WO2016010447A1 - A borehole sensing seismic fiber optic tool - Google Patents

A borehole sensing seismic fiber optic tool Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016010447A1
WO2016010447A1 PCT/RU2014/000519 RU2014000519W WO2016010447A1 WO 2016010447 A1 WO2016010447 A1 WO 2016010447A1 RU 2014000519 W RU2014000519 W RU 2014000519W WO 2016010447 A1 WO2016010447 A1 WO 2016010447A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fiber optic
borehole
seismic
tool
active elements
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/RU2014/000519
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Evgeny Pavlovich ANDRIENKO
Dimitri Vladilenovich Pissarenko
Yamid Pico
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Schlumberger Canada Ltd
Services Petroliers Schlumberger SA
Schlumberger Technology BV
Schlumberger Technology Corp
Schlumberger Holdings Ltd
Prad Research and Development Ltd
Original Assignee
Schlumberger Canada Ltd
Services Petroliers Schlumberger SA
Schlumberger Technology BV
Schlumberger Technology Corp
Schlumberger Holdings Ltd
Prad Research and Development Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Schlumberger Canada Ltd, Services Petroliers Schlumberger SA, Schlumberger Technology BV, Schlumberger Technology Corp, Schlumberger Holdings Ltd, Prad Research and Development Ltd filed Critical Schlumberger Canada Ltd
Priority to US15/326,798 priority Critical patent/US20170212273A1/en
Priority to RU2017100451A priority patent/RU2654973C1/en
Priority to PCT/RU2014/000519 priority patent/WO2016010447A1/en
Publication of WO2016010447A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016010447A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/40—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V8/00—Prospecting or detecting by optical means
    • G01V8/10—Detecting, e.g. by using light barriers
    • G01V8/20—Detecting, e.g. by using light barriers using multiple transmitters or receivers
    • G01V8/24—Detecting, e.g. by using light barriers using multiple transmitters or receivers using optical fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
    • G01H9/00—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means
    • G01H9/004—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means using fibre optic sensors
    • G01H9/006—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means using fibre optic sensors the vibrations causing a variation in the relative position of the end of a fibre and another element
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
    • G01H9/00—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means
    • G01H9/004—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves by using radiation-sensitive means, e.g. optical means using fibre optic sensors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/40—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V1/52—Structural details
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V11/00—Prospecting or detecting by methods combining techniques covered by two or more of main groups G01V1/00 - G01V9/00
    • G01V11/002—Details, e.g. power supply systems for logging instruments, transmitting or recording data, specially adapted for well logging, also if the prospecting method is irrelevant
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/10—Aspects of acoustic signal generation or detection
    • G01V2210/14—Signal detection
    • G01V2210/142—Receiver location
    • G01V2210/1429—Subsurface, e.g. in borehole or below weathering layer or mud line

Definitions

  • the invention relates to borehole seismic surveying and more particularly to detection of seismic and micro seismic events using fiber optic distributed sensors.
  • acoustic tools are used to provide operationally significant information about seismic events occurring during explorations phase of the new fields and production phases of existing ones.
  • the borehole seismic data can be utilized to determine subsurface geological structure and refine surface seismic data.
  • Borehole seismic data can further be gathered on a continuing or recurrent basis to monitor subsurface formation and reservoirs during production of the well. The gathering of seismic data on a continuing basis facilitates extraction of gas or oil deposits.
  • seismic surveys are performed by recording seismic signals using a single sensor or an array of sensors located in a borehole.
  • Seismic signals may be generated by one or more seismic sources located on the earth surface, in the borehole in which the seismic signals are detected, in an adjacent borehole, and/or in the formation surrounding the borehole.
  • the seismic energy generated as a result of the seismic source may be recorded by various types of seismic sensors, such as hydrophones, geophones, accelerometers, or a combination thereof.
  • sensors are coupled to electrical components downhole which amplify and digitize the electrical signals generated by the sensors ponse to detection of a seismic event.
  • the digitized signals may then be transmitted (e.g., via electrical wireline, mud pulse telemetry, fiber optic cable, etc.).
  • the need for downhole electronics adds to the physical size, cost and complexity of the survey tool, particularly since the electronics must be able to withstand, or be protected from, elevated temperatures and pressures of the downhole environment for extended periods of time.
  • Seismic and micro seismic signals propagating through an earth formation can be detected using fiber optic distributed vibration sensors located in the borehole.
  • the small diameter of the optical fibers allows for deployment of the fiber optic distributed sensor either inside or behind production tubing or the drill string.
  • an optical fiber seismic signal detection system does not require costly downhole electronics. Instead, the electronics for acquiring seismic data from the fiber optic sensor all may be located on the surface.
  • Fiber optic sensing systems used for measuring seismic signals are described, for example, in US patent 8,605,542 or US patent application 20140064028.
  • One of disadvantages of such systems between others is the limitation for acquiring vector signals due to the fact that sensing capabilities of the signal are omnidirectional.
  • the suggested borehole seismic tool provides for enhanced measurement characteristics of the acquisition system in comparison with existing ones.
  • the ' to reduce tube wave noise by velocity filtering can make this a preferred alternative to clamped geophones.
  • One embodiment of the invention provides a borehole seismic sensing fiber optic tool comprising a fiber optic cable to be lowered in a borehole and at least one resonator array disposed on the fiber optic cable, each resonator array consisting of at least one active element having a resonance self-frequency in a range of frequencies of seismic waves to be measured.
  • each resonator array can be discs, spheres or cylinders.
  • each resonator array can be made of piezoceramics.
  • resonator arrays are disposed in shuttles, each shuttle comprising at least one resonator array.
  • Fig.2 shows a block diagram of an exemplary interrogation and data acquisition system to acquire information from a sensing seismic fiber optic tool deployed in a borehole in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
  • the present invention provides a borehole sensing fiber optic tool for measuring seismic and micro seismic events in a borehole.
  • the tool comprises a fiber optic cable 1 to be lowered in a borehole and one sensor array disposed on the fiber optic cable 1, the sensor array comprises at least one active element (resonator) 2.
  • the active elements can be made, for example as discs, cylinders or spheres, as it is illustrated on the Fig.1 a, b and c.
  • the array on Fig. la and Fig lb comprises five active elements, the array on Fig.1 c - four active elements.
  • the size of the active elements and their number can vary depending on the frequencies of interest to be measured and the materials used. These active elements have special designed self-frequencies in a range of required frequency of seismic and micro seismic waves to be measured.
  • the active elements can be made of piezoceramic, quartz, etc.
  • the seismic waves travel from a seismic source and when approaching the ies high sensitivity to strain change in a specific position of the fiber optic auie under the sensor for a specific frequency.
  • An array of such active elements 2 can cover any band of frequency of interest. Also each active element 2 acts as a local filter and multiplayer of the signal.
  • the resonator arrays can be disposed in shuttles (not shown), each shuttle comprising at least one resonator array, to get needed configuration that is optimal for each seismic survey such as VSP, microseismics, etc.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a data acquisition and interrogation system 6 that may be used with a sensing seismic fiber optic tool 8 for measurements.
  • System 6 includes an optical source 9 that generates an optical signal, such as an optical pulse, for interrogating the fiber optic tool 8, which is deployed in a borehole (not shown in Fig. 2), the tool comprising N shuttles 7 each containing arrays of active elements 2.
  • the optical source 9 may comprise a narrowband laser and a modulator that selects short pulses from the output of the laser.
  • an optical amplifier may be used to boost the peak power of the pulses. In some embodiments, this amplifier may be placed after the modulator.
  • the amplifier may also be followed by a filter for filtering in the frequency domain (by means of a band-pass filter) and/or in the time domain (by means of a further modulator).
  • the pulses emitted from the optical source 9 may be launched into the sensing optical fiber tool 8 through a directional coupler 10, which separates
  • the backscattered optical signal returned from the sensing fiber optic tool 8 in response to the interrogating pulses may be detected and converted to an electrical signal at the detector 4.
  • the detector 4 may include any suitable component configured to convert light signals received from directional coupler 10, to electrical signal suitable for processing.
  • This electrical signal may be transferred to a signal processing module 5 which may include any suitable processing device (e.g., a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, computer, etc.) configured to processing the data received from the sensors.
  • the system may include a controller 1 1 ; it may be any suitable processing equipment generally configured to generate signals to control the optical source 9 and process signal received from detector 4. This schema is typical for traditional fiber optic measurement systems.
  • the seismic sensing fiber optic tool may be lowered into the . borehole using known methods for conveying cables into wellbores, such as a control line containing an optical fiber cable, or a coil tubing containing an optical fiber cable, or a wireline cable with integrated optical fibers, among other methods.
  • the sensor arrays are permanently deployed for continuous production well monitoring.
  • the vibration vehicle or other seismic source may be activated.
  • optical pulses are launched into the fiber optic tool and reflected or scattered light generated in response to the pulses is detected >geneity, as well as fluid content and pore pressure, rock mechanical properties, enhanced oil-recovery progress, C0 2 sequestration progress, elastic anisotropy parameters, induced fractures geometry and natural fracture orientation and intensity.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)

Abstract

A borehole seismic sensing fiber optic tool comprises a fiber optic cable to be lowered in a borehole and at least one resonator array disposed on the fiber optic cable. Each array comprises at least one active element having resonance self-frequency in a range of frequencies of seismic waves to be measured.

Description

A BOREHOLE SENSING SEISMIC FIBER OPTIC TOOL
Field of the invention
The invention relates to borehole seismic surveying and more particularly to detection of seismic and micro seismic events using fiber optic distributed sensors.
Background of the invention
In oil and gas industry, acoustic tools are used to provide operationally significant information about seismic events occurring during explorations phase of the new fields and production phases of existing ones. The borehole seismic data can be utilized to determine subsurface geological structure and refine surface seismic data. Borehole seismic data can further be gathered on a continuing or recurrent basis to monitor subsurface formation and reservoirs during production of the well. The gathering of seismic data on a continuing basis facilitates extraction of gas or oil deposits.
In general, borehole seismic surveys are performed by recording seismic signals using a single sensor or an array of sensors located in a borehole. Seismic signals may be generated by one or more seismic sources located on the earth surface, in the borehole in which the seismic signals are detected, in an adjacent borehole, and/or in the formation surrounding the borehole. The seismic energy generated as a result of the seismic source may be recorded by various types of seismic sensors, such as hydrophones, geophones, accelerometers, or a combination thereof. Usually such sensors are coupled to electrical components downhole which amplify and digitize the electrical signals generated by the sensors ponse to detection of a seismic event. The digitized signals may then be transmitted (e.g., via electrical wireline, mud pulse telemetry, fiber optic cable, etc.). The need for downhole electronics adds to the physical size, cost and complexity of the survey tool, particularly since the electronics must be able to withstand, or be protected from, elevated temperatures and pressures of the downhole environment for extended periods of time.
For example, a typical borehole seismic tool is described in U.S. patent application No 10/104,320 and entitled "Method and Apparatus for Borehole Sensing".
Seismic and micro seismic signals propagating through an earth formation can be detected using fiber optic distributed vibration sensors located in the borehole. The small diameter of the optical fibers allows for deployment of the fiber optic distributed sensor either inside or behind production tubing or the drill string. Besides, an optical fiber seismic signal detection system does not require costly downhole electronics. Instead, the electronics for acquiring seismic data from the fiber optic sensor all may be located on the surface. Fiber optic sensing systems used for measuring seismic signals are described, for example, in US patent 8,605,542 or US patent application 20140064028. One of disadvantages of such systems between others is the limitation for acquiring vector signals due to the fact that sensing capabilities of the signal are omnidirectional.
The suggested borehole seismic tool provides for enhanced measurement characteristics of the acquisition system in comparison with existing ones. The ' to reduce tube wave noise by velocity filtering can make this a preferred alternative to clamped geophones.
Summary of the invention
One embodiment of the invention provides a borehole seismic sensing fiber optic tool comprising a fiber optic cable to be lowered in a borehole and at least one resonator array disposed on the fiber optic cable, each resonator array consisting of at least one active element having a resonance self-frequency in a range of frequencies of seismic waves to be measured.
The active elements of each resonator array can be discs, spheres or cylinders.
The active elements of each resonator array can be made of piezoceramics. In some embodiments resonator arrays are disposed in shuttles, each shuttle comprising at least one resonator array.
Brief description of the drawings
Certain embodiments of the invention will hereafter be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements. It should be understood, however, that the accompanying drawings illustrate only the various implementations described herein and are not meant to Fig. lc shows a resonator array having spheres as active elements in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
Fig.2 shows a block diagram of an exemplary interrogation and data acquisition system to acquire information from a sensing seismic fiber optic tool deployed in a borehole in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed description
The present invention provides a borehole sensing fiber optic tool for measuring seismic and micro seismic events in a borehole.
As shown on Fig. la, lb and lc the tool comprises a fiber optic cable 1 to be lowered in a borehole and one sensor array disposed on the fiber optic cable 1, the sensor array comprises at least one active element (resonator) 2. Material, shape and design of the active elements 2 could be different. The active elements can be made, for example as discs, cylinders or spheres, as it is illustrated on the Fig.1 a, b and c. The array on Fig. la and Fig lb comprises five active elements, the array on Fig.1 c - four active elements. The size of the active elements and their number can vary depending on the frequencies of interest to be measured and the materials used. These active elements have special designed self-frequencies in a range of required frequency of seismic and micro seismic waves to be measured. The active elements can be made of piezoceramic, quartz, etc.
The seismic waves travel from a seismic source and when approaching the ies high sensitivity to strain change in a specific position of the fiber optic auie under the sensor for a specific frequency. An array of such active elements 2 can cover any band of frequency of interest. Also each active element 2 acts as a local filter and multiplayer of the signal.
The resonator arrays can be disposed in shuttles (not shown), each shuttle comprising at least one resonator array, to get needed configuration that is optimal for each seismic survey such as VSP, microseismics, etc.
Any fiber optic interrogation system can be used. Fig. 2 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a data acquisition and interrogation system 6 that may be used with a sensing seismic fiber optic tool 8 for measurements. System 6 includes an optical source 9 that generates an optical signal, such as an optical pulse, for interrogating the fiber optic tool 8, which is deployed in a borehole (not shown in Fig. 2), the tool comprising N shuttles 7 each containing arrays of active elements 2. In some embodiments, the optical source 9 may comprise a narrowband laser and a modulator that selects short pulses from the output of the laser. Optionally, an optical amplifier may be used to boost the peak power of the pulses. In some embodiments, this amplifier may be placed after the modulator. The amplifier may also be followed by a filter for filtering in the frequency domain (by means of a band-pass filter) and/or in the time domain (by means of a further modulator).
The pulses emitted from the optical source 9 may be launched into the sensing optical fiber tool 8 through a directional coupler 10, which separates The backscattered optical signal returned from the sensing fiber optic tool 8 in response to the interrogating pulses may be detected and converted to an electrical signal at the detector 4. The detector 4 may include any suitable component configured to convert light signals received from directional coupler 10, to electrical signal suitable for processing. This electrical signal may be transferred to a signal processing module 5 which may include any suitable processing device (e.g., a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, computer, etc.) configured to processing the data received from the sensors.
The system may include a controller 1 1 ; it may be any suitable processing equipment generally configured to generate signals to control the optical source 9 and process signal received from detector 4. This schema is typical for traditional fiber optic measurement systems.
In an exemplary embodiment, the seismic sensing fiber optic tool may be lowered into the . borehole using known methods for conveying cables into wellbores, such as a control line containing an optical fiber cable, or a coil tubing containing an optical fiber cable, or a wireline cable with integrated optical fibers, among other methods. In some embodiments, the sensor arrays are permanently deployed for continuous production well monitoring. When the tool is positioned at desired location in the well bore, the vibration vehicle or other seismic source may be activated.
To monitor seismic signals optical pulses are launched into the fiber optic tool and reflected or scattered light generated in response to the pulses is detected >geneity, as well as fluid content and pore pressure, rock mechanical properties, enhanced oil-recovery progress, C02 sequestration progress, elastic anisotropy parameters, induced fractures geometry and natural fracture orientation and intensity.
There has been described and illustrated herein various embodiments of a device in accordance with the present invention for downhole seismic data recording. While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, is in not intended that the invention be limited thereby. Therefore, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made to the invention as described without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims

Claims
1. A borehole seismic sensing fiber optic tool comprising:
- a fiber optic cable to be lowered in a borehole, and
at least one resonator array disposed on the fiber optic cable, each array comprising at least one active element having resonance self-frequency in a range of frequencies of seismic waves to be measured.
2. The borehole seismic sensing tool of claim 1 wherein active elements of each resonator array are discs.
3. The borehole seismic sensing tool of claim 1 wherein active elements of each resonator array are spheres.
4. The borehole seismic sensing tool of claim 1 wherein active elements of each resonator array are cylinders.
5. The borehole seismic sensing tool of claim 1 wherein active elements of each resonator array are made of piezoceramic.
6. The borehole seismic sensing tool of claim 1 wherein resonator arrays are disposed in shuttles, each shuttle comprising at least one resonator array.
PCT/RU2014/000519 2014-07-17 2014-07-17 A borehole sensing seismic fiber optic tool Ceased WO2016010447A1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US15/326,798 US20170212273A1 (en) 2014-07-17 2014-07-17 A borehole sensing seismic fiber optic tool
RU2017100451A RU2654973C1 (en) 2014-07-17 2014-07-17 Fibre sensor for borehole seismic researches
PCT/RU2014/000519 WO2016010447A1 (en) 2014-07-17 2014-07-17 A borehole sensing seismic fiber optic tool

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/RU2014/000519 WO2016010447A1 (en) 2014-07-17 2014-07-17 A borehole sensing seismic fiber optic tool

Publications (1)

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WO2016010447A1 true WO2016010447A1 (en) 2016-01-21

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RU (1) RU2654973C1 (en)
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Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20250258034A1 (en) * 2024-02-08 2025-08-14 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. System and method for automatic detection of microseismic reflections in distributed acoustic sensing data

Citations (6)

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US6246638B1 (en) * 1999-03-30 2001-06-12 Honeywell International Inc. Fiber-optic vibration sensor based on frequency modulation of light-excited oscillators
US20050016276A1 (en) * 2003-06-06 2005-01-27 Palo Alto Sensor Technology Innovation Frequency encoding of resonant mass sensors
US20060196273A1 (en) * 2004-12-12 2006-09-07 Burns David W Optically coupled resonator
US7443509B1 (en) * 2004-12-12 2008-10-28 Burns David W Optical and electronic interface for optically coupled resonators
US20100018303A1 (en) * 2003-03-14 2010-01-28 Bostick Iii Francis X Permanently installed in-well fiber optic accelerometer-based sensing apparatus and associated method
US20110080579A1 (en) * 2009-10-05 2011-04-07 Pipino Andrew C R Chemical sensor employing resonator-enhanced forbidden-light collection

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CA2320453A1 (en) * 1999-10-29 2001-04-29 Litton Systems, Inc. Acoustic sensing system for downhole seismic applications utilizing an array of fiber optic sensors
US7946341B2 (en) * 2007-11-02 2011-05-24 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Systems and methods for distributed interferometric acoustic monitoring
US8605542B2 (en) * 2010-05-26 2013-12-10 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Detection of seismic signals using fiber optic distributed sensors
GB201103254D0 (en) * 2011-02-25 2011-04-13 Qinetiq Ltd Distributed acoustic sensing
US9720118B2 (en) * 2012-06-11 2017-08-01 Kobold Corporation Microseismic monitoring with fiber-optic noise mapping

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6246638B1 (en) * 1999-03-30 2001-06-12 Honeywell International Inc. Fiber-optic vibration sensor based on frequency modulation of light-excited oscillators
US20100018303A1 (en) * 2003-03-14 2010-01-28 Bostick Iii Francis X Permanently installed in-well fiber optic accelerometer-based sensing apparatus and associated method
US20050016276A1 (en) * 2003-06-06 2005-01-27 Palo Alto Sensor Technology Innovation Frequency encoding of resonant mass sensors
US20060196273A1 (en) * 2004-12-12 2006-09-07 Burns David W Optically coupled resonator
US7443509B1 (en) * 2004-12-12 2008-10-28 Burns David W Optical and electronic interface for optically coupled resonators
US20110080579A1 (en) * 2009-10-05 2011-04-07 Pipino Andrew C R Chemical sensor employing resonator-enhanced forbidden-light collection

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RU2654973C1 (en) 2018-05-23

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