, are typically phenylene, 4- methylphenylene, 4-methoxyphenylene, naphthylene, especially 1-naphthylene, or 2- naphthylene, biphenylylene, terphenylylene, pyrenylene, 2- or 9-fluorenylene, phenan- thrylene, or anthrylene, which may be unsubstituted or substituted. Preferred C6-C24arylen groups are 1 ,3-phenylene, 3,3'-biphenylylene, 3,3'-m-terphenylene, 2- or 9-fluorenylene, phenanthrylene, which may be unsubstituted or substituted.

C2-C3oheteroarylen groups, which optionally can be substituted by G, represent a ring with five to seven ring atoms or a condensed ring system, wherein nitrogen , oxygen or sulfur are the possible hetero atoms, and is typically a heterocyclic group with five to 30 atoms having at least six conjugated -electrons such as thienylene, benzothiophenylene, dibenzothio- phenylene, thianthrenylene, furylene, furfurylene, 2H-pyranylene, benzofuranylene, isoben- zofuranylene, dibenzofuranylene, phenoxythienylene, pyrrolylene, imidazolylene, pyrazol- ylene, pyridylene, bipyridylene, triazinylene, pyrimidinylene, pyrazinylene, pyridazinylene, indolizinylene, isoindolylene, indolylene, indazolylene, purinylene, quinolizinylene, chinol- ylene, isochinolylene, phthalazinylene, naphthyridinylene, chinoxalinylene, chinazolinylene, cinnolinylene, pteridinylene, carbolinylene, benzotriazolylene, benzoxazolylene, phenan- thridinylene, acridinylene, pyrimidinylene, phenanthrolinylene, phenazinylene, isothiazol- ylene, phenothiazinylene, isoxazolylene, furazanylene, carbazolylene, benzimidazo[1 ,2- a]benzimidazo-2,5-ylene, or phenoxazinylene, which can be unsubstituted or substituted . Preferred C2-C3oheteroarylen groups are pyridylene, triazinylene, pyrimidinylene, carbazolylene, dibenzofuranylene and benzimidazo[1 ,2-a]benzimidazo-2,5-ylene

( ), which can be unsubstituted or substituted , especially by C6-Cioaryl , C6-Cioaryl which is substituted by Ci-C4alkyl ; or C2-Ci4heteroaryl.

Possible substituents of the above-mentioned groups are Ci-Csalkyl, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, Ci-Csalkoxy, Ci-Csalkylthio, halogen , halo-Ci-Csalkyl, or a cyano group. The C6-C24aryl (C6-Cisaryl) and C2-C3oheteroaryl groups are preferably substituted by one, or more Ci-Csalkyl groups. If a substituent occurs more than one time in a group, it can be different in each occurrence. Halo-Ci-Csalkyl is an alkyl group where at least one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a halogen atom. Examples are -CF₃, -CF2CF3, -CF2CF2CF3, -CF(CF₃)₂, -(CF₂)₃CF₃, and -C(CF₃)₃.

The wording "substituted by G" means that one, or more, especially one to three substitu- ents G might be present.

As described above, the aforementioned groups may be substituted by E and/or, if desired, interrupted by D. Interruptions are of course possible only in the case of groups containing at least 2 carbon atoms connected to one another by single bonds; C6-Cisaryl is not inter- rupted; interrupted arylalkyl contains the unit D in the alkyl moiety. Ci-Cisalkyl substituted by one or more E and/or interrupted by one or more units D is, for example, (Ch Ch OJi-g- R^x, where R* is H or Ci-Cioalkyl or C₂-Ci₀alkanoyl (e.g. CO-CH(C2H₅)C₄H9), CH₂-CH(OR^y')- CH2-0-R^y, where R^y is Ci-Cisalkyl, C5-Ci2cycloalkyl, phenyl, Cz-Cisphenylalkyl, and R^y' embraces the same definitions as R^y or is H;

Ci-C₈alkylene-COO-R^z, e.g. CH₂COOR_z, CH(CH₃)COOR^z, C(CH₃)₂COOR^z, where R^ is H, Ci-Cisalkyl, (Ch Ch OJi-g-R*, and R^x embraces the definitions indicated above;

CH₂CH₂-0-CO-CH=CH₂; CH₂CH(OH)CH₂-0-CO-C(CH₃)=CH₂.

An alkyl group substituted by E is, for example, an alkyl group where at least one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by F. Examples are -CF₃, -CF2CF₃,

-CF₂CF₂CF₃, -CF(CF₃)₂, -(CF₂)₃CF₃, and -C(CF₃)₃.

The synthesis of is described, for example, in Achour, Reddouane;

Zniber, Rachid, Bulletin des Societes Chimiques Beiges 96 (1987) 787-92.

Suitable base skeletons of the formula are either commercially available (especially in the cases when X is S, O, NH), or can be obtained by processes known to those skilled in the art. Reference is made to WO2010079051 and EP1885818.

The halogenation can be performed by methods known to those skilled in the art. Preference is given to brominating or iodinating in the 3 and 6 positions (dibromination) or in the 3 or 6 positions (monobromination) of the base skeleton of the formula 2,8 positions (diben- zofuran and dibenzothiophene) or 3,6 positions (carbazole).

Optionally substituted dibenzofurans, dibenzothiophenes and carbazoles can be dibromin- ated in the 2,8 positions (dibenzofuran and dibenzothiophene) or 3,6 positions (carbazole) with bromine or NBS in glacial acetic acid or in chloroform. For example, the bromination with Br2 can be effected in glacial acetic acid or chloroform at low temperatures, e.g. 0°C. Suitable processes are described, for example, in M. Park, J.R. Buck, C.J. Rizzo, Tetrahedron, 54 (1998) 12707-12714 for X= NPh, and in W. Yang et al., J. Mater. Chem. 13 (2003) 1351 for X= S. In addition, 3,6-dibromocarbazole, 3,6-dibromo-9-phenylcarbazole, 2,8- dibromodibenzothiophene, 2,8-dibromodibenzofuran, 2-bromocarbazole, 3- bromodibenzothiophene, 3-bromodibenzofuran, 3-bromocarbazole, 2- bromodibenzothiophene and 2-bromodibenzofuran are commercially available. Monobromination in the 4 position of dibenzofuran (and analogously for dibenzothiophene) is described, for example, in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 7150. Dibenzofuran (dibenzothiophene) can be monobrominated in the 3 position by a sequence known to those skilled in the art, comprising a nitration, reduction and subsequent Sandmeyer reaction. Monobromination in the 2 position of dibenzofuran or dibenzothiophene and monobromination in the 3 position of carbazole are effected analogously to the dibromination, with the exception that only one equivalent of bromine or NBS is added.

Alternatively, it is also possible to utilize iodinated dibenzofurans, dibenzothiophenes and carbazoles. The preparation is described, inter alia, in Tetrahedron. Lett. 47 (2006) 6957- 6960, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 24 (2005) 4976-4984, J. Heterocyclic Chem. 39 (2002) 933-941 , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 1 1900-1 1907, J. Heterocyclic Chem, 38 (2001) 77-87.

For the nucleophilic substitution, CI- or F-substituted dibenzofurans, dibenzothiophenes and carbazoles are required. The chlorination is described, inter alia, in J. Heterocyclic

Chemistry, 34 (1997) 891-900, Org. Lett., 6 (2004) 3501-3504; J. Chem. Soc. [Section] C:

Organic, 16 (1971) 2775-7, Tetrahedron Lett. 25 (1984) 5363-6, J. Org. Chem. 69 (2004)

8177-8182. The fluorination is described in J. Org. Chem. 63 (1998) 878-880 and J. Chem.

Soc, Perkin Trans. 2, 5 (2002) 953-957.

H

The introduction of the group σ¾ is performed in the presence of a base.

Suitable bases are known to those skilled in the art and are preferably selected from the group consisting of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides such as NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, alkali metal hydrides such as NaH, KH, alkali metal amides such as NaNH2, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonates such as K2CO3 or CS2CO3, and alkali metal alkox- ides such as NaOMe, NaOEt. In addition, mixtures of the aforementioned bases are suitable. Particular preference is given to NaOH, KOH, NaH or K2CO3. eteroarylation can be affected, for example, by copper-catalyzed coupling of

to a halogenated compound of the formula

(Ullmann reaction).

The N-arylation is, for example, disclosed in H. Gilman and D. A. Shirley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66 (1944) 888; D. Li et al., Dyes and Pigments 49 (2001) 181 - 186 and Eur. J. Org. Chem. (2007) 2147-2151. The reaction can be performed in solvent or in a melt. Suitable solvents are, for example, (polar) aprotic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylfor- mamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), tridecane or alcohols.

The synthesis of 9-(8-bromodibenzofuran-2-yl)carbazole, , is

2010079051. The synthesis of 2-bromo-8-iodo-dibenzofurane,

, is described in EP1885818.

Diboronic acid or diboronate group containing dibenzofurans, dibenzothiophenes and car- bazoles can be readily prepared by an increasing number of routes. An overview of the synthetic routes is, for example, given in Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 (2009) 9240 - 9261.

By one common route diboronic acid or diboronate group containing dibenzofurans, dibenzothiophenes, and carbazoles can be obtained by reacting halogenated dibenzofurans,

dibenzothiophenes and carbazoles with (Y¹0)2B-B(OY¹)2,

^{Y B}-^B^^Y

or in the presence of a catalyst, such as, for example, [1 ,1'- bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(ll), complex (Pd(CI)2(dppf)), and a base, such as, for example, potassium acetate, in a solvent, such as, for example, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dioxane and/or toluene (cf. Prasad Appukkuttan et al., Syn- lett 8 (2003) 1204), wherein Y¹ is independently in each occurrence a C1-C1 sal kylg roup and Y² is independently in each occurrence a C2-Cioalkylene group, such as -CY³Y⁴-CY⁵Y⁶-, or -CY7Y8-CY9Y10- CY11Y12-, wherein Y3, Y⁴, Y¾, γ^β, γ?, γ^β_ γ9 γιο_ γι ι and Y^ are independently of each other hydrogen, or a Ci-Cisalkylgroup, especially -C(CH3)2C(CH3)2-, - C(CH₃)2CH₂C(CH3)2-, or -CH₂C(CH₃)2CH2-, and Y« and Y^ are independently of each other hydrogen, or a Ci-Cisalkylgroup. Diboronic acid or diboronate group containing dibenzofurans, dibenzothiophenes and carbazoles can also be prepared by reacting halogenated dibenzofurans, dibenzothiophenes and carbazoles with alkyl lithium reagents, such as, for example, n-butyl lithium, or t-buthyl lithium, followed nic esters, such as, for example, B(isopropoxy)3,

B(methoxy)₃, or

(cf. Synthesis (2000) 442-446).

Diboronic acid or diboronate group containing dibenzofurans, dibenzothiophenes and carbazoles can also be prepared by reacting dibenzofurans, dibenzothiophenes and carbazoles with lithium amides, such as, for example, lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) followed by reaction with boronic esters such as, for example, B(isopropoxy)3, B(methoxy)3, or

,

(J. Org. Chem. 73 (2008) 2176-2181 ).

The synthesis of of the compounds of formula (I) can be done in analogy to methods known in the literature. The compounds of formula (I) can be produced by reaction of 2- hydroxybenzimidazole with a 6H-benzimidazolo[1 ,2-a]benzimidazole derivative in the presence of POC .

Reference is made, for example, to Deng et al., J. Org. Chem. 76 (2011) 8262.

The compounds of formula (I) can be produced by reaction between 2-halogen- benzimidazole (X¹¹ = CI, or Br) and a 6H-benzimidazolo[1 ,2-a]benzimidazole derivative (cf.

The reaction of aryl amines with 2-halobenzimidazoles is known from WO2011/019781 :

/V-arylation of benzimidazoles has also been described in the literature. In particular, the

use of fluoroarenes (

, or ) is particularly noteworthy, Angewandte

Chemie Int. Ed., 51 (2012) 8012 and WO2014/009317. The synthesis of carbazoles by the double /V-arylation of primary amines has been described in Adv. Syn. Catal. 352 (2010) 6

Pd₂dba₃, NaOtBu

toluene

The synthesis of aza- and diaza-dibenzofuran is known in the literature, or can be done in analogy to known procedures. Reference is made, for example, to JP2011084531 , US2010/0187984, L. Kaczmarek, Polish Journal of Chemistry 59 (1985) 1141 ,

JP2002284862, Y. Fort, Tetrahedron 50 (41 ),11893 (1994) and J. Liu, J. Org. Chem. 73, 2951 (2008). The synthesis of benzimidazolo[2,1-b][1 ,3]benzothiazole is, for example, described by Z. Wu et al., Eur. J. Org. Chem. (2011 ) 5242-5245:

The halogenation can be performed by methods known to those skilled in the art.

4-lodobenzimidazolo[2,1-b][1 ,3]benzothiazole can be obtained by reacting benzimidazo- lo[2,1-b][1 ,3]benzothiazole with butyl lithium and in tetrahydrofurane. Heteroarylation can

be effected, for example, by copper-catalyzed coupling of , or

4-iodobenzimidazolo[2,1-b][1 ,3]benzothiazole (Ullmann reaction).

4-Chlorobenzimidazolo[2, 1-b][1 ,3]benzothiazole can be prepared as described in Organic & Biomolecular Chemisty 10 (2012) 7944:

2-lodobenzimidazolo[2,1-b][1 ,3]benzothiazole can be obtained by reacting benzimidazo- lo[2,1-b][1 ,3]benzothiazole in CH3COOH and CF3COOH in the presence of N- iodosuccinimide (NIS).

It has been found that the compounds of the formula I are particularly suitable for use in applications in which charge carrier conductivity is required, especially for use in organic electronics applications, for example selected from switching elements such as organic transistors, e.g. organic FETs and organic TFTs, organic solar cells and organic light- emitting diodes (OLEDs), the compounds of the formula I being particularly suitable in OLEDs for use as matrix material in a light-emitting layer and/or as electron and/or exciton blocker material and/or as hole and/or exciton blocker material, especially in combination with a phosphorescence emitter. In the case of use of the inventive compounds of the formula I in OLEDs, OLEDs which have good efficiencies and a long lifetime and which can be operated especially at a low use and operating voltage are obtained. The inventive compounds of the formula I are suitable especially for use as matrix and/or charge/exciton blocker materials for blue and green emitters, for example light blue or deep blue emitters, these being especially phosphorescence emitters. Furthermore, the compounds of the formula I can be used as conductor/complementary materials in organic electronics applications selected from switching elements and organic solar cells. The compounds of the formula I can be used as matrix material and/or charge/exciton blocker material and/or charge transport material (charge conductor material). The inventive compounds of the formula I are preferably used as matrix materials in organic electronics applications, especially in OLEDs.

In the emission layer or one of the emission layers of an OLED, it is also possible to combine an emitter material with a matrix material of the compound of the formula I and a further matrix material which has, for example, a good hole transport property. This achieves a high quantum efficiency of this emission layer.

When a compound of the formula I is used as matrix (host) material in an emission layer and additionally as charge/exciton blocker material, owing to the chemical identity or similarity of the materials, an improved interface between the emission layer and the adjacent charge/exciton blocker material, which can lead to a decrease in the voltage with equal luminance and to an extension of the lifetime of the OLED. Moreover, the use of the same material for charge/exciton blocker material and for the matrix of an emission layer allows the production process of an OLED to be simplified, since the same source can be used for the vapor deposition process of the material of one of the compounds of the formula I. Suitable structures of organic electronic devices are known to those skilled in the art and are specified below.

The organic transistor generally includes a semiconductor layer formed from an organic layer with charge transport capacity; a gate electrode formed from a conductive layer; and an insulat- ing layer introduced between the semiconductor layer and the conductive layer. A source electrode and a drain electrode are mounted on this arrangement in order thus to produce the transistor element. In addition, further layers known to those skilled in the art may be present in the organic transistor. The organic solar cell (photoelectric conversion element) generally comprises an organic layer present between two plate-type electrodes arranged in parallel. The organic layer may be configured on a comb-type electrode. There is no particular restriction regarding the site of the organic layer and there is no particular restriction regarding the material of the electrodes. When, however, plate-type electrodes arranged in parallel are used, at least one electrode is preferably formed from a transparent electrode, for example an ITO electrode or a fluorine-doped tin oxide electrode. The organic layer is formed from two sublayers, i.e. a layer with p-type semiconductor properties or hole transport capacity, and a layer formed with n-type semiconductor properties or charge transport capacity. In addition, it is possible for further layers known to those skilled in the art to be present in the organic solar cell. The layers with charge transport capacity may com- prise the compounds of formula I.

It is likewise possible that the compounds of the formula I are present both in the light- emitting layer (preferably as matrix material) and in the blocking layers (as charge/exciton blockers). The present invention further provides an organic light-emitting diode comprising an anode (a) and a cathode (i) and a light-emitting layer (e) arranged between the anode (a) and the cathode (i), and if appropriate at least one further layer selected from the group consisting of at least one blocking layer for holes/excitons, at least one blocking layer for elec- trons/excitons, at least one hole injection layer, at least one hole transport layer, at least one electron injection layer and at least one electron transport layer, wherein the at least one compound of the formula I is present in the light-emitting layer (e) and/or in at least one of the further layers. The at least one compound of the formula I is preferably present in the light-emitting layer and/or the charge/exciton blocking layers.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, at least one compound of the formula I, especially a compound of the formula (la-1), very especially a compound of the formula (la- 1 "), is used as charge transport material. Examples of preferred compounds of formula I are compounds C-1 to C-237 shown above. Compounds C-1 to C-153 are particularly preferred.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, at least one compound of the formula I, especially a compound of the formula (la-1), very especially a compound of the formula (la-1 "), is used as charge/exciton blocker material. Examples of preferred compounds of formula I are compounds C-1 to C-237 shown above. Compounds C-1 to C-153 are particularly preferred.

The present application further relates to a light-emitting layer comprising at least one com- pound of the formula I.

Structure of the inventive OLED

The inventive organic light-emitting diode (OLED) thus generally has the following struc- ture:

an anode (a) and a cathode (i) and a light-emitting layer (e) arranged between the anode (a) and the cathode (i).

The inventive OLED may, for example - in a preferred embodiment - be formed from the following layers:

1. Anode (a)

2. Hole transport layer (c)

3. Light-emitting layer (e)

4. Blocking layer for holes/excitons (f)

5. Electron transport layer (g)

6. Cathode (i)

Layer sequences different than the aforementioned structure are also possible, and are known to those skilled in the art. For example, it is possible that the OLED does not have all of the layers mentioned; for example, an OLED with layers (a) (anode), (e) (light-emitting layer) and (i) (cathode) is likewise suitable, in which case the functions of the layers (c) (hole transport layer) and (f) (blocking layer for holes/excitons) and (g) (electron transport layer) are assumed by the adjacent layers. OLEDs which have layers (a), (c), (e) and (i), or layers (a), (e), (f), (g) and (i), are likewise suitable. In addition, the OLEDs may have a blocking layer for electrons/excitons (d) between the hole transport layer (c) and the Light- emitting layer (e).

It is additionally possible that a plurality of the aforementioned functions (electron/exciton blocker, hole/exciton blocker, hole injection, hole conduction, electron injection, electron conduction) are combined in one layer and are assumed, for example, by a single material present in this layer. For example, a material used in the hole transport layer, in one embodiment, may simultaneously block excitons and/or electrons. Furthermore, the individual layers of the OLED among those specified above may in turn be formed from two or more layers. For example, the hole transport layer may be formed from a layer into which holes are injected from the electrode, and a layer which transports the holes away from the hole-injecting layer into the light-emitting layer. The electron conduction layer may likewise consist of a plurality of layers, for example a layer in which elec- trons are injected by the electrode, and a layer which receives electrons from the electron injection layer and transports them into the light-emitting layer. These layers mentioned are each selected according to factors such as energy level, thermal resistance and charge carrier mobility, and also energy difference of the layers specified with the organic layers or the metal electrodes. The person skilled in the art is capable of selecting the structure of the OLEDs such that it is matched optimally to the organic compounds used in accordance with the invention.

In a preferred embodiment the OLED according to the present invention comprises in this order:

(a) an anode,

(b) optionally a hole injection layer,

(c) optionally a hole transport layer,

(d) optionally an exciton blocking layer

(e) an emitting layer,

(f) optionally a hole/ exciton blocking layer

(g) optionally an electron transport layer,

(h) optionally an electron injection layer, and

(i) a cathode. In a particularly preferred embodiment the OLED according to the present invention comprises in this order:

(a) an anode,

(b) optionally a hole injection layer,

(c) a hole transport layer, (d) an exciton blocking layer

(e) an emitting layer,

(f) a hole/ exciton blocking layer

(g) an electron transport layer, and

(h) optionally an electron injection layer, and

(i) a cathode.

The properties and functions of these various layers, as well as example materials are known from the prior art and are described in more detail below on basis of preferred em- bodiments.

Anode (a):

The anode is an electrode which provides positive charge carriers. It may be composed, for example, of materials which comprise a metal, a mixture of different metals, a metal alloy, a metal oxide or a mixture of different metal oxides. Alternatively, the anode may be a conductive polymer. Suitable metals comprise the metals of groups 1 1 , 4, 5 and 6 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and also the transition metals of groups 8 to 10. When the anode is to be transparent, mixed metal oxides of groups 12, 13 and 14 of the Periodic Table of the Elements are generally used, for example indium tin oxide (ITO). It is likewise possible that the anode (a) comprises an organic material, for example polyaniline, as described, for example, in Nature, Vol. 357, pages 477 to 479 (June 11 , 1992). Preferred anode materials include conductive metal oxides, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum zinc oxide (AlZnO), and metals. Anode (and substrate) may be sufficiently transparent to create a bottom-emitting device. A preferred transparent substrate and anode combination is commercially available ITO (anode) deposited on glass or plastic (substrate). A reflective anode may be preferred for some top-emitting devices, to increase the amount of light emitted from the top of the device. At least either the anode or the cathode should be at least partly transparent in order to be able to emit the light formed. Other anode materials and structures may be used.

Hole injection layer (b):

Generally, injection layers are comprised of a material that may improve the injection of charge carriers from one layer, such as an electrode or a charge generating layer, into an adjacent organic layer. Injection layers may also perform a charge transport function. The hole injection layer may be any layer that improves the injection of holes from anode into an adjacent organic layer. A hole injection layer may comprise a solution deposited material, such as a spin-coated polymer, or it may be a vapor deposited small molecule material, such as, for example, CuPc or MTDATA. Polymeric hole-injection materials can be used such as poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), polythiophenes, polypyrrole, polyaniline, self-doping polymers, such as, for example, sulfonated poly(thiophene-3-[2[(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]- 2,5-diyl) (Plexcore^® OC Conducting Inks commercially available from Plextronics), and copolymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) also called PEDOT/PSS. Hole transport layer (c):

Either hole-transporting molecules or polymers may be used as the hole transport material. Suitable hole transport materials for layer (c) of the inventive OLED are disclosed, for example, in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th Edition, Vol. 18, pages 837 to 860, 1996, US20070278938, US2008/0106190, US201 1/0163302 (triarylamines with (di)benzothiophen/(di)benzofuran; Nan-Xing Hu et al. Synth. Met. 111 (2000) 421 (in- dolocarbazoles), WO2010002850 (substituted phenylamine compounds) and

WO2012/16601 (in particular the hole transport materials mentioned on pages 16 and 17 of WO2012/16601 ). Combination of different hole transport material may be used. Reference

is m (HTL1-1)

and

(HTL2-1 ) constitute the hole transport layer.

Customarily used hole-transporting molecule sisting of

(4-phenyl-N-(4-p -[4-(4-phenyl-

phenyl)phenyl]anilino)phenyl]phenyl]aniline),

(4-phenyl-N-(4- (4-phenyl-N-(4-phenylphenyl)anilino)phenyl]phenyl]aniline),

(4-phenyl-N-[4-(9-phenylcarbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-N-(4-

2,2^,-3a,7a-dihydro-1 ,3,2

-benzodiazasilole]),

(N2,N2,N2\N2\N7,N7,N7\N7'-octakis(p olyl)-9,9'-spirobi[fluorene]-2,2\7J' etramine 4,4'- bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (a-NPD), N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3- methylphenyl)-[1 ,1 '-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (TPD), 1 ,1-bis[(di-4-tolylamino)phenyl]- cyclohexane (TAPC), N,N'-bis(4-methylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(4-ethylphenyl)-[1 ,1 '-(3,3'-dimethyl)- biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (ETPD), tetrakis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N,N',N'-2,5-phenylenediamine (PDA), a-phenyl-4-N,N-diphenylaminostyrene (TPS), p-(diethylamino)benzaldehyde diphe- nylhydrazone (DEH), triphenylamine (TPA), bis[4-(N,N-diethylamino)2-methylphenyl](4- methylphenyl)methane (MPMP), 1-phenyl-3-[p-(diethylamino)styryl]5-[p-

(diethylamino)phenyl]pyrazoline (PPR or DEASP), 1 ,2-trans-bis(9H-carbazol9-yl)- cyclobutane (DCZB), N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(4-methylphenyl)-(1 ,1 '-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine (TTB), fluorine compounds such as 2,2'JJ'-tetra(N,N-di-tolyl)amino9,9-spirobifluorene (spiro- TTB), N,N'-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)9,9-spirobifluorene (spiro-NPB) and 9,9- bis(4-(N,N-bis-biphenyl-4-yl-amino)phenyl-9Hfluorene, benzidine compounds such as Ν,Ν'- bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)benzidine and porphyrin compounds such as copper phthalocyanines. In addition, polymeric hole-injection materials can be used such as poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), polythiophenes, polypyrrole, polyaniline, self-doping polymers, such as, for example, sulfonated poly(thiophene-3-[2[(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-2,5- diyl) (Plexcore® OC Conducting Inks commercially available from Plextronics), and copolymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) also called PE- DOT/PSS. Preferred examples of a material of the hole injecting layer are a porphyrin compound, an aromatic tertiary amine compound, or a styrylamine compound. Particularly preferable examples include an aromatic tertiary amine compound such as hexa- cyanohexaazatriphenylene (HAT).

In a preferred embodiment it is possible to use metal carbene complexes as hole transport materials. Suitable carbene complexes are, for example, carbene complexes as described in WO2005/019373A2, WO2006/056418 A2, WO2005/113704, WO2007/115970,

WO2007/1 15981 , WO2008/000727 and PCT/EP2014/055520. One example of a suitable carbene complex is lr(DPBIC)3 with the formula:

(HTM-1). Another ne complex is lr(ABIC)3 with

M-2).

The hole-transporting layer may also be electronically doped in order to improve the transport properties of the materials used, in order firstly to make the layer thicknesses more generous (avoidance of pinholes/short circuits) and in order secondly to minimize the operating voltage of the device. Electronic doping is known to those skilled in the art and is disclosed, for example, in W. Gao, A. Kahn, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 94, 2003, 359 (p-doped organic layers); A. G. Werner, F. Li, K. Harada, M. Pfeiffer, T. Fritz, K. Leo, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 82, No. 25, 2003, 4495 and Pfeiffer et al., Organic Electronics 2003, 4, 89 - 103 and K. Walzer, B. Maennig, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2007, 107, 1233. For example it is possible to use mixtures in the hole-transporting layer, in particular mixtures which lead to electrical p-doping of the hole-transporting layer. p-Doping is achieved by the addition of oxidizing materials. These mixtures may, for example, be the following mixtures: mixtures of the abovementioned hole transport materials with at least one metal oxide, for example M0O2, M0O3, WO_x, ReC>3 and/or V2O5, preferably M0O3 and/or ReC>3, more preferably M0O3, or mixtures comprising the aforementioned hole transport materials and one or more compounds selected from 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,3,5,6- tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ), 2,5-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)-7,7,8,8- tetracyanoquinodimethane, bis(tetra-n-butylammonium)tetracyanodiphenoquinodimethane, 2,5-dimethyl-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, tetracyanoethylene, 1 1 ,11 ,12, 12- tetracyanonaphtho2,6-quinodimethane, 2-fluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquino-dimethane, 2,5- difluoro-7,7,8,8etracyanoquinodimethane, dicyanomethylene-1 ,3,4,5,7,8-hexafluoro-6H- naphthalen-2-ylidene)malononitrile (F6-TNAP), Mo(tfd)3 (from Kahn et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131 (35), 12530-12531), compounds as described in EP1988587,

US2008265216, EP2180029, US20100102709, WO2010132236, EP2180029 and quinone compounds as mentioned in EP2401254. Preferred mixtures comprise the aforementioned carbene complexes, such as, for example, the carbene complexes HTM-1 and HTM-2, and M0O3 and/or ReC>3, especially M0O3. In a particularly preferred embodiment the hole transport layer comprises from 0.1 to 10 wt % of M0O3 and 90 to 99.9 wt % carbene com- plex, especially of the carbene complex HTM-1 and HTM-2, wherein the total amount of the M0O3 and the carbene complex is 100 wt %.

Exciton blocking layer (d):

Blocking layers may be used to reduce the number of charge carriers (electrons or holes) and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. An electron/exciton blocking layer (d) may be disposed between the first emitting layer (e) and the hole transport layer (c), to block electrons from emitting layer (e) in the direction of hole transport layer (c). Blocking layers may also be used to block excitons from diffusing out of the emissive layer. Suitable metal com- plexes for use as electron/exciton blocker material are, for example, carbene complexes as described in WO2005/019373A2, WO2006/056418A2, WO2005/113704, WO2007/115970, WO2007/115981 , WO2008/000727 and PCT/EP2014/055520. Explicit reference is made here to the disclosure of the WO applications cited, and these disclosures shall be considered to be incorporated into the content of the present application. One example of a suita- ble carbene complex is compound HTM-1 and HTM-2.

Emitting layer (e)

The light-emitting layer (e) comprises at least one emitter material. In principle, it may be a fluorescence or phosphorescence emitter, suitable emitter materials being known to those skilled in the art. The at least one emitter material is preferably a phosphorescence emitter. The phosphorescence emitter compounds used with preference are based on metal complexes, and especially the complexes of the metals Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd and Pt, in particular the complexes of Ir, have gained significance. The compounds of the formula I can be used as the matrix in the light-emitting layer.

Suitable metal complexes for use in the inventive OLEDs are described, for example, in documents WO 02/60910 A1 , US 2001/0015432 A1 , US 2001/0019782 A1 ,

US 2002/0055014 A1 , US 2002/0024293 A1 , US 2002/0048689 A1 , EP 1 191 612 A2, EP 1 191 613 A2, EP 1 21 1 257 A2, US 2002/0094453 A1 , WO 02/02714 A2,

WO 00/70655 A2, WO 01/41512 A1 , WO 02/15645 A1 , WO 2005/019373 A2,

WO 2005/113704 A2, WO 2006/115301 A1 , WO 2006/067074 A1 , WO 2006/056418, WO 200612181 1 A1 , WO 2007095118 A2, WO 2007/115970, WO 2007/1 15981 ,

WO 2008/000727, WO2010129323, WO2010056669, WO10086089, US2011/0057559, WO2011/106344, US2011/0233528, WO2012/048266 and WO2012/172482.

Further suitable metal complexes are the commercially available metal complexes tris(2- phenylpyridine)iridium(lll), iridium(lll) tris(2-(4-tolyl)pyridinato-N,C²'), bis(2- phenylpyridine)(acetylacetonato)iridium(lll), iridium(lll) tris(l-phenylisoquinoline), iridium(lll) bis(2,2'-benzothienyl)pyridinato-N,C³')(acetylacetonate), tris(2-phenylquinoline)iridium(lll), iridium(lll) bis(2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C²)picolinate, iridium(lll) bis(1- phenylisoquinoline)(acetylacetonate), bis(2-phenylquinoline)(acetylacetonato)iridium(lll), iridium(lll) bis(di-benzo[f,h]quinoxaline)(acetylacetonate), iridium(lll) bis(2-methyldi- benzo[f,h]quinoxaline)(acetylacetonate) and tris(3-methyl-1-phenyl-4-trimethylacetyl-5- pyrazolino)terbium(lll), bis[1-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)isoquinoline](acetyl- acetonato)iridium(lll), bis(2-phenylbenzothiazolato)(acetylacetonato)iridium(lll), bis(2-(9,9- dihexylfluorenyl)-1-pyridine)(acetylacetonato)iridium(lll), bis(2-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl- pyridine)(acetylacetonato)iridium(lll). In addition, the following commercially available materials are suitable:

tris(dibenzoylacetonato)mono(phenanthroline)europium(lll), tris(dibenzoylmethane)- mono(phenanthroline)europium(lll), tris(dibenzoylmethane)mono(5-aminophenanthroline)- europium(lll), tris(di-2-naphthoylmethane)mono(phenanthroline)europium(lll), tris(4- bromobenzoylmethane)mono(phenanthroline)europium(lll), tris(di(biphenyl)methane)- mono(phenanthroline)europium(lll), tris(dibenzoylmethane)mono(4J-diphenyl- phenanthroline)europium(lll), tris(dibenzoylmethane)mono(4J-di-methyl- phenanthroline)europium(lll), tris(dibenzoylmethane)mono(4,7-dimethylphenan- throlinedisulfonic acid)europium(lll) disodium salt, tris[di(4-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)- benzoylmethane)]mono(phenanthroline)europium(lll) and tris[di[4-(2-(2-ethoxy- ethoxy)ethoxy)benzoylmethane)]mono(5-aminophenanthroline)europium(lll), osmium(ll) bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)-5-(4-tert-butylpyridyl)-1 ,2,4-triazolato)diphenylmethylphosphine, os- mium(ll) bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)-1 ,2,4-triazole)dimethylphenylphosphine, osmi- um(ll) bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)-5-(4-tert-butylpyridyl)-1 ,2,4- triazolato)dimethylphenylphosphine, osmium(ll) bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)-5-(2-pyridyl)- pyrazolato)dimethylphenylphosphine, tris[4,4'-di-tert-butyl(2,2')-bipyridine]ruthenium(lll), osmium(ll) bis(2-(9,9-dibutylfluorenyl)-1-isoquinoline(acetylacetonate).

Preferred phosphorescence emitters are carbene complexes. Suitable phosphorescent blue emitters are specified in the following publications: WO2006/056418A2,

WO2005/113704, WO2007/1 15970, WO2007/115981 , WO2008/000727, WO2009050281 , WO2009050290, WO2011051404, US2011/057559 WO2011/073149, WO2012/121936A2, US2012/0305894A1 , WO2012/170571 , WO2012/170461 , WO2012/170463,

WO2006/121811 , WO2007/095118, WO2008/156879, WO2008/156879, WO2010/068876, US201 1/0057559, WO201 1/106344, US201 1/0233528, WO2012/048266,

WO2012/172482, PCT/EP2014/064054 and PCT/EP2014/066272.

Preferably, the light emitting layer (e) comprises at least one carbine complex as phosphorescence emitter. Suitable carbine complexes are, for example, compounds of the

M[carbene]_{n 1}

formula ⁰ (IX), which are described in WO 2005/019373 A2, wherein the symbols have the following meanings:

M is a metal atom selected from the group consisting of Co, Rh, Ir, Nb, Pd, Pt, Fe, Ru, Os, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Cu, Ag and Au in any oxidation state possible for the respective metal atom;

Carbene is a carbene ligand which may be uncharged or monoanionic and monodentate, bidentate or tridentate, with the carbene ligand also being able to be a biscarbene or triscarbene ligand;

L is a monoanionic or dianionic ligand, which may be monodentate or bidentate; K is an uncharged monodentate or bidentate ligand selected from the group consisting of phosphines; phosphonates and derivatives thereof, arsenates and derivatives thereof; phosphites; CO; pyridines; nitriles and conjugated dienes which form a π complex with M¹; n1 is the number of carbene ligands, where n1 is at least 1 and when n1 > 1 the carbene ligands in the complex of the formula I can be identical or different;

ml is the number of ligands L, where ml can be 0 or≥ 1 and when ml > 1 the ligands L can be identical or different;

o is the number of ligands K, where o can be 0 or≥ 1 and when o > 1 the ligands K can be identical or different;

where the sum n1 + ml + o is dependent on the oxidation state and coordination number of the metal atom and on the denticity of the ligands carbene, L and K and also on the charge on the ligands, carbene and L, with the proviso that n1 is at least 1. of the general formula

which are described in WO2011/073149, where M, n1 , Y, A2', A3', A ', AS', R5i , R52, RS3, RS4, RSS, Rse, RS7, RSS, RS^Q, K, L, ml and o1 are each defined as follows:

M is Ir, or Pt,

n1 is an integer selected from 1 , 2 and 3,

Y is N R51 , O, S or C(R25)₂,

A^2', A^3', A^4', and A^5'are each independently N or C, where 2 A = nitrogen atoms and at least one carbon atom is present between two nitrogen atoms in the ring,

R⁵¹ is a linear or branched alkyl radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyi radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having a total of 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms,

R52, R53, R54 _and R55 _are each, if A²', A³', A⁴' and/or A⁵' is N, a free electron pair, or, if A²', A^3', A^4' and/or A^5' is C, each independently hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyi radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical optionally interrupted by at least one het- eroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having a total of 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, group with donor or acceptor action, or

R⁵³ and R⁵⁴ together with A^3' and A^4' form an optionally substituted, unsaturated ring optionally interrupted by at least one further heteroatom and having a total of 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms,

R⁵⁶, R⁵⁷, R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ are each independently hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, cycloheteroalkyl radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having a total of 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, group with donor or acceptor action, or

R⁵⁶ and R⁵⁷, R⁵⁷ and R⁵⁸ or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹, together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded, form a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic, optionally substituted ring optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom and having a total of 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, and/or

if A^5' is C, R⁵⁵ and R⁵⁶ together form a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched bridge optionally comprising heteroatoms, an aromatic unit, heteroaromatic unit and/or functional groups and having a total of 1 to 30 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms, to which is optionally fused a substituted or unsubstituted, five- to eight-membered ring comprising carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms,

R²⁵ is independently a linear or branched alkyl radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 1 to 20 carbon at- oms, cycloalkyl radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl radical optionally interrupted by at least one heteroatom, optionally bearing at least one functional group and having a total of 5 to 18 carbon atoms and/or heteroatoms,

K is an uncharged mono- or bidentate ligand,

L is a mono- or dianionic ligand, preferably monoanionic ligand, which may be mono- or bidentate,

ml is 0, 1 or 2, where, when ml is 2, the K ligands may be the same or different, o1 is 0, 1 or 2, where, when o1 is 2, the L ligands may be the same or different.

The compound of formula IX is preferably a compound of the formula:

(BE-81), (BE-82), 83

(BE-104), (BE-105),

The compound of formula IX is more preferably a compound (BE-1), (BE-2), (BE-7), (BE- 12), (BE-16), (BE-64), or (BE-70). The most preferred phosphorescent blue emitters are compounds (BE-1 ) and (BE-12).

The homoleptic metal-carbene complexes may be present in the form of facial or meridional isomers, preference being given to the facial isomers.

Suitable carbene complexes of formula (IX) and their preparation process are, for example, described in WO2011/073149.

The compounds of the present invention can also be used as host for phosphorescent green emitters. Suitable phosphorescent green emitters are, for example, specified in the following publications: WO2006014599, WO20080220265, WO2009073245, WO2010027583, WO2010028151 , US201 10227049, WO201 1090535, WO2012/08881 , WO20100056669, WO20100118029, WO20100244004, WO201 1109042, WO2012166608, US20120292600, EP2551933A1 ; US6687266, US20070190359, US20070190359, US20060008670; WO2006098460, US20110210316, WO2012053627; US6921915, US20090039776; and JP2007123392.

(

Host (matrix) materials

The light-emitting layer may comprise further components in addition to the emitter material. For example, a fluroescent dye may be present in the light-emitting layer in order to alter the emission color of the emitter material. In addition - in a preferred embodiment - a matrix material can be used. This matrix material may be a polymer, for example poly(N- vinylcarbazole) or polysilane. The matrix material may, however, be a small molecule, for example 4,4'-N,N'-dicarbazolebiphenyl (CDP=CBP) or tertiary aromatic amines, for example TCTA.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, at least one compound of the formula I, especially a compound of the formula (la-1), very especially a compound of the formula (la-1 "), is used as matrix material. Examples of preferred compounds of formula I are compounds C-1 to C-237 shown above. Compounds C-1 to C-153 are particularly preferred.

In a preferred embodiment, the light-emitting layer is formed from 2 to 40% by weight, pref- erably 5 to 35% by weight, of at least one of the aforementioned emitter materials and 60 to 98% by weight, preferably 75 to 95% by weight, of at least one of the aforementioned matrix materials - in one embodiment at least one compound of the formula I - where the sum total of the emitter material and of the matrix material adds up to 100% by weight. Suitable metal complexes for use together with the compounds of the formula I as matrix material in OLEDs are, for example, also carbene complexes as described in

WO 2005/019373 A2, WO 2006/056418 A2, WO 2005/113704, WO 2007/1 15970, WO 2007/115981 and WO 2008/000727. Further suitable host materials, which may be small molecules or (co)polymers of the small molecules mentioned, are specified in the following publications: WO2007108459 (H-1 to H-37), preferably H-20 to H-22 and H-32 to H-37, most preferably H-20, H-32, H-36, H-37, WO2008035571 A1 (Host 1 to Host 6), JP2010135467 (compounds 1 to 46 and Host-1 to Host-39 and Host-43), WO2009008100 compounds No.1 to No.67, preferably No.3, No.4, No.7 to No. 12, No.55, No.59, No. 63 to No.67, more preferably No. 4, No. 8 to No. 12, No. 55, No. 59, No.64, No.65, and No. 67, WO2009008099 compounds No. 1 to No. 110, WO2008140114 compounds 1-1 to 1-50, WO2008090912 compounds OC-7 to OC-36 and the polymers of Mo-42 to Mo-51 , JP2008084913 H-1 to H-70, WO2007077810 compounds 1 to 44, preferably 1 , 2, 4-6, 8, 19-22, 26, 28-30, 32, 36, 39-44, WO201001830 the poly- mers of monomers 1-1 to 1-9, preferably of 1-3, 1-7, and 1-9, WO2008029729 the (polymers of) compounds 1-1 to 1-36, WO20100443342 HS-1 to HS-101 and BH-1 to BH-17, preferably BH-1 to BH-17, J P2009182298 the (co)polymers based on the monomers 1 to 75, JP2009170764, JP2009135183 the (co)polymers based on the monomers 1-14, WO2009063757 preferably the (co)polymers based on the monomers 1-1 to 1-26,

WO2008146838 the compounds a-1 to a-43 and 1-1 to 1-46, JP2008207520 the

(co)polymers based on the monomers 1-1 to 1-26, JP2008066569 the (co)polymers based on the monomers 1-1 to 1-16, WO2008029652 the (co)polymers based on the monomers 1-1 to 1-52, WO20071 14244 the (co)polymers based on the monomers 1-1 to 1-18, JP2010040830 the compounds HA-1 to HA-20, HB-1 to HB-16, HC-1 to HC-23 and the (co)polymers based on the monomers HD-1 to HD-12, JP2009021336, WO2010090077 the compounds 1 to 55, WO2010079678 the compounds H1 to H42, WO2010067746, WO2010044342 the compounds HS-1 to HS-101 and Poly-1 to Poly-4, JP2010114180 the compounds PH-1 to PH-36, US2009284138 the compounds 1 to 11 1 and H1 to H71 , WO2008072596 the compounds 1 to 45, JP2010021336 the compounds H-1 to H-38, pref- erably H-1 , WO2010004877 the compounds H-1 to H-60, JP2009267255 the compounds 1-1 to 1-105, WO2009104488 the compounds 1-1 to 1-38, WO2009086028,

US2009153034, US2009134784, WO2009084413 the compounds 2-1 to 2-56,

JP2009114369 the compounds 2-1 to 2-40, JP2009114370 the compounds 1 to 67, WO2009060742 the compounds 2-1 to 2-56, WO2009060757 the compounds 1-1 to 1-76, WO2009060780 the compounds 1-1 to 1-70, WO2009060779 the compounds 1-1 to 1-42, WO2008156105 the compounds 1 to 54, JP2009059767 the compounds 1 to 20,

JP2008074939 the compounds 1 to 256, JP2008021687 the compounds 1 to 50,

WO20071 19816 the compounds 1 to 37, WO2010087222 the compounds H-1 to H-31 , WO2010095564 the compounds HOST-1 to HOST-61 , WO2007108362, WO2009003898, WO2009003919, WO2010040777, US2007224446, WO06128800, WO2012014621 , WO2012105310, WO2012/130709 and European patent applications EP12175635.7 (WO 2014009317) and EP12185230.5 (WO 2014044722) and EP12191408.9 (WO

2014072320) (in particular page 25 to 29 of EP12191408.9).

The above-mentioned small molecules are more preferred than the above-mentioned (co)polymers of the small molecules.

Further suitable second host materials, are described in WO201 1137072 (for example,

In a particularly preferred embodiment, one or more compounds of the general formula (X) specified hereinafter are used as second host material.

(X), wherein X is NR, S, O or PR;

R is aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl;

A200 is -N R206R207, _p(O)R208R209_i _pR210R211 _ -S(0)₂R²¹², -S(0)R213, -SR214, CT -OR²^;

R221 R222 _anc| R223 _are independently of each other aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, wherein at least on of the groups R²²¹, R²²², or R²²³ is aryl, or heteroaryl; R²²⁴ and R²²⁵ are independently of each other alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, a group A²⁰⁰, or a group having donor, or acceptor characteristics;

n2 and m2 are independently of each other 0, 1 , 2, or 3;

R²⁰⁶ and R²⁰⁷ form together with the nitrogen atom a cyclic residue having 3 to 10 ring atoms, which can be unsubstituted, or which can be substituted with one, or more substitu- ents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and a group having donor, or acceptor characteristics; and/or which can be annulated with one, or more further cyclic residues having 3 to 10 ring atoms, wherein the annulated residues can be unsubsti- tuted, or can be substituted with one, or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyi, heterocycloalkyi, aryl, heteroaryl and a group having donor, or acceptor characteristics; and 208, 209, R2io_ 2ii _ 212_ 213_ R214 _{u nc}| R215 _are independently of each other aryl, het

(in particular pages on 19 to 26 and in tables on pages 27 to 34, pages 35 to 37 and pages 42 to 43).

Additional host materials on basis of dibenzofurane are, for example, described in

US2009066226, EP1885818B1 , EP1970976, EP1998388, EP2034538 and European patent application no. 14160197.1 . Examples of particularly preferred host materials are shown below:

In the above-mentioned compounds T is O, or S, preferably O. If T occurs more than one time in a molecule, all groups T have the same meaning. T¹ is O, or S, preferably O. T¹ and

dently of each other

, or , wherein T¹⁰ is a Ci-C2salkyl group.

Hole/exciton blocking layer (f):

Blocking layers may be used to reduce the number of charge carriers (electrons or holes) and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The hole blocking layer may be disposed between the emitting layer (e) and electron transport layer (g), to block holes from leaving layer (e) in the direction of electron transport layer (g). Blocking layers may also be used to block excitons from diffusing out of the emissive layer.

Additional hole blocker materials typically used in OLEDs are 2,6-bis(N-carbazolyl)pyridine (mCPy), 2,9-dimethyl-4J-diphenyl-1 ,10-phenanthroline (bathocuproin, (BCP)), bis(2- methyl-8-quinolinato)-4-phenylphenylato)aluminum(lll) (BAIq), phenothiazine S,S-dioxide derivates and 1 ,3,5-tris(N-phenyl-2-benzylimidazolyl)benzene) (TPBI), TPBI also being suitable as electron-transport material. Further suitable hole blockers and/or electron conductor materials are 2,2',2"-(1 ,3,5-benzenetriyl)tris(1-phenyl-1-H-benzimidazole), 2-(4- biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1 ,3,4-oxadiazole, 8-hydroxyquinolinolatolithium, 4- (naphthalen-1-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1 ,2,4-triazole, 1 ,3-bis[2-(2,2'-bipyridin-6-yl)-1 ,3,4- oxadiazo-5-yl]benzene, 4,7-diphenyl-1 ,10-phenanthroline, 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert- butylphenyl-1 ,2,4-triazole, 6,6'-bis[5-(biphenyl-4-yl)-1 ,3,4-oxadiazo-2-yl]-2,2'-bipyridyl, 2- phenyl-9,10-di(naphthalene-2-yl)anthracene, 2J-bis[2-(2,2'-bipyridin-6-yl)-1 ,3,4-oxadiazo- 5-yl]-9,9-dimethylfluorene, 1 ,3-bis[2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1 ,3,4-oxadiazo-5-yl]benzene, 2- (naphthalene-2-yl)-4J-diphenyl-1 ,10-phenanthroline, tris(2,4,6-trimethyl-3-(pyridin-3- yl)phenyl)borane, 2, 9-bis(naphthalene-2-yl)-4,7-diphenyl-1 ,10-phenanthroline, 1-methyl-2- (4-(naphthalene-2-yl)phenyl)-1 H-imidazo[4,5-f][1 ,10]phenanthroline. In a further embodiment, it is possible to use compounds which comprise aromatic or heteroaromatic rings joined via groups comprising carbonyl groups, as disclosed in WO2006/100298, disilyl compounds selected from the group consisting of disilylcarbazoles, disilylbenzofurans, dis- ilylbenzothiophenes, disilylbenzophospholes, disilylbenzothiophene S-oxides and dis- ilylbenzothiophene S,S-dioxides, as specified, for example, in PCT applications

WO2009/003919 and WO2009003898 and disilyl compounds as disclosed in

WO2008/034758, as a blocking layer for holes/excitons (f).

In another preferred embodiment compounds (SH-1), (SH-2), (SH-3), SH-4, SH-5, SH-6, (SH-7), (SH-8), (SH-9), (SH-10) and (SH-11) may be used as hole/exciton blocking materials. Electron transport layer (g):

Electron transport layer may include a material capable of transporting electrons. Electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Suitable electron-transporting materials for layer (g) of the inventive OLEDs comprise metals chelated with oxinoid compounds, such as tris(8- hydroxyquinolato)aluminum (Alq3), compounds based on phenanthroline such as 2,9- dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1 ,10-phenanthroline (DDPA = BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1 ,10- phenanthroline (Bphen), 2,4,7,9-tetraphenyl-1 ,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-diphenyl-1 ,10- phenanthroline (DPA) or phenanthroline derivatives disclosed in EP1786050, in

EP1970371 , or in EP1097981 , and azole compounds such as 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-t- butylphenyl)-1 ,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) and 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4phenyl-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1 ,2,4- triazole (TAZ).

It is likewise possible to use mixtures of at least two materials in the electron-transporting layer, in which case at least one material is electron-conducting. Preferably, in such mixed electron-transport layers, at least one phenanthroline compound is used, preferably BCP, or at least one pyridine compound according to the formula (VIII) below, preferably a compound of the formula (Vlllaa) below. More preferably, in mixed electron-transport layers, in addition to at least one phenanthroline compound, alkaline earth metal or alkali metal hy- droxyquinolate complexes, for example Liq, are used. Suitable alkaline earth metal or alkali metal hydroxyquinolate complexes are specified below (formula VII). Reference is made to WO201 1/157779.

The electron-transport layer may also be electronically doped in order to improve the transport properties of the materials used, in order firstly to make the layer thicknesses more generous (avoidance of pinholes/short circuits) and in order secondly to minimize the operating voltage of the device. Electronic doping is known to those skilled in the art and is disclosed, for example, in W. Gao, A. Kahn, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 94, No. 1 , 1 July 2003 (p- doped organic layers); A. G. Werner, F. Li, K. Harada, M. Pfeiffer, T. Fritz, K. Leo, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 82, No. 25, 23 June 2003 and Pfeiffer et al., Organic Electronics 2003, 4, 89 - 103 and K. Walzer, B. Maennig, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2007, 107, 1233. For example, it is possible to use mixtures which lead to electrical n-doping of the electron- transport layer. n-Doping is achieved by the addition of reducing materials. These mixtures may, for example, be mixtures of the abovementioned electron transport materials with alkali/alkaline earth metals or alkali/alkaline earth metal salts, for example Li, Cs, Ca, Sr, CS2CO3, with alkali metal complexes, for example 8-hydroxyquinolatolithium (Liq), and with Y, Ce, Sm, Gd, Tb, Er, Tm, Yb, Li₃N, Rb₂C0₃, dipotassium phthalate, W(hpp)₄ from

EP1786050, or with compounds described in EP1837926B1 , EP1837927, EP2246862 and WO2010132236.

In a preferred embodiment, the electron-transport layer comprises at least one compound of the general formula (VII)

, in which

R³² and R³³ are each independently F, Ci-Cs-alkyl, or C6-Ci₄-aryl, which is optionally substituted by one or more Ci-Cs-alkyl groups, or

two R³² and/or R³³ substituents together form a fused benzene ring which is optionally substituted by one or more Ci-Cs-alkyl groups;

a and b are each independently 0, or 1 , 2 or 3,

M¹ is an alkaline metal atom or alkaline earth metal atom, p is 1 when M¹ is an alkali metal atom, p is 2 when M¹ is an earth alkali metal atom.

A very particularly preferred compound of the formula (VII) is

(Liq), which may be present as a single species, or in other forms such as Li_gQ_g in which g is an integer, for example LkQe- Q is an 8-hydroxyquinolate ligand or an 8-hydroxyquinolate derivative.

In a further preferred embodiment, the electron-transport layer comprises at least one compound of the formul

(VIII), in which R34, R35, R36, 37, R3-V, R35', 36' _anc| R37 _are each independently H, Ci-Cis-alkyl, Ci-Ci₈- alkyl which is substituted by E and/or interrupted by D, C6-C24-aryl, C6-C24-aryl which is substituted by G, C2-C2o-heteroaryl or C2-C2o-heteroaryl which is substituted by G,

Q is an arylene or heteroarylene group, each of which is optionally substituted by G;

D is -CO-; -COO-; -S-; -SO-; -S0₂-; -0-; -NR40-; -SiR45R46__; -POR4 -; or -C≡C- ;

E is -OR44; -SR44; -NR40R41 ; -COR43; -COOR42; -CONR40R41 ; -CN ; or F;

G is E, Ci-Cis-alkyl, Ci-Cis-alkyl which is interrupted by D, Ci-Ci8-perfluoroalkyl, C1-C18- alkoxy, or Ci-Cis-alkoxy which is substituted by E and/or interrupted by D,

in which

R3⁸ and R³s are each independently H, C6-Ci8-aryl; C6-Ci8-aryl which is substituted by Ci-Cis-alkyl or Ci-Cis-alkoxy; Ci-Cis-alkyl; or Ci-Cis-alkyl which is interrupted by -0-; R4o and R⁴i are each independently C6-Ci8-aryl; C6-Ci8-aryl which is substituted by C1-C18- alkyl or Ci-Cis-alkoxy; Ci-Cis-alkyl; or Ci-Cis-alkyl which is interrupted by -0-; or

R4o and R⁴i together form a 6-membered ring;

R42 and R⁴3 are each independently C6-Ci8-aryl; C6-Ci8-aryl which is substituted by C1-C18- alkyl or Ci-Cis-alkoxy; Ci-Cis-alkyl; or Ci-Cis-alkyl which is interrupted by -0-,

R44 is C6-Ci8-aryl; C6-Ci8-aryl which is substituted by Ci-Cis-alkyl or Ci-Cis-alkoxy; C1-C18- alkyl; or Ci-Cis-alkyl which is interrupted by -0-,

R45 and R⁴6 are each independently Ci-Cis-alkyl, C6-Ci8-aryl or C6-Cis-aryl which is substi- tuted by Ci-Cis-alkyl,

R47 is Ci-Cis-alkyl, C6-Ci8-aryl or C6-Ci8-aryl which is substituted by Ci-Cis-alkyl.

Preferred compounds of the formula (VIII) are compounds of the formula (Villa)

In a further, very particularly preferred embodiment, the electron-transport layer comprises a compound Liq and a compound ETM-2.

In a preferred embodiment, the electron-transport layer comprises the compound of the formula (VII) in an amount of 99 to 1 % by weight, preferably 75 to 25% by weight, more preferably about 50% by weight, where the amount of the compounds of the formulae (VII) and the amount of the compounds of the formulae (VIII) adds up to a total of 100% by weight.

The preparation of the compounds of the formula (VIII) is described in J. Kido et al., Chem. Commun. (2008) 5821-5823, J. Kido et al., Chem. Mater. 20 (2008) 5951-5953 and JP2008/127326, or the compounds can be prepared analogously to the processes disclosed in the aforementioned documents.

It is likewise possible to use mixtures of alkali metal hydroxyquinolate complexes, preferably Liq, and dibenzofuran compounds in the electron-transport layer. Reference is made to WO2011/157790. Dibenzofuran compounds A-1 to A-36 and B-1 to B-22 described in d, wherein dibenzofuran compound

(A-10; = ETM-1) is most preferred.

In a preferred embodiment, the electron-transport layer comprises Liq in an amount of 99 to 1 % by weight, preferably 75 to 25% by weight, more preferably about 50% by weight, where the amount of Liq and the amount of the dibenzofuran compound(s), especially ETM-1 , adds up to a total of 100% by weight.

In a preferred embodiment, the electron-transport layer comprises at least one phenanthro- line derivative and/or pyridine derivative.

In a further preferred embodiment, the electron-transport layer comprises at least one phe- nanthroline derivative and/or pyridine derivative and at least one alkali metal hydroxyquino- late complex.

In a further preferred embodiment, the electron-transport layer comprises at least one of the dibenzofuran compounds A-1 to A-36 and B-1 to B-22 described in WO2011/157790, especially ETM-1. In a further preferred embodiment, the electron-transport layer comprises a compound described in WO2012/1 11462, WO2012/147397, WO2012014621 , such as, for example, a

compound of formula (ETM-3), US2012/0261654, s

(ETM-4), and WO2012/115034, such as

Electron injection layer (h):

The electron injection layer may be any layer that improves the injection of electrons into an adjacent organic layer. Lithium-comprising organometallic compounds such as 8- hydroxyquinolatolithium (Liq), CsF, NaF, KF, CS2CO3 or LiF may be applied between the electron transport layer (g) and the cathode (i) as an electron injection layer (h) in order to reduce the operating voltage.

Cathode (i):

The cathode (i) is an electrode which serves to introduce electrons or negative charge carriers. The cathode may be any metal or nonmetal which has a lower work function than the anode. Suitable materials for the cathode are selected from the group consisting of alkali metals of group 1 , for example Li, Cs, alkaline earth metals of group 2, metals of group 12 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, comprising the rare earth metals and the lanthanides and actinides. In addition, metals such as aluminum, indium, calcium, barium, samarium and magnesium, and combinations thereof, may be used. In general, the different layers, if present, have the following thicknesses:

anode (a): 500 to 5000 A (angstrom), preferably 1000 to 2000 A;

hole injection layer (b): 50 to 1000 A, preferably 200 to 800 A,

hole-transport layer (c): 50 to 1000 A, preferably 100 to 800 A,

exciton blocking layer (d): 10 to 500 A, preferably 50 to 100 A,

light-emitting layer (e): 10 to 1000 A, preferably 50 to 600 A,

hole/ exciton blocking layer (f): 10 to 500 A, preferably 50 to 100 A,

electron-transport layer (g): 50 to 1000 A, preferably 200 to 800 A,

electron injection layer (h): 10 to 500 A, preferably 20 to 100 A,

cathode (i): 200 to 10 000 A, preferably 300 to 5000 A.

The person skilled in the art is aware (for example on the basis of electrochemical studies) of how suitable materials have to be selected. Suitable materials for the individual layers are known to those skilled in the art and are disclosed, for example, in WO 00/70655. In addition, it is possible that some of the layers used in the inventive OLED have been surface-treated in order to increase the efficiency of charge carrier transport. The selection of the materials for each of the layers mentioned is preferably determined by obtaining an OLED with a high efficiency and lifetime.

The inventive OLED can be produced by methods known to those skilled in the art. In gen- eral, the inventive OLED is produced by successive vapor deposition of the individual layers onto a suitable substrate. Suitable substrates are, for example, glass, inorganic semiconductors or polymer films. For vapor deposition, it is possible to use customary techniques, such as thermal evaporation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD) and others. In an alternative process, the organic layers of the OLED can be applied from solutions or dispersions in suitable solvents, employing coating techniques known to those skilled in the art.

Use of the compounds of the formula I in at least one layer of the OLED, preferably in the light-emitting layer (preferably as a matrix material), charge transport layer and/or in the charge/exciton blocking layer makes it possible to obtain OLEDs with high efficiency and with low use and operating voltage. Frequently, the OLEDs obtained by the use of the compounds of the formula I additionally have high lifetimes. The efficiency of the OLEDs can additionally be improved by optimizing the other layers of the OLEDs. For example, high-efficiency cathodes such as Ca or Ba, if appropriate in combination with an intermedi- ate layer of LiF, can be used. Moreover, additional layers may be present in the OLEDs in order to adjust the energy level of the different layers and to facilitate electroluminescence.

The OLEDs may further comprise at least one second light-emitting layer. The overall emission of the OLEDs may be composed of the emission of the at least two light-emitting layers and may also comprise white light.

The OLEDs can be used in all apparatus in which electroluminescence is useful. Suitable devices are preferably selected from stationary and mobile visual display units and illumination units. Stationary visual display units are, for example, visual display units of computers, televisions, visual display units in printers, kitchen appliances and advertising panels, illuminations and information panels. Mobile visual display units are, for example, visual display units in cellphones, tablet PCs, laptops, digital cameras, MP3 players, vehicles and destination displays on buses and trains. Further devices in which the inventive OLEDs can be used are, for example, keyboards; items of clothing; furniture; wallpaper. In addition, the present invention relates to a device selected from the group consisting of stationary visual display units such as visual display units of computers, televisions, visual display units in printers, kitchen appliances and advertising panels, illuminations, information panels, and mobile visual display units such as visual display units in cellphones, tablet PCs, laptops, digital cameras, MP3 players, vehicles and destination displays on buses and trains; illumi- nation units; keyboards; items of clothing; furniture; wallpaper, comprising at least one inventive organic light-emitting diode or at least one inventive light-emitting layer.

The following examples are included for illustrative purposes only and do not limit the scope of the claims. Unless otherwise stated, all parts and percentages are by weight. Examples

1

a) /V-Phenyl-o-phenylenediamine (3 g, 16 mmol) is combined with 1 ,1 '-carbonyldiimidazole (2.9 g, 18 mmol) in anhydrous THF (100 mL) under N2 and heated at reflux over night. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure. 100 mL of diethyl ether is added to the crude residue and allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 hour. The precipitate that formed is filtered and washed well with water. The product 1 is confirmed by Ή NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.34 (br s, 1 H), 7.66 - 7.54 (m, 4H), 7.51 - 7.39 (m, 1 H), 7.19 (dt, J = 7.7, 1.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.16 - 7.11 (m, 1 H), 7.1 1 - 7

b) 1 (2 g, 10 mmol) is combined with 6H-benzimidazolo[1 ,2-a]benzimidazole (2 g, 10 mmol) in POCI3 (18 mL) and the reaction mixture heated at an oil bath temperature of 140 °C over night. The crude reaction mixture is poured into ice cold water and the pH of the mixture is adjusted to 7 - 8 by the addition of 1 N NaOH. The aqueous mixture is extracted with CHCI3, dried over MgSC and solvent evaporated to give the crude material. The product is purified by chromatography on silica using 2 % THF in CHCI3 as eluent. C-1 is obtained as a colourless solid (0.94 g) and confirmed by Ή NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.99 - 7.92 (m, 1 H), 7.85 - 7.72 (m, 2H), 7.73 - 7.65 (m, 1 H), 7.54 - 7.37 (m, 6H), 7.42 - 7.31 (m, 4H), 7.36 - 7.24 (m, 3H). LCMS of product, m/z found 400 (M+1 ).

Example 2

2

a) 2-bromobenzimidazole (13.65 g, 69 mmol) is combined with 6H-benzimidazolo[1 ,2- a]benzimidazole ( 14.3 g, 69 mmol) in nBuOH (250 mL) and KH2PO4 is added. The reaction is allowed to stir at 135 °C for 4 days. The reaction is cooled to room temperature and the insoluble precipitate is filtered off and washed with methanol. The unreacted starting materials are removed by a soxhlet extraction with methanol. The product 2 (7.2 g, 32 %) is used without further purification. 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) δ 1 1.47 (s, 1 H), 8.99 - 8.82 ( - 7.78 (m, 4H), 7.64 - 7.37 (m, 4H), 7.37 - 7.30 (m, 1 H).

b) 2 (5.3 g, 16 mmol) and p-fluoronitrobenzene (1.8 mL, 17 mmol) are combined in DMSO (50 mL) in the presence of K2CO3 (2.25 g, 16 mmol) and heated at an oil bath temperature of 120 °C overnight. The reaction is cooled to room temperature and diluted with water. The mixture is filtered over a pad of celite and washed copiously with water. The product is collected by washing through with CHCI3, dried over MgS04 and solvent evaporated. The crude reaction product is purified by chromatography on silica using 0.5 % MeOH in CH2CI2 as eluent. The product is isolated as an off white solid (6.4 g, 88 %). The product is confirmed by 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) δ 8.32 - 8.22 (m, 2H), 8.00 - 7.93 (m, 1 H), 7.84 - 7.78 (m, 2H), 7.75 - 7.68 (m, 2H), 7.65 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.62 - 7.56 (m, 1 H), 7.55 - 7.31 (m, 7H). The reaction product is dissolved in THF/MeOH (250 mL, 5:1 ) and hydrogen- ated over 10 % Pd/C under 5 bar H2 at 50 °C for 24 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and the catalyst is filtered. The solvent is evaporated and the colourless solid obtained, 3 (5.6 g 96 %) is used without further purification. 3 is confirmed by ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-*) δ 8.24 - 8.18 (m, 2H), 7.92 - 7.87 (m, 1 H), 7.62 - 7.54 (m, 2H), 7.51 - 7.29 (m, 9H), 6.99 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (br s, 2H). Further confirmation of the product is found from LCMS.

c) Compound 3 (0.5 g, 1.2 mmol) is combined with 2,2'-dibromobiphenyl (0.34 g, 1.1 mmol) in the presence of Pd₂dba3 (100 mg, 0.1 1 mmol), 2,8,9-triisobutyl-2,5,8,9-tetraaza-1- phosphabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane (151 mg, 0.44 mmol) and NaOtBu (0.16 g, 1.6 mmol) in toluene and the resulting reaction mixture degassed under N2 for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture is then heated at an oil bath temperature of 90 °C for 2 hours under N2. The reaction is cooled to room temperature and solvent evaporated. Crude material is taken up in CH2CI2 (100 ml.) and washed with water (2 x 50 ml.) dried over MgS04 and solvent evaporated. Crude material is purified by chromatography on silica using 1-2 % THF in CH2CI2 as eluent (0.29 g of desired product C-7, (40 % yield)). Further purification is carried out by recrystallization from DCM/MeOH. Ή NMR (400 MHz, CDC ) δ 8.16 - 8.07 (m, 2H), 8.05 - 7.97 (m, 1 H), 7.88 - 7.80 (m, 2H), 7.74 - 7.61 (m, 5H), 7.56 - 7.49 (m, 4H), 7.48 - 7.19 (m, 8H), 7.09 - 6.99 (m, 2H). LCMS showed M+ =564 Comparative Application Example 1

A glass substrate with 120 nm-thick indium-tin-oxide (ITO) transparent electrode used as an anode is first cleaned with isopropanol in an ultrasonic bath for 10 min. To eliminate any possible organic residues, the substrate is exposed to an ultraviolet light and ozone for further 30 min. This treatment also improves the hole injection properties of the ITO. The cleaned substrate is mounted on a substrate holder and loaded into a vacuum chamber. Thereafter, the organic materials specified below are applied by vapor deposition to the ITO substrate a ec at about 10 ⁶ -10 ⁸ mbar. As a hole injection layer,

compound

is applied with a thickness of 30 nm. As a hole transporting layer, compound plied a thickness of

60 nm. As an exciton and electron blocker, compound (HTM-1 ; for preparation, see Ir complex (7) in the application WO2005/019373) is then applied with a thickently, a mixture of 20% by weight of emitter compound,

15% by weight of compound (HTM-1) and 65% by weight of

the

an electron transport layer with a thickness 20 nm. Finally, 1 nm-thick LiF is deposited as an electron injection layer and 80 nm-thick Al is then deposited as a cathode to complete the device. The device is sealed with a glass lid and a getter in an inert nitrogen atmosphere with less than 1 ppm of water and oxygen. OLED characterization

To characterize the OLED, electroluminescence spectra are recorded at various currents and voltages. In addition, the current-voltage characteristic is measured in combination with the luminance to determine luminous efficiency and external quantum efficiency (EQE). Driving voltage U and EQE are given at luminance (L) = 1000 cd/m² and Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) coordinate are given at 5mA/cm² except otherwise stated. Furthermore, 70% lifetime (LT70), the time spent until the initial luminance of 4Ό00 cd/m² is reduced to 70% (2'800 cd/m²), is recorded. The LT70 of the Comparative Application Ex- amples are set to 100 and the data of the Application Examples are specified in relation to those of the respective Comparative Application Examples.

Application Example 1

Comparati ple 1 is repeated except that the host (CH-1) is replaced by

compound

(C-1). The device results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

The results shown in Table 1 demonstrate that the EQE and lifetime are improved when compound (C-1) is used as host instead of reference compound (CH-1).

Comparative Application Example 2

Comparative Application Example 1 is repeated except that the exciton and electron blocker (HTM-1) is replaced by compound (CH-1), and host (CH-1) is replaced by compound (SH-1).

Application Examples 2 and 3

Comparative Application Example 2 is repeated except that the exciton and electron block

er (CH-1) is replaced by compound (C-1) or compound

(C-7) for exam- pies 2 or 3, respectively. The device results are shown in Table 2 Table 2

The results shown in Table 2 demonstrate that the driving voltage, EQE and lifetime are improved when compounds (C-1 ) or (C-7) are used as exciton and electron blocker instead of reference compound (CH-1).

Comparative Application Example 3

A glass substrate with 120 nm-thick ITO is cleaned and treated in the same manner as xample 1. As a hole injection layer, compound

is applied with a thickness of 30 nm by vapor deposition. Then 60 nm of compound (SH-1 ) doped with MoOx (-10%) is deposited as hole transporting layer. MoOx is used to improve the hole conductivity of SH-1. As an exciton and electron blocker, compound (CH-1 ) is applied with a thickness of 10 nm. Subsequently, a mixture of 20% by

1 ) and 80% by weight of host

(SH-11) are applied to form a 40 nm of emitting layer. On the emittin H-11) is applied as an exciton blocker. Thereafter,

compound

is deposited with a thickness of 20 nm as an electron transport layer

Finally, 1 nm of LiF is deposited as an electron injection layer and 80 nm of Al is then deposited as a cathode to complete the device. The device is sealed with a glass lid and a getter in an inert nitrogen atmosphere with less than 1 ppm of water and oxygen.

Application Examples 5 and 6 Comparative Application Example 3 is repeated except that the exciton and electron blocker (CH-1) is replaced by compound (C-1) or compound (C-7) for examples 5 or 6, respectively. The device results are shown in Table 3.

Table 3

The results shown in Table 3 demonstrate that the driving voltage, EQE and lifetime are improved when compounds (C-1 ) or (C-7) are used as exciton and electron blocker instead of reference compound (CH-1).

a) 100 g (0.406 mol) 3-Bromo-9H-carbazole and 58.2 g (0.650 mol) CuCN are added to 800 ml of DMF and the suspension is heated to reflux for 20 h under Nitrogen. The resulting solution is cooled to room temperature and then poured on 4 I of water. The suspension is filtered and the residue is washed three times with water (1 I each). The white solid is suspended in 1.5 I of 10% Ammonia in water, stirred for three hours, filtered, washed three times with water (1 I each) and dried at 80°C/125 mbar overnight. The resulting solid is dissolved in 1 I of boiling THF, 100 g of silica is added, stirred for 1 h and then filtered hot. The filtrate is evaporated to 400 ml, cooled to room temperature, filtered, washed three times with cold THF (50 ml each) and dried at 80°C/125 mbar overnight to yield 43.3 g (55.6% of theory) 9H-Carbazole-3-carbonitrile as a white solid.

1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI₃): δ 8.39 (br s, 2H), 8.10 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.67 (dxd, Ji = 8.4 Hz, J₂ = 1.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.54 - 7.47 (m, 3H), 7.35 - 7.31 (m, 1 H).

b) 100 g (0.594 mol) Dibenzofuran are dissolved in 1.2 I of AcOH. 116.1 g (0.457 mol) l₂, 44.2 g (0.252 mol) HIO3 , 40 ml of water, 12 ml of H₂S0₄ 97% and 60 ml of CCI₄ are added and the mixture is stirred at reflux for 22 h under Nitrogen. The resulting suspension is cooled to room temperature, filtered, washed four times with water (1 I each) and dried at 60°C/125 mbar overnight. The crude product is crystallized twice from Toluene to yield 113.5 g (59.1 % of theory) 2,8-Diiododibenzofuran as a white solid.

1 H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3): δ 8.22 (s, 2H), 7.76 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H).

c) 20 g (47.4 mmol) 2,8-Diiododibenzofuran, 20.19 g (104.4 mmol) 9H-Carbazole-3- carbonitrile, 1.36 g (7.1 mmol) Cul, 2.84 g (14.2 mmol) 1 ,10-Phenanthroline, 32.2 g (151.9 mmol) K3PO4 and 500 ml Mesitylene are mixed and heated to reflux for 72 h under

Nitrogen. The brown suspension is cooled to 0°C, filtered and the residue is washed three times with Heptane (100 ml each) and twice with MeOH (100 ml each). The filter cake is suspended in 1 I of water, stirred for 30 min, filtered, washed three times with water (200ml each) and dried at 80°C/125 mbar overnight. The crude product is suspended in 1.2 I of THF and heated to reflux. 60 g of silica are added, stirred for 15 min, filtered hot and the residue is washed three times with hot THF (250 ml each). The filtrate is evaporated and the residue is decocted with 200 ml of MeOH for 1 h, filtered hot and washed three times with MeOH (50 ml each). The product is purified by Soxhiet extraction with Toluene, followed by Soxhiet extraction with MEK then by decocting with 150 ml of 1 ,4-Dioxane, filtered hot and washed three times with 1 ,4-Dioxane (20 ml each) to yield 12.3 g (47.1 % of theory) 9-[8-(3-Cyanocarbazol-9-yl)dibenzofuran-2-yl]carbazole-3-carbonitrile as a white solid.

1 H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 8.89 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 2H), 8.60 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.41 (d, J = 7.6 Hz., 2H), 8.14 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (dxd, Ji = 8.8 Hz, J₂ = 2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (dxd, Ji = 8.8 Hz, J₂ = 1.2 Hz, 2H), 758 - 7.50 (m, 4H), 7.45 - 7.41 (m, 4H).

Claims

1. A compound of the formula

(I), wherein

R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶, R⁸⁷, R⁸⁸, R⁸⁹, R⁹⁰, R⁹¹, R⁹², R⁹³ and R⁹⁴ are independently of each other H, a Ci-C25alkyl group, which can optionally be substituted by E and or interrupted by D; a C6-C24aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G, a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; or a group of formula— (A¹)₀-(A²)_P- (A³)_q-(A⁴)_rR¹⁶; or

R⁹³ and R⁹⁴ together form a group of formula

, wherein

R⁸¹ , R⁸², R⁸³ and R⁸⁴ are independently of each other H, a Ci-C2salkyl group, which can optionally be substituted by E and or interrupted by D; a C6-C24aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G, a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; or a group of formula— (A¹)₀-(A²)_p-(A³)_q-(A )_r-R¹⁶;

Xⁱ is a group of formula -(Aⁱ)₀-(A²)_p-(A³)_q-(A⁴)_r-Rⁱ6,

o is 0, or 1 , p is 0, or 1 , q is 0, or 1 , r is 0, or 1 ,

R¹⁶ is H, -NR¹⁰R¹¹ , or -Si(R¹²)(R¹³)(R¹⁴), a C₆-C₂4aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; or a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G;

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are independently of each other a C6-C24aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; or a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G;

R¹², R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independently of each other a Ci-C2salkyl group, which can optionally be substituted by E and or interupted by D; a C6-C24aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; or a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G;

A¹, A², A³ and A⁴ are independently of each other a C6-C24arylen group, which can optionally be substituted by G, or a C2-C3oheteroarylen group, which can optionally be substituted by G;

D is -CO-, -COO-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2-, -0-, -NR65-, -SiR™R7ⁱ-, -POR^?2-, -CR6³=CR6⁴-, or -C≡C-,

E is -OR6⁹, -SR6⁹, -NR65R66, -COR6⁸, -COORs?, -CONR65R66, _CN, or F, G is E, or a Ci-Cisalkyl group, a C6-C24ar l group, a C6-C24ar l group, which is substituted by F, Ci-Cisalkyl, or Ci-Cisalkyl which is interrupted by O; a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, or a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, which is substituted by F, Ci-Cisalkyl, or Ci- Cisalkyl which is interrupted by O;

R⁶³ and R⁶⁴ are independently of each other H, C6-Cisaryl; C6-Cisaryl which is substituted by Ci-Cisalkyl, or Ci-Cisalkoxy; Ci-Cisalkyl; or Ci-Cisalkyl which is interrupted by -0-;

R⁶⁵ and R⁶⁶ are independently of each other a C6-Cisaryl group; a C6-Cisaryl which is substituted by Ci-Cisalkyl, or Ci-Cisalkoxy; a Ci-Cisalkyl group; or a Ci-Cisalkyl group, which is interrupted by -O-; or

R⁶⁵ and R⁶⁶ together form a five or six membered ring,

R⁶⁷ is a C6-Cisaryl group; a C6-Cisaryl group, which is substituted by Ci-Cisalkyl, or Ci-Cisalkoxy; a Ci-Cisalkyl group; or a Ci-Cisalkyl group, which is interrupted by -0-, R⁶⁸ is H; a C6-Cisaryl group; a C6-Cisaryl group, which is substituted by Ci-Cisalkyl, or Ci-Cisalkoxy; a Ci-Cisalkyl group; or a Ci-Cisalkyl group, which is interrupted by - 0-,

R⁶⁹ is a C6-Cisaryl; a C6-Cisaryl, which is substituted by Ci-Cisalkyl, or Ci-Cisalkoxy; a Ci-Cisalkyl group; or a Ci-Cisalkyl group, which is interrupted by -O-,

R⁷² is a Ci-Cisalkyl group, a C6-Cisaryl group, or a C6-Cisaryl group, which is substituted by Ci-Cisalkyl, with the proviso that in the case that o, p, q and r in the definition of X¹ are at the same time 0, R¹⁶ is a C6-C24aryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; or a C2-C3oheteroaryl group, which can optionally be substituted by G; and X¹ is bonded to the nitrogen atom by a carbon atom.

2. T is a compound of formula

(la), wherein

D, E, G, o, p, q, r, Rie, A A², A³ and A⁴, R81 , R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, Rss, R86, 87, RSS, S^Q, R⁹⁰, R⁹¹, R⁹² and X¹ are defined in claim 1.

The compound according to claim 1 , or 2, wherein R⁸¹ , R⁸², R⁸³ and R⁸⁴ are H.

The compound according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶, R⁸⁸, R⁸⁹, R⁹¹ and R⁹² are H. The compound according to any of claims 1 to 4, which is a compound of formula

(la-1 ), wherein

Xⁱ is a group of formula -(Aⁱ)₀-(A²)_P-(A³)_q-(A⁴)_r-Rⁱ6,

R⁸⁷ and R⁹⁰ are independently of each other H, or a group of formula— (A¹)₀-(A²)_P- (A³)_q-(A )_rR¹⁶, wherein o, p, q, r, R¹⁶, A¹, A², A³ and A⁴ are defined in claim 1.

6. The compound according to claim 5, wherein R⁸⁷ and R⁹⁰ are H.

The compound according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein

A¹, A², A³ and A⁴ are independently of each other a group of

117

118

10

T y of claims 1 to 9, which is a compound of formula

(la-1 "), wherein

X¹ is a group of formula— (A¹)₀-(A²)_p-(A³)_q-(A⁴)_r-R¹⁶, wherein

122

R

11. An electronic device, comprising a compound according to any of claims 1 to 10. 12. The electronic device according to claim 11 , which is an electroluminescent device. 13. A charge transport layer, a charge/exciton blocker layer, or an emitting layer comprising a compound according to any of claims 1 to 10.

14. The emitting layer according to claim 13, comprising a compound according to any of claims 1 to 10 as host material in combination with a phosphorescent emitter.

15. An apparatus selected from the group consisting of stationary visual display units; mobile visual display units; illumination units; keyboards; items of clothing; furniture; wallpaper, comprising the organic electronic device according to claim 11 , or 12, or the charge transport layer, the charge/exciton blocker layer, or the emitting layer according to claim 13.

Use of the compounds according to any of claims 1 to 10 for electrophotographic photoreceptors, photoelectric converters, organic solar cells, switching elements, organic light emitting field effect transistors, image sensors, dye lasers and electroluminescent devices.