WO2015136415A1 - Pale à profil adaptatif - Google Patents

Pale à profil adaptatif Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015136415A1
WO2015136415A1 PCT/IB2015/051604 IB2015051604W WO2015136415A1 WO 2015136415 A1 WO2015136415 A1 WO 2015136415A1 IB 2015051604 W IB2015051604 W IB 2015051604W WO 2015136415 A1 WO2015136415 A1 WO 2015136415A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
blade
profile
wind turbine
towards
rotor
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2015/051604
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Anton MITTERRUTZNER
Ernesto Frassinelli
Original Assignee
Mitterrutzner Anton
Ernesto Frassinelli
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mitterrutzner Anton, Ernesto Frassinelli filed Critical Mitterrutzner Anton
Publication of WO2015136415A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015136415A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/06—Rotors
    • F03D1/0608—Rotors characterised by their aerodynamic shape
    • F03D1/0633—Rotors characterised by their aerodynamic shape of the blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/06—Rotors
    • F03D1/065—Rotors characterised by their construction elements
    • F03D1/0675—Rotors characterised by their construction elements of the blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/20—Rotors
    • F05B2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2250/00—Geometry
    • F05B2250/02—Geometry variable
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/96—Preventing, counteracting or reducing vibration or noise
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2280/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05B2280/30—Inorganic materials not otherwise provided for
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an adaptive profile blade which may be used, for example, to form a rotor for a wind turbine, with laminar axial flow, using renewable energy sources.
  • Wind turbines are known which are formed essentially of a blade rotor and an electric generator, mechanically coupled by means of a motor shaft, and provided with streamlined surfaces or, more recently, surfaces boosted by electromechanical actuators, adapted to align the structure correctly to the wind.
  • the shaft of the electric motor is dragged into rotation by the blade rotor, when the latter is hit by an axial air flow.
  • An essential condition of all wind turbines is that they have to be installed in windy areas and to be provided, in general, with large-sized blades in order to be sufficiently profitable in energy terms, with inevitable problems of environmental impact, both visual and noise-related.
  • Wind turbine rotor blade with in-plane sweep and devices using same, and method for making same describes a rotor and wind turbine blades with the characteristic of being bendable along the longitudinal axis as a function of the wind, causing an adaptive deformation.
  • the object is eliminating undesired vibrations and torsions of the blade which compromise its integrity and which oppose the effect of the wind flow rate.
  • the object of the present invention is the manufacture of a wind turbine blade for an axial laminar flow wind turbine able to improve energy performance, extending use of the currently known wind energy sources to other categories of users at limited costs.
  • a further object of the present invention is identifying a streamlined profile which allows the noise level of the blade in operation to be reduced.
  • a further object of the invention is providing a blade, which may be used in all wind conditions, at variable or constant flow, where the rotary motion is induced also in a breeze, which hits an individual blade of the system.
  • a further object of the invention is developing a blade, which may be used for all fluid types, therefore including ship propulsion fluid.
  • A is the section of the air flow tube considered.
  • the change in pressure on the disc may therefore be defined as
  • a slowdown of the wind occurs half in the section upstream and half in the section downstream of the actuator disc.
  • the power captured by the blade may be expressed as the force exerted by the wind F multiplied by its incident speed v:
  • the maximum value of C P is 0.59, which basically means that the maximum power which may be extracted, theoretically, from an air current with an ideal wind turbine cannot exceed 59% of the available power of the incident wind.
  • TSR Tip Speed Ratio
  • ⁇ the ratio between the tangential speed at the end of the blades and the speed of the wind entering the flow tube: where ⁇ is the angular velocity and R is the rotor radius.
  • the ratio between ⁇ and Cp is indicated by the shape of the curve of Fig.2.
  • ⁇ -Cp depends on the Pitch angle. If the Pitch angle is maintained constant, the following considerations may be made:
  • the optimal TSR depends on the number of blades and the lower the number of blades, the higher will be the speed at which said blades must rotate in order to extract the maximum power from the wind (increased TSR);
  • Fig. 1 , 1a shows a preferred embodiment of the invention, wherein 6 blades are used with a maximum diameter (0) not exceeding 1000 mm., each blade being characterised by an original streamlined profile, as will be described in detail below, and also by the capacity to be automatically adapted to the wind conditions at the time. Furthermore, in combination with the characteristics of the specific profile, the blade according to the present invention allows optimisation of the tangential flow of fluid by means of the particular shape and configuration of the rotor leading base.
  • the base of the blade has, in fact, a cylindrical-hemispherical shape with extrusion of the airfoil profile which, acting on the axial laminar flow to the blade, separates it into two currents, of which the first is compressed and runs along the rotor nose (Fig.2, 2a), while the second presses on the albeit minimum pressure surface of the tail of the emerging profile (Fig.2, 2b).
  • This has a considerable advantage: the air which normally hits the rotor nose forms vortices; by means of the opposing action of the tail, said vortices are flattened towards said rotor nose, thus creating a combined action with the hemisphere of the base, which allows the contribution of flows transiting in said zone to be actively used, which increases system performance. This does not occur in any other system in the prior art.
  • the laminar section of the blade has a "concave convex laminar" profile, which may be designated mathematically as NACA 4317 (Fig. Xa), which, in the example shown, starts with a chord of around 100 mm. at the base of the blade and, not exclusively referring to this alternative, ends with an asymmetrical rounded profile.
  • NACA 4317 Fig. Xa
  • the figure shows in grey the section of a NACA 4412 profile superimposed on the one described here.
  • the NACA radial laminar profile is extruded with fractal geometry, not perfectly linear, starting from the base, in which it is embedded, along a curved axis almost to the apical end, where it becomes a rounded asymmetrical rectangle (Fig. Xb).
  • the curved axis along which the radial profile, both streamlined and flat/curved, is extruded has a three-dimensional trajectory, which is, in any case, definable in two dimensions as a catenary arch or hyperbolic cosine (Fig. Xc).
  • section profile and related chord in extension of the blade, have a progressive scaled reduction (not uniform), from the root to the tip, along the "semi-arched catenary " curved axis of its leading edge, adapting the crossing section of the laminar flow to compensate for centrifugation of the laminar flow, caused by rotation of the propeller, to obtain maximum propulsion (Fig.2, 2c-2d-2e).
  • the undulation extends in the direction of the intrados on a surface equal to 1/4-1/5 of the blade width. This is highlighted in particular in the detail circled on figure 2 and may be further appreciated in the view of the extrados in figure 6.
  • This undulation of the section profile acts as a "flow spoiler" (bilateral) which, by re-directing the current at that point (Fig.2, 2f) with respect to the rest of the blade, generates a compression on the underlying streamlined layers (Fig.2, 2c-2d-2e), of both the intrados and the extrados, and, by re-directing them towards the base of the blade, increases its performance.
  • Said torsion of the profile also generates further depression of the outgoing flows at the end of the blade, channelling them towards the wing end along the median axis of the exit edge (Fig.2, 2g), reducing both induced drag and the noise caused by the vortices.
  • This profile is the result of lengthy assessment of all the aerodynamic parameters discussed above, which allowed the effect of changing the lift ratio rising towards the tip and causing inversion of the streamlined profile to be obtained, thus passing, for example, from a positive NACA to a negative one.
  • An important aspect to emphasise, which is obtained where torsion occurs, is the effective elimination of the vortices which usually form at the end of the blade (like what occurs at the wing tip of an aircraft), due to exiting of tangential flows to the bearing surface along the axis.
  • the particular profile with curling also allows a high "tip speed ratio" (TSR) value to be obtained, indicated previously, since there is no stall point and no loss of lift occurs. This leads to an efficiency which is considerably higher than for conventional systems and therefore leads to a very high value of the power coefficient Cp initially mentioned, with noise levels during operation always reduced to a minimum, in terms of both dB and the frequencies produced.
  • the blade according to the present invention allows the blade according to the present invention to be adapted to all wind conditions, since, on the one hand, it amplifies the effects thereof due to the shape of the leading base and to the laminar profile forming it, while, on the other, it prevents propulsive dissipation and loss of thrust at the tip, avoiding, through curling of the profile, the formation of counter-productive vortices.
  • the wind turbine blade may be formed of materials with high plasticity, and therefore capable of adapting the original "idle" structure to the wind conditions at that time and in that place.
  • Any wind turbine blade when subjected to fluid-dynamic pressure, flexes elastically along its longitudinal axis with a curve conditional upon both its structure and the material of which it is made, varying its energy performance.
  • the structure of the blade according to the invention has been designed to deform to a minimum extent at the base, to a greater extent in the middle-high section and once again to a minimum extent at the end, in order to exploit the disturbed flow typical of windiness to the maximum.
  • the blade When the blade is subjected to a fluid- dynamic pressure, it performs a longitudinal angular rotational flexure in the area between half and 3/4 of its longitudinal axis, adapting to the streamlined pressure of the tip and the moment (Fig. 3).
  • Elastic deformation of said blade maximum if made of variously plastic materials or minimum if made of rigid monolithic materials, is affected principally by its geometrical structure and indicated by the theoretical crossing sections of the streamlined flow shown in Figs. 3a, 3b, 3c.
  • the propeller does, in fact, start to rotate with aerodynamic streamlined flow of 1 m/s and up to 5 m/s, but the blade does not suffer appreciable deformations (Fig.3, 3a), while from 5 to 10 m/s it flexes considerably towards a median point (Fig.3, 3b), and from 10 to 15 m/s it flexes further to reach the maximum operating deformation (Fig.3, 3c).
  • the end of the blade rotates progressively from the minimum position to the intermediate position with an angular flexure of the intermediate part of 20°, along the chord longitudinal axis, and ends by reaching the maximum position with an angular flexure of around a further 20°.
  • the semi-apical curling of the blade acting as a flow spoiler, forces angular rotation of the blade with respect to the rotor axis, increasing by 21 ° in idle conditions or at low speeds (Fig. 4a), by a further 20° at average speeds (Fig. 4b), then further increasing its angle by another 19° at the highest speeds (Fig. 4c).
  • the blade may be "elastic", if made of variously plastic composite materials, or "stiff", or less elastic, if made of minimally plastic or completely non-plastic monolithic materials.
  • the general structure despite maintaining the longitudinal profile dimensions and curves, both two-dimensional and three-dimensional, may have both a radial laminar profile section and a flat/curved radial profile section.
  • the flat/curved radial profile section is more economical and the most suitable in the presence of minimally disturbed or undisturbed linear flows, preferably intubated, both in a receiving and propulsive function, despite the inevitable penalisation of development of the energy curve caused by the different stall speed.
  • a possible loss of efficiency is compensated, in any case, by no reduction in the area swept by the propeller which, starting with a nominal diameter of 0 mm. 1000 (Fig. 4a) in idle conditions, is reduced, with "elastic" rotational flexure, to 0 mm. 982 (Fig. 4b, -1.8%) at average speeds, and to 0 mm. 950 (Fig. 4c, -5%) at the highest speeds. All the numbers indicated in the present figures are in millimetres.
  • the blade In order to guarantee operation as indicated above, the blade must have a structure which may be stiff in certain areas and elastic in others, and therefore be made of a material which is plastic (Fig.5, 5a), elastic (Fig.5, 5b) and stiff (Fig.5, 5c).
  • the blade is decisively heavier than others of the same dimensions, but even if the weight of a complete propeller bears for around 1/3 on the weight of the complete turbine, it gives the propeller rotating in a disturbed environment an inertia which regulates its operation and a gyroscopic effect which amortises the fluttering of the entire turbine.
  • a wind turbine blade as described above, has its optimal composition using 6 elements, anchored to a hub careened by a rotor nose, for a propeller with a disc having a maximum diameter (0) of mm. 1000 (Fig.1 , 1a), all fitted directly onto the electric motor shaft, and in the total absence of epicycloid multipliers.
  • a wind turbine blade thus configured is able to obtain the energy results described in the table in figurelO, where a comparison is made on the basis of the power supplied, with the system in the prior art called Air X 400, which has similar dimensions and uses. As may be seen from the value in Watt with wind conditions of 5 - 7 m/s (typical conditions), performance of the system according to the present invention is double. From a structural viewpoint, the blade according to the present invention is innovative because:
  • the outer structure of the blade (Fig.5, 5a) is designed, preferably but not necessarily, in plastic material to resist light collisions and therefore to prevent, or at least reduce to a minimum, static or dynamic adhesion of any foreign body (animal, vegetable or inert) and to limit any surface abrasions, which could alter the aerodynamics and balancing of the blade, with an inevitable reduction of performance;
  • the inner structure of the blade (Fig.5, 5b-5c) is designed in plastic and stiff material to resist heavy collisions, without deforming permanently, such as impacts with birds, or other objects carried by the wind, or in the presence of particularly adverse wind conditions.
  • the blade according to the present invention is innovative because:
  • the particular profile and the material used limit the noise levels of the rotor to the extent that it is indistinguishable from the noise produced by the streamlined flow, particularly at the highest speeds; - the rotor diameter of mm. 1000, combined with the entire structure height of mm. 1500, allows its legal use (in many countries) for residential, general environmental and marine craft, adapting it to regulations governing radio-television structures.
  • the blade according to the present invention has been described, according to a preferred embodiment, as characterised by a particular NACA section which proved to be particularly advantageous. However, the blade maintains all the advantages indicated above even when the section is laminar.
  • the wind turbine blade with a flat profile section in order to avoid possible reduction of energy performance, noise emission and resilience, is characterised by slight arching of the median axis of the profile, progressively extending along the longitudinal axis of the blade (Fig. 7, 7b), and dynamic rounding of the leading and exit edges of the blade (Fig. 7, 7c).
  • This variant is a simpler and more economical alternative for use in laminar or minimally disturbed flow conditions, typical of small or sheltered environments, in a fixed position and preferably intubated.
  • a typical application may be, for example, on fans for interiors or cooling fans in general (computers, electrical household appliances in general, air conditioning systems, etc.).
  • the blade according to the present invention due to its profile and performance characteristics, may have a propulsive application, such as a ship propeller blade, and therefore underwater use.
  • NACA streamlined section blade
  • laminar section blade the following materials, for example, may be used:
  • Laminar profile blade body formed of:

Abstract

Pale à profil adaptatif pour rotor à écoulement axial, la base d'attaque située au niveau du nez de rotor ayant une forme hémisphérique-cylindrique, et le profil longitudinal de la pale étant est une caténaire semi-arquée et s'étendant, sur le côté intrados, selon une courbe coplanaire à la pale elle-même, tandis que sur le côté extrados, au 3/4 d'extension de la pale vers la pointe, il est caractérisé par la présence d'une ondulation en forme de "V" qui sort du plan de pale vers l'intrados, entre 20° et 30°, puis ré-entre vers l'extrados, et s'étend vers l'intrados sur une surface égale à 1/4-1/5 de la largeur de la pale.
PCT/IB2015/051604 2014-03-13 2015-03-05 Pale à profil adaptatif WO2015136415A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ITBZ2014U000002U ITBZ20140002U1 (it) 2014-03-13 2014-03-13 Pala eolica a profilo adattivo in grado di modificare la propria struttura in base alla pressione aerodinamica che la investe, alle caratteristiche climatiche e meteorologiche del sito di installazione e, componendo con uno o piu' elementi un singolo rotore, dotare un generatore micro-eolico con asse di rotazione paralleo al flusso aerodinamico.
ITBZ2014U000002 2014-03-13

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2015136415A1 true WO2015136415A1 (fr) 2015-09-17

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PCT/IB2015/051604 WO2015136415A1 (fr) 2014-03-13 2015-03-05 Pale à profil adaptatif

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IT (1) ITBZ20140002U1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2015136415A1 (fr)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT202100018509A1 (it) 2021-07-14 2023-01-14 Biofficina Srls Bevanda funzionale con effetti benefici sulla sindrome metabolica

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040013512A1 (en) 2000-06-28 2004-01-22 Corten Gustave Paul Blade of a wind turbine
US20060067828A1 (en) 2004-09-29 2006-03-30 Wetzel Kyle K Wind turbine rotor blade with in-plane sweep and devices using same, and method for making same
DE102006043462A1 (de) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-27 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Aerodynamisches Bauteil mit einer gewellten Hinterkante
EP2258943A2 (fr) 2003-04-28 2010-12-08 Aloys Wobben Profil d'une pale de rotor d'une éolienne
US20100329879A1 (en) * 2009-06-03 2010-12-30 Presz Jr Walter M Wind turbine blades with mixer lobes
EP2270312A1 (fr) * 2009-07-01 2011-01-05 PEM-Energy Oy Construction aréo- ou hydrodynamique
US20130064663A1 (en) 2011-06-21 2013-03-14 University Of Virginia Patent Foundation Morphing segmented wind turbine and related method
US20130315746A1 (en) * 2012-05-26 2013-11-28 Sinomatech Wind Power Blade Co., Ltd. Wind blades and producing method thereof
WO2015016704A1 (fr) * 2013-07-30 2015-02-05 Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland Pale de rotor d'éolienne et champ d'éoliennes

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040013512A1 (en) 2000-06-28 2004-01-22 Corten Gustave Paul Blade of a wind turbine
EP2258943A2 (fr) 2003-04-28 2010-12-08 Aloys Wobben Profil d'une pale de rotor d'une éolienne
US20060067828A1 (en) 2004-09-29 2006-03-30 Wetzel Kyle K Wind turbine rotor blade with in-plane sweep and devices using same, and method for making same
DE102006043462A1 (de) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-27 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Aerodynamisches Bauteil mit einer gewellten Hinterkante
US20100329879A1 (en) * 2009-06-03 2010-12-30 Presz Jr Walter M Wind turbine blades with mixer lobes
EP2270312A1 (fr) * 2009-07-01 2011-01-05 PEM-Energy Oy Construction aréo- ou hydrodynamique
US20130064663A1 (en) 2011-06-21 2013-03-14 University Of Virginia Patent Foundation Morphing segmented wind turbine and related method
US20130315746A1 (en) * 2012-05-26 2013-11-28 Sinomatech Wind Power Blade Co., Ltd. Wind blades and producing method thereof
WO2015016704A1 (fr) * 2013-07-30 2015-02-05 Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland Pale de rotor d'éolienne et champ d'éoliennes

Non-Patent Citations (3)

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Title
ANDERSEN ET AL.: "Load alleviation on wind turbine blades using variable airfoil geometry", WIND ENERGY DEPT. DK
NETO ET AL.: "Composite Rotor Blades Design of a Wind Turbine Using Flexible Multibody Modelling", STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS CONFERENCE, 2008
OOGEDORN ET AL.: "Aero-elastic behavior of a flexible blade for wind turbine application: a 2D computational study", ENERGY, vol. 35, February 2010 (2010-02-01), pages 2

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