WO2016012792A1

WO2016012792A1 - A modular enclosure

Info

Publication number: WO2016012792A1
Application number: PCT/GB2015/052123
Authority: WO
Inventors: Phillip GODDEN; Thomas John Ford
Original assignee: Howorth Air Technology Limited
Priority date: 2014-07-24
Filing date: 2015-07-23
Publication date: 2016-01-28
Also published as: GB201413171D0; EP3171843A1

Abstract

A modular sealable enclosure for assembly inside a space comprises a plurality of side panels configured to form an enclosure having at least one side wall and a ceiling; an opening extending through the at least one side wall, and closure means for selectively covering and sealing the opening; an air inlet comprising a filter configured to draw filtered air into the enclosure; and an air outlet comprising a filter configured to expel filtered air out of the enclosure.

Description

A MODULAR ENCLOSURE

The present invention relates to modular enclosures, and in particularly, although not exclusively, to methods of assembling a modular enclosure to create a negative pressure contained environment. The method extends to methods of

decontaminating the enclosure. The invention also extends to uses of such

enclosures.

Healthcare associated infections (HCAI) are recognised to contribute significantly to the overall burden of disease and are associated with considerable costs to the individual, their family and the health services. The best estimate suggests that there are over 300,000 HCAI in hospitals in the UK each year, costing the NHS at least £1 billion.

Many patients in hospital have compromised immune systems as a result of their underlying illness and treatments, which also increase their vulnerability to infection. Studies have demonstrated that infection control programmes have a major impact on preventing HCAI. However, stringent cleaning and disinfection of hospital areas does not remove all HCAI risk from surfaces. This may be due to (i) ineffectiveness of the protocols, (ii) lack of compliance or inconsistency of manual techniques, (iii) ineffective treatments on multi-plan hard-to-reach and/ or inaccessible surfaces, and (iv) a variety of materials used in components and surfaces,

There is therefore a need to provide an improved means of preventing and/ or reducing the spread of HCAI, for example in hospitals.

In a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a modular sealable enclosure for assembly inside a space, the enclosure comprising:-

- a plurality of side panels configured to form an enclosure having at least one side wall and a ceiling;

- an opening extending through the at least one side wall, and closure means for selectively covering and sealing the opening;

- an air inlet comprising a filter configured to draw filtered air into the enclosure; and

- an air outlet comprising a filter configured to expel filtered air out of the enclosure. Advantageously, the enclosure according to the invention significantly reduces the level of airborne pathogens inside the enclosure while it is occupied due to the presence of the air inlet and its associated filter, which removes pathogens, particles, chemicals and odours from air that enters into the enclosure. Furthermore, the enclosure ensures that no contaminating or infectious species or pathogens are expelled from the enclosure into the surrounding space due to the provision of the air outlet and its associated filter. The resultant enclosure is fully sealable and therefore practically airtight to prevent unwanted influx or escape of pathogens and/or microorganisms. An additional advantage of the enclosure is that it is fully modular and customisable, and so can be created retrospectively to fit into a space of limited size.

The air inlet may be disposed in the at least one side wall. The air inlet may be disposed at least adjacent a floor of the enclosure. Preferably, the enclosure comprises two air inlets each comprising a filter configured to draw filtered air into the enclosure. Each air inlet may be disposed either side of the opening. Preferably, an air inlet is disposed on opposing sides of the enclosure (but not in the ceiling).

The air outlet maybe disposed in the at least one side wall. Preferably, the air outlet is disposed at a position above the or each air inlet. Preferably, the air outlet is disposed in the ceiling, or at least above the mid-point of a side wall. Preferably, the enclosure comprises one or more air outlet, comprising a filter configured to expel filtered air out of the enclosure. The arrangement of the air inlet(s) and outlet(s) is purposefully designed to facilitate airflow within the enclosure on both sides of a patient's bed, to allow air to traverse a patient care zone and rise vertically. Hence, the advantage of the or each air inlet being on opposing sides of the enclosure and the air outlets being situated above the air inlets (such as in the ceiling) is that it causes air to traverse the centre of the enclosure and reduces/prevents the sensation that there is movement of air (or a draft). Advantageously, by locating the air outlet(s) above the inlet(s), such that it is also in a position above any occupants, the circulating air flow within the enclosure maximises containment of any airborne pathogens, chemicals or odours. Preferably, the or each air inlet, and the or each air outlet comprises a fan and an associated filter, which is arranged to filter the air flowing into or out of the enclosure. The or each filter for the inlet/outlet may be selected from a group of filters consisting of: EPA (efficient particulate air) filters; HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filters; ULPA (ultra low penetration air) filters; high-grade carbon filters; statically charged filters; UVC ultraviolet filters and plasma filters. UVC filters are preferred because they facilitate the breakdown of harmful particulates in the air. Plasma filters are also preferred as they result in the killing of bacteria. Preferably, the HEPA filter is a H14 grade filter (which provides 99.995% retention with a filter pore size of θ.βμπι).

The air inlet and/ or air outlet may comprise two or more filters forming a filter stack. Each filter or filter stack is preferably disposed adjacent the corresponding fan. The filtration stacks including fans (for the air inlet and outlet) may be reversed to cater for versatility in mounting.

In one embodiment, the air inlet comprises a filter stack which comprises a statically charged filter, an EPA filter, and a HEPA filter. Preferably, the air inlet further comprises two or more fans upstream or downstream of the HEPA filter (i.e. internal of the enclosure).

Preferably, the air outlet comprises a filter stack which comprises a statically charged filter, and at least one or two HEPA filters. Preferably, one of the two HEPA filters comprises means by which a sample may be taken for later analysis, for example microbiological testing. Preferably, the air outlet comprises a UVC filter and/or a plasma filter. Preferably, the air outlet further comprises 2-6 fans downstream of the HEPA filter (i.e. internal of the enclosure). Finally, the air outlet preferably comprises a carbon filter downstream of the fans.

Advantageously, the air inlet including filters are configured such that all necessary access can be gained from either side of the enclosure to allow for change and service as necessary from either inside or outside of the enclosure. It is preferred that the filters comprise a high grade filter seal that may be tested to relevant international standards in terms of seal integrity testing.

Preferably, the enclosure is configured to create a negative pressure therein. The positive pressure generated by each fan may be between o and 150 Pascal's, 2 and 120 Pascal's, 3 and 100 Pascal's, preferably between 5 and 40 Pascal's. The negative pressure generated by each fan may be between o and 150 Pascal's, 2 and 120 Pascal's, 3 and 100 Pascal's, preferably between 5 and 40 Pascal's. Preferably, the net pressure within the enclosure is between 1 and 100 Pascals, 3 and 90 Pascal's or 5 and 70 Pascal's when it is occupied.

Preferably, the closure means comprises a vertically or horizontally opening closure means. The closure means may be controllable electronically. Preferably, the closure means is controllable remotely. Preferably, the closure means is a rapid-rise closure means, or a horizontal sliding means. The closure means may comprise a blind and a clamp for attaching the blind to a side wall. The closure means may either latch open or automatically close after a variable amount of time. Preferably, the closure means comprises a hermetically restrictive "cleanroom grade" ultra low pressure loss design. At least a portion of the closure means is preferably transparent or translucent. The closure means may be a window, but is preferably a door.

Preferably, the enclosure comprises actuation means for opening and closing the closure means. Preferably, the actuation means is disposed at least adjacent the floor of the enclosure. Accordingly, the closure means is foot-operated. Advantageously, a foot-operated door reduces the risk of spreading pathogens that cause infections.

Preferably, the enclosure comprises a plurality of interconnecting frame members configured to be assembled into a rigid frame structure which is adapted to support the plurality of side panels. The size, shape and curvature of each of the frame members dictates the shape and size of the final enclosure. Each frame member is fully customisable to allow multiple configurations. The frame members or panels are interconnected via a compression retention system, or a mechanical stud hanging system. The compression retention system includes the provision for a captive retaining screwed "pin" and anchoring Allen keyed screwed pin. This mechanism provides continuous compression that evenly distributes load into connected frame member faces. The frame members may be elongate, curved and/or comprise one or more bends. The frame members may comprise one or more flanges to increase their strength. The frame members may comprise struts. Struts are elongated members which resist longitudinal compression and/or twisting and transverse stress. The struts may be made from one or more metals, such as aluminium or steal. Preferably, the struts are anodised to make them resistant to hydrogen peroxide-induced damage or degradation. These parts are fully customisable to allow multiple configurations.

Preferably, each side panel is rigid and extends the full height of the enclosure to create the one or more side wall. Adjacent side panels are connected to each other with concealed jointing, preferably sealed by a flush joint seal. Similarly, it is preferred that adjacent side panel forming the ceiling are connected to each other with concealed jointing, preferably sealed by a flush joint seal. The ceiling panels are preferably metal powder coated panel fitted into an inverted spring tee fixing system. Each seal is preferably sealed with a material comprising antibacterial agent. In one embodiment, the material comprises a thermoplastic polymer, such as that which is available under the trade name, Santoprene™.

Preferably, the enclosure comprises sealing means configured to seal one side panel to one or more other side panels. The sealing means may be capable of adjoining the enclosure to any preassembled external walls, to thereby ensure that the enclosure is capable of being airtight. The sealing means may form an airtight seal around each of the panels. Preferably, the sealing means forms an airtight seal around each window panel. Preferably, the sealing means forms an airtight seal around the air inlet and air outlet. The sealing means may form an airtight seal around the perimeter of the closure means when it is closed. Preferably the sealing means resistant to hydrogen peroxide resistant damage. The sealing means may be an air-drying liquid that is applied as part of the construction process. Preferably, the sealing means is or is not a gasket or a mechanical seal.

Preferably, the lower portion of the wall of the enclosure (excluding the floor) is covered by a flexible plastic cover. Preferably, the flexible plastic cover is resistant to damage by hydrogen peroxide. The flexible plastic cover may be adhered to the wall of the enclosure by a very high bond (VHB) sealing tape. The flexible plastic cover may be adhered to the wall of the enclosure by the sealing means.

The shape of the enclosure is also dictated by the shape and curvature of each of the panels of the enclosure. The panels may be made from plastic, glass or metal.

Preferably, the panels are made of composite material. For example, the composite panels may comprise a sandwich of aluminium sheets and a polyethylene core.

Preferably, the aluminium sheets are between o.i and ι mm wide. Each panel may comprise two or more aluminium sheets. The panels may have antistatic properties, fire retardant properties and/ or be resistant to chemical damage by hydrogen peroxide.

It will be appreciated that the shape and curvature of the panels is dictated by the space that they must occupy between each of the struts of the frame. The shape of the enclosure may be cuboid, cubic, conical, a prism, a hexagonal prism, a triangular prism or a cylinder, or any other common 3D shape. The enclosure may comprise two, three or four side walls, as well as the ceiling. In some embodiments, the enclosure may also comprise a floor (which would correspond to a fifth side wall).

The enclosure may comprise at least one opaque panel. The enclosure may comprise at least one transparent or translucent panel. The enclosure may comprise two or more transparent or translucent side walls. The transparent panel maybe used to view inside the enclosure without actually entering it, i.e. a vision panel. The transparent panel may be made from glass, plastic or other translucent/transparent materials. Preferably, the or each vision panel comprises a flush glazed panel with toughened or laminated glass, which connects to, and integrates with, adjacent side wall panels. Advantageously, this provides a smooth, easy clean surface, removing ledges and concealed fixings for reduction of bacterial growth potential.

The or each transparent or translucent panel may comprise an integral blind configured to be activated to render the panel opaque.

Preferably, all internally facing components of the enclosure are resistant to damage by hydrogen peroxide. The enclosure may comprise at least one light. The enclosure may comprise a series of interconnected lights. The lights may provide natural light. The light may provide lighting that is adaptive and patient-controllable. The light may promote patient care and well-being. The space in which the enclosure is assembled may be any room. For example, the room may be a room in a hospital, corridor, a laboratory or a manufacturing plant.

In a second aspect, there is provided a method of assembling a modular sealable enclosure in a space, the method comprising:

- connecting a plurality of side panels configured to form an enclosure having at least one side wall and a ceiling;

- creating an opening extending through the at least one side wall; - providing closure means for selectively covering and sealing the opening;

- providing an air inlet comprising a filter configured to draw filtered air into the enclosure; and

- providing an air outlet comprising a filter configured to expel filtered air out of the enclosure.

In a third aspect, there is provided a method of sterilising the interior of the modular sealable enclosure according to the first aspect, the method comprising:

(i) placing a decontamination apparatus inside the enclosure;

(ii) closing the closure means in the opening extending through the at least one side wall and creating a seal so that the enclosure is airtight; and

(iii) activating the decontamination apparatus so that it emits a

decontaminant, thereby sterilising the inside of the enclosure.

Preferably, after the inside of the modular enclosure has been sterilised, the remaining decontaminant is diluted by passing it through a carbon filter.

Advantageously, the enclosure according to the invention is capable of being decontaminated through the use of a decontamination apparatus. The

decontamination apparatus may be operated remotely or directly. Accidental ingress (for example, while the decontamination apparatus is active) may be prevented by the use of an external control unit. The control unit maybe capable of controlling the activity of the fans in the air inlet(s) and/or the outlet(s).

The enclosure may be capable of providing real-time information about the atmospheric conditions inside the enclosure. The atmospheric conditions which may be monitored include the temperature and the humidity and the decontaminant concentration. The decontaminant may be hydrogen peroxide.

In a fourth aspect, there is provided use of the enclosure according to the first aspect to reduce the spread of healthcare-associated infections.

In a fifth aspect, there is provided use of the enclosure according to the first aspect for enclosing one or more person. Preferably, the enclosed person comprises a patient who may be infected with a pathogen or the like. The enclosure may further enclose medical support staff, including doctors and nurses. In a sixth aspect, there is provided use of the enclosure according to the first aspect in a room.

It will be appreciated that the enclosure may be used inside a variety of different rooms that require sterile, or close to sterile, conditions. The room may be a clean room. The room may be inside a hospital, a laboratory or a manufacturing plant.

All of the features described herein (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/ or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined with any of the above aspects in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/ or steps are mutually exclusive.

For a better understanding of the invention, and to show how embodiments of the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings, in which: - Figure ι is a schematic perspective front view of one embodiment of a modular enclosure according to the invention;

Figure 2 is a schematic perspective elevated side view of a partially built form of the enclosure shown in Figure l;

Figure 3 is a schematic perspective front view of the enclosure shown in Figure l, which contains a decontamination apparatus in the middle of the enclosure;

Figure 4 is a graph showing the atmospheric conditions inside the enclosure when the decontamination apparatus of Figure 3 is in use;

Figure 5 is schematic perspective front view of the enclosure shown in Figure 1, which shows the movement of air in and out of the enclosure;

Figure 6 is a schematic perspective view of struts used to build a first embodiment of the enclosure;

Figure 7 is a schematic horizontal cross-section through a solid wall vertical strut assembly according to a second embodiment of the enclosure;

Figure 8 is a schematic horizontal cross-section through a glazed wall vertical strut assembly according to the second embodiment;

Figure 9 is a schematic horizontal cross-section through a solid to glazed wall vertical strut assembly according to the second embodiment; - Si - Figure 10 is a schematic horizontal cross-section through a solid wall to door vertical strut assembly according to the second embodiment;

Figure 11 is a schematic horizontal cross-section through a solid 90 ° corner vertical strut assembly according to the second embodiment;

Figure 12 is a schematic horizontal cross-section through a solid 4-way corner vertical strut assembly according to the second embodiment;

Figure 13 is a schematic horizontal cross-section through a glazed 90 ° corner vertical strut assembly according to the second embodiment;

Figure 14 is a schematic horizontal cross-section through a glazed 4-way corner vertical strut assembly according to the second embodiment;

Figure 15 is a schematic vertical cross-section through a solid wall standard base assembly according to the second embodiment;

Figure 16 is a schematic vertical cross-section through a solid wall standard head assembly with optional coving to head according to the second embodiment;

Figure 17 is a schematic vertical cross-section through a glazed wall standard head assembly with optional integral blinds according to the second embodiment; and Figure 18 is a schematic vertical cross-section through a solid wall to door standard head assembly according to the second embodiment. Examples

Example 1 - An enclosure

Referring to Figure 1, there is shown an embodiment of a modular enclosure 2, which may, for example, be assembled inside a hospital. Patients, staff members and/or visitors may be located inside the cuboid-shaped enclosure 2 at position X, as shown in Figure 1. The enclosure 2 includes a transparent vertical door 24 (shown in an open configuration), which is opened and closed by a foot-operated button 6. The door 24 is a rapid rise, hermetically restrictive "cleanroom" grade ultra low pressure semi-sealed vertical roller door that is electrically actuated.

The enclosure 2 is based upon a series of interconnecting struts 22, which mutually engage to create an outer frame structure 26, which receives a plurality of side panels 20 and window or glazed panels 18, which form an air-tight seal therewith, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 6 shows how the struts 22 are connected together. Inside the enclosure 2, on the rear wall, there are disposed two power sockets 8, which provide power to medical equipment taken into the enclosure 2. Two air outlet vents 10 are disposed in the ceiling of the enclosure 2. These air vents 10 each contain several fans associated with several filters. Each vent 10 includes (moving from the inside of the enclosure to the outside) a statically charged prefilter, which is disposed adjacent two high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, which are disposed adjacent six fans placed in series, followed by a carbon filter, an UVC filter and finally a plasma filter. The fans can be multiples of EBM DV 5214 /2HP and may be obtained from ebm-papst St. Georgen GmbH & Co. KG. The HEPA filters can be H14 with collection efficiency % @ 99,995 and penetration % 0,005 Local Value, CE @ 99_>975 % and penetration @ 0,025% and may be obtained by any supplier that meets the manufacturing standards detailed within EN 1822:2009, and provide H14 filtered air. The fans are capable of generating negative air pressure inside the enclosure 2 and the HEPA filters are designed to remove airborne pathogens, particles, chemicals (such as H₂o₂) and odours (via the carbon filter) from air leaving the enclosure 2. The second HEPA filter includes a drawable bar by which samples can be obtained for later analysis. The UVC filter facilitates the breakdown of harmful particulates in the air, and the plasma filter kills bacteria in the air.

Two air inlet vents 4 are disposed on the front wall of the enclosure 2, and also each a fan and a HEPA filter. Each vent 4 (moving from the outside of the enclosure to the inside) includes a statically charged re-filter, which is disposed adjacent a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, which is disposed adjacent two fans placed in series. The fans in these vents 4 are intended to generate positive pressure inside the enclosure 2, while the HEPA filter removes airborne pathogens, particles, chemicals (such as H2O2) and odours from incoming air. The air pressure generated by both sets of air vents 4, 10 is controlled remotely by an associated airflow management system control unit 30.

Example 2 - Assembly of the enclosure

Referring to Figure 2, there is shown the frame 26 of the enclosure 2 shown in Figure 1 without any of the panels 20, air vents 4, 10 or power sockets 8. Two different embodiments of the frame 26 and resulting enclosure 2 are described herein, with reference to Figure 6 and Figures 7-18, respectively. The first embodiment involves interconnecting the frame members and panels via a compression retention system, whereas the second embodiment involves a mechanical stud hanging system.

In the first embodiment, the frame 26 is initially formed by connecting a plurality of Aluminium struts 22 together, as described below. Referring to Figure 6, there is a compression retention system which is used to connect a first elongate strut 36 (shown on left-hand of Figure) to a second elongate strut 38 (shown on right-hand of Figure). The struts 36, 38 are connected by performing the following steps. A hollow cylinder 46 is first inserted into a channel 40, which extends transversely into one end of the first strut 36. A channel 48 extending transversely through the lower portion of cylinder 46 is then co-axially aligned with channel 42 which extends axially through the base of strut 36. A small compression spring 50 is then placed over a first end 66 of an anchor 52, and end 66 of the anchor 52 surrounded by the spring 50 is then inserted into the channel 42 in the end of strut 36.

Anchor 52 has a short threaded channel 54 extending transversely therethrough which is aligned with the longitudinal axis of the cylinder 46 located in strut 36. A short threaded screw 56 is then inserted into the hollow cylinder 46 (via hole 40 of the strut) so that it enters the threaded channel 54 of the anchor 52. The threaded screw 56 is screwed into place using an Allen key or screwdriver into a

correspondingly shaped region 66 on the surface of the screw 56.

Finally, head 58 of the anchor 52 (which opposes end 66) is then inserted and slid along an elongate slot 68 which extends axially along the centre line of the right-hand strut 38. To ensure that the connection is flush, the screw 56 may be tightened or loosened accordingly using an Allen key.

Once the frame 26 has been formed, a panel 20 or windows 18 can then be slid into the gap 68 of the strut 38. The panel 20 or window is then secured in place by adding a liquid (air-drying hydrogen peroxide-resistant) sealant into the gap 70 at the end of the strut 38. The extruded struts comprise central slots 68 that allow the panelling to sit within the superstructure system, when assembled and the fixing system tightened as described above, which creates compression on the panels 20. This retains the panelling securely and then provides a preferable placement to allow for the application of the sealant.

The embodiment of the enclosure 2 shown in Figures 1 and 2 is cuboid shape.

However, by altering the shape/curvature of the struts 22, the shape of the frame 26 and resultant enclosure 2 may also be altered. Once the struts 22 have been secured together to form the frame 26, the panels 20, air vents 4, 10 and sockets 8 can then all be installed. Referring now to Figures 7-18, in the second embodiment, the frame 26 of the enclosure is created using a mechanical stud hanging system. Referring to Figure 7, there is shown a vertical strut 80 comprising acoustic seals 82 sandwiched in between folds thereof and integrated wire-ways 84. The strut 80 is first erected extending upwardly from the ground. Two small spaced apart studs 86 extend out of each side of the strut 80 onto which hooks 88 extending out of a solid panel 94 are then hung. Each solid panel 94 is a vinyl coated steel panel with gypsum board backing, and has an insulated cavity. The small gap left between adjacent panels 94 on the outside of the enclosure creates a recessed PVC joint seal 90, and the gap left between the same adjacent panels 94 on the inside of the enclosure creates a

Santoprene (RTM) flush joint seal 92, which is a thermoplastic polymer comprising an antibacterial agent. The flush seal 92 is easily cleanable and prevents the formation of a crevice in which micro-organisms could survive. Referring to Figure 8, there are two laminated or toughened glass panels 96 attached to the vertical strut 80. A mild steel bracket is bonded to the ends of each glass panel 96, which provides a hook 102 which is hung from each stud 86 extending from the vertical strut 80. Space left between adjacent brackets can accommodate optional integral blinds 100, if desired. The small gap left between adjacent glass panels 96 on the outside of the enclosure 2 creates a recessed PVC joint seal 90, and the gap left between the same adjacent panels 96 on the inside of the enclosure 2 creates a Santoprene (RTM) flush joint seal 92.

Referring to Figure 9, there is shown a cross-sectional view through a solid panel 94 and glazed panel 96 with the internal strut 80. As can be seen, the solid panel 94 is hung directly on to the strut 80 via the hooks 88, whereas the glazed panel 96 requires the steel bracket 98 bonded thereto to provide the required hooks 102 which hang off the studs 86. Figure 10 shows a solid panel 94 connected to a steel door frame 106 via a vertical strut 80, and a door leaf assembly 104 connected to the frame 106 via hinge 108. The door leaf assembly 104 is mild steel powder coated, with optional laminate and GRP, and the door frame 106 is mild steel with a powder coated finish. Figure 11 shows a solid 90 ° corner vertical strut 114 having a series studs 86

extending therefrom from which solid panels 94 hang via hooks 88. A 90 ° corner panel 110 is then hung via its hooks 88 from the exposed studs 86. Integrated wireways 84 extend through the panel 94 and strut 114 to service the filters and lights etc with power.

Referring to Figure 12, there is shown a solid 4-way corner vertical strut 116. Figure 13 shows a glazed 90⁰ corner vertical strut 118 with steel brackets 98 which provides hooks 102 which hang on to the studs 86 extending from the strut 118. Figure 14 is a schematic horizontal cross-section through a glazed 4-way corner vertical strut 120 with extending studs 86 on to which hooks 102 from steel brackets 98 hang. Figure 15 shows a solid wall panel standard base assembly. The panel 94 slots into a mild steel base track 120 located on the ground and through which an integrated wireway 84 extends. A magnetic moveable skirting 122 is provided at the junction of the panel 94 and track 120. Figure 16 shows a solid wall standard header assembly. The panel 94 slots into a mild steel header track 124 secured to a ceiling, and optional coving 126 is provided.

Figure 17 shows a glazed wall standard head assembly. The glass panel 96 has two steel brackets 98 bonded to the upper end thereof. A mild steel head track 130 is secured to each bracket 98 which in turn is secured to an outer header track 128 which is attached to the ceiling. Integral blinds are optional 100. Finally, Figure 18 shows a solid wall panel to door standard head assembly.

Once the frame has been built, and the panels have been hung correctl (either using the compression retention system or the mechanical stud hanging system), the various fittings may then be attached to create the enclosure 2, as follows.

The inlet fan(s) and filter(s) are mechanically fastened inside the inlet vent 4 using fixings, which are resistant to oxidation and hydrogen peroxide-induced corrosion. The outlet fan(s) and filter(s) are also mechanically fastened inside the outlet vent 10 using similar fixings. Similarly, the lighting systems are installed and mechanically secured in place using fixings, which are resistant to oxidation and hydrogen peroxide-induced corrosion.

Finally, the lower portion of the wall of the enclosure (excluding the floor) is covered by a flexible plastic cover which is resistant to damage by hydrogen peroxide during the subsequent decontamination process. The flexible plastic cover is adhered to the wall of the enclosure by a very high bond (VHB) sealing tape. The flexible plastic cover can also be adhered to the wall of the enclosure by the sealing means.

Example 3 - Decontamination of the enclosure

Referring to Figure 3, there is shown the enclosure 2 with the door 24 in a closed configuration. Inside the enclosure 2 there is a vaporised dry hydrogen peroxide decontamination apparatus 12. This decontamination apparatus 12 is only used when the enclosure 2 is unoccupied. Before use, the door 24 is closed and the fans inside the vents 4, 10 are turned off to prevent air flow in or out. This is achieved using the airflow management system control unit 30.

The decontamination apparatus 12 is controlled by the airflow management system control unit 30. In use, the apparatus 12 emits vaporised dry hydrogen peroxide, which kills contaminating microorganisms found on surfaces inside the enclosure 2 as well as airborne pathogens. Residual hydrogen peroxide vapour is removed from inside the enclosure 2 by turning on the fans inside the air vents 4, 10 and filtering the hydrogen peroxide. In order to accelerate or decelerate the decontamination process, the fans of the air vents 4, 10 may also be used to alter the temperature and/ or humidity of the enclosure 2.

Referring to Figure 4, there is shown a print out of a graph generated by the control unit 30 of the airflow management system. The control unit 30 provides real-time information about the atmospheric conditions (such as the temperature and the humidity) inside the enclosure 2. The decontamination system provides a minimum of 6 log (10-6) kill rate and decontamination of surfaces and the complete

atmosphere within the enclosure 2.

Example 4 - Use of an enclosure

In order to gain entry into an enclosure 2, the foot-operated vertical door 24 must be opened by pushing the foot-operated button 6. Once inside the enclosure 2, the door 24 is programmable to either "latch open" or automatically close after a variable amount of time.

Referring to Figure 5, there is shown an enclosure 2, which is occupied by a patient P, and which has the transparent vertical door 24 in the closed configuration. Lights 32 inside the enclosure 2 may be controlled and programmed via a lighting control system that offers variable and programmable lighting, thereby offering a range of options in terms of "atmospheres" or settings that meet and exceed healthcare lighting applicators and standards. Once the door 24 is closed, contaminated (i.e. external) air is forcibly passed into the enclosure 2 via the air inlet vents 4, as shown by arrows A. As the contaminated air A passes through the vents 4, it is filtered by the HEPA filters. Therefore, only filtered air enters into the enclosure 2, as shown by arrows B.

Patient P, positioned in the central patient care zone, may potentially be a source of contaminating airborne pathogens, particles, odours etc. However, due to the negative pressure generated by the fans inside the exit vents 10, contaminated air from patient P and the filtered air B are drawn into the vents 10 in the ceiling of the enclosure 2, as shown by arrows C. As this air, C, passes through the vents 10, it is filtered and released into the area surrounding the enclosure 2, as shown by arrows D. In order to increase (or reduce) the rate at which airborne particles are removed from air entering into and leaving the enclosure 2, the fans inside the air vents 4, 10 may be controlled by the airflow management system control unit 30.

Advantages of the modular enclosure 2, reside in:

^■ the air inlet vents 4 and its associated filter, which removes pathogens,

particles, chemicals and odours from air that enters into the enclosure 2 while its occupied or unoccupied;

^■ the air outlet vents 10 and its associated filter, which prevent contaminating or infectious species from being expelled into the surrounding space;

^■ air inlet vents 4 being on opposing sides of the enclosure and an air outlet vent 10 being situated above the air outlets (such as in the ceiling) such that it causes air to traverse the centre of the enclosure and reduces/prevents the sensation that there is movement of air (or that there is a draft);

^■ the fully modular and customisable nature of the enclosure 2, which is

achieved through the use of interconnecting struts 22;

■ the improved airflow through the enclosure 2, which is achieved by locating the air outlet vents 10 above the air inlet vents 4;

^■ the foot-operated door 24, which reduces the risk of spreading pathogens that cause infections; and

^■ the ability of the enclosure 2 to be decontaminated using hydrogen peroxide by a decontamination apparatus 12, which may be operated remotely or directly. The capacity of the enclosure 2 to communicate with the associated decontamination apparatus 12 to prevent accidental ingress during operation, and further provide the mechanism for the removal of the hydrogen peroxide.

Claims

1. A modular sealable enclosure for assembly inside a space, the enclosure comprising:- - a plurality of side panels configured to form an enclosure having at least one side wall and a ceiling;

- an air outlet comprising a filter configured to expel filtered air out of the enclosure.

2. The enclosure according to claim l, wherein the air inlet is disposed in the at least one side wall.

3. The enclosure according to either claim 1 or 2, wherein the air inlet is disposed at least adjacent a floor of the enclosure.

4. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the enclosure comprises two air inlets each comprising a filter configured to draw filtered air into the enclosure.

5. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the air outlet is disposed in the at least one side wall.

6. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the air outlet is disposed at a position above the or each air inlet.

7. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the air outlet is disposed in the ceiling or at least above the mid-point of a side wall.

8. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the or each air inlet, and the or each air outlet comprises a fan and an associated filter, which is arranged to filter the air flowing into or out of the enclosure.

9. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the or each filter is selected from a group of filters consisting of: EPA (efficient particulate air) filters; HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filters; ULPA (ultra low penetration air) filters; high-grade carbon filters; statically charged filters; UVC ultra violet filter and plasma filters.

10. The enclosure according to claim 9, wherein the HEPA filter is a H14 grade filter.

11. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the air inlet and/ or air outlet comprises two or more filters forming a filter stack.

12. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the air inlet comprises a filter stack which comprises a statically charged filter, an EPA filter, and a HEPA filter.

13. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the air outlet comprises a filter stack which comprises a statically charged filter, and at least one or two HEPA filters, a UVC Ultraviolet filter and/ or a plasma filter.

14. The enclosure according to claim 13, wherein one of the two HEPA filters comprises means by which a sample may be taken for later analysis, for example microbiological testing.

15. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the filters comprise a high grade filter seal that may be tested to relevant international standards in terms of seal integrity testing.

16. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the enclosure is configured to create a negative pressure therein.

17. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the net pressure within the enclosure is between 1 and 100 Pascals, 3 and 90 Pascal's or 5 and 70 Pascal's when it is occupied.

18. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the closure means comprises a blind and a clamp for attaching the blind to a side wall.

19. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the enclosure comprises actuation means for opening and closing the closure means.

20. The enclosure according to claim 19, wherein the actuation means is disposed at least adjacent the floor of the enclosure, and is preferably foot-operated.

21. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the enclosure comprises a plurality of interconnecting frame members configured to be assembled into a rigid frame structure which is adapted to support the plurality of side panels.

22. The enclosure according to claim 21, wherein the frame members or panels are interconnected via a compression retention system, or a mechanical stud hanging system.

23. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the frame members comprise struts, which are anodised to make them resistant to hydrogen peroxide- induced damage or degradation.

24. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the enclosure comprises sealing means configured to seal one side panel to one or more other side panels.

25. The enclosure according to claim 24, wherein the sealing means is capable of adjoining the enclosure to any preassembled external walls, to thereby ensure that the enclosure is capable of being airtight.

26. The enclosure according to either claim 24 or 25, wherein the sealing means is or is not a gasket or a mechanical seal.

27. The enclosure according to any preceding claim, wherein the panels are made from plastic, glass, metal, or a composite material.

28. A method of assembling a modular sealable enclosure in a space, the method comprising:

- connecting a plurality of side panels configured to form an enclosure having at least one side wall and a ceiling; - creating an opening extending through the at least one side wall;

- providing closure means for selectively covering and sealing the opening;

29. A method of sterilising the interior of the modular sealable enclosure according to any one of claims 1-27, the method comprising:

(i) placing a decontamination apparatus inside the enclosure;

(iii) activating the decontamination apparatus so that it emits a

decontaminant, thereby sterilising the inside of the enclosure.

30. A method according to claim 29, wherein the enclosure is capable of being decontaminated through the use of a decontamination apparatus, which comprises an external control unit capable of controlling the activity of the fans in the air inlet(s) and/or the outlet(s).

31. A method according to either claim 29 or claim 30, wherein the enclosure is capable of providing real-time information about the atmospheric conditions inside the enclosure.

32. Use of the enclosure according to any one of claims 1-27 to reduce the spread of healthcare-associated infections.

33. Use of the enclosure according to any one of claims 1-27 for enclosing one or more person.

34. Use of the enclosure according to any one of claims 1-27 in a room.

35. Use according to claim 34, wherein the room is a clean room, or a room inside a hospital, a laboratory or a manufacturing plant.