WO2015095483A1 - Modified helminth - Google Patents
Modified helminth Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2015095483A1 WO2015095483A1 PCT/US2014/071088 US2014071088W WO2015095483A1 WO 2015095483 A1 WO2015095483 A1 WO 2015095483A1 US 2014071088 W US2014071088 W US 2014071088W WO 2015095483 A1 WO2015095483 A1 WO 2015095483A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- tapeworm
- modified
- providing
- host
- pharmaceuticals
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/56—Materials from animals other than mammals
- A61K35/62—Leeches; Worms, e.g. cestodes, tapeworms, nematodes, roundworms, earth worms, ascarids, filarias, hookworms, trichinella or taenia
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New breeds of animals
- A01K67/033—Rearing or breeding invertebrates; New breeds of invertebrates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
- A61P33/10—Anthelmintics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New breeds of animals
- A01K67/033—Rearing or breeding invertebrates; New breeds of invertebrates
- A01K67/0333—Genetically modified invertebrates, e.g. transgenic, polyploid
- A01K67/0335—Genetically modified worms
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to modification of members of the helminth genus, including helminths commonly known as tapeworms, to achieve certain objectives, and, more particularly, to modify a tapeworm to accomplish medically useful results.
- Tapeworms have been used in their naturally occurring form in certain foreign countries to induce weight loss.
- One procedure involves a subject intentionally being infested with a tapeworm as found in nature. At a later point in time, the subject ingests a suitable pharmaceutical to cause such tapeworm to die.
- the tapeworm may cause unintended and potentially devastating complications.
- One such complication, particularly devastating, known as cystercercosis is a disease caused by eggs of the tapeworm being released during its residency within the intestinal tract of the host, and such eggs or resultant cystes then infesting the host's stomach or invading the blood stream through the stomach wall.
- a tapeworm modified by suitable techniques for use in treating medical conditions or human diseases, such as obesity, asthma, diabetes, or other inflammatory conditions.
- the modified tapeworm is introduced in cyst form into a human host in order to encourage weight loss or to treat obesity.
- related methods of modifying the tapeworm are also contemplated herein.
- This disclosure relates to a process for altering the physiology, genetics, or other characteristics of a tapeworm of the Helminth genus.
- the alteration process may be accomplished in a variety of different manners, including drugs, radiation, or genetic manipulation, for example.
- the tapeworm proceeds through different developmental phases, including egg, cyst, and eventually into adult, worm- form, and that when this disclosure refers to altering, modifying or providing a tapeworm, such reference includes the tapeworm in any of its phases, whether egg, cyst, or adult form unless the context specifically indicates otherwise.
- the present processes for altering or modifying a tapeworm for use in a parasitic treatment may be distinguished from methods wherein an organism is harvested or assayed to obtain a whole or partial extract of nonliving biological material. That is, the presently described processes, modified tapeworms, and uses thereof, relate to modified and modification of living organisms resulting in a first modified living organism comprising a modified tapeworm, whether in egg, larval or adult form. In various implementations, the first modified living organism is further usable in living form to parasitically treat a second living organism, e.g., a human patient.
- One preferred alteration or manipulation of the tapeworm is one which causes such tapeworm to be sterile, that is, unable to produce functional eggs.
- the tapeworm may be sterile prior to being received in the host or may be subsequently modified in situ to a sterile state, which may be permanent or temporary.
- In situ modification of the tapeworm may comprise, for example, ingestion or injection of chemical or biological agent, such as a drug or pharmaceutical, configured to cause or promote the sterile state.
- the tapeworm is rendered sterile via radiation, chemical or biological agents, or modulation of a genetic mechanism or pathway, e.g., resulting in an enzymatic dysfunction or a misregulation of gene expression.
- the tapeworm is genetically modified, recombinantly, for example, or is a member of an artificially created and maintained linage of genetically modified tapeworm of or derived from the Helminth genus comprising sterilized or sterilizable members.
- Such tapeworms may be modified, for example, to comprise a predetermined susceptibility to radiation, chemical or biological agent, or other trigger resulting in an inability of the tapeworm to produce or release functional or viable eggs.
- the genetically modified linage comprises a transgenic linage comprising a germline modification including, for example, a knockout or conditional knockout directly or indirectly resulting in sterility.
- the modification comprises a permanent or transient knockdown effectively imparting permanent or transient sterility.
- the knockdown is continuous or triggered by environmental conditions, e.g., chemical or biological, or developmental stages.
- the tapeworm is modified for readily inducible silencing of genes or products, e.g., regulatory genes, transcription factors, or enzymes, relevant to production or release of functional eggs.
- tapeworms may be modified as described above to produce sterile offspring.
- the tapeworm is modified, e.g., by genetic manipulation, to comprise a predetermined susceptibility to radiation, a chemical or biological agent, or otherwise be triggerable to produce sterile offspring.
- treatment of the host comprises receiving the sterile offspring so produced.
- the worm's activities would not result in eggs being released within the host, and thus would not risk cystercercosis, or run the risk of infecting others when expelled through stool and progressing into intermediate hosts.
- the developmental programming is configured to regulate the growth or place temporal limitations on the life expectancy of the tapeworm.
- the tapeworm is modified so that it dies after a set amount of time, grows more slowly, or stops growing after a set length or set amount of time.
- the tapeworm may be modified such that its rate of growth or development is differentially modulated.
- the tapeworm may be programmed to up or down regulate growth at one or more times or periods of development.
- the tapeworm is programmed to up or down regulate growth in response to an environmental condition, e.g., a triggering event, in which it resides, such as the presence or absence of a chemical or biological agent.
- a triggering event in which it resides, such as the presence or absence of a chemical or biological agent.
- the genetic modification or other alteration causes the life span or growth limitations to unfold over a desired period of time, such as one year. Whatever period of time is able to be imparted to the tapeworm, the preprogrammed demise of the tapeworm or limitations on its growth or growth rate would reduce the risk of complications associated with ingesting a tapeworm, such as obstruction, and would likewise alleviate the eventual removal or passage of the tapeworm out of the body.
- additional manners of modification may include use of an intermediate host to cause or trigger modification of the tapeworm.
- the intermediate host may be induced to cause the release or alteration of the tapeworm, e.g., sterility or developmental programming.
- the intermediate host may be modified or induced to produce, provide, or deliver the trigger to cause or initiate the sterility or developmental programming.
- the intermediate host may be modified genetically or otherwise to, in-turn, alter or modify the tapeworm.
- the intermediate host may also be modified or treated with a chemical or biological agent.
- the chemical or biological agent may comprise a drug configured to cause an alteration or modification of a characteristic of the tapeworm using the machinery of the intermediate host as the vehicle.
- the intermediate host comprises a carrier of the tapeworm in a cyst phase.
- the intermediate host which may or may not be modified as described above, may be treated with the drug to cause alteration of a characteristic of the tapeworm in a larval phase.
- a suitably modified tapeworm may find application in treating human diseases, such as obesity or other weight loss, diabetes, asthma, or other inflammatory diseases.
- the tapeworm is administered to the host in cyst form, by ingestion or otherwise. After the host receives the cyst, it will be appreciated that the resulting tapeworm, by consuming food within the gastrointestinal system of a host, would induce weight loss in such host, and have any attendant benefits associated with such weight loss, while minimizing some of the aforementioned disadvantages and side effects.
- the treatment of other human diseases is also contemplated by the administration of the tapeworm in cyst form.
- Still further manipulations may include not only sterility, but sterility under certain conditions (such as when ingested), but also reproductive capabilities (including the ability to produce functional eggs) when outside the host. It is also possible that offspring may be caused to be sterile in some manner by suitable manipulation of the parent tapeworm. Further characteristics of the tapeworm may also be modified, including the ability for the tapeworm to be absorbed by the human host through digestion, ingestion of certain drugs, or through exposure to other aspects of the gastrointestinal environment. Modification of the physical characteristics of the tapeworm may also be accomplished, such as its toughness, tensile strength, or other properties so as to be more readily digested, including sensitivity or receptivity to the host's ingesting certain drugs, and the like.
- a related aspect of the present disclosure is to develop pharmaceuticals or other compositions which manipulate the functions of the host human, such as the gastrointestinal processees, so as to make ingestion of the tapeworm safer of more effective at addressing weight loss issues.
- the modification of the pH of the stomach such as by eliminating acid, may be found to reduce the risk of developing cystercercosis.
- Administration of such pharmaceutical may be by injection, ingestion, or any other suitable means.
Abstract
A tapeworm is suitably modified to reduce side effects and complications when ingested by a host. The tapeworm characteristics are modified so that such modified tapeworm is useful for treating human diseases, such as weight loss, treatment of obesity, asthma, and other inflammatory diseases, while also reducing risk of cystercercosis. Modifications of the tapeworm are accomplished by means any of a variety of exposures to drugs or pharmaceuticals, radiation of suitable wavelength, whether heat, ultraviolet, and the like, and/or genetic manipulation. One possible modification of the tapeworm is to make it sterile by any of the above means, so that eggs are not released when the tapeworm is resident within the host's gastrointestinal tract. Other alterations could include creating a limited life span, limited maximum length, or limited growth rate of the tapeworm, or otherwise manipulating its physiology so it would be vulnerable to drugs which kill or dissolve it more readily when present in the host's gastrointestinal system.
Description
MODIFIED HELMINTH
[0001] The present disclosure relates to modification of members of the helminth genus, including helminths commonly known as tapeworms, to achieve certain objectives, and, more particularly, to modify a tapeworm to accomplish medically useful results.
Background
[0002] Tapeworms have been used in their naturally occurring form in certain foreign countries to induce weight loss. One procedure involves a subject intentionally being infested with a tapeworm as found in nature. At a later point in time, the subject ingests a suitable pharmaceutical to cause such tapeworm to die.
[0003] During the time that the tapeworm is resident in the host, the tapeworm may cause unintended and potentially devastating complications. One such complication, particularly devastating, known as cystercercosis, is a disease caused by eggs of the tapeworm being released during its residency within the intestinal tract of the host, and such eggs or resultant cystes then infesting the host's stomach or invading the blood stream through the stomach wall.
[0004] Other potential complications relate to the possibility of eggs being shed in the stool of infected individuals re-infect other humans, generally by the tapeworms shed from one human entering the food chain through livestock intermediaries which pass the tapeworms to other humans.
[0005] Yet another drawback to current techniques is that the worm's activities, while inducing weight-loss, can cause malnutrition.
[0006] The current practice of subsequently taking a drug to kill the parasite may be distasteful to certain people who may otherwise contemplate the treatment. There is likely the possibility that the tapeworm could to grow to as long as thirty feet, which could take hours to expel and thus present a significant unpleasant experience to potential users.
Summary
[0007] A tapeworm modified by suitable techniques is disclosed for use in treating medical conditions or human diseases, such as obesity, asthma, diabetes, or other inflammatory conditions. In one application, the modified tapeworm is introduced in cyst form into a human host in order to encourage weight loss or to treat obesity. Also disclosed
are related methods of modifying the tapeworm. Related changes to the physiology of the host are likewise contemplated herein.
Detailed Description
[0008] This disclosure relates to a process for altering the physiology, genetics, or other characteristics of a tapeworm of the Helminth genus. The alteration process may be accomplished in a variety of different manners, including drugs, radiation, or genetic manipulation, for example. It should likewise be appreciated that the tapeworm proceeds through different developmental phases, including egg, cyst, and eventually into adult, worm- form, and that when this disclosure refers to altering, modifying or providing a tapeworm, such reference includes the tapeworm in any of its phases, whether egg, cyst, or adult form unless the context specifically indicates otherwise. As such, the present processes for altering or modifying a tapeworm for use in a parasitic treatment may be distinguished from methods wherein an organism is harvested or assayed to obtain a whole or partial extract of nonliving biological material. That is, the presently described processes, modified tapeworms, and uses thereof, relate to modified and modification of living organisms resulting in a first modified living organism comprising a modified tapeworm, whether in egg, larval or adult form. In various implementations, the first modified living organism is further usable in living form to parasitically treat a second living organism, e.g., a human patient.
[0009] One preferred alteration or manipulation of the tapeworm is one which causes such tapeworm to be sterile, that is, unable to produce functional eggs. For example, the tapeworm may be sterile prior to being received in the host or may be subsequently modified in situ to a sterile state, which may be permanent or temporary. In situ modification of the tapeworm may comprise, for example, ingestion or injection of chemical or biological agent, such as a drug or pharmaceutical, configured to cause or promote the sterile state. In some forms, the tapeworm is rendered sterile via radiation, chemical or biological agents, or modulation of a genetic mechanism or pathway, e.g., resulting in an enzymatic dysfunction or a misregulation of gene expression. In various forms, the tapeworm is genetically modified, recombinantly, for example, or is a member of an artificially created and maintained linage of genetically modified tapeworm of or derived from the Helminth genus comprising sterilized or sterilizable members. Such tapeworms may be modified, for example, to comprise a predetermined susceptibility to radiation, chemical or biological agent, or other trigger resulting in an inability of the tapeworm to produce or release functional or viable eggs. In some forms, the genetically modified linage comprises a transgenic linage comprising a
germline modification including, for example, a knockout or conditional knockout directly or indirectly resulting in sterility. In one form, the modification comprises a permanent or transient knockdown effectively imparting permanent or transient sterility. In one form, the knockdown is continuous or triggered by environmental conditions, e.g., chemical or biological, or developmental stages. In certain forms, the tapeworm is modified for readily inducible silencing of genes or products, e.g., regulatory genes, transcription factors, or enzymes, relevant to production or release of functional eggs. In various forms, tapeworms may be modified as described above to produce sterile offspring. Further, in one form, the tapeworm is modified, e.g., by genetic manipulation, to comprise a predetermined susceptibility to radiation, a chemical or biological agent, or otherwise be triggerable to produce sterile offspring. For example, in one implementation, treatment of the host comprises receiving the sterile offspring so produced. As such, the worm's activities would not result in eggs being released within the host, and thus would not risk cystercercosis, or run the risk of infecting others when expelled through stool and progressing into intermediate hosts.
[0010] Another possible alteration or modification of the tapeworm would be to use genetic manipulation, chemical or biological agents, such as drugs or pharmaceuticals, or radiation, as listed previously, to impart developmental programming to the tapeworm. In various forms, the developmental programming is configured to regulate the growth or place temporal limitations on the life expectancy of the tapeworm. For example, in some forms, the tapeworm is modified so that it dies after a set amount of time, grows more slowly, or stops growing after a set length or set amount of time. Further, the tapeworm may be modified such that its rate of growth or development is differentially modulated. For example, in one form, the tapeworm may be programmed to up or down regulate growth at one or more times or periods of development. In one form, the tapeworm is programmed to up or down regulate growth in response to an environmental condition, e.g., a triggering event, in which it resides, such as the presence or absence of a chemical or biological agent. In one form, the genetic modification or other alteration causes the life span or growth limitations to unfold over a desired period of time, such as one year. Whatever period of time is able to be imparted to the tapeworm, the preprogrammed demise of the tapeworm or limitations on its growth or growth rate would reduce the risk of complications associated with ingesting a tapeworm, such as obstruction, and would likewise alleviate the eventual removal or passage of the tapeworm out of the body.
[0011] In addition to modification of the tapeworm as described above, additional manners of modification may include use of an intermediate host to cause or trigger modification of the tapeworm. For example, the intermediate host may be induced to cause the release or alteration of the tapeworm, e.g., sterility or developmental programming. In various forms, the intermediate host may be modified or induced to produce, provide, or deliver the trigger to cause or initiate the sterility or developmental programming. As such, the intermediate host may be modified genetically or otherwise to, in-turn, alter or modify the tapeworm. In certain forms, the intermediate host may also be modified or treated with a chemical or biological agent. The chemical or biological agent may comprise a drug configured to cause an alteration or modification of a characteristic of the tapeworm using the machinery of the intermediate host as the vehicle. For example, in one form, the intermediate host comprises a carrier of the tapeworm in a cyst phase. The intermediate host, which may or may not be modified as described above, may be treated with the drug to cause alteration of a characteristic of the tapeworm in a larval phase.
[0012] A suitably modified tapeworm, as described above, may find application in treating human diseases, such as obesity or other weight loss, diabetes, asthma, or other inflammatory diseases. In one implementation, the tapeworm is administered to the host in cyst form, by ingestion or otherwise. After the host receives the cyst, it will be appreciated that the resulting tapeworm, by consuming food within the gastrointestinal system of a host, would induce weight loss in such host, and have any attendant benefits associated with such weight loss, while minimizing some of the aforementioned disadvantages and side effects. The treatment of other human diseases is also contemplated by the administration of the tapeworm in cyst form.
[0013] By assuring that the tapeworm dies after a set period of time or grows more slowly or stops growing, the risk of malnutrition is likewise reduced. As such, the use of such an altered or modified tapeworm could be a valuable tool in treating human diseases, including obesity. It should be understood that the manipulations by drugs, radiation, or genetic manipulations are mentioned in the general sense, and intended to include any of the variety of radiant energies, such as heat, light, sound, etc., any number of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, or other compounds which may affect the characteristics of the tapeworm, and any number of genetic manipulation techniques.
[0014] Still further manipulations may include not only sterility, but sterility under certain conditions (such as when ingested), but also reproductive capabilities (including the ability to produce functional eggs) when outside the host. It is also possible that offspring may be
caused to be sterile in some manner by suitable manipulation of the parent tapeworm. Further characteristics of the tapeworm may also be modified, including the ability for the tapeworm to be absorbed by the human host through digestion, ingestion of certain drugs, or through exposure to other aspects of the gastrointestinal environment. Modification of the physical characteristics of the tapeworm may also be accomplished, such as its toughness, tensile strength, or other properties so as to be more readily digested, including sensitivity or receptivity to the host's ingesting certain drugs, and the like.
[0015] A related aspect of the present disclosure is to develop pharmaceuticals or other compositions which manipulate the functions of the host human, such as the gastrointestinal processees, so as to make ingestion of the tapeworm safer of more effective at addressing weight loss issues. As just one example, the modification of the pH of the stomach, such as by eliminating acid, may be found to reduce the risk of developing cystercercosis. Administration of such pharmaceutical may be by injection, ingestion, or any other suitable means.
Claims
1. A modified tapeworm, in which at least one of the following characteristics are present:
sterility, pre-programmed life span, reduced growth rate, maximum growth rate, sensitivity to exposure to certain drugs ingested by the host.
2. The tapeworm of claim 1, wherein at least one of the characteristics of the tapeworm have been modified by at least one of the following processes:
exposing the tapeworm to certain chemicals, compounds, or pharmaceuticals, whether through ingestion by the host or by application of any of the foregoing to the tapeworm;
exposure of the tapeworm to radiation or radiant energy of any suitable wavelength; and
genetic manipulation of the tapeworm.
3. A method of altering the physiology of a tapeworm to render it sterile and thereby incapable of depositing eggs when ingested by a human, the alteration of the tapeworm being accomplished by at least one of the following processees:
exposing the tapeworm to certain chemicals, compounds, or pharmaceuticals, whether through ingestion by the host or by application of any of the foregoing to the tapeworm;
exposure of the tapeworm to radiation or radiant energy of any suitable wavelength; and
genetic manipulation of the tapeworm.
4. A method of treating human diseases, comprising the steps of:
providing a tapeworm with modified characteristics;
ingesting the tapeworm by a patient undergoing treatment for obesity or to encourage weight loss.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of providing a tapeworm comprises providing a tapeworm modified so as to die after a set amount of time.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of providing a tapeworm includes the step of providing a tapeworm that has been modified to be sterile.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of providing a tapeworm includes the step of providing a tapeworm that has been modified to stop growing after a set amount of time or grow at a slower rate than naturally occurring tapeworms.
8. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of providing a tapeworm includes the step of providing a tapeworm that has been modified by means of genetic manipulation.
9. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of providing a tapeworm includes providing a tapeworm that has been modified be means of at least one of:
exposure to radiation;
exposure to chemical compositions; and
genetic manipulation.
10. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of providing the tapeworm further comprises the step of providing the tapeworm altered so as to have its physiology vulnerable to one or more pharmaceuticals;
and further comprising the step of ingesting a corresponding one of the pharmaceuticals to which the tapeworm is vulnerable to kill the tapeworm.
11. The method of claim 4, further comprising the step of administering to the host a pharmaceutical to manipulate physiological characteristics of a host receiving the tapeworm.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of administering to the host comprises providing a pharmaceutical.
13. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of changing the biochemistry of the host's stomach by ingestion of the pharmaceutical to reduce the risk of developing cystercercosis.
14. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of enhancing digestion or other elimination of the tapeworm from the gastrointestinal tract of the host by ingesting the pharmaceutical.
15. The method of claim 4, wherein the human diseases to be treated are at least one of diabetes, obesity, or weight loss.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US201361917695P | 2013-12-18 | 2013-12-18 | |
| US61/917,695 | 2013-12-18 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2015095483A1 true WO2015095483A1 (en) | 2015-06-25 |
Family
ID=53403679
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2014/071088 WO2015095483A1 (en) | 2013-12-18 | 2014-12-18 | Modified helminth |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| WO (1) | WO2015095483A1 (en) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3876778A (en) * | 1974-04-22 | 1975-04-08 | Squibb & Sons Inc | Use of antibiotics of the streptothricin family as taeniacidal agents |
| US20020090363A1 (en) * | 2000-11-13 | 2002-07-11 | Kurtis Jonathan David | Sustained bioactive agent delivery device and methods of making and using the same |
| WO2005016358A1 (en) * | 2003-08-08 | 2005-02-24 | The Hartz Mountain Corporation | Anthelmintic formulations |
| US20050171169A1 (en) * | 2004-02-02 | 2005-08-04 | Rossignol Jean F. | Combination chemotherapy for helminth infections |
| WO2008124842A1 (en) * | 2007-04-10 | 2008-10-16 | New England Medical Center Hospitals, Inc. | Treatments with helminths |
-
2014
- 2014-12-18 WO PCT/US2014/071088 patent/WO2015095483A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3876778A (en) * | 1974-04-22 | 1975-04-08 | Squibb & Sons Inc | Use of antibiotics of the streptothricin family as taeniacidal agents |
| US20020090363A1 (en) * | 2000-11-13 | 2002-07-11 | Kurtis Jonathan David | Sustained bioactive agent delivery device and methods of making and using the same |
| WO2005016358A1 (en) * | 2003-08-08 | 2005-02-24 | The Hartz Mountain Corporation | Anthelmintic formulations |
| US20050171169A1 (en) * | 2004-02-02 | 2005-08-04 | Rossignol Jean F. | Combination chemotherapy for helminth infections |
| WO2008124842A1 (en) * | 2007-04-10 | 2008-10-16 | New England Medical Center Hospitals, Inc. | Treatments with helminths |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| HARGEST, C.: "Modified Taenia Saginata Diet - Biological solution.", 27 November 2012 (2012-11-27), pages 1, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://prezi.com/cefwg4pbb5ay/modified-taenia-saginata-diet-biological-solution> [retrieved on 20150227] * |
| MARKENS, S.: "The Tapeworm Miracle Diet Pills Are Back.", BLOG POST., 1 December 2005 (2005-12-01), pages 1, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://lieware.com/lieware-press/2005/12/the-tapeworm-miracle-diet-pills-are-back> [retrieved on 20150227] * |
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