WO2016008146A1 - 一种样本性别鉴定方法及装置 - Google Patents
一种样本性别鉴定方法及装置 Download PDFInfo
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- the invention relates to the technical field of genomics and bioinformatics, and particularly relates to a sample identification method and device.
- sample gender information is targeted at individual quality control
- the gender judgment method of the sample is based on the heterozygosity rates of SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) on the X chromosome, because the SNP heterozygosity rate of the male on the X chromosome is much lower. SNP heterozygosity on women on the X chromosome.
- This method of gender judgment requires the design of a capture probe on the X chromosome. When the capture probe is not designed on the X chromosome, the accuracy is low and the sex of most samples cannot be accurately determined.
- the present invention provides a sample sex identification method, comprising: obtaining a sequencing result of a test sample, comparing the sequencing result with a reference sequence, and obtaining a comparison result; based on the comparison result Calculate the depth and depth ratio of each fixed length window on the Y chromosome in each sample; calculate the depth ratio of the region of interest on the Y chromosome in each sample; calculate the depth ratio of the region of interest of all samples, according to the statistical results Determine the gender of each sample.
- a sample sex identification device includes: a data input unit for inputting data; a data output unit for outputting data; and a storage unit for storing data, including an executable program;
- the processor is coupled to the data input unit, the data output unit, and the storage unit for executing an executable program stored in the storage unit, and the executing of the program includes completing the sample sex identification method.
- a computer readable storage medium for storing a program for execution by a computer
- the storage medium may include: a read only memory, a random access memory, a magnetic disk or an optical disk, and the like.
- the gender distribution is judged by the distribution of data on the Y chromosome.
- the method of the present invention does not require special design of a Y chromosome capture site, which saves cost, and saves the snp calling step compared to the existing PLINK method, thereby saving time and steps. The reduction can reduce the occurrence of errors.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a gender identification method according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a schematic flow chart of a gender identification method according to another embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of preliminary preparation work of a gender identification method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 5 is a box plot of a first XY non-homologous region of R A data in an example of a gender identification method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 6 is a box plot of a first XY non-homologous region of 307 data in an example of a gender identification method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 7 is a box plot of a second XY non-homologous region of EXON data in an example of a gender identification method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 8 is a box plot of a Pars region of EXON data in an example of a gender authentication method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is an example of a gender identification method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 10 is a box plot of the Pars region of RA data in an example of a gender identification method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- the idea of the sample sex judgment of the present invention is based on the chip-capture data of the sample, and the depth ratio of the region of interest of the statistical sample on the Y chromosome is determined, thereby distinguishing the gender.
- the present invention also combines the nature of the judgment to determine whether the sample is a contaminated sample.
- a sample sex identification method is provided. As shown in FIG. 1, the following steps S1 to S4 are included.
- Step SI Obtain the sequencing result of the test sample, compare the sequencing result with the reference sequence, and obtain the comparison result.
- the sequencing sample is a fragment of a gene that captures a specified species using a target region capture chip, and the sequencing sample in the example is a chip-captured human genomic DNA sample.
- the method and apparatus for chip capture are not limited, and the method and apparatus for extracting nucleic acid for sequencing from a sample are not limited, and may be performed by various existing means, such as commercialization.
- the nucleic acid extraction kit in addition, has no special dependence on the sequencing method and equipment of the sample.
- the raw data obtained by the sequencing process of the present embodiment is stored in a fastq format (also known as .fq format) file, which stores a read length sequence (i.e., reads, also called a read segment) and the quality of the reads of the reads.
- a fastq format also known as .fq format
- the basic processing such as de-joining and low-quality reading is performed.
- the basic processing may be, for example, a processing method of the second-generation sequencing data, which is not limited in the embodiment, and is cleaned after the basic processing.
- the sequence (called clean reads) is the result of the sequencing.
- the reference sequence used is a known sequence and may be any reference template in the bioclass of the target individual to which it is obtained in advance.
- the reference sequence may select a human genome reference sequence in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database.
- the reference sequence is selected as the human genome reference sequence of version 37.3 (hgl9; NCBI Build 37.3) in the NCBI database.
- various comparison softwares such as Tmap, BWA (Burrows-Wheeler Aligner), SOAP (Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package), etc.
- BWA software can be used, and BWA is for example: bwa aln -o 1 -e 50.
- Aln is one of the functions provided by BWA to compare the input target sequence with the reference sequence.
- the bam file is obtained after the comparison, and the bam format used by the bam file is a general alignment format for storing segments of the reference sequence.
- Step S2. Calculate the depth and depth ratio of each fixed length window on the Y chromosome in each sample.
- the Y chromosome in the sequencing result is divided into windows according to a fixed length, and the fixed length is selected as lOObp (base pair).
- Step S3. Calculate the depth of the region of interest on the Y chromosome in each sample.
- the domain is a quasi-autosomal region on the Y chromosome (PARs,
- the basic data of the Y chromosome is: the total number of bases is 59,373,566, the N content (i.e., the base not yet detected) is 56.79%, and the GC content is 39.97%.
- the Y chromosome has two parts, PARs, which are the Y chromosome part recombined with the X chromosome, and its position is: chrY (Y chromosome genome sequence): 10001-2649520 and chrY: 59034050-59363566, and chrX (X chromosome genome sequence) ): 60001-2699520 and chrX: 154931044-155260560.
- the depth of the female sample and the male sample in the PARs region is similar, and since the total depth of the Y chromosome of the male sample is greater than the total depth of the Y chromosome of the female sample, the depth ratio of the female sample in this region is significantly larger than that of the male in this region.
- the depth ratio therefore, can be used to distinguish between male and female genders.
- the depth refers to the depth of each site of the Y chromosome
- the depth ratio refers to the ratio of the depth of a region of the Y chromosome to the total depth of the Y chromosome.
- the region of interest (the PARs of the Y chromosome in this embodiment) is referred to as region A, similar to step S2, the region A is divided according to the fixed length in step S2, and the fixed length is preferably lOObp, and the obtained region A is obtained.
- the number of windows is recorded as, will be a sample
- the depth of the region ⁇ on the Y chromosome ie, the sum of the depth ratios of the m windows
- / is the first fixed length in region A
- Step S4 Count the depth ratios of the regions of interest for all samples and determine the gender of each sample.
- the depth ratio of area A on the Y chromosome in a sample is recorded as DAj, where 0 N, N is the number of all samples.
- the classification algorithm commonly used in pattern recognition can be used to distinguish the gender of each sample, for example, according to the analysis principle of SVM (Support Vector Machine, Support Vector Machine, a widely used mathematical statistics learning method) Gender is judged.
- SVM Small Vector Machine, Support Vector Machine, a widely used mathematical statistics learning method
- the gender of the sample is distinguished by means of a box plot.
- Boxplot also known as Box-whisker Plot, is the use of five statistics in the data: minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile and maximum A method of describing data, it can also roughly see whether the data has symmetry, the degree of dispersion of the distribution, etc., especially for comparing several samples.
- the box plot may not be used, but other charts may be used.
- step S4 it is further possible to determine whether the sample is contaminated. For example, in step S4, if there is a sample of a sample that is not in the male range and the female range, and the gender cannot be accurately determined, and the sample information needs to be further examined, the sample can generally be classified as a contaminated sample.
- the error rate refers to the ratio of the error samples (sexual information mismatch) to the total sample, that is, the sample gender information and the actual sample gender information determined by the present embodiment.
- the sample gender identification can judge the gender from the comparison result bam file, and the comparison is now There is a PLINK method that saves the snp calling step, which saves time, and the step reduction further reduces the occurrence of errors.
- the Y chromosome data is randomly captured, the data distribution has Specific samples (ie, the depth ratio of the region of interest does not fall within the male and female ranges, can be judged as contaminated samples, and thus can be excluded in subsequent data analysis.
- the overall idea of this embodiment is to find the area where the male and female differences in Y color are the largest.
- the Y chromosome data can be captured more or less, because the specificity of all probes will not be 100%, which means that there are other regions.
- the information can be captured; based on this, it is assumed that the data involved in the alignment on the Y chromosome is accurate and there is no contamination in the experiment, then the data sources of the female Y chromosome and the male Y chromosome are as follows:
- Female Y chromosome data sources include three types, namely, 1 probe region and Y homology region, 2 X chromosome and Y homology region, and 3 other mutations leading to homology with Y.
- the main source of female Y chromosome data at this time is the X chromosome and Y homologous region, which is also called the XY homologous region.
- Male Y chromosome data sources include four types, namely, 1 probe capture region, 2 X chromosome and ⁇ homology region, 3 uneluted Y chromosome in experiment (ie, random residual Y chromosome information), and 4 other mutations. Lead to homology to gamma. Obviously, the main source of male Y chromosome data at this time is the probe capture area.
- Female Y chromosome data sources include three types, namely, 1 X chromosome and Y homologous region, 2 non-Y chromosome probe region and Y homologous region, and 3 other mutations leading to Y source.
- the main source of female Y chromosome data at this time is the X chromosome and the Y homologous region (i.e., the homologous region of XY).
- Male Y chromosome data sources include four types, namely, a non-Y chromosome probe region and a Y homologous region, 2 uneluted Y chromosomes in the experiment, 3 X chromosome and Y homology regions, and 4 other mutations. Homologous to Y. Obviously, the main source of male Y chromosome data at this time is the Y chromosome (ie, randomly captured region) that is not eluted in the experiment.
- the data source of the female Y chromosome is mainly the homologous region of XY
- the data source of the male Y chromosome is mainly the probe capture region when the ⁇ chromosome has a probe, and is mainly random when the ⁇ chromosome has no probe.
- the area captured for the data with probes on the Y chromosome, because the data source on the Y chromosome is relatively clear, the gap between men and women Larger, easier to judge gender; and for the data on the Y chromosome without probes, guess the source of data on the Y chromosome of men and women, statistical data to determine whether the guess is correct, find the gap between men and women, according to which to judge gender.
- the region with the largest difference between men and women can be obtained.
- the non-homologous region of XY referred to herein as the second XY non-homologous region
- the male Y chromosome data is randomly distributed, and the female Y chromosome data source is XY homology.
- the region from the non-N region of the Y chromosome (N region, also known as the gap region, that is, the region where the base sequence has not been detected), removes the XY homology region, and obtains the region with the greatest difference between men and women (ie, the non-homologous XY).
- the region referred to herein as the first XY non-homologous region). Obviously, regardless of whether a probe is designed or not, the region with the greatest difference between men and women is in the non-homologous region of XY.
- a sample sex identification method is provided, and the basic steps are the same as those in Embodiment 1, except that the region of interest in Embodiment 1 is a PARs region on the Y chromosome, and the comparison is performed.
- the software allows the data of the repeat alignment to appear, and in this embodiment, the region of interest is an XY non-homologous region, and the comparison results in a unique alignment data, that is, the embodiment is performed in a similar manner to the first embodiment.
- step S3 it is necessary to deal with the presence or absence of the probe on the Y chromosome.
- FIG. 1 is modified as shown in FIG. 2 .
- a sample sex identification method is provided, which is actually a combination of the two processes of Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2.
- the preliminary regional preparation is carried out, with the length of lOObp as the unit, as shown in Figure 3, in order to lay the foundation for the depth ratio of each region of interest in the subsequent statistical samples.
- the final determination is determined by three regions of interest. Gender, respectively: first XY non-homologous region, second XY non-homologous region, and PARs region.
- Gender respectively: first XY non-homologous region, second XY non-homologous region, and PARs region.
- the gender can be judged by the PARs region; for the data with probes on the Y chromosome, the gender can be judged by the second XY non-homologous region; for the probe without data on the Y chromosome, An XY non-homologous region determines sex.
- FIG. 4 schematically shows the flow of the entire data processing of the embodiment, wherein the basic data processing includes steps of de-joining, comparing, de-duplicating, and the like. Since the PARs area is mostly repeat alignment, the depth ratio is separately counted.
- a sample sex identification device comprising: a data input unit for inputting data; a data output unit for outputting data; and a storage unit for storing data, including an executable program And a processor, connected to the data input unit, the data output unit, and the storage unit, for performing an executable step stored in the storage unit.
- the data sources are as follows:
- the first set of data EXON data, data for full exon capture, probe area on the Y chromosome, 145 male samples and 25 female samples;
- the second set of data RA (Rhematoid Arthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis) data, capture data for the MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) chip, no probe region on the Y chromosome, 70 male samples And 290 female samples;
- RA Ratoid Arthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis
- MHC Major Histocompatibility Complex
- the third set of data 307 data, data captured for the MHC chip, no probe area on the Y chromosome, 88 male samples and 80 female samples.
- a first XY non-homologous region a second XY non-homologous region i or a PARs region i or .
- Region acquisition method Find the homologous region of the X and Y chromosomes on the Y chromosome with blast for h g 19 .
- the region format converted to 100 bp is recorded as region TY (the chromosome with the highest homology to the Y chromosome is the X chromosome, so only the homologous region of XY is considered).
- the region TY is removed using the non-N region of the Y chromosome to obtain the first XY non-homologous region on the Y chromosome.
- Fig. 6 it can also be seen from Fig. 6 that it is feasible to distinguish between male and female by using the first XY non-homologous region, wherein the ratio of male samples with normal values is 62.30353-85.99705, and the range for normal female samples is 23.557455-31.589075.
- the ratio of males is basically stable. From this standard, one male sample falls into the middle of the female area, and no female sample falls into the middle of the male area. It is judged that the sample information is wrong and the gender entry is incorrect. Three of the data in this data are outliers, which are also initially considered to be due to experimental contamination.
- Applicable data types Data for designing capture probes on the Y chromosome.
- Region acquisition method The data provided includes a probe designed on the Y chromosome, and the probe region on the Y chromosome is processed in a lOObp format, which is recorded as the region TZ. Using the region ⁇ minus the region ⁇ , the non-homologous region in the probe region is obtained as the second non-homologous region.
- Experiment 3 The first set of data, EXON (whole genome exon capture data), was used.
- the sample was 145 (male) VS 25 (female), and the error rate obtained by the method of the present invention was 1.17%.
- the second XY non-homologous region can also distinguish between genders.
- the normal male range is 40.49876-49.71196.
- the normal female sample range is 0.0-0.9673012. No male samples fell into the female range, and two female samples fell into the male range. Some male samples are outliers and are initially judged as experimental contaminated samples.
- the comparison software allows for the data of the repeat alignment, and does not require any probes on the Y chromosome.
- Region acquisition method The pseudo autosomal regions of the Y chromosome in hgl9 were extracted and processed into a format of lOObp, which was recorded as a PARs region.
- Experiment 4 The first set of data, EXON (whole genome exon capture data), was used.
- the sample was 145 (male) VS 25 (female), and the error rate obtained by the method of the present invention was 1.17%.
- FIGs 8 and 7 apply the data from the EXON study, and the same results were obtained. Two female samples fell within the male region. The normal male sample area range is 10.362235-14.012735, and the normal female sample range is 76.56507-81.11711.
- the error rate obtained by the method of the present invention was 1.1%.
- Figure 10 and Figure 5 are the data of the RA project.
- the ratio of male samples with normal values ranged from 1.8148895 to 2.9568075, and the range of normal female samples ranged from 29.943245 to 36.244065.
- the results of gender judgment were slightly different from those of Figure 1.
- Figure 1 three female samples fell into the male area, while In Figure 10, only two samples fall into the male range, and the sample in Figure 5 is more than the sample in Figure 10.
- Sample A in Figure 5 is in the marginal zone of the normal male ratio. It can be said that this sample is biased toward males. The specific gender needs to be confirmed.
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Abstract
一种样本性别鉴定方法及装置,其中方法包括:获取测试样本的测序结果,将所述测序结果与参考序列进行比对,得到比对结果;基于所述比对结果,计算每个样本中Y染色体上每个固定长度的窗口的深度和深度比例;计算每个样本中Y染色体感兴趣区域的深度比例;统计所有样本的感兴趣区域的深度比例,根据统计的深度比例确定每个样本的性别。
Description
一种样本性别鉴定方法及装置 技术领域
本发明涉及基因组学及生物信息学技术领域, 具体涉及一种样本性 别鉴定方法及装置。
背景技术
在全基因组关联分析中, 样本性别信息是针对个体的质量控制
( quality control ) 的关键部分, 可以用来补全表型信息。 如果样本数据 量不足, 将可能导致无法进行性别信息的判断, 使得缺少重要信息, 从 而不能对样本的准确性进行评估,或者需要进行额外的实验来判断性别。
通常样本的性别判断方法是基于 X染色体上 SNP(单核苷酸多态性, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ) 的杂合率 ( heterozygosity rates ) 来进 行的, 因为男性在 X染色体上的 SNP杂合率远低于女性在 X染色体上 的 SNP杂合率。 这种性别判断方法需要在 X染色体上设计捕获探针, 当 X染色体上没有设计捕获探针时, 准确度较低, 无法准确判断大部分 样本的性别。
发明内容
根据本发明的第一方面,本发明提供一种样本性别鉴定方法, 包括: 获取测试样本的测序结果, 将所述测序结果与参考序列进行比对, 得到 比对结果; 基于所述比对结果, 计算每个样本中 Y染色体上每个固定长 度的窗口的深度和深度比例; 计算每个样本中 Y染色体上感兴趣区域的 深度比例; 统计所有样本的感兴趣区域的深度比例, 根据统计结果确定 每个样本的性别。
依据本发明的另一方面提供一种样本性别鉴定装置, 包括: 数据输 入单元, 用于输入数据; 数据输出单元, 用于输出数据; 存储单元, 用 于存储数据, 其中包括可执行的程序; 处理器, 与数据输入单元、 数据 输出单元及存储单元数据连接, 用于执行存储单元中存储的可执行的程 序, 该程序的执行包括完成上述样本性别鉴定方法。
依据本发明的再一方面提供一种计算机可读存储介质, 用于存储供 计算机执行的程序, 本领域普通技术人员可以理解, 在执行该程序时, 通过指令相关硬件可完成上述染色体非整倍性检测方法的全部或部分步 骤。 所称存储介质可以包括: 只读存储器、 随机存储器、 磁盘或光盘等。
依据本发明的方法通过 Y染色体上的数据分布来判断性别,相比现
有在 X染色体上设计捕获探针的方法, 本发明的方法不需要特别设计 Y 染色体捕获位点,节约了成本,且相比现有 PLINK方法节省了 snp calling 步骤, 由此可以节约时间且步骤的减少可以减少错误的产生。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例, 下面将对实施例中所需要使用的 附图作简单地介绍, 其中:
图 1是依据本发明的一种实施方式的性别鉴定方法的流程示意图; 图 2 是依据本发明的另一种实施方式的性别鉴定方法的流程示意 图;
图 3是依据本发明的一种实施方式的性别鉴定方法的前期准备工作 的示意图;
图 4是依据本发明的一种实施方式的性别鉴定方法的整体数据处理 的流程示意图;
图 5 是釆用依据本发明的一种实施方式的性别鉴定方法的示例中 R A数据的第一 XY非同源区域的箱线图;
图 6 是釆用依据本发明的一种实施方式的性别鉴定方法的示例中 307数据的第一 XY非同源区域的箱线图;
图 7 是釆用依据本发明的一种实施方式的性别鉴定方法的示例中 EXON数据的第二 XY非同源区域的箱线图;
图 8 是釆用依据本发明的一种实施方式的性别鉴定方法的示例中 EXON数据的 Pars区域的箱线图;
图 9 是釆用依据本发明的一种实施方式的性别鉴定方法的示例中
307数据的 Pars区域的箱线图;
图 10 是釆用依据本发明的一种实施方式的性别鉴定方法的示例中 RA数据的 Pars区域的箱线图。
具体实施方式
不同于传统的根据 X染色体的 SNP杂合度的判断方法, 本发明进 行样本性别判断的思路是, 基于样本的芯片捕获数据, 统计样本在 Y染 色体上感兴趣区域的深度比例, 据此区分性别。 此外, 本发明还结合性 别判断情况来确定样本是否为污染样本。
下面通过具体实施方式结合附图对本发明作进一步详细说明。 除非 另有说明, 本文所用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本发明所述的技术领 域的普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。
实施例 1 :
依据本发明的一种实施方式, 提供一种样本性别鉴定方法, 如图 1 所示, 包括如下步骤 S1〜S4。
步骤 SI. 获取测试样本的测序结果, 将测序结果与参考序列进行比 对, 得到比对结果。
测序样本为利用目标区域捕获芯片捕获指定物种的基因片段, 实施 例中测序样本为基于芯片捕获的人类基因组 DNA样品。
依据本发明的实施方式, 对芯片捕获的方法和设备不作限定, 并且 对从样本中提取用于测序的核酸的方法和设备也不作限定, 可以釆用各 种已有的手段进行, 例如商品化的核酸提取试剂盒, 另外, 对样本的测 序方法和设备也没有特殊依赖。
本实施方式测序过程得到的原始数据以 fastq格式 (又称 .fq格式) 文件存储, 其存储着读长序列 (即 reads, 也称读段) 以及 reads的测序 质量等。 在得到原始的 fq数据后, 对其进行去接头、 去低质量 reads等 基本处理, 该基本处理可以是例如第二代测序数据釆用的处理方法, 本 实施方式不作限制, 基本处理后得到干净的序列 (称为 clean reads ), 为 测序结果。
所使用的参考序列是已知序列, 可以是预先获得的目标个体所属生 物类别中的任意的参考模板。 例如, 若目标个体是人类, 参考序列可选 择美国国家生物技术信息中心 ( NCBI, national center for biotechnology information )数据库中的人类基因组参考序列。 本实施方式中, 参考序 列选择为 NCBI数据库中版本 37.3 ( hgl9; NCBI Build 37.3 ) 的人类基 因组参考序列。
在将测序结果比对到参考序列时,可使用各种比对软件,例如 Tmap, BWA ( Burrows-Wheeler Aligner ), SOAP ( Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package )等,本实施方式对此不作限定。例如可以釆用 BWA软件, BWA 是例如: bwa aln -o 1 -e 50。 aln是 BWA提供的功能之一, 目的是将输入 目标序列与参考序列进行比对。 比对后得到. bam文件, 其中 bam文件釆 用的 bam格式是用于存储对参考序列的片段的一个通用比对格式。
步骤 S2. 计算每个样本中 Y染色体上每个固定长度的窗口的深度和 深度比例。
本实施方式中, 测序结果中的 Y染色体按照固定长度划分窗口, 固 定长度 ύ选为 lOObp (碱基对, base pair )。
简明起见, 将每个固定长度的窗口的深度记为 A, 将 Y染色体总深
窗
Y染色体的基本数据情况为: 总碱基数为 59373566, N含量(即尚 未测出的碱基)为 56.79%, GC含量为 39.97%。 其中, Y染色体有两部 分是 PARs, 为与 X染色体发生重组的 Y染色体部分, 其位置为: chrY ( Y染色体基因组序列): 10001-2649520和 chrY: 59034050-59363566, 以及 chrX ( X 染色体基因组序列 ): 60001-2699520 和 chrX: 154931044-155260560。
经研究发现, 女性样本与男性样本在 PARs 区域的深度相近似, 而 由于男性样本的 Y染色体总深度大于女性样本的 Y染色体总深度,所以 女性样本在此区域的深度比例显著大于男性在此区域的深度比例,因此, 可以利用 PARs区域的这一特点来区分男女性别。 这里, 深度是指 Y染 色体每个位点的深度,深度比例是指 Y染色体一段区域的深度占 Y染色 体总深度的比例。
简明起见, 将感兴趣区域(本实施方式中为 Y染色体的 PARs ) 记 为区域 A, 类似步骤 S2, 区域 A按照步骤 S2中的固定长度划分窗口, 固定长度优选为 lOObp, 将得到的区域 A的窗口数目记为 , 将一个样
本中 Y染色体上区域 Α的深度 (即这 m个窗口的深度比例的求和) 记 显然 , 其中 中的 /为区域 A中的第一个固定长度
的窗口。
步骤 S4. 统计所有样本的感兴趣区域的深度比例, 确定出每个样本 的性别。
简明起见,将某个样本 中 Y染色体上区域 A的深度比例记为 DAj, 其中 0 N, N为所有样本的数量。
根据统计所有 DAj, 可以利用模式识别中常用的分类算法区分出每 个样本的性别, 例如根据 SVM (支持向量机, Support Vector Machine , 一种广泛使用的数理统计学习方法)的分析原理对样本的性别进行判断。
本实施例中通过箱线图的方式区分出样本的性别。箱线图( Boxplot ) 也称箱须图 (Box-whisker Plot ), 是利用数据中的五个统计量: 最小值、 第一四分位数、 中位数、第三四分位数与最大值来描述数据的一种方法, 它也可以粗略地看出数据是否具有对称性、 分布的分散程度等信息, 特 别可以用于对几个样本的比较。 在本实施例中, 画出所有 的箱线图 后, 男女样本将分开至不同区域范围, 至此可以区分性别信息。 其它实 施例中也可以不釆用箱线图的方式, 而是釆用其它统计图。
基于本实施例, 还可以进一步判断出样本是否被污染。 例如, 在步 骤 S4中,如果存在某样本的 不在男性范围和女性范围内的样本,无 法准确判断出性别, 需要进一步检查样本信息时, 一般可以将该样本划 归为污染样本。
基于本实施例,还可以进一步确定错误率,错误率是指错误样本(性 别信息不匹配) 占总样本的比例, 也即釆用本实施例判断错误的样本性 别信息与实际的样本性别信息的比值, 假设总样本数为 N, 错误样本数 为 Μ, 则错误率为 e=MIN。
通过本实施例, 首先, 使用捕获芯片数据进行性别判断, 不需要特 别设计 Y染色体的捕获位点, 一定程度上节约了成本; 其次, 样本性别 鉴定可从比对结果 bam文件判断性别, 对比现有釆用 PLINK方法, 节 省了 snp calling的步骤, 可以节约时间, 而且步骤的减少也进一步减少 了错误的产生; 此外, 由于 Y染色体数据是随机捕获, 对数据分布具有
特异性的样本(即感兴趣区域的深度比例不落入男性范围和女性范围, 可以判断为污染样本, 从而可以在后续的数据分析中排除。
实施例 2:
为对样本的性别情况进行鉴定, 本实施方式的整体思路是寻找 Y染 色体上男女差异最大的区域。
一般地, 无论 Y染色体上是否设计有探针和无探针, Y染色体的数 据都能或多或少被捕获, 因为所有探针的特异性不会为 100% , 也就意 味着有其他区域的信息可以被捕获; 基于此, 本文假设所涉及的比对在 Y染色体上的数据是准确的且实验中没有污染, 则女性 Y染色体和男性 Y染色体的数据来源为如下:
对于 Y染色体上有探针的数据:
1 )女性 Y染色体数据来源包括三种, 即①探针区域与 Y同源区域, ② X染色体与 Y同源区域, 以及③其它突变导致与 Y同源。 显然, 此时 女性 Y染色体数据的主要来源为 X染色体与 Y同源区域, 该区域又称 XY的同源区域。
2 ) 男性 Y染色体数据来源包括四种, 即①探针捕获区域、 ② X染 色体与 γ同源区域、 ③实验中未洗脱的 Y染色体 (即随机残留的 Y染 色体信息)、 以及④其它突变导致与 γ同源。 显然, 此时男性 Y染色体 数据的主要来源为探针捕获区域。
对于 Y染色体上无探针的数据:
3 )女性 Y染色体数据来源包括三种, 即① X染色体与 Y同源区域、 ②非 Y染色体的探针区域与 Y同源区域、 以及③其它突变导致与 Y同 源。 显然, 此时女性 Y染色体数据的主要来源为 X染色体与 Y同源区 域(即 XY的同源区域)。
4 ) 男性 Y染色体数据来源包括四种, 即①非 Y染色体的探针区域 与 Y同源区域、 ②实验中未洗脱的 Y染色体、 ③ X染色体与 Y同源区 域、 以及④其它突变导致与 Y同源。 显然, 此时男性 Y染色体数据的主 要来源为实验中未洗脱的 Y染色体 (即随机捕获的区域)。
可见, 女性 Y染色体的数据来源主要是 XY的同源区域, 男性 Y染 色体的数据来源在 γ染色体有探针的情况下主要是探针捕获区域, 在 γ 染色体无探针的情况下主要是随机捕获的区域。 其中, 针对 Y染色体上 有探针的数据, 由于 Y染色体上的数据来源比较明确, 男女之间差距比
较大, 容易判断性别; 而针对 Y染色体上无探针的数据, 猜测男女 Y染 色体上的数据来源,统计数据判断猜测是否正确,找到男女之间的差距, 据此来判断性别。
也就是说, 对于 Y染色体有探针的数据, 只要从男性 Y染色体数据 量集中的探针区域中去掉女性 Y染色体主要数据区域(即 XY的同源区 域), 则可以得到男女差异最大的区域(即 XY的非同源区域, 本文称为 第二 XY非同源区域); 而对于 Y染色体无探针的数据, 男性 Y染色体 的数据是随机分布的, 女性 Y染色体数据来源是 XY同源区域, 从 Y染 色体的非 N区 (N区又称 gap区, 即还没有测出碱基序列的区域)去掉 XY同源区域, 得到的即为男女差异最大的区域(即 XY的非同源区域, 本文称为第一 XY非同源区域)。 显然, 无论是否设计有探针, 男女差异 最大的区域在 XY的非同源区域。
基于上述分析, 依据本发明的一种实施方式, 提供一种样本性别鉴 定方法, 基本步骤与实施例 1相同, 区别在于, 实施例 1中感兴趣区域 为 Y染色体上的 PARs区域, 且比对软件允许出现 repeat比对的数据, 而本实施例中感兴趣区域为 XY非同源区域, 且比对得到的是 unique比 对的数据, 也就是说, 本实施例在进行类似实施例 1 的步骤 S3 时, 需 要针对 Y染色体上有无探针分情况处理, 此时图 1修改为图 2所示。
实施例 3 :
依据本发明的一种实施方式, 提供一种样本性别鉴定方法, 其实际 上是综合了实施例 1和实施例 2两种处理过程。
首先进行前期的区域准备, 以 lOObp的长度为单位, 如图 3所示, 以便为后续统计样本各感兴趣区域的深度比例打下基础, 由图 3可见, 最终确定由三种感兴趣区域来判断性别, 分别为: 第一 XY非同源区域、 第二 XY非同源区域和 PARs区域。对所有类型的数据,都可以通过 PARs 区域来判断性别; 对 Y染色体上有探针的数据, 可以由第二 XY非同源 区域判断性别; 对 Y染色体上无探针的数据, 可以由第一 XY非同源区 域判断性别。
然后进行数据处理流程, 图 4示意性地展示了本实施例的整个数据 处理的流程, 其中的基本数据处理包括了去接头、 比对、 去重复等步骤。 由于 PARs区域多为 repeat比对, 因此单独统计其深度比例。
本领域普通技术人员可以理解, 上述实施方式中各种方法的全部或
部分步骤可以通过程序来指令相关硬件完成, 该程序可以存储于一计算 机可读存储介质中, 存储介质可以包括: 只读存储器、 随机存储器、 磁 盘或光盘等。
依据本发明的另一方面还提供一种样本性别鉴定装置, 包括: 数据 输入单元, 用于输入数据; 数据输出单元, 用于输出数据; 存储单元, 用于存储数据, 其中包括可执行的程序; 处理器, 与上述数据输入单元、 数据输出单元及存储单元数据连接, 用于执行存储单元中存储的可执行 步骤。 细的描述。
数据来源如下:
第一组数据: EXON数据, 为全外显子捕获数据, Y染色体上存在 探针区域, 145个男性样本和 25个女性样本;
第二组数据: RA (类风湿性关节炎, Rheumatoid Arthritis )数据, 为 MHC (主要组织相容性复合体, Major Histocompatibility Complex ) 芯片捕获数据, Y染色体上不存在探针区域, 70个男性样本和 290个女 性样本;
第三组数据: 307数据, 为 MHC芯片捕获数据, Y染色体上不存在 探针区域, 88个男性样本和 80个女性样本。
下面将讨论三种区域, 分别为: 第一 XY非同源区域、 第二 XY非 同源区 i或和 PARs区 i或。
1、 对于第一 XY非同源区域
适用数据类型: Y染色体上没有设计捕获探针的数据。
区域获得方法: 对 hg19用 blast找到 Y染色体上 X和 Y染色体的 同源区域。 转化成 100bp为单位的区域格式, 记为区域 TY (与 Y染色 体的同源性最高的染色体是 X染色体, 因此只考虑 XY的同源区域)。 用 Y染色体的非 N区去掉区域 TY, 得到 Y染色体上的第一 XY非同源 区域。
实施方法: 对 Y染色上的 unique比对的 reads按照前述数据处理步 骤进行统计, 得到每个样本的 值, 而后确认性别信息。
实验一: 釆用上述第二组数据, 即 RA数据, 其中样本为 70 (男性)
VS 290 (女性), 釆用本发明的方法得到的错误率为 1.38%。
从图 5可以看出, 利用第一 XY非同源区域区分男女是可行的, 其 中正常值的男性样本的比值范围为 62.34338-80.8513 , 正常女性样本的 范围为 16.884035-24.253415。 由此标准, 有两个男性样本落入女性区域 中间, 三个女性样本落入男性区域中间。 判断为样本信息错误, 性别录 入有误。 另外, 女性位于异常值范围内的样本较多, 初步认为是实验污 染所致, 具体原因需要进一步研究。
实验二:: 釆用上述第二组数据, 即 307重组研究, 其中样本为 88 (男性) VS 80 (女性), 釆用本发明的方法得到的错误率为 0.5%。
从图 6同样可以看出,利用第一 XY非同源区域区分男女是可行的, 其中正常值的男性样本的比值范围为 62.30353-85.99705 , 正常女性样本 的范围为 23.557455-31.589075。 与 RA项目相比, 男性的比值范围基本 稳定, 由此标准, 有一个男性样本落入女性区域中间, 无女性样本落入 男性区域中间。 判断为样本信息错误, 性别录入有误。 此数据中有 3个 样本为异常值, 同样初步认为是实验污染所致。
2、 对于第二 XY非同源区域
适用数据类型: Y染色体上设计捕获探针的数据。
区域获得方法: 提供的数据包含在 Y染色体上设计的探针, 处理 Y 染色体上的探针区域为 lOObp的格式, 记为区域 TZ。 用区域 ΤΖ减去区 域 ΤΥ得到探针区域中的 ΧΥ非同源区域, 记为第二 ΧΥ非同源区域。
实施方法: 对 Υ染色上的 unique比对的 reads按照前述数据处理步 骤进行统计, 得到每个样本的 值, 而后确认性别信息。
实验三: 釆用上述第一组数据, 即 EXON (全基因组外显子捕获数 据), 其中样本为 145 (男性) VS 25 (女性), 釆用本发明的方法得到的 错误率为 1.17%。
由图 7可以看出, 第二 XY非同源区域同样可以区分性别。 其中正 常男性范围为 40.49876-49.71196 正常女性样本范围为 0.0-0.9673012。 无男性样本落入女性范围中, 两个女性样本落入男性范围中。 部分男性 样本为异常值, 初步判断为实验污染样本。
3、 对于 PARs区域
适用数据类型: 比对软件允许出现 repeat比对的数据, 且对 Y染色 体上是否有探针不作要求。
区域获得方法: 提取 hgl9中 Y染色体的 pseudo autosomal regions, 处理成 lOObp为单位的格式, 记为 PARs区域。
实施方法: 对 Y染色上的所有 reads (包括 repeat比对)按照前述 数据处理步骤进行统计, 得到每个样本的 值, 而后确认性别信息。
实验四: 釆用上述第一组数据, 即 EXON (全基因组外显子捕获数 据), 其中样本为 145 (男性) VS 25 (女性), 釆用本发明的方法得到的 错误率为 1.17%。
图 8与图 7应用的都是 EXON研究的数据, 得到同样的结果, 有两 个女性样本落入男性区域范围内。 图中的正常值的男性区域样本范围是 10.362235-14.012735 , 正常值女性样本范围是 76.56507-81.11711。
实验五:釆用上述第三组数据,即 307重组研究,其中样本为 88 (男 性) VS 80 (女性), 釆用本发明的方法得到的错误率为 0.5%。
图 9与图 6应用的都是 307数据, 得到的结果也相同。 一个男性样 本落入女性样本区域范围中。 其中正常值的男性样本的比值范围为 2.0461375-2.9630875 , 正常女性样本的范围为 24.340505-34.821805„ 实验六: 釆用上述第二组数据, 即 RA数据, 其中样本为 70 (男性)
VS 290 (女性), 釆用本发明的方法得到的错误率为 1.1%。
图 10与图 5同为 RA项目的数据。其中正常值的男性样本的比值范 围为 1.8148895-2.9568075 ,正常女性样本的范围为 29.943245-36.244065„ 性别判断的结果与图 1稍有不同。 图 1中有三个女性样本落入男性区域 中, 而在图 10则只有两个样本落入男性范围中, 将图 5比图 10多出的 样本记为样本 A。 图 5中的样本 A处在正常男性比值的边缘区, 可以说 这个样本偏向男性, 具体的性别还需继续确认。
以上应用了具体个例对本发明进行阐述, 只是用于帮助理解本发明 并不用以限制本发明。对于本领域的一般技术人员,依据本发明的思想, 可以对上述具体实施方式进行变化。
Claims
1. 一种样本性别鉴定方法, 其特征在于, 包括:
获取测试样本的测序结果, 将所述测序结果与参考序列进行比对, 得到比对结果;
基于所述比对结果, 计算每个样本中 Y染色体上每个固定长度的窗 口的深度和深度比例;
计算每个样本中 γ染色体上感兴趣区域的深度比例;
统计所有样本的感兴趣区域的深度比例, 根据统计的深度比例确定 每个样本的性别。
2. 如权利要求 1所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述感兴趣区域为 Y染 色体上的拟常染色体区域。
3. 如权利要求 1所述的方法, 其特征在于, 所述感兴趣区域包括第 一 XY非同源区域和第二 XY非同源区域, 所述第一 XY非同源区域为 Y 染色体无探针时 Y染色体的非 N区去除 XY同源区域后的区域,所述第二 XY非同源区域为 Y染色体有探针时 Y染色体去除 XY同源区域后的区域。
4. 如权利要求 1所述的方法,其特征在于, 所述根据统计结果确定 每个样本的性别这一步骤包括:
根据统计的所有样本的感兴趣区域的深度比例, 确定出男性范围和 女性范围, 根据每个样本的 Y染色体上感兴趣区域的深度比例落在所述 男性范围和女性范围的结果, 确定每个样本的性别。
5. 如权利要求 1所述的方法, 其特征在于, 还包括:
如果一个样本的 Y染色体上感兴趣区域的深度比例不落在所述男性 范围和女性范围, 则确定该样本为污染样本。
6. 如权利要求 1所述的方法, 其特征在于, 还包括:
根据确定出的所有样本的性别, 计算错误率, 所述错误率为性别鉴 定错误的样本数与总样本数的比值。
7. 如权利要求 1 -6任一项所述的方法,其特征在于: 所述测试样本 为基于芯片捕获的人类基因组 DNA样品。
8. 如权利要求 1 -6任一项所述的方法,其特征在于, 所述固定长度 为 1 00bp o
9. 如权利要求 1 -6任一项所述的方法,其特征在于: 所述深度是指 Y染色体每个位点的深度, 所述深度比例是指 Y染色体在一段区域的深 度占 Y染色体总深度的比值。
1 0. 一种样本性别鉴定装置, 其特征在于, 包括:
数据输入单元, 用于输入数据;
数据输出单元, 用于输出数据;
存储单元, 用于存储数据, 其中包括可执行的程序;
处理器, 与所述数据输入单元、数据输出单元及存储单元数据连接, 用于执行所述可执行的程序, 所述程序的执行包括完成如权利要求 1-9 任意一项所述的方法。
11. 一种计算机可读存储介质, 其特征在于, 用于存储供计算机执 行的程序, 所述程序的执行包括完成如权利要求 1-9任意一项所述的方 法。
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113205857A (zh) * | 2021-07-02 | 2021-08-03 | 天津诺禾致源生物信息科技有限公司 | 基因组性染色体非同源区域的鉴定方法和装置 |
| CN113793641A (zh) * | 2021-09-29 | 2021-12-14 | 苏州赛美科基因科技有限公司 | 一种从fastq文件中快速判断样本性别的方法 |
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| DAVID R. BENTLE Y ET AL.: "Accurate whole human genome sequencing using reversible terminator chemistry", NATURE, vol. 456, no. 7218, 6 November 2008 (2008-11-06), pages 53 - 59 * |
| SONGLIN CHEN ET AL.: "Whole-genome sequence of a flatfish provides insights into ZW sex chromosome evolution and adaptation to a benthic lifestyle", NATURE GENETICS, vol. 46, no. 3, 2 February 2014 (2014-02-02) * |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113205857A (zh) * | 2021-07-02 | 2021-08-03 | 天津诺禾致源生物信息科技有限公司 | 基因组性染色体非同源区域的鉴定方法和装置 |
| CN113205857B (zh) * | 2021-07-02 | 2021-09-28 | 天津诺禾致源生物信息科技有限公司 | 基因组性染色体非同源区域的鉴定方法和装置 |
| CN113793641A (zh) * | 2021-09-29 | 2021-12-14 | 苏州赛美科基因科技有限公司 | 一种从fastq文件中快速判断样本性别的方法 |
| CN113793641B (zh) * | 2021-09-29 | 2023-11-28 | 苏州赛美科基因科技有限公司 | 一种从fastq文件中快速判断样本性别的方法 |
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