WO2014195920A2 - Influenza virus reassortment - Google Patents

Influenza virus reassortment Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014195920A2
WO2014195920A2 PCT/IB2014/062030 IB2014062030W WO2014195920A2 WO 2014195920 A2 WO2014195920 A2 WO 2014195920A2 IB 2014062030 W IB2014062030 W IB 2014062030W WO 2014195920 A2 WO2014195920 A2 WO 2014195920A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
seq
influenza
segment
gat
position corresponding
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PCT/IB2014/062030
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French (fr)
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WO2014195920A3 (en
Inventor
Peter Mason
Pirada Suphaphiphat
Raul GOMILA
Philip Dormitzer
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Novartis Ag
Synthetic Genomics Vaccines, Inc.
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Priority to US14/896,348 priority Critical patent/US10329537B2/en
Application filed by Novartis Ag, Synthetic Genomics Vaccines, Inc. filed Critical Novartis Ag
Priority to AU2014276418A priority patent/AU2014276418A1/en
Priority to EP14733369.4A priority patent/EP3004332A2/en
Priority to CA2914604A priority patent/CA2914604A1/en
Priority to CN201480044797.3A priority patent/CN105722976A/en
Priority to JP2016517733A priority patent/JP2016521553A/en
Priority to BR112015030582A priority patent/BR112015030582A2/en
Priority to KR1020157035931A priority patent/KR20160014657A/en
Priority to SG11201509985XA priority patent/SG11201509985XA/en
Priority to MX2015016755A priority patent/MX2015016755A/en
Publication of WO2014195920A2 publication Critical patent/WO2014195920A2/en
Publication of WO2014195920A3 publication Critical patent/WO2014195920A3/en
Priority to HK16110972.3A priority patent/HK1222882A1/en

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    • C12N2760/16011—Orthomyxoviridae
    • C12N2760/16111—Influenzavirus A, i.e. influenza A virus
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    • C12N2760/16111—Influenzavirus A, i.e. influenza A virus
    • C12N2760/16141—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
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    • C12Y302/01018—Exo-alpha-sialidase (3.2.1.18), i.e. trans-sialidase

Definitions

  • This invention is in the field of influenza virus reassortment. Furthermore, it relates to manufacturing vaccines for protecting against influenza viruses.
  • influenza virus The most efficient protection against influenza infection is vaccination against circulating strains and it is important to produce influenza viruses for vaccine production as quickly as possible.
  • Wild-type influenza viruses often grow to low titres in eggs and cell culture.
  • Another approach is to reassort the influenza viruses by reverse genetics (see, for example references 1 and 2).
  • References 3 and 4 report that influenza viruses with a chimeric HA segment which comprises the ectodomain from a vaccine strain and the other domains from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 grew faster in eggs compared to the wild-type vaccine strain.
  • Reference 5 teaches influenza viruses with chimeric NA proteins which contain the transmembrane and stalk domains from A/PR/8/34.
  • References 6 and 7 teach reassortant influenza viruses which comprise chimeric HA segments that have domains from both influenza A and B viruses.
  • the invention provides a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non-coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain which is not A/Puerto Rico/8/34, A/WSN/33 or B/Lee/40.
  • a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain, wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza A strain which is not a HI or H5 influenza strain, and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain.
  • the invention also provides a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non-coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain, wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza B strain, and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain which is an influenza B strain or an influenza A strain which is not a HI strain or a H3 strain.
  • the chimeric hemagglutinin segment preferably comprises all of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain from the second influenza virus as the inventors have found that reassortant influenza viruses comprising such a chimeric hemagglutinin segment give particularly good HA yields in cell culture.
  • a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain, wherein the segment comprises one or more of: (a) guanine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 24, and/or (b) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 38; and/or (c) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 40; and/or (d) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 44; (e) and/or thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 53
  • the invention also provides a chimeric hemagglutinin segment, having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3 '- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain, wherein the segment encodes a protein which does not have alanine in the position corresponding to amino acid 3 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or which does not have asparagine in the position corresponding to amino acid 4 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or which does not have alanine in the position
  • the chimeric hemagglutinin segment may encode a protein which has one or more of valine in the position corresponding to amino acid 3 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or lysine in the position corresponding to amino acid 4 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or threonine in the position corresponding to amino acid 11 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or phenylalanine in the position corresponding to amino acid 12 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or threonine in the position corresponding to amino acid 13 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or threonine in
  • the chimeric HA segment may comprise all of these amino acids which is preferred as reassortant influenza viruses comprising such a chimeric hemagglutinin segment give particularly good HA yields in cell culture.
  • the chimeric hemagglutinin segment may comprise one or more of the 5'- NCR domain of SEQ ID NO: 110; and/or the CT domain of SEQ ID NO: 111; and/or the TM domain of SEQ ID NO: 112; and/or the 3 ' - NCR of SEQ ID NO: 113.
  • the invention also provides a chimeric hemagglutinin segment, having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain, wherein the segment comprises one or more (preferably all) of: guanine at position 24, adenine at position 38, thymine at position 40, thymine at position 53, adenine at position 63, thymine at position 66, adenine at position 69, adenine at position 75, thymine at position 78, guanine at position 1703, thymine at position 1715, adenine at position 1729, cyto
  • the chimeric hemagglutinin segment may comprise one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain from the 105p30 influenza strain, which is discussed below.
  • the chimeric hemagglutinin segment comprises all of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain from the 105p30 influenza strain as reassortant influenza viruses comprising such a chimeric hemagglutinin segment give particularly good HA yields in cell culture.
  • a chimeric HA protein which is encoded by a chimeric HA segment of the invention.
  • reassortant influenza viruses which comprise a chimeric HA segment of the invention can provide HA yields which are up to 5-fold higher in the same time frame and under the same conditions compared to a reassortant influenza virus which does not comprise a chimeric HA segment.
  • a chimeric influenza neuraminidase segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain which is not A/Puerto Rico/8/34 or A/WSN/33.
  • a chimeric influenza neuraminidase segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3 '- non-coding region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is a first influenza strain and the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain wherein the first and the second influenza strain are both influenza A strains or both influenza B strains.
  • the invention also provides a chimeric neuraminidase segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain, wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3 '- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain, wherein the segment comprises one or more (preferably all) of: adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 13; and/or adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 35; and/or adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 60; and/or adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 63; and/or adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 65; and/or cytosine in the position corresponding to nucleotide
  • the invention also provides a chimeric neuraminidase segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain, wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain, wherein the segment encodes a protein which does not have cysteine in the position corresponding to amino acid 14 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or which does not have leucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 15 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or which does not have valine in the position corresponding to amino acid 16 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO:
  • the chimeric neuraminidase segment may encode a protein which comprises one or more of: serine in the position corresponding to amino acid 14 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or isoleucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 15 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or alanine in the position corresponding to amino acid 16 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or isoleucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 17 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or isoleucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 19 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or methionine in the position corresponding to amino acid 23 of SEQ
  • the chimeric neuraminidase segment may comprise one or more of the 5'- NCR domain of SEQ ID NO: 110; and/or the CT domain of SEQ ID NO: 111; and/or the TM domain of SEQ ID NO: 112; and/or the 3 ' - NCR of SEQ ID NO: 113.
  • the invention also provides a chimeric neuraminidase segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain, wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain, wherein the segment comprises one or more (preferably all) of: adenine at position 13, adenine at position 35, adenine at position 63, adenine at position 65, cytosine at position 67, adenine at position 69, adenine at position 75, thymine at position 83, guanine at position 89, adenine at position 101, thymine at position 107, thymine at position 110, guanine at position 120, cytosine at position 121
  • a chimeric neuraminidase segment may comprise one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain from the 105p30 influenza strain, which is discussed below.
  • the chimeric hemagglutinin segment comprises all of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain from the 105p30 influenza strain as reassortant influenza viruses comprising such a chimeric neuraminidase segment give particularly good HA yields in cell culture.
  • a chimeric NA protein which is encoded by a chimeric NA segment of the invention.
  • reassortant influenza viruses which comprise a chimeric NA segment of the invention can provide HA yields which are up to 2-fold higher in the same time frame and under the same conditions compared to a reassortant influenza virus which does not comprise a chimeric NA segment.
  • the invention provides reassortant influenza viruses which comprise a chimeric HA and/or NA segment of the invention.
  • the reassortant influenza virus comprises both a chimeric HA and a chimeric NA segment of the invention as the inventors have discovered that such reassortant influenza viruses grow faster and give better HA yields than reassortant influenza viruses which comprise only a chimeric HA or a chimeric NA segment.
  • the invention also provides a reassortant influenza virus comprising:
  • backbone segments from two or more donor strains wherein the PB1 and the PB2 segments are from the same donor strain
  • PB1 segment is not from the A/Texas/1/77 influenza strain
  • v. backbone segments from two or more donor strains wherein at least the PA, NP, or M segment are not from A/Puerto Rico/8/34;
  • influenza viruses are particularly useful because the inventors have discovered that influenza viruses which comprise backbone segments from two or more influenza donor strains can grow faster in a culture host compared with reassortant influenza viruses which contain all backbone segments from the same donor strain.
  • influenza viruses which comprise backbone segments from two high-yield donor strains can produce higher yield reassortants with target vaccine-relevant HA/NA genes than reassortants made with either of the two original donor strains.
  • the first and the second influenza strains are preferably both influenza A or influenza B strains
  • the invention also provides a method of preparing a reassortant influenza virus comprising steps of (a) infecting a culture host with a reassortant influenza virus of the invention or a reassortant influenza virus produced by a method of the invention; (b) culturing the host from step (a) to produce the virus; and optionally (c) purifying the virus obtained in step (b).
  • the reassortant influenza virus may be formulated into a vaccine.
  • the invention thus provides a method of preparing a vaccine, comprising steps of (a) preparing a reassortant influenza virus by a method according to the invention and (b) preparing a vaccine from the virus. Also, provided is a method of preparing a vaccine from a reassortant influenza virus of the invention.
  • an expression system comprising one or more expression construct(s) encoding the vRNA of a reassortant influenza virus of the invention.
  • the invention provides chimeric HA and NA segments.
  • influenza HA segment is composed of 5'- and 3'- non-coding regions (NCRs) which flank the HA segment's signal peptide (SP), transmembrane (TM), cytoplasmic domain (CT) and ectodomain (see Figure 4A).
  • NCRs non-coding regions
  • the HA ectodomain is the most important influenza antigen in influenza vaccines whilst the terminal domains (NCRs, SP, TM and CT) are of much less antigenic importance.
  • the influenza NA segment also contains terminal domains which are the 5'- and 3'- NCRs, a CT domain and a TM domain, as well as an ectodomain, but NA does not contain a signal peptide (see Figure 4C). The terminal domains are of much less antigenic importance than the NA ectodomain.
  • the chimeric HA segment of the invention comprises the ectodomain from a vaccine strain and one or more of the terminal domains from a second influenza virus.
  • the vaccine strain can be any influenza strain and is defined as the influenza strain which provides the HA ectodomain.
  • the second influenza strain is different to the vaccine strain.
  • the vaccine strain and the second influenza strain are preferably both influenza A strains or both influenza B strains.
  • the chimeric NA segment of the invention comprises the ectodomain from a first influenza strain and one or more of the terminal domains from a second influenza virus.
  • the 'second influenza strain' is different from the 'first influenza strain'.
  • the first and the second influenza strain are preferably both influenza A strains or both influenza B strains.
  • the chimeric HA and NA segment comprises all of the terminal domains from the second influenza strain as the inventors have shown that reassortant influenza viruses comprising such chimeric HA and/or NA proteins can grow particularly well in cell culture.
  • the 'second influenza strain' can be a strain which has the influenza A virus HA subtypes HI, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9, H10, Hl l, H12, H13, H14, H15, H16 or H17. It may also have the influenza A virus NA subtypes Nl, N2, N3, N4, N5, N6, N7, N8 or N9. It is preferred that the second influenza virus is a HI influenza strain as the inventors have discovered that reassortant influenza viruses which contain such chimeric HA and/or NA segments grow particularly well in cell culture. Most preferably, the second influenza strain is 105p30 or PR8-X, as discussed below.
  • the 5' - NCR domain may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105; and/or the SP of SEQ ID NO: 106; and/or the TM domain of SEQ ID NO: 107; and/or the CT domain of SEQ ID NO: 108; and/or the 3'- NCR of SEQ ID NO: 109.
  • the chimeric HA segment contains all of these sequences.
  • the 5' - NCR domain may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 110; and/or the CT domain of SEQ ID NO: 71 ; and/or the TM domain of SEQ ID NO: 112; and/or the 3'- NCR of SEQ ID NO: 113.
  • the chimeric NA segment contains all of these sequences.
  • the 5'- NCR domain may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 114; and/or the SP of SEQ ID NO: 115; and/or the TM domain of SEQ ID NO: 116; and/or the CT domain of SEQ ID NO: 117; and/or the 3'- NCR of SEQ ID NO: 118.
  • the chimeric HA segment contains all of these sequences.
  • the 5'- NCR domain may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119; and/or the CT domain of SEQ ID NO: 120; and/or the TM domain of SEQ ID NO: 121; and/or the 3'- NCR of SEQ ID NO: 122.
  • the chimeric NA segment contains all of these sequences.
  • the second influenza strain can be an influenza B strain.
  • the ectodomain and the one or more terminal domains may all be from an influenza A virus or an influenza B virus. It is also possible to have the ectodomain from an influenza A virus and one or more of the terminal domains from an influenza B virus and vice versa. It is most preferred that all the segments in the chimeric HA or the chimeric NA segments are from influenza A strains or influenza B strains.
  • the chimeric HA segments of the invention encode a protein which does not have tyrosine in the position corresponding to amino acid 545, when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the invention provides a reassortant influenza virus which comprises the chimeric HA and/or NA segments of the invention.
  • the reassortant influenza virus comprises the HA ectodomain from a vaccine strain.
  • the vaccine strain can be any influenza strain and is defined as the influenza strain which provides the HA ectodomain, irrespective of whether the HA ectodomain is comprised in a chimeric HA segment or not.
  • the ectodomain of the NA segment in a chimeric or a non-chimeric NA segment
  • One or more of the backbone segments i.e.
  • those encoding PB1, PB2, PA, NP, Mi, M 2 , NSi and NS 2 ) of the reassortant influenza virus may come from a donor strain, which is an influenza virus that provides one or more of the backbone segments but which does not provide the ectodomain of the influenza HA segment.
  • the ectodomain of the NA segment may also be provided by a donor strain or it may be provided by the vaccine strain.
  • the reassortant influenza strains of the invention may also comprise one or more, but not all, of the backbone segments from the vaccine strain.
  • the donor strain may be the same as the 'second influenza strain' which provides the one or more terminal domains of the chimeric HA or NA segments.
  • the PA, M and/or NS segment(s) is/are preferably from the second influenza virus.
  • the second influenza virus may also be different to the donor strain.
  • the reassortant influenza virus may grow to higher or similar viral titres in cell culture and/or in eggs in the same time (for example 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours or 72 hours) and under the same growth conditions compared to the wild-type vaccine strain.
  • they can grow to higher or similar viral titres in MDCK cells (such as MDCK 33016) in the same time and under the same growth conditions compared to the wild-type vaccine strain.
  • the viral titre can be determined by standard methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • the reassortant viruses of the invention may achieve a viral titre which is at least 5% higher, at least 10% higher, at least 20% higher, at least 50% higher, at least 100% higher, at least 200% higher, or at least 500% higher than the viral titre of the wild-type vaccine strain in the same time frame and under the same conditions.
  • the reassortant influenza viruses of the invention may achieve a viral titre which is at least 5% higher, at least 10% higher, at least 20% higher, at least 50% higher, at least 100% higher, at least 200% higher, or at least 500% higher than the viral titre of a reassortant influenza virus which comprises the same viral segments expect that it does not have a chimeric HA or NA segment.
  • the reassortant influenza viruses may also grow to similar viral titres in the same time and under the same growth conditions compared to the wild-type vaccine strain.
  • a similar titre in this context means that the reassortant influenza viruses grow to a titre which is within 3% of the viral titre achieved with the wild-type vaccine strain in the same time and under the same growth conditions (i.e. wild-type titre ⁇ 3%).
  • the reassortant virus may also give HA yields which are at least 2-fold, at least 3 -fold, at least 4- fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 9-fold or at least 10-fold higher in cell culture and/or in eggs in the same time (for example 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours or 72 hours) and under the same growth conditions compared to the wild-type vaccine strain.
  • the reassortant viruses of the invention are reassortants comprising the backbone segments from a single donor strain
  • the reassortant viruses will generally include segments from the donor strain and the vaccine strain in a ratio of 1 :7, 2:6, 3:5, 4:4, 5:3, 6:2 or 7:1.
  • Classical reassortants usually have a majority of segments from the donor strain, in particular a ratio of 6:2. Where only a single donor strain is used, it is preferred that all backbone segments are from PR8-X as such reassortant influenza viruses grow fast in cell culture.
  • the reassortant viruses of the invention can contain the backbone segments from two or more (i. e. three, four, five or six) donor strains.
  • the reassortant virus will generally include segments from the first donor strain, the second donor strain and the vaccine strain in a ratio of 1 :1 :6, 1 :2:5, 1 :3 :4, 1 :4:3, 1 :5:2, 1 :6: 1, 2: 1 :5, 2:2:4, 2:3:3, 2:4:2, 2:5: 1, 3:1 :2, 3 :2: 1, 4: 1 :3, 4:2:2, 4:3 :1, 5:1 :2, 5:2:1 or 6:1 : 1.
  • the reassortant influenza viruses may also comprise viral segments from more than two, for example from three, four, five or six donor strains.
  • each donor strain may provide more than one of the backbone segments of the reassortant influenza virus, but one or two of the donor strains can also provide only a single backbone segment.
  • the reassortant influenza virus comprises backbone segments from two, three, four or five donor strains
  • one or two of the donor strains may provide more than one of the backbone segments of the reassortant influenza virus.
  • the reassortant influenza virus cannot comprise more than six backbone segments. Accordingly, for example, if one of the donor strains provides five of the viral segments, the reassortant influenza virus can only comprise backbone segments from a total of two different donor strains.
  • a reassortant influenza virus will contain only one of each backbone segment. For example, when the influenza virus comprises the NP segment from A/California/07/09 it will not at the same time comprise the NP segment from another influenza strain.
  • the reassortant influenza virus may comprise the HA ectodomain from an influenza A strain.
  • the reassortant influenza virus may have the influenza A virus HA subtypes HI, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9, H10, HI 1, H12, H13, H14, H15, H16 or H17.
  • the reassortant influenza virus may comprise the NA ectodomain from an influenza A virus.
  • it may have the influenza A virus NA subtypes Nl, N2, N3, N4, N5, N6, N7, N8 or N9.
  • the vaccine strain is a seasonal influenza strain, it may have a HI or H3 subtype.
  • the vaccine strain is a H1N1, a H3N2 or a H7N9 strain.
  • the reassortant influenza virus preferably comprises at least one backbone segment from the donor strain PR8-X.
  • the influenza viruses of the invention may comprise one or more segments selected from: a PA segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, a PBl segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, a PB2 segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, a NP segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, a M segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ
  • the reassortant influenza virus may comprise one or more backbone viral segments from the 105p30 strain.
  • the viral segments may have sequences selected from: a PA segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42, a PBl segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43, a PB2 segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44, a NP segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45, a M segment having at least 95%, at least 95%, at least
  • the reassortant influenza virus may comprise all of these backbone segments.
  • Reassortant influenza viruses with backbone segments from two or more influenza donor strains may comprise the HA segment and the PB1 segment from different influenza strains.
  • the PB1 segment may be from donor viruses with the same influenza virus HA subtype as the vaccine strain.
  • the PB1 segment and the HA segment may both be from influenza viruses with a HI subtype.
  • the reassortant influenza viruses may also comprise the HA segment and the PB1 segment from different influenza strains with different influenza virus HA subtypes, wherein the PB1 segment is not from an influenza virus with a H3 HA subtype and/or wherein the HA segment is not from an influenza virus with a HI or H5 HA subtype.
  • the PB1 segment may be from a HI virus and/or the HA segment may be from a H3 influenza virus.
  • the reassortants contain viral segments from more than one influenza donor strain, the further donor strain(s) can be any donor strain.
  • some of the viral segments may be from the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 or A/Ann Arbor/6/60 influenza strains.
  • Reassortants containing viral segments from the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 strain may be advantageous, for example, where the reassortant virus is to be used in a live attenuated influenza vaccine.
  • the reassortant influenza virus may also comprise backbone segments from two or more influenza donor strains, wherein the PB1 segment is from the A/California/07/09 influenza strain. This segment may have at least 95% identity, at least 96% identity, at least 97% identity, at least 98% identity, at least 99% identity or 100% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.
  • the reassortant influenza virus may have the HI HA subtype. It will be understood that a reassortant influenza virus according to this aspect of the invention will not comprise the HA and/or NA segments from A/California/07/09.
  • the reassortant influenza strain may comprise the HA ectodomain and/or the NA ectodomain from an A/California/4/09 strain.
  • the HA gene segment may encode a HI hemagglutinin whose ectodomain is more closely related to SEQ ID NO: 70 than to SEQ ID NO: 50 (i.e. has a higher degree sequence identity when compared to SEQ ID NO: 70 than to SEQ ID NO: 50 using the same algorithm and parameters).
  • SEQ ID NOs: 70 and 50 are 80% identical.
  • the NA gene may encode a Nl neuraminidase which is more closely related to SEQ ID NO: 99 than to SEQ ID NO: 51.
  • SEQ ID NOs: 99 and 51 are 82% identical.
  • the reassortant influenza virus may also comprise at least one backbone viral segment from the A/California/07/09 influenza strain.
  • the at least one backbone viral segment is the PA segment it may have a sequence having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% or at least 99% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23.
  • the at least one backbone viral segment is the PB1 segment, it may have a sequence having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% or at least 99% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.
  • the at least one backbone viral segment When the at least one backbone viral segment is the PB2 segment, it may have a sequence having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% or at least 99% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25.
  • the at least one backbone viral segment When the at least one backbone viral segment is the NP segment it may have a sequence having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% or at least 99% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26.
  • the at least one backbone viral segment When the at least one backbone viral segment is the M segment it may have a sequence having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% or at least 99% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27.
  • the at least one backbone viral segment When the at least one backbone viral segment is the NS segment it may have a sequence having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% or at least 99% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28.
  • a reassortant influenza virus comprises the PBl segment from A/Texas/1/77, it preferably does not comprise the PA, NP or M segment from A/Puerto Rico/8/34.
  • a reassortant influenza A virus comprises the PA, NP or M segment from A/Puerto Rico/8/34, it preferably does not comprise the PBl segment from A/Texas/1/77.
  • the invention does not encompass reassortant influenza viruses which have the PBl segment from A/Texas/1/77 and the PA, NP and M segments from A/Puerto Rico/8/34.
  • the PBl protein from A/Texas/1/77 may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 and the PA, NP or M proteins from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 may have the sequence of SEQ ID NOs 30, 31 or 32, respectively.
  • reassortant influenza viruses which comprise a chimeric HA and/or NA segment according to the invention (preferably both), the NP, PBl and PB2 segments from 105p30 and the M, NS and PA segments from PR8-X.
  • reassortant influenza viruses which comprise a chimeric HA and/or NA segment according to the invention (preferably both), the PBl segment from A/California/4/09 and the other backbone segments from PR8-X.
  • Such reassortant influenza viruses are preferred because the inventors have found that they grow very well in cell culture and provide very good HA yields.
  • the backbone viral segments may encode viral proteins which are optimized for culture in the specific culture host.
  • the reassortant influenza viruses are cultured in mammalian cells, it is advantageous to adapt at least one of the viral segments for optimal growth in the culture host.
  • the expression host is a canine cell, such as a MDCK cell line
  • the viral segments may encode proteins which have a sequence that optimises viral growth in the cell.
  • the reassortant influenza viruses of the invention may comprise a PB2 segment which encodes a PB2 protein that has lysine in the position corresponding to amino acid 389 of SEQ ID NO: 3 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 3 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or asparagine in the position corresponding to amino acid 559 of SEQ ID NO: 3 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 3 using a pairwise alignment algorithm.
  • reassortant influenza viruses in accordance with the invention in which the PA segment encodes a PA protein that has lysine in the position corresponding to amino acid 327 of SEQ ID NO: 1 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 1 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or aspartic acid in the position corresponding to amino acid 444 of SEQ ID NO: 1 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 1, using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or aspartic acid in the position corresponding to amino acid 675 of SEQ ID NO: 1 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 1, using a pairwise alignment algorithm.
  • the reassortant influenza strains of the invention may also have a NP segment which encodes a NP protein with threonine in the position corresponding to amino acid 27 of SEQ ID NO: 4 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 4 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or asparagine in the position corresponding to amino acid 375 of SEQ ID NO: 4 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 4, using a pairwise alignment algorithm.
  • Variant influenza strains may also comprise two or more of these mutations. It is preferred that the variant influenza virus contains a variant PB2 protein with both of the amino acids changes identified above, and/or a PA protein which contains all three of the amino acid changes identified above, and/or a NP protein which contains both of the amino acid changes identified above.
  • the influenza virus may be a HI strain.
  • the reassortant influenza viruses may comprise a PB1 segment which encodes a PB1 protein that has isoleucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 200 of SEQ ID NO: 2 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 2 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or asparagine in the position corresponding to amino acid 338 of SEQ ID NO: 2 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 2 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or isoleucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 529 of SEQ ID NO: 2 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 2 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or isoleucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 591 of SEQ ID NO: 2 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 2 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or histidine in the position corresponding to amino acid 687 of SEQ ID NO: 2 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 2 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or lysine in
  • the choice of donor strain for use in the methods of the invention can depend on the vaccine strain which is to be reassorted. As reassortants between evolutionary distant strains might not replicate well in cell culture, it is possible that the donor strain and the vaccine strain have the same HA and/or NA subtype. In other embodiments, however, the vaccine strain and the donor strain can have different HA and/or NA subtypes, and this arrangement can facilitate selection for reassortant viruses that contain the HA and/or NA segment from the vaccine strain. Therefore, although the 105p30 and PR8-X strains contain the HI influenza subtype these donor strains can be used for vaccine strains which do not contain the HI influenza subtype.
  • an influenza virus may comprises one, two, three, four, five, six or seven viral segments from the 105p30 or PR8-X strains and a HA segment which is not of the HI subtype.
  • the reassortant donor strains may further comprise an NA segment which is not of the Nl subtype.
  • Strains which can be used as vaccine strains include strains which are resistant to antiviral therapy (e.g. resistant to oseltamivir [8] and/or zanamivir), including resistant pandemic strains [9].
  • the reassortant influenza virus may be an influenza B virus.
  • the reassortant influenza virus may comprises the HA ectodomain from a first influenza B virus and the NP and/or PB2 segment from a second influenza B virus which is a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain.
  • the B/Victoria/2/87-like strain may be B/Brisbane/60/08.
  • the reassortant influenza B virus may comprise the HA ectodomain from a first influenza B virus and the NP segment from a second influenza B virus which is not B/Lee/40 or B/Ann Arbor/1/66 or B/Panama/45/90.
  • the reassortant influenza B virus may have a NP segment which does not have the sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 80, 100, 103 or 104.
  • the reassortant influenza B virus may also have a NP segment which does not encode the protein of SEQ ID NOs: 19, 23, 44 or 45.
  • the reassortant influenza B virus may comprise both the NP and PB2 segments from the second influenza B virus.
  • the second influenza B virus is preferably a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain.
  • the B/Victoria/2/87-like strain may be B/Brisbane/60/08.
  • the reassortant influenza B virus may comprise the HA ectodomain from a B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain and at least one backbone segment from a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain.
  • the reassortant influenza B virus may comprise two, three, four, five or six backbone segments from the B/Victoria/2/87-like strain.
  • the reassortant influenza B virus comprises all the backbone segments from the B/Victoria/2/87-like strain.
  • the B/Victoria/2/87-like strain may be B/Brisbane/60/08.
  • the reassortant influenza B virus may comprise viral segments from a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain and a B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain, wherein the ratio of segments from the B/Victoria/2/87-like strain and the B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain is 1 :7, 2:6, 4:4, 5:3, 6:2 or 7:1.
  • a ratio of 7:1, 6:2, 4:4, 3 :4 or 1 :7, in particular a ratio of 4:4, is preferred because such reassortant influenza B viruses grow particularly well in a culture host.
  • the B/Victoria/2/87-like strain may be B/Brisbane/60/08.
  • the B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain may be B/Panama/45/90.
  • the reassortant influenza B virus usually does not comprise all backbone segments from the same influenza B donor strain.
  • the reassortant influenza B virus may comprise:
  • the PA segment of SEQ ID NO: 30 the PB1 segment of SEQ ID NO: 72, the PB2 segment of SEQ ID NO: 73, the NP segment of SEQ ID NO: 74, the NS segment of SEQ ID NO: 76 and the M segment of SEQ ID NO: 75, or e) the PA segment of SEQ ID NO: 71 , the PB 1 segment of SEQ ID NO: 72, the PB2 segment of SEQ ID NO: 73, the NP segment of SEQ ID NO: 74, the NS segment of SEQ ID NO: 82 and the M segment of SEQ ID NO: 81.
  • Influenza B viruses currently do not display different HA subtypes, but influenza B virus strains do fall into two distinct lineages. These lineages emerged in the late 1980s and have HAs which can be antigenically and/or genetically distinguished from each other [10].
  • Current influenza B virus strains are either B/Victoria/2/87-like or B/Yamagata/16/88-like. These strains are usually distinguished antigenically, but differences in amino acid sequences have also been described for distinguishing the two lineages e.g. B/Yamagata/16/88-like strains often (but not always) have HA proteins with deletions at amino acid residue 164, numbered relative to the 'Lee40' HA sequence [11].
  • the reassortant influenza B viruses of the invention may comprise viral segments from a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain. They may comprise viral segments from a B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain. Alternatively, they may comprise viral segments from a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain and a B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain.
  • influenza B virus comprises viral segments from two or more influenza B virus strains
  • these viral segments may be from influenza strains which have related neuraminidases.
  • influenza strains which provide the viral segments may both have a B/Victoria/2/87-like neuraminidase [12] or may both have a B/Yamagata/16/88-like neuraminidase.
  • two B/Victoria/2/87-like neuraminidases may both have one or more of the following sequence characteristics: (1) not a serine at residue 27, but preferably a leucine; (2) not a glutamate at residue 44, but preferably a lysine; (3) not a threonine at residue 46, but preferably an isoleucine; (4) not a proline at residue 51, but preferably a serine; (5) not an arginine at residue 65, but preferably a histidine; (6) not a glycine at residue 70, but preferably a glutamate; (7) not a leucine at residue 73, but preferably a phenylalanine; and/or (8) not a proline at residue 88, but preferably a glutamine.
  • the neuraminidase may have a deletion at residue 43, or it may have a threonine; a deletion at residue 43, arising from a trinucleotide deletion in the NA gene, which has been reported as a characteristic of B/Victoria/2/87-like strains, although recent strains have regained Thr-43 [12].
  • the opposite characteristics may be shared by two B/Yamagata/16/88-hke neuraminidases e.g. S27, E44, T46, P51, R65, G70, L73, and/or P88.
  • the reassortant influenza B virus may comprise a NA segment with the characteristics described above.
  • the reassortant influenza B virus may comprise a viral segment (other than NA) from an influenza strain with a NA segment with the characteristics described above.
  • the backbone viral segments of an influenza B virus which is a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain can have a higher level of identity to the corresponding viral segment from B/Victoria/2/87 than it does to the corresponding viral segment of B/Yamagata/16/88 and vice versa.
  • the NP segment of B/Panama/45/90 (which is a B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain) has 99% identity to the NP segment of B/Yamagata/16/88 and only 96% identity to the NP segment of B/Victoria/2/87.
  • the viral segments may encode proteins with the following sequences.
  • the PA protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83.
  • the PB1 protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84.
  • the PB2 protein may have at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85.
  • the NP protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86.
  • the Mi protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87.
  • the M 2 protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88.
  • the NSi protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89.
  • the NS 2 protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90.
  • the reassortant influenza B virus may also comprise all of these backbone segments.
  • the viral segment may encode proteins with the following sequences.
  • the PA protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91.
  • the PB1 protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92.
  • the PB2 protein may have at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93.
  • the NP protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94.
  • the Mi protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95.
  • the M 2 protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96.
  • the NSi protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97.
  • the NS 2 protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 98.
  • the invention can be practised with donor strains having a viral segment that has at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95% or at least about 99%, or 100% identity to a sequence of SEQ ID NOs 71-76 or 77-82. Due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, it is possible to have the same polypeptide encoded by several nucleic acids with different sequences. For example, the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 33 and 34 have only 73% identity even though they encode the same viral protein. Thus, the invention may be practised with viral segments that encode the same polypeptides as the sequences of SEQ ID NOs 71 -76 or 77-82.
  • the reassortant influenza virus may comprise segments from a vaccine strain which is an inter- pandemic (seasonal) influenza vaccine strain. It may also comprise segments from a vaccine strain which is a pandemic strain or a potentially pandemic strain.
  • the characteristics of an influenza strain that give it the potential to cause a pandemic outbreak are: (a) it contains a new hemagglutinin compared to the hemagglutinins in currently-circulating human strains, i.e. one that has not been evident in the human population for over a decade ⁇ e.g. H2), or has not previously been seen at all in the human population ⁇ e.g.
  • H5, H6 or H9 that have generally been found only in bird populations), such that the human population will be immunologically naive to the strain's hemagglutinin; (b) it is capable of being transmitted horizontally in the human population; and (c) it is pathogenic to humans.
  • a vaccine strain with H5 hemagglutinin type is preferred where the reassortant virus is used in vaccines for immunizing against pandemic influenza, such as a H5N1 strain.
  • Other possible strains include H5N3, H9N2, H2N2, H7N1, H7N7 and H7N9, and any other emerging potentially pandemic strains.
  • the invention is particularly suitable for producing reassortant viruses for use in vaccine for protecting against potential pandemic virus strains that can or have spread from a non-human animal population to humans, for example a swine-origin H1N1 influenza strain.
  • the invention provides an expression construct which encodes the chimeric HA or NA segments of the invention. Further provided are expression constructs which encode the viral segments of a reassortant influenza virus of the invention.
  • the invention also provides an expression construct encoding the HA and/or NA terminal domains of the chimeric HA and/or NA segments of the invention. These expression constructs are useful because the HA and NA ectodomains which need to be included in influenza vaccines change every season.
  • the expression construct of this aspect of the invention may further encode one or more of the backbone segments. By including the terminal domains in the expression construct, it is necessary only to clone the ectodomain of the HA and/or NA segments of the circulating strain in order to provide the chimeric HA and/or NA molecule.
  • the expression construct may comprise a restriction site between the SP and the TM domain which is useful as it facilitates cloning of the ectodomain. It is understood that the ectodomain needs to be cloned in frame with the terminal domains but this is well within the capabilities of a skilled person.
  • Expression constructs may be uni-directional or bi-directional expression constructs. Where more than one expression construct is used to express the viral segments of a reassortant influenza virus, it is possible to use uni-directional and/or bi-directional expression.
  • the method of the invention may utilise at least one bi-directional expression construct wherein a gene or cDNA is located between an upstream pol II promoter and a downstream non- endogenous pol I promoter. Transcription of the gene or cDNA from the pol II promoter produces capped positive-sense viral mRNA which can be translated into a protein, while transcription from the non- endogenous pol I promoter produces negative-sense vRNA.
  • the bi-directional expression construct may be a bi-directional expression vector.
  • Bi-directional expression constructs contain at least two promoters which drive expression in different directions (i.e. both 5' to 3' and 3' to 5') from the same construct.
  • the two promoters can be operably linked to different strands of the same double stranded DNA.
  • one of the promoters is a pol I promoter and at least one of the other promoters is a pol II promoter.
  • the pol I promoter can be used to express uncapped vRNAs while the pol II promoter can be used to transcribe mRNAs which can subsequently be translated into proteins, thus allowing simultaneous expression of RNA and protein from the same construct.
  • the promoters may be a mixture of endogenous and non-endogenous promoters.
  • the pol I and pol ⁇ promoters used in the expression constructs may be endogenous to an organism from the same taxonomic order from which the host cell is derived. Alternatively, the promoters can be from an organism in a different taxonomic order than the host cell.
  • order refers to conventional taxonomic ranking, and examples of orders are primates, rodentia, carnivora, marsupialia, cetacean, etc. Humans and chimpanzees are in the same taxonomic order (primates), but humans and dogs are in different orders (primates vs. carnivora).
  • the human pol I promoter can be used to express viral segments in canine cells (e.g. MDCK cells) [14].
  • the expression construct will typically include an RNA transcription termination sequence.
  • the termination sequence may be an endogenous termination sequence or a termination sequence which is not endogenous to the host cell. Suitable termination sequences will be evident to those of skill in the art and include, but are not limited to, RNA polymerase I transcription termination sequence, RNA polymerase ⁇ transcription termination sequence, and ribozymes.
  • the expression constructs may contain one or more polyadenylation signals for mRNAs, particularly at the end of a gene whose expression is controlled by a pol II promoter.
  • An expression construct may be a vector, such as a plasmid or other episomal construct.
  • Such vectors will typically comprise at least one bacterial and/or eukaryotic origin of replication.
  • the vector may comprise a selectable marker which allows for selection in prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic cells. Examples of such selectable markers are genes conferring resistance to antibiotics, such as ampicillin or kanamycin.
  • the vector may further comprise one or more multiple cloning sites to facilitate cloning of a DNA sequence.
  • an expression construct may be a linear expression construct.
  • Such linear expression constructs will typically not contain any amplification and/or selection sequences.
  • linear constructs comprising such amplification and/or selection sequences are also within the scope of the present invention.
  • Reference 15 describes a linear expression construct which describes individual linear expression constructs for each viral segment. It is also possible to include more than one, for example two, three four, five or six viral segments on the same linear expression construct. Such a system has been described, for example, in reference 16.
  • Expression constructs can be generated using methods known in the art. Such methods were described, for example, in reference 17. Where the expression construct is a linear expression construct, it is possible to linearise it before introduction into the host cell utilising a single restriction enzyme site. Alternatively, it is possible to excise the expression construct from a vector using at least two restriction enzyme sites. Furthermore, it is also possible to obtain a linear expression construct by amplifying it using a nucleic acid amplification technique (e.g. by PCR).
  • the expression constructs may be non-bacterial expression constructs. This means that the construct can drive expression in a eukaryotic cell of viral RNA segments encoded therein, but it does not include components which would be required for propagation of the construct in bacteria. Thus the construct will not include a bacterial origin of replication (ori), and usually will not include a bacterial selection marker (e.g. an antibiotic resistance marker). Such expression constructs are described in reference 18 which is incorporated by reference.
  • the expression constructs may be prepared by chemical synthesis.
  • the expression constructs may either be prepared entirely by chemical synthesis or in part. Suitable methods for preparing expression constructs by chemical synthesis are described, for example, in reference 18.
  • expression constructs of the invention can be introduced into host cells using any technique known to those of skill in the art.
  • expression constructs of the invention can be introduced into host cells by employing electroporation, DEAE-dextran, calcium phosphate precipitation, liposomes, microinjection, or microparticle-bombardment.
  • the expression construct(s) can be introduced into the same cell type which is subsequently used for the propagation of the influenza viruses.
  • the cells into which the expression constructs are introduced and the cells used for propagation of the influenza viruses may be different.
  • cells may be added following the introduction of the expression construct(s) into the cell, as described in reference 19. This is particularly preferred because it increases the rescue efficiency of the viruses further and can thus help to reduce the time required for viral rescue.
  • the cells which are added may be of the same or a different cell type as the cell into which the expression construct(a) is/are introduced, but it is preferred to use cells of the same cell type as this facilitates regulatory approval and avoids conflicting culture conditions.
  • the invention also provides an expression system which comprises one or more of the expression constructs of the invention.
  • the expression system may comprise one or more expression constructs which encode all the viral segments of a reassortant influenza virus of the invention.
  • the expression system may comprise at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, at least eleven or at least twelve expression constructs.
  • the invention is particularly suitable for producing the reassortant influenza viruses of the invention through reverse genetics techniques where the viruses are produced in culture hosts using an expression system which comprises one or more of the expression constructs of the invention. In these techniques, it is understood that the virus is produced from the expression construct(s) in the expression system.
  • Reverse genetics for influenza A and B viruses can be practised with 12 plasmids to express the four proteins required to initiate replication and transcription (PB1, PB2, PA and NP) and all eight viral genome segments.
  • a plurality of RNA polymerase I transcription cassettes (for viral RNA synthesis) can be included on a single plasmid ⁇ e.g. sequences encoding 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or all 8 influenza vRNA segments), and a plurality of protein-coding regions with RNA polymerase II promoters on another plasmid ⁇ e.g. sequences encoding 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 influenza mRNA transcripts) [20].
  • influenza vRNA segments under control of a pol I promoter and one or more influenza protein coding regions under control of another promoter, in particular a pol II promoter, on the same plasmid. This is preferably done by using bi-directional plasmids.
  • Preferred aspects of the reference 20 method involve: (a) PB1, PB2 and PA mRNA-encoding regions on a single expression construct; and (b) all 8 vRNA encoding segments on a single expression construct.
  • Including the neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA) segments on one expression construct and the six other viral segments on another expression construct is particularly preferred as newly emerging influenza virus strains usually have mutations in the NA and/or HA segments. Therefore, the advantage of having the HA and/or NA segments on a separate expression construct is that only the vector comprising the HA and NA sequence needs to be replaced.
  • the NA and/or HA segments of the vaccine strain may be included on one expression construct and the vRNA encoding segments from the donor strain(s) of the invention, excluding the HA and/or NA segment(s), are included on a different expression construct.
  • the invention thus provides an expression construct comprising one, two, three, four, five or six vRNA encoding backbone viral segments of a donor strain of the invention.
  • the expression construct may not comprise HA and/or NA viral segments that produce a functional HA and/or NA protein.
  • vRNA viral RNA
  • pol I promoters bacterial RNA polymerase promoters
  • bacteriophage polymerase promoters etc.
  • systems may also provide these proteins e.g. the system further comprises DNA molecules that encode viral polymerase proteins such that expression of both types of DNA leads to assembly of a complete infectious virus. It is also possible to supply the viral polymerase as a protein.
  • DNA cloned into the expression constructs of the present invention preferably provides all of the viral RNA and proteins, but it is also possible to use a helper virus to provide some of the RNA and proteins, although systems which do not use a helper virus are preferred.
  • the influenza virus is a segmented virus
  • the viral genome will usually be expressed using more than one expression construct in the methods of the invention. It is also envisioned, however, to combine one or more segments or even all segments of the viral genome on a single expression construct.
  • an expression construct will also be included which leads to expression of an accessory protein in the host cell.
  • a non-viral serine protease e.g. trypsin
  • the culture host for use in the invention can be any eukaryotic cell that can produce the virus of interest.
  • the invention will typically use a cell line although, for example, primary cells may be used as an alternative.
  • the cell will typically be mammalian or avian. Suitable mammalian cells include, but are not limited to, hamster, cattle, primate (including humans and monkeys) and dog cells. Various cell types may be used, such as kidney cells, fibroblasts, retinal cells, lung cells, etc. Examples of suitable hamster cells are the cell lines having the names BHK21 or HKCC.
  • Suitable monkey cells are e.g. African green monkey cells, such as kidney cells as in the Vero cell line [21- 23].
  • Suitable dog cells are e.g. kidney cells, as in the CLDK and MDCK cell lines.
  • suitable cells include, but are not limited to: CHO; 293T; BHK; MRC 5; PER.C6 [24]; FRhL2; WI-38; etc.
  • Suitable cells are widely available e.g. from the American Type Cell Culture (ATCC) collection [25], from the Coriell Cell Repositories [26], or from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC).
  • ATCC American Type Cell Culture
  • ECACC European Collection of Cell Cultures
  • the ATCC supplies various different Vero cells under catalogue numbers CCL 81, CCL 81.2, CRL 1586 and CRL-1587, and it supplies MDCK cells under catalogue number CCL 34.
  • PER.C6 is available from the ECACC under deposit number 96022940.
  • Preferred cells for use in the invention are MDCK cells [27-29], derived from Madin Darby canine kidney.
  • the original MDCK cells are available from the ATCC as CCL 34.
  • derivatives of MDCK cells are used. Such derivatives were described, for instance, in reference 27 which discloses MDCK cells that were adapted for growth in suspension culture ('MDCK 33016' or '33016-PF, deposited as DSM ACC 2219).
  • reference 30 discloses MDCK-denved cells that grow in suspension in serum free culture ('B-702', deposited as FERM BP-7449).
  • the MDCK cell line used may be tumorigenic. It is also envisioned to use non- tumorigenic MDCK cells.
  • reference 31 discloses non tumorigenic MDCK cells, including 'MDCK-S' (ATCC PTA-6500), 'MDCK-SF101 ' (ATCC PTA-6501), 'MDCK-SF102' (ATCC PTA-6502) and 'MDCK-SF103' (ATCC PTA-6503).
  • Reference 32 discloses MDCK cells with high susceptibility to infection, including 'MDCK.5F1' cells (ATCC CRL 12042).
  • the cells used in the methods of the invention are preferably cells which are suitable for producing an influenza vaccine that can be used for administration to humans. Such cells must be derived from a cell bank system which is approved for vaccine manufacture and registered with a national control authority, and must be within the maximum number of passages permitted for vaccine production (see reference 33 for a summary). Examples of suitable cells which have been approved for vaccine manufacture include MDCK cells (like MDCK 33016; see reference 27), CHO cells, Vero cells, and PER.C6 cells. The methods of the invention may not use 293T cells as these cells are not approved for vaccine manufacture.
  • the methods of the invention are practised with a single cell type e.g. with monoclonal cells.
  • the cells used in the methods of the present invention are from a single cell line.
  • the same cell line may be used for reassorting the virus and for any subsequent propagation of the virus.
  • the cells are cultured in the absence of serum, to avoid a common source of contaminants.
  • serum-free media for eukaryotic cell culture are known to the person skilled in the art (e.g. Iscove's medium, ultra CHO medium (BioWhittaker), EX-CELL (JRH Biosciences)).
  • protein-free media may be used (e.g. PF-CHO (JRH Biosciences)).
  • the cells for replication can also be cultured in the customary serum-containing media (e.g. MEM or DMEM medium with 0.5% to 10% of fetal calf serum).
  • the cells may be in adherent culture or in suspension.
  • the invention provides a method for producing influenza viruses comprising steps of (a) infecting a culture host with a reassortant virus of the invention; (b) culturing the host from step (a) to produce the virus; and optionally (c) purifying the virus obtained in step (b).
  • the culture host may be cells or embryonated hen eggs. Where cells are used as a culture host in this aspect of the invention, it is known that cell culture conditions (e.g. temperature, cell density, pH value, etc.) are variable over a wide range subject to the cell line and the virus employed and can be adapted to the requirements of the application. The following information therefore merely represents guidelines.
  • cells are preferably cultured in serum-free or protein-free media.
  • Multiplication of the cells can be conducted in accordance with methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • the cells can be cultivated in a perfusion system using ordinary support methods like centrifugation or filtration.
  • the cells can be multiplied according to the invention in a fed-batch system before infection.
  • a culture system is referred to as a fed-batch system in which the cells are initially cultured in a batch system and depletion of nutrients (or part of the nutrients) in the medium is compensated by controlled feeding of concentrated nutrients. It can be advantageous to adjust the pH value of the medium during multiplication of cells before infection to a value between pH 6.6 and pH 7.8 and especially between a value between pH 7.2 and pH 7.3.
  • Culturing of cells preferably occurs at a temperature between 30 and 40°C.
  • the cells are preferably cultured at a temperature of between 30 °C and 36°C or between 32 °C and 34 °C or at 33°C. This is particularly preferred, as it has been shown that incubation of infected cells in this temperature range results in production of a virus that results in improved efficacy when formulated into a vaccine [34].
  • Oxygen partial pressure can be adjusted during culturing before infection preferably at a value between 25% and 95% and especially at a value between 35% and 60%.
  • the values for the oxygen partial pressure stated in the context of the invention are based on saturation of air.
  • Infection of cells occurs at a cell density of preferably about 8-25x10 5 cells/mL in the batch system or preferably about 5-20x10 6 cells/mL in the perfusion system.
  • the cells can be infected with a viral dose (MOI value, "multiplicity of infection"; corresponds to the number of virus units per cell at the time of infection) between 10 "8 and 10, preferably between 0.0001 and 0.5.
  • Virus may be grown on cells in adherent culture or in suspension. Microcarrier cultures can be used. In some embodiments, the cells may thus be adapted for growth in suspension.
  • the methods according to the invention also include harvesting and isolation of viruses or the proteins generated by them.
  • the cells are separated from the culture medium by standard methods like separation, filtration or ultrafiltration.
  • the viruses or the proteins are then concentrated according to methods sufficiently known to those skilled in the art, like gradient centrifugation, filtration, precipitation, chromatography, etc., and then purified.
  • the viruses are inactivated during or after purification. Virus inactivation can occur, for example, by ⁇ -propiolactone or formaldehyde at any point within the purification process.
  • the culture host may be eggs.
  • the current standard method for influenza virus growth for vaccines uses embryonated SPF hen eggs, with virus being purified from the egg contents (allantoic fluid). It is also possible to passage a virus through eggs and subsequently propagate it in cell culture and vice versa.
  • the invention utilises virus produced according to the method to produce vaccines.
  • Vaccines are generally based either on live virus or on inactivated virus. Inactivated vaccines may be based on whole virions, 'split' virions, or on purified surface antigens. Antigens can also be presented in the form of virosomes. The invention can be used for manufacturing any of these types of vaccine.
  • the vaccine may comprise whole virion, split virion, or purified surface antigens (for influenza, including hemagglutinin and, usually, also including neuraminidase).
  • Chemical means for inactivating a virus include treatment with an effective amount of one or more of the following agents: detergents, formaldehyde, ⁇ -propiolactone, methylene blue, psoralen, carboxyfullerene (C60), binary ethylamine, acetyl ethyleneimine, or combinations thereof.
  • Non-chemical methods of viral inactivation are known in the art, such as for example UV light or gamma irradiation.
  • Virions can be harvested from virus-containing fluids, e.g. allantoic fluid or cell culture supernatant, by various methods.
  • a purification process may involve zonal centrifugation using a linear sucrose gradient solution that includes detergent to disrupt the virions.
  • Antigens may then be purified, after optional dilution, by diafiltration.
  • Split virions are obtained by treating purified virions with detergents ⁇ e.g. ethyl ether, polysorbate 80, deoxycholate, tri-N-butyl phosphate, Triton X-100, Triton ⁇ 101, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Tergitol ⁇ 9, etc.) to produce subvirion preparations, including the 'Tween-ether' splitting process.
  • detergents ⁇ e.g. ethyl ether, polysorbate 80, deoxycholate, tri-N-butyl phosphate, Triton X-100, Triton ⁇ 101, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Tergitol ⁇ 9, etc.
  • Methods of splitting influenza viruses for example are well known in the art e.g. see refs. 35-40, etc.
  • Splitting of the virus is typically carried out by disrupting or fragmenting whole virus, whether infectious or non-infectious with a disrupting concentration of a splitting
  • Preferred splitting agents are non-ionic and ionic ⁇ e.g. cationic) surfactants e.g. alkylglycosides, alkylthioglycosides, acyl sugars, sulphobetaines, betains, polyoxyethylenealkylethers, ⁇ , ⁇ -dialkyl- Glucamides, Hecameg, alkylphenoxy-polyethoxyethanols, ⁇ 9, quaternary ammonium compounds, sarcosyl, CTABs (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromides), tri-N-butyl phosphate, Cetavlon, myristyltrimethylammonium salts, lipofectin, lipofectamine, and DOT-MA, the octyl- or nonylphenoxy polyoxyethanols ⁇ e.g.
  • non-ionic and ionic ⁇ e.g. cationic surfactants e.g. alkylglycosides, alky
  • Triton surfactants such as Triton X-100 or Triton ⁇ 101
  • poly oxy ethylene sorbitan esters the Tween surfactants
  • poly oxy ethylene ethers polyoxyethlene esters, etc.
  • One useful splitting procedure uses the consecutive effects of sodium deoxycholate and formaldehyde, and splitting can take place during initial virion purification (e.g. in a sucrose density gradient solution).
  • a splitting process can involve clarification of the virion-containing material (to remove non- virion material), concentration of the harvested virions (e.g.
  • split virions can usefully be resuspended in sodium phosphate-buffered isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • split influenza vaccines are the BEGRIVACTM, FLUARIXTM, FLUZONETM and FLUSFflELDTM products.
  • Purified influenza virus surface antigen vaccines comprise the surface antigens hemagglutinin and, typically, also neuraminidase. Processes for preparing these proteins in purified form are well known in the art.
  • the FLUVIRINTM, AGRIPPALTM and INFLUVACTM products are influenza subunit vaccines.
  • Virosomes can be prepared by solubilization of virus with a detergent followed by removal of the nucleocapsid and reconstitution of the membrane containing the viral glycoproteins.
  • An alternative method for preparing virosomes involves adding viral membrane glycoproteins to excess amounts of phospholipids, to give liposomes with viral proteins in their membrane.
  • the methods of the invention may also be used to produce live vaccines.
  • live vaccines are usually prepared by purifying virions from virion-containing fluids.
  • the fluids may be clarified by centrifugation, and stabilized with buffer (e.g. containing sucrose, potassium phosphate, and monosodium glutamate).
  • buffer e.g. containing sucrose, potassium phosphate, and monosodium glutamate.
  • influenza virus vaccines include Medlmmune's FLUMISTTM product.
  • the virus may be attenuated.
  • the virus may be temperature-sensitive.
  • the virus may be cold-adapted. These three features are particularly useful when using live virus as an antigen.
  • HA is the main immunogen in current inactivated influenza vaccines, and vaccine doses are standardised by reference to HA levels, typically measured by SRID.
  • Existing vaccines typically contain about 15 ⁇ g of HA per strain, although lower doses can be used e.g. for children, or in pandemic situations, or when using an adjuvant. Fractional doses such as 1 ⁇ 2 (i.e. 7.5 ⁇ g HA per strain), 1 ⁇ 4 and Vg have been used, as have higher doses (e.g. 3x or 9x doses [43,44]).
  • vaccines may include between 0.1 and 150 ⁇ g of HA per influenza strain, preferably between 0.1 and 50 ⁇ g e.g.
  • Particular doses include e.g. about 45, about 30, about 15, about 10, about 7.5, about 5, about 3.8, about 3.75, about 1.9, about 1.5, etc. per strain.
  • TCID 50 median tissue culture infectious dose
  • a TCID 50 of between 10 6 and 10 8 (preferably between 10 6 5 -10 7 5 ) per strain is typical.
  • Influenza strains used with the invention may have a natural HA as found in a wild-type virus, or a modified HA. For instance, it is known to modify HA to remove determinants (e.g. hyper-basic regions around the HA1/HA2 cleavage site) that cause a virus to be highly pathogenic in avian species. The use of reverse genetics facilitates such modifications.
  • compositions of the invention are particularly useful for immunizing against pandemic or potentially-pandemic strains.
  • the invention is suitable for vaccinating humans as well as non-human animals.
  • strains which are resistant to antiviral therapy e.g. resistant to oseltamivir [45] and/or zanamivir
  • resistant pandemic strains [46] e.g. resistant to oseltamivir [45] and/or zanamivir
  • compositions of the invention may include antigen(s) from one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or more) influenza virus strains, including influenza A virus and/or influenza B virus provided that at least one influenza strain is a reassortant influenza strain of the invention.
  • Compositions wherein at least two, at least three or all of the antigens are from reassortant influenza strains of the invention are also envisioned.
  • a vaccine includes more than one strain of influenza, the different strains are typically grown separately and are mixed after the viruses have been harvested and antigens have been prepared.
  • a process of the invention may include the step of mixing antigens from more than one influenza strain.
  • a trivalent vaccine is typical, including antigens from two influenza A virus strains and one influenza B virus strain.
  • a tetravalent vaccine is also useful [47], including antigens from two influenza A virus strains and two influenza B virus strains, or three influenza A virus strains and one influenza B virus strain.
  • Vaccine compositions manufactured according to the invention are pharmaceutically acceptable. They usually include components in addition to the antigens e.g. they typically include one or more pharmaceutical carrier(s) and/or excipient(s). As described below, adjuvants may also be included. A thorough discussion of such components is available in reference 48.
  • Vaccine compositions will generally be in aqueous form. However, some vaccines may be in dry form, e.g. in the form of injectable solids or dried or polymerized preparations on a patch.
  • Vaccine compositions may include preservatives such as thiomersal or 2-phenoxyethanol. It is preferred, however, that the vaccine should be substantially free from (i.e. less than 5 ⁇ g/ml) mercurial material e.g. thiomersal-free [39,49]. Vaccines containing no mercury are more preferred. An a-tocopherol succinate can be included as an alternative to mercurial compounds [39]. Preservative-free vaccines are particularly preferred.
  • a physiological salt such as a sodium salt.
  • Sodium chloride (NaCl) is preferred, which may be present at between 1 and 20 mg/ml.
  • Other salts that may be present include potassium chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium phosphate dehydrate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, etc.
  • Vaccine compositions will generally have an osmolality of between 200 mOsm/kg and 400 mOsm/kg, preferably between 240-360 mOsm/kg, and will more preferably fall within the range of 290-310 mOsm/kg. Osmolality has previously been reported not to have an impact on pain caused by vaccination [50], but keeping osmolality in this range is nevertheless preferred.
  • Vaccine compositions may include one or more buffers.
  • Typical buffers include: a phosphate buffer; a Tris buffer; a borate buffer; a succinate buffer; a histidine buffer (particularly with an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant); or a citrate buffer.
  • Buffers will typically be included in the 5-20mM range.
  • the pH of a vaccine composition will generally be between 5.0 and 8.1, and more typically between 6.0 and 8.0 e.g. 6.5 and 7.5, or between 7.0 and 7.8.
  • a process of the invention may therefore include a step of adjusting the pH of the bulk vaccine prior to packaging.
  • the vaccine composition is preferably sterile.
  • the vaccine composition is preferably non-pyrogenic e.g. containing ⁇ 1 EU (endotoxin unit, a standard measure) per dose, and preferably ⁇ 0.1 EU per dose.
  • the vaccine composition is preferably gluten- free.
  • Vaccine compositions of the invention may include detergent e.g. a polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester surfactant (known as 'Tweens'), an octoxynol (such as octoxynol-9 (Triton X-100) or t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol), a cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide ('CTAB'), or sodium deoxycholate, particularly for a split or surface antigen vaccine.
  • the detergent may be present only at trace amounts.
  • the vaccine may include less than lmg/ml of each of octoxynol-10 and polysorbate 80.
  • Other residual components in trace amounts could be antibiotics ⁇ e.g. neomycin, kanamycin, polymyxin B).
  • a vaccine composition may include material for a single immunisation, or may include material for multiple immunisations ⁇ i.e. a 'multidose' kit).
  • the inclusion of a preservative is preferred in multidose arrangements.
  • the compositions may be contained in a container having an aseptic adaptor for removal of material.
  • Influenza vaccines are typically administered in a dosage volume of about 0.5ml, although a half dose ⁇ i.e. about 0.25ml) may be administered to children.
  • compositions and kits are preferably stored at between 2°C and 8°C. They should not be frozen. They should ideally be kept out of direct light.
  • a vaccine composition prepared according to the invention preferably contains less than 1 Ong (preferably less than lng, and more preferably less than lOOpg) of residual host cell DNA per dose, although trace amounts of host cell DNA may be present.
  • the average length of any residual host cell DNA is less than 500bp e.g. less than 400bp, less than 300bp, less than 200bp, less than lOObp, etc.
  • Contaminating DNA can be removed during vaccine preparation using standard purification procedures e.g. chromatography, etc. Removal of residual host cell DNA can be enhanced by nuclease treatment e.g. by using a DNase.
  • a convenient method for reducing host cell DNA contamination is disclosed in references 51 & 52, involving a two-step treatment, first using a DNase ⁇ e.g. Benzonase), which may be used during viral growth, and then a cationic detergent ⁇ e.g. CTAB), which may be used during virion disruption.
  • Treatment with an alkylating agent, such as ⁇ -propiolactone can also be used to remove host cell DNA, and advantageously may also be used to inactivate virions [53].
  • compositions of the invention may advantageously include an adjuvant, which can function to enhance the immune responses (humoral and/or cellular) elicited in a subject who receives the composition.
  • Preferred adjuvants comprise oil-in-water emulsions.
  • Various such adjuvants are known, and they typically include at least one oil and at least one surfactant, with the oil(s) and surfactant(s) being biodegradable (metabolisable) and biocompatible.
  • the oil droplets in the emulsion are generally less than 5 ⁇ in diameter, and ideally have a sub-micron diameter, with these small sizes being achieved with a microfluidiser to provide stable emulsions. Droplets with a size less than 220nm are preferred as they can be subjected to filter sterilization.
  • the emulsion can comprise oils such as those from an animal (such as fish) or vegetable source.
  • Sources for vegetable oils include nuts, seeds and grains. Peanut oil, soybean oil, coconut oil, and olive oil, the most commonly available, exemplify the nut oils.
  • Jojoba oil can be used e.g. obtained from the jojoba bean. Seed oils include safflower oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower seed oil, sesame seed oil and the like. In the grain group, corn oil is the most readily available, but the oil of other cereal grains such as wheat, oats, rye, rice, teff, triticale and the like may also be used.
  • 6-10 carbon fatty acid esters of glycerol and 1,2-propanediol may be prepared by hydrolysis, separation and esterification of the appropriate materials starting from the nut and seed oils.
  • Fats and oils from mammalian milk are metabolizable and may therefore be used in the practice of this invention.
  • the procedures for separation, purification, saponification and other means necessary for obtaining pure oils from animal sources are well known in the art.
  • Most fish contain metabolizable oils which may be readily recovered. For example, cod liver oil, shark liver oils, and whale oil such as spermaceti exemplify several of the fish oils which may be used herein.
  • branched chain oils are synthesized biochemically in 5-carbon isoprene units and are generally referred to as terpenoids.
  • Shark liver oil contains a branched, unsaturated terpenoids known as squalene, 2,6,10,15, 19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene, which is particularly preferred herein.
  • Squalane the saturated analog to squalene
  • Fish oils, including squalene and squalane are readily available from commercial sources or may be obtained by methods known in the art.
  • Another preferred oil is a-tocopherol (see below).
  • Surfactants can be classified by their 'HLB' (hydrophile/lipophile balance). Preferred surfactants of the invention have a HLB of at least 10, preferably at least 15, and more preferably at least 16.
  • the invention can be used with surfactants including, but not limited to: the poly oxy ethylene sorbitan esters surfactants (commonly referred to as the Tweens), especially polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80; copolymers of ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO), and/or butylene oxide (BO), sold under the DOWFAXTM tradename, such as linear EO/PO block copolymers; octoxynols, which can vary in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-l,2-ethanediyl) groups, with octoxynol-9 (Triton X-100, or t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol) being of particular interest; (octylphenoxy)poly
  • Non-ionic surfactants are preferred.
  • Preferred surfactants for including in the emulsion are Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate), Span 85 (sorbitan trioleate), lecithin and Triton X-100.
  • surfactants can be used e.g. Tween 80/Span 85 mixtures.
  • a combination of a polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and an octoxynol such as t-octylphenoxypoly ethoxy ethanol (Triton X-100) is also suitable.
  • Another useful combination comprises laureth 9 plus a polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester and/or an octoxynol.
  • Preferred amounts of surfactants are: polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters (such as Tween 80) 0.01 to 1%, in particular about 0.1 %; octyl- or nonylphenoxy polyoxyethanols (such as Triton X-100, or other detergents in the Triton series) 0.001 to 0.1 %, in particular 0.005 to 0.02%; polyoxyethylene ethers (such as laureth 9) 0.1 to 20 %, preferably 0.1 to 10 % and in particular 0.1 to 1% or about 0.5%.
  • polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters such as Tween 80
  • octyl- or nonylphenoxy polyoxyethanols such as Triton X-100, or other detergents in the Triton series
  • polyoxyethylene ethers such as laureth 9
  • the vaccine contains a split virus
  • This is advantageous as the free surfactant can exert a 'splitting effect' on the antigen, thereby disrupting any unsplit virions and/or virion aggregates that might otherwise be present. This can improve the safety of split virus vaccines [54].
  • Preferred emulsions have an average droplets size of ⁇ 1 ⁇ e.g. ⁇ 750nm, ⁇ 500nm, ⁇ 400nm, ⁇ 300nm, ⁇ 250nm, ⁇ 220nm, ⁇ 200nm, or smaller. These droplet sizes can conveniently be achieved by techniques such as microfluidisation.
  • oil-in- water emulsion adjuvants useful with the invention include, but are not limited to:
  • a submicron emulsion of squalene, Tween 80, and Span 85 A submicron emulsion of squalene, Tween 80, and Span 85.
  • the composition of the emulsion by volume can be about 5% squalene, about 0.5% polysorbate 80 and about 0.5% Span 85. In weight terms, these ratios become 4.3% squalene, 0.5% polysorbate 80 and 0.48% Span 85.
  • This adjuvant is known as 'MF59' [55-57], as described in more detail in Chapter 10 of ref. 58 and chapter 12 of ref. 59.
  • the MF59 emulsion advantageously includes citrate ions e.g. lOmM sodium citrate buffer.
  • An emulsion comprising squalene, a tocopherol, and polysorbate 80.
  • the emulsion may include phosphate buffered saline. These emulsions may have by volume from 2 to 10% squalene, from 2 to 10% tocopherol and from 0.3 to 3% polysorbate 80, and the weight ratio of squalene tocopherol is preferably ⁇ 1 (e.g. 0.90) as this can provide a more stable emulsion.
  • Squalene and polysorbate 80 may be present volume ratio of about 5:2 or at a weight ratio of about 11 :5.
  • the three components may be present at a weight ratio of 1068: 1186:485 or around 55:61 :25.
  • One such emulsion ('AS03') can be made by dissolving Tween 80 in PBS to give a 2% solution, then mixing 90ml of this solution with a mixture of (5g of DL a tocopherol and 5ml squalene), then microfluidising the mixture.
  • the resulting emulsion may have submicron oil droplets e.g. with an average diameter of between 100 and 250nm, preferably about 180nm.
  • the emulsion may also include a 3-de-O- acylated monophosphoryl lipid A (3d MPL).
  • Another useful emulsion of this type may comprise, per human dose, 0.5-10 mg squalene, 0.5-11 mg tocopherol, and 0.1-4 mg polysorbate 80 [60] e.g. in the ratios discussed above.
  • the emulsion may also include a 3d-MPL (see below).
  • the emulsion may contain a phosphate buffer.
  • An emulsion comprising a polysorbate ⁇ e.g. polysorbate 80), a Triton detergent ⁇ e.g. Triton X-100) and a tocopherol ⁇ e.g. an a-tocopherol succinate).
  • the emulsion may include these three components at a mass ratio of about 75: 11 : 10 ⁇ e.g. 750 ⁇ g/ml polysorbate 80, 110 ⁇ g/ml Triton X-100 and 100 ⁇ g/ml a-tocopherol succinate), and these concentrations should include any contribution of these components from antigens.
  • the emulsion may also include squalene.
  • the emulsion may also include a 3d-MPL (see below).
  • the aqueous phase may contain a phosphate buffer.
  • An emulsion of squalane, polysorbate 80 and poloxamer 401 (“PluronicTM L121").
  • the emulsion can be formulated in phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4.
  • This emulsion is a useful delivery vehicle for muramyl dipeptides, and has been used with threonyl-MDP in the "SAF-1" adjuvant [61] (0.05-1% Thr-MDP, 5% squalane, 2.5% Pluronic L121 and 0.2% polysorbate 80). It can also be used without the Thr-MDP, as in the "AF” adjuvant [62] (5% squalane, 1.25% Pluronic L121 and 0.2% polysorbate 80). Microfluidisation is preferred.
  • An emulsion comprising squalene, an aqueous solvent, a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether hydrophilic nonionic surfactant (e.g. polyoxyethylene (12) cetostearyl ether) and a hydrophobic nonionic surfactant (e.g. a sorbitan ester or mannide ester, such as sorbitan monoleate or 'Span 80').
  • the emulsion is preferably thermoreversible and/or has at least 90% of the oil droplets (by volume) with a size less than 200 nm [63].
  • the emulsion may also include one or more of: alditol; a cryoprotective agent (e.g. a sugar, such as dodecylmaltoside and/or sucrose); and/or an alkylpoly glycoside.
  • the emulsion may include a TLR4 agonist [64]. Such emulsions may be lyophilized.
  • An emulsion having from 0.5-50% of an oil, 0.1-10% of a phospholipid, and 0.05-5% of a non-ionic surfactant.
  • preferred phospholipid components are phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, sphingomyelin and cardiolipin. Submicron droplet sizes are advantageous.
  • Additives may be included, such as QuilA saponin, cholesterol, a saponin-lipophile conjugate (such as GPI-0100, described in reference 67, produced by addition of aliphatic amine to desacylsaponin via the carboxyl group of glucuronic acid), dimethyidioctadecylammonium bromide and/or N,N-dioctadecyl-N,N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl)propanediamine.
  • a non-metabolisable oil such as light mineral oil
  • surfactant such as lecithin, Tween 80 or Span 80.
  • Additives may be included, such as QuilA saponin, cholesterol, a saponin-lipophile conjugate (such as GPI
  • a saponin e.g. QuilA or QS21
  • a sterol e.g. a cholesterol
  • An emulsion comprising a mineral oil, a non-ionic lipophilic ethoxylated fatty alcohol, and a non-ionic hydrophilic surfactant (e.g. an ethoxylated fatty alcohol and/or polyoxyethylene- polyoxypropylene block copolymer) [69].
  • a non-ionic lipophilic ethoxylated fatty alcohol e.g. an ethoxylated fatty alcohol and/or polyoxyethylene- polyoxypropylene block copolymer
  • An emulsion comprising a mineral oil, a non-ionic hydrophilic ethoxylated fatty alcohol, and a non-ionic lipophilic surfactant (e.g. an ethoxylated fatty alcohol and/or polyoxyethylene- polyoxypropylene block copolymer) [69].
  • an emulsion may be mixed with antigen extemporaneously, at the time of delivery, and thus the adjuvant and antigen may be kept separately in a packaged or distributed vaccine, ready for final formulation at the time of use.
  • an emulsion is mixed with antigen during manufacture, and thus the composition is packaged in a liquid adjuvanted form.
  • the antigen will generally be in an aqueous form, such that the vaccine is finally prepared by mixing two liquids.
  • the volume ratio of the two liquids for mixing can vary (e.g. between 5: 1 and 1 : 5) but is generally about 1 : 1. Where concentrations of components are given in the above descriptions of specific emulsions, these concentrations are typically for an undiluted composition, and the concentration after mixing with an antigen solution will thus decrease.
  • Suitable containers for compositions of the invention include vials, syringes (e.g. disposable syringes), nasal sprays, etc. These containers should be sterile.
  • the vial is preferably made of a glass or plastic material.
  • the vial is preferably sterilized before the composition is added to it.
  • vials are preferably sealed with a latex-free stopper, and the absence of latex in all packaging material is preferred.
  • the vial may include a single dose of vaccine, or it may include more than one dose (a 'multidose' vial) e.g. 10 doses.
  • Preferred vials are made of colourless glass.
  • a vial can have a cap (e.g. a Luer lock) adapted such that a pre-filled syringe can be inserted into the cap, the contents of the syringe can be expelled into the vial (e.g. to reconstitute lyophilised material therein), and the contents of the vial can be removed back into the syringe.
  • a needle can then be attached and the composition can be administered to a patient.
  • the cap is preferably located inside a seal or cover, such that the seal or cover has to be removed before the cap can be accessed.
  • a vial may have a cap that permits aseptic removal of its contents, particularly for multidose vials.
  • the syringe may have a needle attached to it. If a needle is not attached, a separate needle may be supplied with the syringe for assembly and use. Such a needle may be sheathed. Safety needles are preferred. 1-inch 23-gauge, 1-inch 25-gauge and 5/8- inch 25-gauge needles are typical. Syringes may be provided with peel-off labels on which the lot number, influenza season and expiration date of the contents may be printed, to facilitate record keeping.
  • the plunger in the syringe preferably has a stopper to prevent the plunger from being accidentally removed during aspiration.
  • the syringes may have a latex rubber cap and/or plunger.
  • Disposable syringes contain a single dose of vaccine.
  • the syringe will generally have a tip cap to seal the tip prior to attachment of a needle, and the tip cap is preferably made of a butyl rubber. If the syringe and needle are packaged separately then the needle is preferably fitted with a butyl rubber shield.
  • Preferred syringes are those marketed under the trade name "Tip-Lok"TM.
  • Containers may be marked to show a half-dose volume e.g. to facilitate delivery to children. For instance, a syringe containing a 0.5ml dose may have a mark showing a 0.25ml volume.
  • a glass container ⁇ e.g. a syringe or a vial
  • a container made from a borosilicate glass rather than from a soda lime glass.
  • a kit or composition may be packaged ⁇ e.g. in the same box) with a leaflet including details of the vaccine e.g. instructions for administration, details of the antigens within the vaccine, etc.
  • the instructions may also contain warnings e.g. to keep a solution of adrenaline readily available in case of anaphylactic reaction following vaccination, etc.
  • the invention provides a vaccine manufactured according to the invention. These vaccine compositions are suitable for administration to human or non-human animal subjects, such as pigs or birds, and the invention provides a method of raising an immune response in a subject, comprising the step of administering a composition of the invention to the subject.
  • the invention also provides a composition of the invention for use as a medicament, and provides the use of a composition of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for raising an immune response in a subject.
  • the immune response raised by these methods and uses will generally include an antibody response, preferably a protective antibody response.
  • Methods for assessing antibody responses, neutralising capability and protection after influenza virus vaccination are well known in the art. Human studies have shown that antibody titers against hemagglutinin of human influenza virus are correlated with protection (a serum sample hemagglutination-inhibition titer of about 30-40 gives around 50% protection from infection by a homologous virus) [70].
  • Antibody responses are typically measured by hemagglutination inhibition, by microneutralisation, by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID), and/or by single radial hemolysis (SRH). These assay techniques are well known in the art.
  • compositions of the invention can be administered in various ways.
  • the most preferred immunisation route is by intramuscular injection ⁇ e.g. into the arm or leg), but other available routes include subcutaneous injection, intranasal [71-73], oral [74], intradermal [75,76], transcutaneous, transdermal [77], etc.
  • Vaccines prepared according to the invention may be used to treat both children and adults. Influenza vaccines are currently recommended for use in pediatric and adult immunisation, from the age of 6 months. Thus a human subject may be less than 1 year old, 1-5 years old, 5-15 years old, 15-55 years old, or at least 55 years old. Preferred subjects for receiving the vaccines are the elderly ⁇ e.g. >50 years old, >60 years old, and preferably >65 years), the young ⁇ e.g. ⁇ 5 years old), hospitalised subjects, healthcare workers, armed service and military personnel, pregnant women, the chronically ill, immunodeficient subjects, subjects who have taken an antiviral compound ⁇ e.g.
  • an oseltamivir or zanamivir compound in the 7 days prior to receiving the vaccine, people with egg allergies and people travelling abroad.
  • the vaccines are not suitable solely for these groups, however, and may be used more generally in a population. For pandemic strains, administration to all age groups is preferred.
  • compositions of the invention satisfy 1, 2 or 3 of the CPMP criteria for efficacy.
  • these criteria are: (1) >70% seroprotection; (2) >40% seroconversion; and/or (3) a GMT increase of >2.5-fold.
  • these criteria are: (1) >60% seroprotection; (2) >30% seroconversion; and/or (3) a GMT increase of >2-fold.
  • Treatment can be by a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule. Multiple doses may be used in a primary immunisation schedule and/or in a booster immunisation schedule. In a multiple dose schedule the various doses may be given by the same or different routes e.g. a parenteral prime and mucosal boost, a mucosal prime and parenteral boost, etc. Administration of more than one dose (typically two doses) is particularly useful in immunologically naive patients e.g. for people who have never received an influenza vaccine before, or for vaccinating against a new HA subtype (as in a pandemic outbreak). Multiple doses will typically be administered at least 1 week apart ⁇ e.g. about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 16 weeks, etc.).
  • Vaccines produced by the invention may be administered to patients at substantially the same time as ⁇ e.g. during the same medical consultation or visit to a healthcare professional or vaccination centre) other vaccines e.g. at substantially the same time as a measles vaccine, a mumps vaccine, a rubella vaccine, a MMR vaccine, a varicella vaccine, a MMRV vaccine, a diphtheria vaccine, a tetanus vaccine, a pertussis vaccine, a DTP vaccine, a conjugated H.influenzae type b vaccine, an inactivated poliovirus vaccine, a hepatitis B virus vaccine, a meningococcal conjugate vaccine (such as a tetravalent A-C-W135-Y vaccine), a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, etc.
  • Administration at substantially the same time as a pneumococcal vaccine and/or a meningococcal vaccine is particularly
  • vaccines of the invention may be administered to patients at substantially the same time as ⁇ e.g. during the same medical consultation or visit to a healthcare professional) an antiviral compound, and in particular an antiviral compound active against influenza virus ⁇ e.g. oseltamivir and/or zanamivir).
  • neuraminidase inhibitors such as a (3R,4R,5S)-4- acetylamino-5-amino-3(l-ethylpropoxy)-l-cyclohexene-l-carboxylic acid or 5-(acetylamino)-4- [(aminoiminomethyl)-amino]-2,6-anhydro-3,4,5-trideoxy-D-glycero-D-galactonon-2-enonic acid, including esters thereof ⁇ e.g. the ethyl esters) and salts thereof ⁇ e.g. the phosphate salts).
  • neuraminidase inhibitors such as a (3R,4R,5S)-4- acetylamino-5-amino-3(l-ethylpropoxy)-l-cyclohexene-l-carboxylic acid or 5-(acetylamino)-4- [(aminoiminomethyl)-amino]-2,6-
  • a preferred antiviral is (3R,4R,5S)-4-acetylamino-5-amino-3(l-ethylpropoxy)-l-cyclohexene-l-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester, phosphate (1 : 1), also known as oseltamivir phosphate (TAMIFLUTM).
  • TAMIFLUTM oseltamivir phosphate
  • composition comprising X may consist exclusively of X or may include something additional e.g. X + Y.
  • a process comprising a step of mixing two or more components does not require any specific order of mixing.
  • components can be mixed in any order. Where there are three components then two components can be combined with each other, and then the combination may be combined with the third component, etc.
  • the various steps of the methods may be carried out at the same or different times, in the same or different geographical locations, e.g. countries, and by the same or different people or entities.
  • animal (and particularly bovine) materials are used in the culture of cells, they should be obtained from sources that are free from transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), and in particular free from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Overall, it is preferred to culture cells in the total absence of animal-derived materials.
  • TSEs transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
  • BSE bovine spongiform encephalopathy
  • a compound is administered to the body as part of a composition then that compound may alternatively be replaced by a suitable prodrug.
  • references to a percentage sequence identity between two amino acid sequences means that, when aligned, that percentage of amino acids are the same in comparing the two sequences.
  • This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art, for example those described in section 7.7.18 of reference 80.
  • a preferred alignment is determined by the Smith- Waterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12 and a gap extension penalty of 2, BLOSUM matrix of 62.
  • the Smith- Waterman homology search algorithm is taught in reference 81.
  • references to a percentage sequence identity between two nucleic acid sequences mean that, when aligned, that percentage of bases are the same in comparing the two sequences.
  • This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art, for example those described in section 7.7.18 of reference 80.
  • Figure 1 Backbone-derived viruses outperform wt A/Brisbane/10/10 virus in growth and HA yield.
  • A HA yield as measured by HA ELISA. The y-axis shows the HA yield ⁇ g/mL)
  • B The fold increase in HA yield by ELISA was calculated by normalizing the HA ELISA values to those of the A/Brisbane/10/10 WT virus. The y-axis shows the fold increase in HA yield.
  • C HA titers using 0.5% guinea pig RBCs. The y-axis shows the log2 HA titer.
  • D Viral titers 60h post- infection as determined by FFA assay. The y-axis shows the FFU/mL.
  • Figure 2 compares the HA yield of different reassortant influenza B strains in MDCK cells relative to the wild-type (WT) or reverse genetics-derived (RG) B/Brisbane/60/08 strain.
  • the viral segments of the tested influenza B viruses are shown in Table 1.
  • the y-axis indicates the HA yield in ⁇ g/mL.
  • Figure 3 compares the HA yield of different reassortant influenza B strains in MDCK cells relative to the wild-type (WT) or reverse genetics-derived (RG) B/Panama/45/90 strain.
  • the viral segments of the tested influenza B viruses are shown in Table 1.
  • the y-axis indicates the HA yield in ⁇ g/mL.
  • FIG. 4 (A) Schematic diagram and sequence alignment of chimeric HA constructs.
  • the wild type A/Brisbane/10/10 HA (WT Bris) is shown in white.
  • the terminal regions of HA, non-coding regions (NCR), signal peptide (SP), transmembrane region (TM) and cytoplasmic domain (CT), from two laboratory adapted strains of H1N1, PR8X (dotted fields) and 105p30 (hatched fields), are fused to the A/Brisbane/10/10 ectodomain to produce the chimeric HA segments shown.
  • Dashes represent nucleotides conserved among the strains.
  • the 3 'NCR is separated from the signal peptide sequence by the solid bar.
  • the ectodomain sequence is omitted (../..).
  • the transmembrane region is separated from the cytoplasmic tail by the dashed line.
  • the stop codon is underlined and followed by the 5 'NCR.
  • C Schematic diagram and sequence alignment of chimeric NA constructs. The wild type A/Brisbane/10/10 NA (WT Bris) is shown in white.
  • D Sequence alignment of the terminal regions of A/Brisbane/10/10 (Bris), PR8X and 105 NA. Dashes represent nucleotides conserved among the strains.
  • the cytoplasmic tail is separated from the 3 'NCR by the solid bar and from the transmembrane region by the dashed line.
  • the ectodomain sequence is omitted (../..).
  • the stop codon is underlined and followed by the 5 'NCR.
  • PR8X(term) HA/NA segments enhance HA yield over PR8X(term) HA or NA only.
  • MDCK 33016PF cells are infected at an MOI of 0.001 with viruses with the PR8X backbone using the indicated HA NA gene segment combinations.
  • A Fold increase as measured by HA ELISA and compared to the yield using WT A Brisbane/10/10 HA and NA segments. The y-axis shows the fold increase in HA yield.
  • B HA titer as determined using 0.5% red blood cells from guinea pigs. The y-axis shows the log2 HA titer.
  • C Virus titers 60 h post infection as determined by FFA assay. The y-axis shows the FFU/mL.
  • FIG. 7 Chimeric HA and NA segments enhance HA yield with #21 backbone.
  • MDCK 33016PF cells were infected at an MOI of 0.001 with the X187 working seed (A/Victoria/210/2009 classical reassortant, white columns) and viruses derived from the #21 backbone with the indicated HA and NA gene segment combinations: terminal regions from WT A/Victoria/210/2009 (Vic, grey columns), PR8X (dotted columns) or 105 (hatched columns).
  • A shows virus titers 60 h post infection as determined by FFA assay.
  • the y-axis indicates FFU/mL
  • B shows HA yield 60 h post infection as determined by HA ELISA.
  • the y-axis indicates HA yield ⁇ g/mL).
  • HA yield is measured by HPLC after virus is concentrated and purified by sucrose- gradient density centrifugation. The y-axis shows ⁇ g HA/mL culture
  • B Deglycosylation of HA (dHA) is performed using PNGase and viruses are subsequently separated by SDS-PAGE and viral proteins stained using SYPRO-Ruby.
  • C HA content of #21 with the indicated HA and NA segments as assessed by gel densitometry assay and HPLC/BCA assay. The HA content is calculated from gel densitometry and from HPLC by dividing values from (A) over the total protein concentration in the fractions, as determined by a BCA assay. The columns show the results with HA and NA gene segments with the terminal regions from A/Brisbane/10/10 (Bris) (white columns), PR8X (hatched columns) and 105p30 (grey columns).
  • the y-axis shows % HA content. HA content values were compared to those of Bris(term) HA and NA (WT control), which were assigned a value of 1.
  • the eight segments from PR8X and 105p30, the PB1 segment from A/California/07/09 and the HA/NA segments from A/Brisbane/10/10 are cloned in plasmid pKSlO for virus rescue as previously described [82].
  • HA terminal region chimeras are generated using overlap PCR and cloned into pKSlO as previously described [82].
  • Overlap PCR and Quikchange (Agilent) mutagenesis are used to generate the NA terminal region chimeras. All plasmids are sequence verified before use in rescue experiments.
  • 384w plates (Costar) are coated O/N with Galanthus Nivalis (GNA) lectin (Sigma). Plates are washed four times with wash buffer (PBS+ 0.05% Tween20) and blocked with 10 mM Tns-HCl+ 150 mM NaCl+3% Sucrose+ 1%BSA, pH 7.68 (blocking buffer) for 1 hr at room temperature. Three-fold serial dilutions of the samples containing a final concentration of 1% Zwittergent 3-14 (Sigma) are prepared, added in duplicate to the plates, and incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes in a shaker.
  • Biotinylated-IgG purified from pooled sheep antisera (NIBSC cat# 11/110) raised against A/California/07/09 (antigenically similar to A/Brisbane/10/10) are added and further incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes in a shaker. Plates are then washed four times with wash buffer and incubated with Streptavi din- Alkaline phosphatase (KPL) in wash buffer at 37°C for 30 minutes in a shaker. Plates are washed four times with wash buffer and developed using lmg/ml p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate pNPP (Sigma) in DEA buffer phosphatase substrate (KPL). Plates are read after 40-50 min incubation in the dark at 405 nm using an InfiniteTM 200 PRO plate reader (Tecan). Data are analyzed using GraphPad Prism software.
  • HAI Haemagglutination Inhibition Assay
  • HAI hemagglutination inhibition assay
  • 40 rriL of the harvested medum is concentrated - 16 fold by centrifugal ultrafiltration (Vivaspin 20 with 300 kD MWCO, Sartorius-Stedim Biotech) and viruses are purified.
  • a hemagglutination assay with 0.5% guinea pig red blood cells (Cleveland Scientific) is performed to identify the fractions with the highest virion content, which are then pooled.
  • the protein content of the pooled fractions is determined using a BCA assay (Pierce) following the manufacturer's directions.
  • HAI HA maturational cleavage fragment
  • Equal volumes from pooled virus-containing fractions are deglycosylated following the protocol of reference 3 with minor modifications.
  • Samples are separated using 4-12 % Nu-PAGE precast gels (Invitrogen), stained overnight by shaking at room temperature using SYPRO-Ruby stain (Sigma) and destained by shaking in 10% methanol for 30 mins at room temperature. Gels are scanned using a Chemidoc XRS Imager (BioRad) and analyzed using ImageJ software.
  • Three optimized backbones outperform the current vaccine seed virus for growth and HA yield in MDCK cell cultures.
  • PR8-X contains all backbone segments from the cell-adapted PR8X strain.
  • the #19 backbone contains PBl, PB2 and NP from the cell-adapted 105p30 strain, and the remaining backbone segments from PR8X.
  • the #21 backbone contains an A/California/07/09-like PB l and the remaining backbone segments from PR8X.
  • Figure 1 shows the data compiled from three independent experiments that compare the HA yield (Fig. 1A and B) and growth (Fig.
  • reassortant influenza viruses comprising these three optimized backbones (PR8X, #19 and #21) and the A/Brisbane/10/10 HA/NA segments. All reassortant influenza viruses display better performance relative to the WT A/Brisbane/10/10 virus.
  • the virus with the #21 backbone produces the highest HA yield increase by ELISA (7.5-fold more than wild type, P ⁇ 0.001) and has the highest hemagglutination (HA) ( ⁇ 10-fold more, P ⁇ 0.001) and viral titers ( ⁇ 50-fold more than WT, P ⁇ 0.05).
  • Reassortant influenza B viruses are produced by reverse genetics which contain the HA and NA proteins from various influenza strains and the other viral segments from B/Brisbane/60/08 and/or B/Panama/45/90. As a control the corresponding wild-type influenza B strain is used. These viruses are cultured either in embyronated chicken eggs or in MDCK cells. The following influenza B strains are used:
  • reassortant viruses #2, #9, #30, #31 , #32, #33, #34 and #35 grow equally well or even better in the culture host (see Figures 2 and 3) than the corresponding wild- type strain.
  • Most of these strains comprise the NP segment from B/Brisbane/60/08 and some (in particular those which grew best) further contain the PB2 segment from B/Brisbane/60/08. All of these viruses also contain viral segments from the B/Victoria/2/87-like strain and the B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain at a ratio 7: 1 , 6:2, 4:4, 3 :4 or 1 : 7.
  • Chimeric HA and NA segments with terminal regions from cell-adapted strains Chimeric HA and NA segments are constructed that combine the non-antigenic terminal regions from HA (NCRs, signal peptide, transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains) and NA (NCRs, cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains) from PR8X and 105p30 with the ectodomain of the A/Brisbane/10/10 HA and NA segments, respectively.
  • Figure 4 shows a diagram of the constructs and a sequence alignment of the terminal regions of HA (panels A, B) and NA (panels C, D).
  • PR8X(term) HA and NA constructs significantly enhance HA yield with the PR8X backbone
  • Reassortant influenza viruses are rescued which contain the PR8X backbone in combination with either the A/Brisbane/10/10 (H1N1) wt HA and NA segments, or chimeric HA and NA segments which comprise the ectodomain from A/Brisbane/10/10 and the other domains from PR8X (PR8X(term)).
  • the growth and HA yield from the different rescued viruses is compared.
  • HA yield (Fig. 5A), as measured by HA ELISA, is 4-fold higher for the virus with PR8X(term) HA and NA segments than for the virus with WT HA and NA segments (P ⁇ 0.01).
  • Virus with the PR8X(term) HA segment and WT NA segment yields a 3 -fold increase in HA compared to the virus with WT HA and NA (P ⁇ 0.05).
  • Virus with PR8X(term) HA and NA segments has 2-fold higher HA titers (P ⁇ 0.05) and 4-fold higher viral titers than the virus with WT HA and NA segments (Figs. 5B, C).
  • these data show that viruses with chimeric PR8X(term) HA and NA segments yield more HA than viruses containing only chimeric PR8X(term) HA or NA segments.
  • HA yield as measured by ELISA and normalized to the yield from WT HA and NA segments, increase ⁇ 4-fold with PR8X(term) HA and NA segments and ⁇ 5-fold (P ⁇ 0.05) with 105 (term) HA and NA segments using the PR8X backbone (Fig. 6A).
  • HA yield increases correlate with increases in HA titer and viral titers using the PR8X(term) and 105(term) HA and NA constructs (Figs. 6D, G).
  • HA yield is ⁇ 2.5-fold higher (P ⁇ 0.05) with the PR8X(term) HA and NA segments and ⁇ 3-fold higher (P ⁇ 0.05) with the 105(term) HA and NA segments over virus with WT HA and NA segments (Fig. 6B).
  • HA yield increases are not associated with increases in viral titers or HA titers (Figs. 6E, H).
  • the inventors confirm that these results are not limited to a specific vaccine strain, by preparing a reassortant influenza virus which comprises the #21 backbone, the HA and NA ectodomain from A/Victoria/210/2009, and the terminal regions from WT A/Victoria/210/2009, PR8X or 105p30.
  • the results ( Figure 7) show that reassortants which comprise chimeric HA or NA segments give better HA yields.
  • hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay is performed using ferret antisera raised against A/California/07/2009, which is antigenically similar to WT A/Brisbane/10/10.
  • Table 2 shows, as expected, that the viruses with the chimeric HA and NA segments are antigenically indistinguishable (within 2-fold in an HAI assay) from the reference antigen that contains the WT HA and NA segments.
  • viruses with the chimeric PR8X(term) and 105p30(term) HA/NA segments have -1.8 fold increase (11.3 ug/mL vs 6.2 ug/mL) and a -2.2 fold increase (13.6 ug/mL vs 6.2 ug/mL) in HA yield, respectively (Fig 8A).
  • the HA content in these purified preparations is determined by using either gel densitometry or a combination of HPLC measurement of HA and total protein measurement by BCA assay.
  • the pooled fractions are treated with PNGaseF, resolved by SDS-PAGE, and then stained with SYPRO-Ruby to permit accurate determination of NP, HA1, M, and HA2 by densitometry.
  • Fig. 8B shows the positions of these bands on the stained gel
  • Fig. 8C shows that viruses with the PR8X(term) and 105(term) HA and NA segments had increases of 14% (P ⁇ 0.05) and 32% (P ⁇ 0.01), respectively, compared to viruses containing the WT HA and NA segments.
  • HA1 values obtained by HPLC are expressed as a fraction of the total protein content (as measured by the BCA assay) of the pooled fractions.
  • the results in Fig. 8C show that viruses with PR8X(term) and 105(term) HA and NA segments had increased HA content of 29% and 46 %, respectively, compared to WT HA and NA containing viruses.
  • AGCGAAAGCAGGCAAACCATTTGAATGGATGTCAATCCGACCTTACTTTTCTTAAAAGTGCCAACACAAAATGCTAT AAG C AC AAC T T T C C T TAT AC T G GAGAC C C T C T T AC AG C CAT G G GAC AG GAAC AG GAT AC AC CAT G GAT AC T GT C A AC AG GAC AC AT C AGT AC T C AGAAAAG G GAAGAT G GAC AAC AAAC AC C GAAAC T G GAG C AC C G C AAC T C AAC C GAT T GATGGGCCACTGCCAGAAGACAATGAACCAAGTGGTTATGCCCAAACAGATTGTGTATTGGAGGCGATGGCTTTCCT TGAGGAATCCCATCCTGGTATTTTTGAAAACTCGTGTATTGAAACGATGGAGGTTGTTCAGCAAACACGAGTAGACA AG C T GAC AC AAG G C C GAC AGAC C TAT GAC T GAC T C T AAAT AGAAAC C AAC C TAT GAC
  • SEQ ID NO: 18 (PB1, A/California/07/09)
  • SEQ ID NO: 20 (NP, A/California/07/09)
  • SEQ ID NO: 22 (NS1, A/California/07/09)
  • SEQ ID NO: 25 (PB2, A/California/07/09)
  • SEQ ID NO: 28 (NS, A/California/07/09)
  • SEQ ID NO: 30 (A/Puerto Rico/8/34 PA)
  • SEQ ID NO: 31 (A/Puerto Rico/8/34 NP)
  • SEQ ID NO: 32 (A/Puerto Rico/8/34 M)
  • SEQ ID NO: 37 (NP, A/New Caledonia/20/1999)
  • SEQ ID NO: 51 (NA, A/Chile/1/1983)
  • SEQ ID NO: 52 (NA, A/California/04/09)
  • SEQ ID NO: 53 PA, A/New Caledonia/20/1999
  • SEQ ID NO: 54 (PB1, A/New Caledonia/20/1999)
  • SEQ ID NO: 55 (PB2, A/New Caledonia/20/1999)
  • SEQ ID NO: 60 (PB1, A/Wisconsin/67/2005)
  • SEQ ID NO: 64 (M2, A/Wisconsin/67/2005)
  • SEQ ID NO: 65 (NS, A/Wisconsin/67/2005)
  • SEQ ID NO: 70 (HA, A/California/04/09)
  • SEQ ID NO: 82 (NS, B/Panama/45/90)
  • SEQ ID NO: 85 (PB2, B/Brisbane/60/08)
  • SEQ ID NO: 90 (NS2, B/Brisbane/60/08)
  • SEQ ID NO: 98 (NS 2 , B/Panama/45/90)
  • SEQ ID NO: 110 (NA 5'- NCR, 105p30)
  • SEQ ID NO: 112 (NA TM domain, 105p30)
  • CTCGTTGAAAAAAACTCCTTGTTTCTACT SEQ ID NO: 114 (5'- HA NCR, PR8-X)
  • Vaccine Adjuvants Preparation Methods and Research Protocols (Volume 42 of Methods in Molecular Medicine series). ISBN: 1-59259-083-7. Ed. O'Hagan.

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Abstract

The invention provides reassortant influenza strains.

Description

INFLUENZA VIRUS REASSORTMENT
This application claims the benefit of US provisional application 61/832,091 filed 6th June 2013 and European patent application no. 13179013.1 filed 26th September 2013, the complete contents of both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
This invention was made in part with Government support under grant no. HHSO 10020100061C awarded by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA). The Government has certain rights 5 in the invention.
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention is in the field of influenza virus reassortment. Furthermore, it relates to manufacturing vaccines for protecting against influenza viruses.
BACKGROUND ART
The most efficient protection against influenza infection is vaccination against circulating strains and it is important to produce influenza viruses for vaccine production as quickly as possible.
Wild-type influenza viruses often grow to low titres in eggs and cell culture. In order to obtain a better-growing virus strain for vaccine production it is currently common practice to reassort the circulating vaccine strain with a faster-growing high-yield donor strain. This can be achieved by co-infecting a culture host with the circulating influenza strain (the vaccine strain) and the high-yield donor strain and selecting for reassortant viruses which contain the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) segments from the vaccine strain and the other viral segments (i.e. those encoding PB1, PB2, PA, NP, Mi, M2, NSi and NS2) from the donor strain. Another approach is to reassort the influenza viruses by reverse genetics (see, for example references 1 and 2).
References 3 and 4 report that influenza viruses with a chimeric HA segment which comprises the ectodomain from a vaccine strain and the other domains from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 grew faster in eggs compared to the wild-type vaccine strain. Reference 5 teaches influenza viruses with chimeric NA proteins which contain the transmembrane and stalk domains from A/PR/8/34. References 6 and 7 teach reassortant influenza viruses which comprise chimeric HA segments that have domains from both influenza A and B viruses.
Most of the studies with chimeric HA proteins were done in eggs and reference 3 teaches that "it is likely that the improvement seen with [the described] chimeric viruses is very specific to the egg substrate". The studies which tested growth in cell culture found that the tested viruses showed poor growth in cell culture. There is therefore still a need in the art to provide high-yielding reassortant influenza viruses, especially in cell culture.
SUMMARY OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The invention provides a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non-coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain which is not A/Puerto Rico/8/34, A/WSN/33 or B/Lee/40.
Also provided is a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain, wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza A strain which is not a HI or H5 influenza strain, and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain.
The invention also provides a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non-coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain, wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza B strain, and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain which is an influenza B strain or an influenza A strain which is not a HI strain or a H3 strain. The chimeric hemagglutinin segment preferably comprises all of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain from the second influenza virus as the inventors have found that reassortant influenza viruses comprising such a chimeric hemagglutinin segment give particularly good HA yields in cell culture.
Also provided is a chimeric influenza hemagglutinin segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain, wherein the segment comprises one or more of: (a) guanine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 24, and/or (b) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 38; and/or (c) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 40; and/or (d) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 44; (e) and/or thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 53; and/or (f) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 63; and/or (g) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 66; and/or (h) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 69 ; and/or (i) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 75; and/or (j) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 78; and/or (k) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1637; and/or (1) cytosine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1649, and/or (m) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1655, and/or (n) cytosine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1682, and/or (o) cytosine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1697; and/or (p) guanine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1703, and/or (q) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1715, and/or (r) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1729, and/or (s) cytosine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1733, and/or (t) cytosine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1734, and/or (u) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1746, and/or (v) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1751 ; when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 15 using a pairwise alignment algorithm. Preferably, the chimeric hemagglutinin comprises all of the nucleotides of (a) to (v).
The invention also provides a chimeric hemagglutinin segment, having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3 '- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain, wherein the segment encodes a protein which does not have alanine in the position corresponding to amino acid 3 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or which does not have asparagine in the position corresponding to amino acid 4 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or which does not have alanine in the position corresponding to amino acid 11 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or which does not have leucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 12 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or which does not have alanine in the position corresponding to amino acid 13 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or which does not have alanine in the position corresponding to amino acid 15 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or which does not have aspartic acid in the position corresponding to amino acid 16 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm.
In some aspects, the chimeric hemagglutinin segment may encode a protein which has one or more of valine in the position corresponding to amino acid 3 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or lysine in the position corresponding to amino acid 4 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or threonine in the position corresponding to amino acid 11 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or phenylalanine in the position corresponding to amino acid 12 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or threonine in the position corresponding to amino acid 13 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or threonine in the position corresponding to amino acid 15 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or tyrosine in the position corresponding to amino acid 16 of SEQ ID NO: 63 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 63 using a pairwise alignment algorithm. The chimeric HA segment may comprise all of these amino acids which is preferred as reassortant influenza viruses comprising such a chimeric hemagglutinin segment give particularly good HA yields in cell culture. The chimeric hemagglutinin segment may comprise one or more of the 5'- NCR domain of SEQ ID NO: 110; and/or the CT domain of SEQ ID NO: 111; and/or the TM domain of SEQ ID NO: 112; and/or the 3 ' - NCR of SEQ ID NO: 113.
The invention also provides a chimeric hemagglutinin segment, having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain, wherein the segment comprises one or more (preferably all) of: guanine at position 24, adenine at position 38, thymine at position 40, thymine at position 53, adenine at position 63, thymine at position 66, adenine at position 69, adenine at position 75, thymine at position 78, guanine at position 1703, thymine at position 1715, adenine at position 1729, cytosine at position 1733, cytosine at position 1734, adenine at position 1746, and/or adenine at position 1751. All of these positions are relative to the corresponding position in SEQ ID NO: 15 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 15 using a pairwise alignment algorithm.
The chimeric hemagglutinin segment may comprise one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain from the 105p30 influenza strain, which is discussed below. Preferably, the chimeric hemagglutinin segment comprises all of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain from the 105p30 influenza strain as reassortant influenza viruses comprising such a chimeric hemagglutinin segment give particularly good HA yields in cell culture.
Also provided is a chimeric HA protein which is encoded by a chimeric HA segment of the invention.
The inventors have discovered that reassortant influenza viruses which comprise a chimeric HA segment of the invention can provide HA yields which are up to 5-fold higher in the same time frame and under the same conditions compared to a reassortant influenza virus which does not comprise a chimeric HA segment.
Further provided is a chimeric influenza neuraminidase segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain which is not A/Puerto Rico/8/34 or A/WSN/33.
Also provided is a chimeric influenza neuraminidase segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3 '- non-coding region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is a first influenza strain and the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain wherein the first and the second influenza strain are both influenza A strains or both influenza B strains.
The invention also provides a chimeric neuraminidase segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain, wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3 '- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain, wherein the segment comprises one or more (preferably all) of: adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 13; and/or adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 35; and/or adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 60; and/or adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 63; and/or adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 65; and/or cytosine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 67; and/or adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 69; and/or adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 75; and/or thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 83; and/or guanine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 89; and/or adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 101; and/or thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 107; and/or thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 110; and/or guanine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 120; and/or cytosine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 121; and/or thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 125; and/or thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 127. All of these positions are relative to the corresponding position in SEQ ID NO: 16 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 16 using a pairwise alignment algorithm.
The invention also provides a chimeric neuraminidase segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain, wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain, wherein the segment encodes a protein which does not have cysteine in the position corresponding to amino acid 14 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or which does not have leucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 15 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or which does not have valine in the position corresponding to amino acid 16 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or which does not have valine in the position corresponding to amino acid 17 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or which does not have leucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 19 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or which does not have isoleucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 23 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or which does not have isoleucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 34 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm. In some aspects, the chimeric neuraminidase segment may encode a protein which comprises one or more of: serine in the position corresponding to amino acid 14 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or isoleucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 15 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or alanine in the position corresponding to amino acid 16 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or isoleucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 17 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or isoleucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 19 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or methionine in the position corresponding to amino acid 23 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm; and/or alanine in the position corresponding to amino acid 34 of SEQ ID NO: 64 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 64 using a pairwise alignment algorithm. The chimeric NA segment may comprise all of these amino acids which is preferred as reassortant influenza viruses comprising such a chimeric hemagglutinin segment give particularly good HA yields in cell culture.
The chimeric neuraminidase segment may comprise one or more of the 5'- NCR domain of SEQ ID NO: 110; and/or the CT domain of SEQ ID NO: 111; and/or the TM domain of SEQ ID NO: 112; and/or the 3 ' - NCR of SEQ ID NO: 113.
The invention also provides a chimeric neuraminidase segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non- coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain, wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain, wherein the segment comprises one or more (preferably all) of: adenine at position 13, adenine at position 35, adenine at position 63, adenine at position 65, cytosine at position 67, adenine at position 69, adenine at position 75, thymine at position 83, guanine at position 89, adenine at position 101, thymine at position 107, thymine at position 110, guanine at position 120, cytosine at position 121, thymine at position 125, cytosine at position 1385, thymine at position 1386, cytosine at position 1387, and/or guanine at position 1392. All of these positions are relative to the corresponding position in SEQ ID NO: 16 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 16 using a pairwise alignment algorithm.
A chimeric neuraminidase segment may comprise one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain from the 105p30 influenza strain, which is discussed below. Preferably, the chimeric hemagglutinin segment comprises all of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain from the 105p30 influenza strain as reassortant influenza viruses comprising such a chimeric neuraminidase segment give particularly good HA yields in cell culture. Also provided is a chimeric NA protein which is encoded by a chimeric NA segment of the invention.
The inventors have discovered that reassortant influenza viruses which comprise a chimeric NA segment of the invention can provide HA yields which are up to 2-fold higher in the same time frame and under the same conditions compared to a reassortant influenza virus which does not comprise a chimeric NA segment.
The invention provides reassortant influenza viruses which comprise a chimeric HA and/or NA segment of the invention. Preferably, the reassortant influenza virus comprises both a chimeric HA and a chimeric NA segment of the invention as the inventors have discovered that such reassortant influenza viruses grow faster and give better HA yields than reassortant influenza viruses which comprise only a chimeric HA or a chimeric NA segment.
The invention also provides a reassortant influenza virus comprising:
a) a chimeric hemagglutinin protein having an ectodomain, a 5'- non-coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain; and/or a chimeric neuraminidase protein having an ectodomain, a 5'- non-coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the non-coding regions, the cytoplasmic domain, and the transmembrane domain are from a second influenza strain; and
(b) one or more of:
i. backbone segments from two or more different donor strains
ii. backbone segments from two or more donor strains, wherein the PB1 and the PB2 segments are from the same donor strain;
iii. backbone segments from two or three donor strains, wherein each donor strain provides more than one backbone segment;
iv. backbone segments from two or more donor strains, wherein the PB1 segment is not from the A/Texas/1/77 influenza strain;
v. backbone segments from two or more donor strains, wherein at least the PA, NP, or M segment are not from A/Puerto Rico/8/34;
vi. backbone segments from two or more donor strains, wherein the HA segment and the PB1 segment are from different influenza A strains with the same influenza virus HA subtype. These reassortant influenza viruses are particularly useful because the inventors have discovered that influenza viruses which comprise backbone segments from two or more influenza donor strains can grow faster in a culture host compared with reassortant influenza viruses which contain all backbone segments from the same donor strain. In particular, the inventors have found that influenza viruses which comprise backbone segments from two high-yield donor strains can produce higher yield reassortants with target vaccine-relevant HA/NA genes than reassortants made with either of the two original donor strains. The first and the second influenza strains are preferably both influenza A or influenza B strains
The invention also provides a method of preparing a reassortant influenza virus comprising steps of (a) infecting a culture host with a reassortant influenza virus of the invention or a reassortant influenza virus produced by a method of the invention; (b) culturing the host from step (a) to produce the virus; and optionally (c) purifying the virus obtained in step (b).
The reassortant influenza virus may be formulated into a vaccine. The invention thus provides a method of preparing a vaccine, comprising steps of (a) preparing a reassortant influenza virus by a method according to the invention and (b) preparing a vaccine from the virus. Also, provided is a method of preparing a vaccine from a reassortant influenza virus of the invention.
Further provided is an expression system comprising one or more expression construct(s) encoding the vRNA of a reassortant influenza virus of the invention.
The chimeric HA and NA segments
The invention provides chimeric HA and NA segments.
Structurally, the influenza HA segment is composed of 5'- and 3'- non-coding regions (NCRs) which flank the HA segment's signal peptide (SP), transmembrane (TM), cytoplasmic domain (CT) and ectodomain (see Figure 4A). The HA ectodomain is the most important influenza antigen in influenza vaccines whilst the terminal domains (NCRs, SP, TM and CT) are of much less antigenic importance. The influenza NA segment also contains terminal domains which are the 5'- and 3'- NCRs, a CT domain and a TM domain, as well as an ectodomain, but NA does not contain a signal peptide (see Figure 4C). The terminal domains are of much less antigenic importance than the NA ectodomain.
A skilled person can readily determine the sequences of the terminal domains within any given HA and NA segment. Furthermore, SEQ ID NOs 105-109 and SEQ ID NOs 114-118 give the sequences of the HA terminal domains of 105p30 and PR8X, respectively. SEQ ID NOs 110-114 and SEQ ID NOs 119-122 give the sequences of the terminal domains of 105p30 and PR8X, respectively. Using this sequence information a skilled person can find the corresponding domains in other HA and NA sequences. The chimeric HA segment of the invention comprises the ectodomain from a vaccine strain and one or more of the terminal domains from a second influenza virus. The vaccine strain can be any influenza strain and is defined as the influenza strain which provides the HA ectodomain. The second influenza strain is different to the vaccine strain. The vaccine strain and the second influenza strain are preferably both influenza A strains or both influenza B strains.
The chimeric NA segment of the invention comprises the ectodomain from a first influenza strain and one or more of the terminal domains from a second influenza virus. The 'second influenza strain' is different from the 'first influenza strain'. The first and the second influenza strain are preferably both influenza A strains or both influenza B strains.
It is preferred that the chimeric HA and NA segment comprises all of the terminal domains from the second influenza strain as the inventors have shown that reassortant influenza viruses comprising such chimeric HA and/or NA proteins can grow particularly well in cell culture.
The 'second influenza strain' can be a strain which has the influenza A virus HA subtypes HI, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9, H10, Hl l, H12, H13, H14, H15, H16 or H17. It may also have the influenza A virus NA subtypes Nl, N2, N3, N4, N5, N6, N7, N8 or N9. It is preferred that the second influenza virus is a HI influenza strain as the inventors have discovered that reassortant influenza viruses which contain such chimeric HA and/or NA segments grow particularly well in cell culture. Most preferably, the second influenza strain is 105p30 or PR8-X, as discussed below.
Where the chimeric HA segment comprises one or more terminal domains from 105p30, the 5' - NCR domain may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105; and/or the SP of SEQ ID NO: 106; and/or the TM domain of SEQ ID NO: 107; and/or the CT domain of SEQ ID NO: 108; and/or the 3'- NCR of SEQ ID NO: 109. Preferably, the chimeric HA segment contains all of these sequences.
Where the chimeric NA segment comprises one or more terminal domains from 105p30, the 5' - NCR domain may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 110; and/or the CT domain of SEQ ID NO: 71 ; and/or the TM domain of SEQ ID NO: 112; and/or the 3'- NCR of SEQ ID NO: 113. Preferably, the chimeric NA segment contains all of these sequences.
Where the chimeric HA segment comprises one or more terminal domains from PR8-X, the 5'- NCR domain may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 114; and/or the SP of SEQ ID NO: 115; and/or the TM domain of SEQ ID NO: 116; and/or the CT domain of SEQ ID NO: 117; and/or the 3'- NCR of SEQ ID NO: 118. Preferably, the chimeric HA segment contains all of these sequences.
Where the chimeric NA segment comprises one or more terminal domains from PR8-X, the 5'- NCR domain may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119; and/or the CT domain of SEQ ID NO: 120; and/or the TM domain of SEQ ID NO: 121; and/or the 3'- NCR of SEQ ID NO: 122. Preferably, the chimeric NA segment contains all of these sequences.
The second influenza strain can be an influenza B strain. The ectodomain and the one or more terminal domains may all be from an influenza A virus or an influenza B virus. It is also possible to have the ectodomain from an influenza A virus and one or more of the terminal domains from an influenza B virus and vice versa. It is most preferred that all the segments in the chimeric HA or the chimeric NA segments are from influenza A strains or influenza B strains.
In some embodiments, the chimeric HA segments of the invention encode a protein which does not have tyrosine in the position corresponding to amino acid 545, when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 7.
Reassortant viruses
The invention provides a reassortant influenza virus which comprises the chimeric HA and/or NA segments of the invention. The reassortant influenza virus comprises the HA ectodomain from a vaccine strain. The vaccine strain can be any influenza strain and is defined as the influenza strain which provides the HA ectodomain, irrespective of whether the HA ectodomain is comprised in a chimeric HA segment or not. The ectodomain of the NA segment (in a chimeric or a non-chimeric NA segment) may come from the vaccine strain or it may come from a different influenza strain. One or more of the backbone segments (i.e. those encoding PB1, PB2, PA, NP, Mi, M2, NSi and NS2) of the reassortant influenza virus may come from a donor strain, which is an influenza virus that provides one or more of the backbone segments but which does not provide the ectodomain of the influenza HA segment. The ectodomain of the NA segment may also be provided by a donor strain or it may be provided by the vaccine strain. The reassortant influenza strains of the invention may also comprise one or more, but not all, of the backbone segments from the vaccine strain.
The donor strain may be the same as the 'second influenza strain' which provides the one or more terminal domains of the chimeric HA or NA segments. In these reassortant influenza viruses, the PA, M and/or NS segment(s) is/are preferably from the second influenza virus. The second influenza virus may also be different to the donor strain.
The reassortant influenza virus may grow to higher or similar viral titres in cell culture and/or in eggs in the same time (for example 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours or 72 hours) and under the same growth conditions compared to the wild-type vaccine strain. In particular, they can grow to higher or similar viral titres in MDCK cells (such as MDCK 33016) in the same time and under the same growth conditions compared to the wild-type vaccine strain. The viral titre can be determined by standard methods known to those of skill in the art. Usefully, the reassortant viruses of the invention may achieve a viral titre which is at least 5% higher, at least 10% higher, at least 20% higher, at least 50% higher, at least 100% higher, at least 200% higher, or at least 500% higher than the viral titre of the wild-type vaccine strain in the same time frame and under the same conditions. In addition, or alternatively, the reassortant influenza viruses of the invention may achieve a viral titre which is at least 5% higher, at least 10% higher, at least 20% higher, at least 50% higher, at least 100% higher, at least 200% higher, or at least 500% higher than the viral titre of a reassortant influenza virus which comprises the same viral segments expect that it does not have a chimeric HA or NA segment.
The reassortant influenza viruses may also grow to similar viral titres in the same time and under the same growth conditions compared to the wild-type vaccine strain. A similar titre in this context means that the reassortant influenza viruses grow to a titre which is within 3% of the viral titre achieved with the wild-type vaccine strain in the same time and under the same growth conditions (i.e. wild-type titre ± 3%).
The reassortant virus may also give HA yields which are at least 2-fold, at least 3 -fold, at least 4- fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 9-fold or at least 10-fold higher in cell culture and/or in eggs in the same time (for example 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours or 72 hours) and under the same growth conditions compared to the wild-type vaccine strain.
When the reassortant viruses of the invention are reassortants comprising the backbone segments from a single donor strain, the reassortant viruses will generally include segments from the donor strain and the vaccine strain in a ratio of 1 :7, 2:6, 3:5, 4:4, 5:3, 6:2 or 7:1. Classical reassortants usually have a majority of segments from the donor strain, in particular a ratio of 6:2. Where only a single donor strain is used, it is preferred that all backbone segments are from PR8-X as such reassortant influenza viruses grow fast in cell culture.
The reassortant viruses of the invention can contain the backbone segments from two or more (i. e. three, four, five or six) donor strains. When the reassortant viruses comprise backbone segments from two donor strains, the reassortant virus will generally include segments from the first donor strain, the second donor strain and the vaccine strain in a ratio of 1 :1 :6, 1 :2:5, 1 :3 :4, 1 :4:3, 1 :5:2, 1 :6: 1, 2: 1 :5, 2:2:4, 2:3:3, 2:4:2, 2:5: 1, 3:1 :2, 3 :2: 1, 4: 1 :3, 4:2:2, 4:3 :1, 5:1 :2, 5:2:1 or 6:1 : 1. The reassortant influenza viruses may also comprise viral segments from more than two, for example from three, four, five or six donor strains.
Where the reassortant influenza virus comprises backbone segments from two or three donor strains, each donor strain may provide more than one of the backbone segments of the reassortant influenza virus, but one or two of the donor strains can also provide only a single backbone segment.
Where the reassortant influenza virus comprises backbone segments from two, three, four or five donor strains, one or two of the donor strains may provide more than one of the backbone segments of the reassortant influenza virus. In general, the reassortant influenza virus cannot comprise more than six backbone segments. Accordingly, for example, if one of the donor strains provides five of the viral segments, the reassortant influenza virus can only comprise backbone segments from a total of two different donor strains. In general a reassortant influenza virus will contain only one of each backbone segment. For example, when the influenza virus comprises the NP segment from A/California/07/09 it will not at the same time comprise the NP segment from another influenza strain.
The reassortant influenza virus may comprise the HA ectodomain from an influenza A strain. For example, the reassortant influenza virus may have the influenza A virus HA subtypes HI, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9, H10, HI 1, H12, H13, H14, H15, H16 or H17. In addition, or alternatively, the reassortant influenza virus may comprise the NA ectodomain from an influenza A virus. For example, it may have the influenza A virus NA subtypes Nl, N2, N3, N4, N5, N6, N7, N8 or N9. Where the vaccine strain is a seasonal influenza strain, it may have a HI or H3 subtype. In one aspect of the invention the vaccine strain is a H1N1, a H3N2 or a H7N9 strain.
The reassortant influenza virus preferably comprises at least one backbone segment from the donor strain PR8-X. Thus, the influenza viruses of the invention may comprise one or more segments selected from: a PA segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, a PBl segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, a PB2 segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, a NP segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, a M segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, and/or a NS segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. The reassortant influenza virus may comprise all of these backbone segments. This is particularly preferred as the inventors have shown that reassortant influenza viruses comprising a chimeric HA and/or NA segment in combination with this backbone grow particularly well in cell culture.
Alternatively, or in addition, the reassortant influenza virus may comprise one or more backbone viral segments from the 105p30 strain. Thus, where the reassortant influenza virus comprises one or more segments from the 105p30 strain, the viral segments may have sequences selected from: a PA segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42, a PBl segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43, a PB2 segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44, a NP segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45, a M segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46, and/or a NS segment having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47. The reassortant influenza virus may comprise all of these backbone segments. Reassortant influenza viruses with backbone segments from two or more influenza donor strains may comprise the HA segment and the PB1 segment from different influenza strains. In these reassortant influenza viruses the PB1 segment may be from donor viruses with the same influenza virus HA subtype as the vaccine strain. For example, the PB1 segment and the HA segment may both be from influenza viruses with a HI subtype. The reassortant influenza viruses may also comprise the HA segment and the PB1 segment from different influenza strains with different influenza virus HA subtypes, wherein the PB1 segment is not from an influenza virus with a H3 HA subtype and/or wherein the HA segment is not from an influenza virus with a HI or H5 HA subtype. For example, the PB1 segment may be from a HI virus and/or the HA segment may be from a H3 influenza virus. Where the reassortants contain viral segments from more than one influenza donor strain, the further donor strain(s) can be any donor strain. For example, some of the viral segments may be from the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 or A/Ann Arbor/6/60 influenza strains. Reassortants containing viral segments from the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 strain may be advantageous, for example, where the reassortant virus is to be used in a live attenuated influenza vaccine.
The reassortant influenza virus may also comprise backbone segments from two or more influenza donor strains, wherein the PB1 segment is from the A/California/07/09 influenza strain. This segment may have at least 95% identity, at least 96% identity, at least 97% identity, at least 98% identity, at least 99% identity or 100% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24. The reassortant influenza virus may have the HI HA subtype. It will be understood that a reassortant influenza virus according to this aspect of the invention will not comprise the HA and/or NA segments from A/California/07/09.
The reassortant influenza strain may comprise the HA ectodomain and/or the NA ectodomain from an A/California/4/09 strain. Thus, for instance, the HA gene segment may encode a HI hemagglutinin whose ectodomain is more closely related to SEQ ID NO: 70 than to SEQ ID NO: 50 (i.e. has a higher degree sequence identity when compared to SEQ ID NO: 70 than to SEQ ID NO: 50 using the same algorithm and parameters). SEQ ID NOs: 70 and 50 are 80% identical. Similarly, the NA gene may encode a Nl neuraminidase which is more closely related to SEQ ID NO: 99 than to SEQ ID NO: 51. SEQ ID NOs: 99 and 51 are 82% identical.
The reassortant influenza virus may also comprise at least one backbone viral segment from the A/California/07/09 influenza strain. When the at least one backbone viral segment is the PA segment it may have a sequence having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% or at least 99% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23. When the at least one backbone viral segment is the PB1 segment, it may have a sequence having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% or at least 99% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24. When the at least one backbone viral segment is the PB2 segment, it may have a sequence having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% or at least 99% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25. When the at least one backbone viral segment is the NP segment it may have a sequence having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% or at least 99% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26. When the at least one backbone viral segment is the M segment it may have a sequence having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% or at least 99% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27. When the at least one backbone viral segment is the NS segment it may have a sequence having at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% or at least 99% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28.
Where a reassortant influenza virus comprises the PBl segment from A/Texas/1/77, it preferably does not comprise the PA, NP or M segment from A/Puerto Rico/8/34. Where a reassortant influenza A virus comprises the PA, NP or M segment from A/Puerto Rico/8/34, it preferably does not comprise the PBl segment from A/Texas/1/77. In some embodiments, the invention does not encompass reassortant influenza viruses which have the PBl segment from A/Texas/1/77 and the PA, NP and M segments from A/Puerto Rico/8/34. The PBl protein from A/Texas/1/77 may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 and the PA, NP or M proteins from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 may have the sequence of SEQ ID NOs 30, 31 or 32, respectively.
Particularly preferred are reassortant influenza viruses which comprise a chimeric HA and/or NA segment according to the invention (preferably both), the NP, PBl and PB2 segments from 105p30 and the M, NS and PA segments from PR8-X. Also particularly preferred are reassortant influenza viruses which comprise a chimeric HA and/or NA segment according to the invention (preferably both), the PBl segment from A/California/4/09 and the other backbone segments from PR8-X. Such reassortant influenza viruses are preferred because the inventors have found that they grow very well in cell culture and provide very good HA yields.
The backbone viral segments may encode viral proteins which are optimized for culture in the specific culture host. For example, where the reassortant influenza viruses are cultured in mammalian cells, it is advantageous to adapt at least one of the viral segments for optimal growth in the culture host. For instance, where the expression host is a canine cell, such as a MDCK cell line, the viral segments may encode proteins which have a sequence that optimises viral growth in the cell. Thus, the reassortant influenza viruses of the invention may comprise a PB2 segment which encodes a PB2 protein that has lysine in the position corresponding to amino acid 389 of SEQ ID NO: 3 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 3 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or asparagine in the position corresponding to amino acid 559 of SEQ ID NO: 3 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 3 using a pairwise alignment algorithm. Also provided are reassortant influenza viruses in accordance with the invention in which the PA segment encodes a PA protein that has lysine in the position corresponding to amino acid 327 of SEQ ID NO: 1 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 1 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or aspartic acid in the position corresponding to amino acid 444 of SEQ ID NO: 1 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 1, using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or aspartic acid in the position corresponding to amino acid 675 of SEQ ID NO: 1 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 1, using a pairwise alignment algorithm. The reassortant influenza strains of the invention may also have a NP segment which encodes a NP protein with threonine in the position corresponding to amino acid 27 of SEQ ID NO: 4 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 4 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or asparagine in the position corresponding to amino acid 375 of SEQ ID NO: 4 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 4, using a pairwise alignment algorithm. Variant influenza strains may also comprise two or more of these mutations. It is preferred that the variant influenza virus contains a variant PB2 protein with both of the amino acids changes identified above, and/or a PA protein which contains all three of the amino acid changes identified above, and/or a NP protein which contains both of the amino acid changes identified above. The influenza virus may be a HI strain.
Alternatively, or in addition, the reassortant influenza viruses may comprise a PB1 segment which encodes a PB1 protein that has isoleucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 200 of SEQ ID NO: 2 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 2 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or asparagine in the position corresponding to amino acid 338 of SEQ ID NO: 2 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 2 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or isoleucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 529 of SEQ ID NO: 2 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 2 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or isoleucine in the position corresponding to amino acid 591 of SEQ ID NO: 2 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 2 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or histidine in the position corresponding to amino acid 687 of SEQ ID NO: 2 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 2 using a pairwise alignment algorithm, and/or lysine in the position corresponding to amino acid 754 of SEQ ID NO: 2 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 2 using a pairwise alignment algorithm.
The choice of donor strain for use in the methods of the invention can depend on the vaccine strain which is to be reassorted. As reassortants between evolutionary distant strains might not replicate well in cell culture, it is possible that the donor strain and the vaccine strain have the same HA and/or NA subtype. In other embodiments, however, the vaccine strain and the donor strain can have different HA and/or NA subtypes, and this arrangement can facilitate selection for reassortant viruses that contain the HA and/or NA segment from the vaccine strain. Therefore, although the 105p30 and PR8-X strains contain the HI influenza subtype these donor strains can be used for vaccine strains which do not contain the HI influenza subtype.
Thus, an influenza virus may comprises one, two, three, four, five, six or seven viral segments from the 105p30 or PR8-X strains and a HA segment which is not of the HI subtype. The reassortant donor strains may further comprise an NA segment which is not of the Nl subtype.
Strains which can be used as vaccine strains include strains which are resistant to antiviral therapy (e.g. resistant to oseltamivir [8] and/or zanamivir), including resistant pandemic strains [9].
The reassortant influenza virus may be an influenza B virus. For example, the reassortant influenza virus may comprises the HA ectodomain from a first influenza B virus and the NP and/or PB2 segment from a second influenza B virus which is a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain. The B/Victoria/2/87-like strain may be B/Brisbane/60/08. The reassortant influenza B virus may comprise the HA ectodomain from a first influenza B virus and the NP segment from a second influenza B virus which is not B/Lee/40 or B/Ann Arbor/1/66 or B/Panama/45/90. For example, the reassortant influenza B virus may have a NP segment which does not have the sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 80, 100, 103 or 104. The reassortant influenza B virus may also have a NP segment which does not encode the protein of SEQ ID NOs: 19, 23, 44 or 45. The reassortant influenza B virus may comprise both the NP and PB2 segments from the second influenza B virus. The second influenza B virus is preferably a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain. The B/Victoria/2/87-like strain may be B/Brisbane/60/08.
The reassortant influenza B virus may comprise the HA ectodomain from a B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain and at least one backbone segment from a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain. The reassortant influenza B virus may comprise two, three, four, five or six backbone segments from the B/Victoria/2/87-like strain. In a preferred embodiment, the reassortant influenza B virus comprises all the backbone segments from the B/Victoria/2/87-like strain. The B/Victoria/2/87-like strain may be B/Brisbane/60/08.
The reassortant influenza B virus may comprise viral segments from a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain and a B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain, wherein the ratio of segments from the B/Victoria/2/87-like strain and the B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain is 1 :7, 2:6, 4:4, 5:3, 6:2 or 7:1. A ratio of 7:1, 6:2, 4:4, 3 :4 or 1 :7, in particular a ratio of 4:4, is preferred because such reassortant influenza B viruses grow particularly well in a culture host. The B/Victoria/2/87-like strain may be B/Brisbane/60/08. The B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain may be B/Panama/45/90. In these embodiments, the reassortant influenza B virus usually does not comprise all backbone segments from the same influenza B donor strain.
The reassortant influenza B virus may comprise:
a) the PA segment of SEQ ID NO: 71 , the PB 1 segment of SEQ ID NO: 72, the PB2 segment of SEQ ID NO: 73, the NP segment of SEQ ID NO: 74, the NS segment of SEQ ID NO: 76 and the M segment of SEQ ID NO: 75; or
b) the PA segment of SEQ ID NO: 71 , the PB 1 segment of SEQ ID NO: 78, the PB2 segment of SEQ ID NO: 73, the NP segment of SEQ ID NO: 74, the NS segment of SEQ ID NO: 82 and the M segment of SEQ ID NO: 81; or
c) the PA segment of SEQ ID NO: 71, the PB1 segment of SEQ ID NO: 78, the PB2 segment of SEQ ID NO: 79, the NP segment of SEQ ID NO: 74, the NS segment of SEQ ID NO: 76 and the M segment of SEQ ID NO: 75; or
d) the PA segment of SEQ ID NO: 30, the PB1 segment of SEQ ID NO: 72, the PB2 segment of SEQ ID NO: 73, the NP segment of SEQ ID NO: 74, the NS segment of SEQ ID NO: 76 and the M segment of SEQ ID NO: 75, or e) the PA segment of SEQ ID NO: 71 , the PB 1 segment of SEQ ID NO: 72, the PB2 segment of SEQ ID NO: 73, the NP segment of SEQ ID NO: 74, the NS segment of SEQ ID NO: 82 and the M segment of SEQ ID NO: 81.
Influenza B viruses currently do not display different HA subtypes, but influenza B virus strains do fall into two distinct lineages. These lineages emerged in the late 1980s and have HAs which can be antigenically and/or genetically distinguished from each other [10]. Current influenza B virus strains are either B/Victoria/2/87-like or B/Yamagata/16/88-like. These strains are usually distinguished antigenically, but differences in amino acid sequences have also been described for distinguishing the two lineages e.g. B/Yamagata/16/88-like strains often (but not always) have HA proteins with deletions at amino acid residue 164, numbered relative to the 'Lee40' HA sequence [11]. In some embodiments, the reassortant influenza B viruses of the invention may comprise viral segments from a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain. They may comprise viral segments from a B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain. Alternatively, they may comprise viral segments from a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain and a B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain.
Where the reassortant influenza B virus comprises viral segments from two or more influenza B virus strains, these viral segments may be from influenza strains which have related neuraminidases. For instance, the influenza strains which provide the viral segments may both have a B/Victoria/2/87-like neuraminidase [12] or may both have a B/Yamagata/16/88-like neuraminidase. For example, two B/Victoria/2/87-like neuraminidases may both have one or more of the following sequence characteristics: (1) not a serine at residue 27, but preferably a leucine; (2) not a glutamate at residue 44, but preferably a lysine; (3) not a threonine at residue 46, but preferably an isoleucine; (4) not a proline at residue 51, but preferably a serine; (5) not an arginine at residue 65, but preferably a histidine; (6) not a glycine at residue 70, but preferably a glutamate; (7) not a leucine at residue 73, but preferably a phenylalanine; and/or (8) not a proline at residue 88, but preferably a glutamine. Similarly, in some embodiments the neuraminidase may have a deletion at residue 43, or it may have a threonine; a deletion at residue 43, arising from a trinucleotide deletion in the NA gene, which has been reported as a characteristic of B/Victoria/2/87-like strains, although recent strains have regained Thr-43 [12]. Conversely, of course, the opposite characteristics may be shared by two B/Yamagata/16/88-hke neuraminidases e.g. S27, E44, T46, P51, R65, G70, L73, and/or P88. These amino acids are numbered relative to the 'Lee40' neuraminidase sequence [13]. The reassortant influenza B virus may comprise a NA segment with the characteristics described above. Alternatively, or in addition, the reassortant influenza B virus may comprise a viral segment (other than NA) from an influenza strain with a NA segment with the characteristics described above.
The backbone viral segments of an influenza B virus which is a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain can have a higher level of identity to the corresponding viral segment from B/Victoria/2/87 than it does to the corresponding viral segment of B/Yamagata/16/88 and vice versa. For example, the NP segment of B/Panama/45/90 (which is a B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain) has 99% identity to the NP segment of B/Yamagata/16/88 and only 96% identity to the NP segment of B/Victoria/2/87.
Where the reassortant influenza B virus of the invention comprises a backbone viral segment from a B/Victoria/2/87-like strain, the viral segments may encode proteins with the following sequences. The PA protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83. The PB1 protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84. The PB2 protein may have at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85. The NP protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86. The Mi protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87. The M2 protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88. The NSi protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89. The NS2 protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90. In some embodiments, the reassortant influenza B virus may also comprise all of these backbone segments.
Where the reassortant influenza B viruses of the invention comprise a backbone viral segment from a B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain, the viral segment may encode proteins with the following sequences. The PA protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91. The PB1 protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92. The PB2 protein may have at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93. The NP protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94. The Mi protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95. The M2 protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96. The NSi protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97. The NS2 protein may have at least 97% identity, at least 98%, at least 99% identity or 100% identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 98.
The invention can be practised with donor strains having a viral segment that has at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95% or at least about 99%, or 100% identity to a sequence of SEQ ID NOs 71-76 or 77-82. Due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, it is possible to have the same polypeptide encoded by several nucleic acids with different sequences. For example, the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 33 and 34 have only 73% identity even though they encode the same viral protein. Thus, the invention may be practised with viral segments that encode the same polypeptides as the sequences of SEQ ID NOs 71 -76 or 77-82. The reassortant influenza virus may comprise segments from a vaccine strain which is an inter- pandemic (seasonal) influenza vaccine strain. It may also comprise segments from a vaccine strain which is a pandemic strain or a potentially pandemic strain. The characteristics of an influenza strain that give it the potential to cause a pandemic outbreak are: (a) it contains a new hemagglutinin compared to the hemagglutinins in currently-circulating human strains, i.e. one that has not been evident in the human population for over a decade {e.g. H2), or has not previously been seen at all in the human population {e.g. H5, H6 or H9, that have generally been found only in bird populations), such that the human population will be immunologically naive to the strain's hemagglutinin; (b) it is capable of being transmitted horizontally in the human population; and (c) it is pathogenic to humans. A vaccine strain with H5 hemagglutinin type is preferred where the reassortant virus is used in vaccines for immunizing against pandemic influenza, such as a H5N1 strain. Other possible strains include H5N3, H9N2, H2N2, H7N1, H7N7 and H7N9, and any other emerging potentially pandemic strains. The invention is particularly suitable for producing reassortant viruses for use in vaccine for protecting against potential pandemic virus strains that can or have spread from a non-human animal population to humans, for example a swine-origin H1N1 influenza strain.
Expression constructs
The invention provides an expression construct which encodes the chimeric HA or NA segments of the invention. Further provided are expression constructs which encode the viral segments of a reassortant influenza virus of the invention.
The invention also provides an expression construct encoding the HA and/or NA terminal domains of the chimeric HA and/or NA segments of the invention. These expression constructs are useful because the HA and NA ectodomains which need to be included in influenza vaccines change every season. The expression construct of this aspect of the invention may further encode one or more of the backbone segments. By including the terminal domains in the expression construct, it is necessary only to clone the ectodomain of the HA and/or NA segments of the circulating strain in order to provide the chimeric HA and/or NA molecule. The expression construct may comprise a restriction site between the SP and the TM domain which is useful as it facilitates cloning of the ectodomain. It is understood that the ectodomain needs to be cloned in frame with the terminal domains but this is well within the capabilities of a skilled person.
Expression constructs may be uni-directional or bi-directional expression constructs. Where more than one expression construct is used to express the viral segments of a reassortant influenza virus, it is possible to use uni-directional and/or bi-directional expression.
As influenza viruses require a protein for infectivity, it is generally preferred to use bi-directional expression constructs as this reduces the total number of expression constructs required by the host cell. Thus, the method of the invention may utilise at least one bi-directional expression construct wherein a gene or cDNA is located between an upstream pol II promoter and a downstream non- endogenous pol I promoter. Transcription of the gene or cDNA from the pol II promoter produces capped positive-sense viral mRNA which can be translated into a protein, while transcription from the non- endogenous pol I promoter produces negative-sense vRNA. The bi-directional expression construct may be a bi-directional expression vector.
Bi-directional expression constructs contain at least two promoters which drive expression in different directions (i.e. both 5' to 3' and 3' to 5') from the same construct. The two promoters can be operably linked to different strands of the same double stranded DNA. Preferably, one of the promoters is a pol I promoter and at least one of the other promoters is a pol II promoter. This is useful as the pol I promoter can be used to express uncapped vRNAs while the pol II promoter can be used to transcribe mRNAs which can subsequently be translated into proteins, thus allowing simultaneous expression of RNA and protein from the same construct. Where more than one expression construct is used within an expression system, the promoters may be a mixture of endogenous and non-endogenous promoters.
The pol I and pol Π promoters used in the expression constructs may be endogenous to an organism from the same taxonomic order from which the host cell is derived. Alternatively, the promoters can be from an organism in a different taxonomic order than the host cell. The term "order" refers to conventional taxonomic ranking, and examples of orders are primates, rodentia, carnivora, marsupialia, cetacean, etc. Humans and chimpanzees are in the same taxonomic order (primates), but humans and dogs are in different orders (primates vs. carnivora). For example, the human pol I promoter can be used to express viral segments in canine cells (e.g. MDCK cells) [14].
The expression construct will typically include an RNA transcription termination sequence. The termination sequence may be an endogenous termination sequence or a termination sequence which is not endogenous to the host cell. Suitable termination sequences will be evident to those of skill in the art and include, but are not limited to, RNA polymerase I transcription termination sequence, RNA polymerase Π transcription termination sequence, and ribozymes. Furthermore, the expression constructs may contain one or more polyadenylation signals for mRNAs, particularly at the end of a gene whose expression is controlled by a pol II promoter.
An expression construct may be a vector, such as a plasmid or other episomal construct. Such vectors will typically comprise at least one bacterial and/or eukaryotic origin of replication. Furthermore, the vector may comprise a selectable marker which allows for selection in prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic cells. Examples of such selectable markers are genes conferring resistance to antibiotics, such as ampicillin or kanamycin. The vector may further comprise one or more multiple cloning sites to facilitate cloning of a DNA sequence.
As an alternative, an expression construct may be a linear expression construct. Such linear expression constructs will typically not contain any amplification and/or selection sequences. However, linear constructs comprising such amplification and/or selection sequences are also within the scope of the present invention. Reference 15 describes a linear expression construct which describes individual linear expression constructs for each viral segment. It is also possible to include more than one, for example two, three four, five or six viral segments on the same linear expression construct. Such a system has been described, for example, in reference 16.
Expression constructs can be generated using methods known in the art. Such methods were described, for example, in reference 17. Where the expression construct is a linear expression construct, it is possible to linearise it before introduction into the host cell utilising a single restriction enzyme site. Alternatively, it is possible to excise the expression construct from a vector using at least two restriction enzyme sites. Furthermore, it is also possible to obtain a linear expression construct by amplifying it using a nucleic acid amplification technique (e.g. by PCR).
The expression constructs may be non-bacterial expression constructs. This means that the construct can drive expression in a eukaryotic cell of viral RNA segments encoded therein, but it does not include components which would be required for propagation of the construct in bacteria. Thus the construct will not include a bacterial origin of replication (ori), and usually will not include a bacterial selection marker (e.g. an antibiotic resistance marker). Such expression constructs are described in reference 18 which is incorporated by reference.
The expression constructs may be prepared by chemical synthesis. The expression constructs may either be prepared entirely by chemical synthesis or in part. Suitable methods for preparing expression constructs by chemical synthesis are described, for example, in reference 18.
The expression constructs of the invention can be introduced into host cells using any technique known to those of skill in the art. For example, expression constructs of the invention can be introduced into host cells by employing electroporation, DEAE-dextran, calcium phosphate precipitation, liposomes, microinjection, or microparticle-bombardment.
The expression construct(s) can be introduced into the same cell type which is subsequently used for the propagation of the influenza viruses. Alternatively, the cells into which the expression constructs are introduced and the cells used for propagation of the influenza viruses may be different.
In some embodiments, cells may be added following the introduction of the expression construct(s) into the cell, as described in reference 19. This is particularly preferred because it increases the rescue efficiency of the viruses further and can thus help to reduce the time required for viral rescue. The cells which are added may be of the same or a different cell type as the cell into which the expression construct(a) is/are introduced, but it is preferred to use cells of the same cell type as this facilitates regulatory approval and avoids conflicting culture conditions.
The invention also provides an expression system which comprises one or more of the expression constructs of the invention. The expression system may comprise one or more expression constructs which encode all the viral segments of a reassortant influenza virus of the invention. The expression system may comprise at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, at least eleven or at least twelve expression constructs.
Reverse genetics
The invention is particularly suitable for producing the reassortant influenza viruses of the invention through reverse genetics techniques where the viruses are produced in culture hosts using an expression system which comprises one or more of the expression constructs of the invention. In these techniques, it is understood that the virus is produced from the expression construct(s) in the expression system.
Reverse genetics for influenza A and B viruses can be practised with 12 plasmids to express the four proteins required to initiate replication and transcription (PB1, PB2, PA and NP) and all eight viral genome segments. To reduce the number of constructs, however, a plurality of RNA polymerase I transcription cassettes (for viral RNA synthesis) can be included on a single plasmid {e.g. sequences encoding 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or all 8 influenza vRNA segments), and a plurality of protein-coding regions with RNA polymerase II promoters on another plasmid {e.g. sequences encoding 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 influenza mRNA transcripts) [20]. It is also possible to include one or more influenza vRNA segments under control of a pol I promoter and one or more influenza protein coding regions under control of another promoter, in particular a pol II promoter, on the same plasmid. This is preferably done by using bi-directional plasmids.
Preferred aspects of the reference 20 method involve: (a) PB1, PB2 and PA mRNA-encoding regions on a single expression construct; and (b) all 8 vRNA encoding segments on a single expression construct. Including the neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA) segments on one expression construct and the six other viral segments on another expression construct is particularly preferred as newly emerging influenza virus strains usually have mutations in the NA and/or HA segments. Therefore, the advantage of having the HA and/or NA segments on a separate expression construct is that only the vector comprising the HA and NA sequence needs to be replaced. Thus, in one aspect of the invention the NA and/or HA segments of the vaccine strain may be included on one expression construct and the vRNA encoding segments from the donor strain(s) of the invention, excluding the HA and/or NA segment(s), are included on a different expression construct. The invention thus provides an expression construct comprising one, two, three, four, five or six vRNA encoding backbone viral segments of a donor strain of the invention. The expression construct may not comprise HA and/or NA viral segments that produce a functional HA and/or NA protein.
Known reverse genetics systems involve expressing DNA molecules which encode desired viral RNA (vRNA) molecules from pol I promoters, bacterial RNA polymerase promoters, bacteriophage polymerase promoters, etc. As influenza viruses require the presence of viral polymerase to initiate the life cycle, systems may also provide these proteins e.g. the system further comprises DNA molecules that encode viral polymerase proteins such that expression of both types of DNA leads to assembly of a complete infectious virus. It is also possible to supply the viral polymerase as a protein.
Where reverse genetics is used for the expression of influenza vRNA, it will be evident to the person skilled in the art that precise spacing of the sequence elements with reference to each other is important for the polymerase to initiate replication. It is therefore important that the DNA molecule encoding the viral RNA is positioned correctly between the pol I promoter and the termination sequence, but this positioning is well within the capabilities of those who work with reverse genetics systems.
In order to produce a recombinant virus, a cell must express all segments of the viral genome which are necessary to assemble a virion. DNA cloned into the expression constructs of the present invention preferably provides all of the viral RNA and proteins, but it is also possible to use a helper virus to provide some of the RNA and proteins, although systems which do not use a helper virus are preferred. As the influenza virus is a segmented virus, the viral genome will usually be expressed using more than one expression construct in the methods of the invention. It is also envisioned, however, to combine one or more segments or even all segments of the viral genome on a single expression construct.
In some embodiments an expression construct will also be included which leads to expression of an accessory protein in the host cell. For instance, it can be advantageous to express a non-viral serine protease (e.g. trypsin) as part of a reverse genetics system.
Cells
The culture host for use in the invention can be any eukaryotic cell that can produce the virus of interest. The invention will typically use a cell line although, for example, primary cells may be used as an alternative. The cell will typically be mammalian or avian. Suitable mammalian cells include, but are not limited to, hamster, cattle, primate (including humans and monkeys) and dog cells. Various cell types may be used, such as kidney cells, fibroblasts, retinal cells, lung cells, etc. Examples of suitable hamster cells are the cell lines having the names BHK21 or HKCC. Suitable monkey cells are e.g. African green monkey cells, such as kidney cells as in the Vero cell line [21- 23]. Suitable dog cells are e.g. kidney cells, as in the CLDK and MDCK cell lines.
Further suitable cells include, but are not limited to: CHO; 293T; BHK; MRC 5; PER.C6 [24]; FRhL2; WI-38; etc. Suitable cells are widely available e.g. from the American Type Cell Culture (ATCC) collection [25], from the Coriell Cell Repositories [26], or from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC). For example, the ATCC supplies various different Vero cells under catalogue numbers CCL 81, CCL 81.2, CRL 1586 and CRL-1587, and it supplies MDCK cells under catalogue number CCL 34. PER.C6 is available from the ECACC under deposit number 96022940. Preferred cells for use in the invention are MDCK cells [27-29], derived from Madin Darby canine kidney. The original MDCK cells are available from the ATCC as CCL 34. It is preferred that derivatives of MDCK cells are used. Such derivatives were described, for instance, in reference 27 which discloses MDCK cells that were adapted for growth in suspension culture ('MDCK 33016' or '33016-PF, deposited as DSM ACC 2219). Furthermore, reference 30 discloses MDCK-denved cells that grow in suspension in serum free culture ('B-702', deposited as FERM BP-7449). In some embodiments, the MDCK cell line used may be tumorigenic. It is also envisioned to use non- tumorigenic MDCK cells. For example, reference 31 discloses non tumorigenic MDCK cells, including 'MDCK-S' (ATCC PTA-6500), 'MDCK-SF101 ' (ATCC PTA-6501), 'MDCK-SF102' (ATCC PTA-6502) and 'MDCK-SF103' (ATCC PTA-6503). Reference 32 discloses MDCK cells with high susceptibility to infection, including 'MDCK.5F1' cells (ATCC CRL 12042).
The cells used in the methods of the invention are preferably cells which are suitable for producing an influenza vaccine that can be used for administration to humans. Such cells must be derived from a cell bank system which is approved for vaccine manufacture and registered with a national control authority, and must be within the maximum number of passages permitted for vaccine production (see reference 33 for a summary). Examples of suitable cells which have been approved for vaccine manufacture include MDCK cells (like MDCK 33016; see reference 27), CHO cells, Vero cells, and PER.C6 cells. The methods of the invention may not use 293T cells as these cells are not approved for vaccine manufacture.
It is possible to use a mixture of more than one cell type to practise the methods of the present invention. However, it is preferred that the methods of the invention are practised with a single cell type e.g. with monoclonal cells. Preferably, the cells used in the methods of the present invention are from a single cell line. Furthermore, the same cell line may be used for reassorting the virus and for any subsequent propagation of the virus.
Preferably, the cells are cultured in the absence of serum, to avoid a common source of contaminants. Various serum-free media for eukaryotic cell culture are known to the person skilled in the art (e.g. Iscove's medium, ultra CHO medium (BioWhittaker), EX-CELL (JRH Biosciences)). Furthermore, protein-free media may be used (e.g. PF-CHO (JRH Biosciences)). Otherwise, the cells for replication can also be cultured in the customary serum-containing media (e.g. MEM or DMEM medium with 0.5% to 10% of fetal calf serum).
The cells may be in adherent culture or in suspension.
Virus preparation
In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing influenza viruses comprising steps of (a) infecting a culture host with a reassortant virus of the invention; (b) culturing the host from step (a) to produce the virus; and optionally (c) purifying the virus obtained in step (b). The culture host may be cells or embryonated hen eggs. Where cells are used as a culture host in this aspect of the invention, it is known that cell culture conditions (e.g. temperature, cell density, pH value, etc.) are variable over a wide range subject to the cell line and the virus employed and can be adapted to the requirements of the application. The following information therefore merely represents guidelines.
As mentioned above, cells are preferably cultured in serum-free or protein- free media.
Multiplication of the cells can be conducted in accordance with methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, the cells can be cultivated in a perfusion system using ordinary support methods like centrifugation or filtration. Moreover, the cells can be multiplied according to the invention in a fed-batch system before infection. In the context of the present invention, a culture system is referred to as a fed-batch system in which the cells are initially cultured in a batch system and depletion of nutrients (or part of the nutrients) in the medium is compensated by controlled feeding of concentrated nutrients. It can be advantageous to adjust the pH value of the medium during multiplication of cells before infection to a value between pH 6.6 and pH 7.8 and especially between a value between pH 7.2 and pH 7.3. Culturing of cells preferably occurs at a temperature between 30 and 40°C. When culturing the infected cells (step ii), the cells are preferably cultured at a temperature of between 30 °C and 36°C or between 32 °C and 34 °C or at 33°C. This is particularly preferred, as it has been shown that incubation of infected cells in this temperature range results in production of a virus that results in improved efficacy when formulated into a vaccine [34].
Oxygen partial pressure can be adjusted during culturing before infection preferably at a value between 25% and 95% and especially at a value between 35% and 60%. The values for the oxygen partial pressure stated in the context of the invention are based on saturation of air. Infection of cells occurs at a cell density of preferably about 8-25x105 cells/mL in the batch system or preferably about 5-20x106 cells/mL in the perfusion system. The cells can be infected with a viral dose (MOI value, "multiplicity of infection"; corresponds to the number of virus units per cell at the time of infection) between 10"8 and 10, preferably between 0.0001 and 0.5.
Virus may be grown on cells in adherent culture or in suspension. Microcarrier cultures can be used. In some embodiments, the cells may thus be adapted for growth in suspension.
The methods according to the invention also include harvesting and isolation of viruses or the proteins generated by them. During isolation of viruses or proteins, the cells are separated from the culture medium by standard methods like separation, filtration or ultrafiltration. The viruses or the proteins are then concentrated according to methods sufficiently known to those skilled in the art, like gradient centrifugation, filtration, precipitation, chromatography, etc., and then purified. It is also preferred according to the invention that the viruses are inactivated during or after purification. Virus inactivation can occur, for example, by β-propiolactone or formaldehyde at any point within the purification process. The culture host may be eggs. The current standard method for influenza virus growth for vaccines uses embryonated SPF hen eggs, with virus being purified from the egg contents (allantoic fluid). It is also possible to passage a virus through eggs and subsequently propagate it in cell culture and vice versa.
Vaccine
The invention utilises virus produced according to the method to produce vaccines.
Vaccines (particularly for influenza virus) are generally based either on live virus or on inactivated virus. Inactivated vaccines may be based on whole virions, 'split' virions, or on purified surface antigens. Antigens can also be presented in the form of virosomes. The invention can be used for manufacturing any of these types of vaccine.
Where an inactivated virus is used, the vaccine may comprise whole virion, split virion, or purified surface antigens (for influenza, including hemagglutinin and, usually, also including neuraminidase). Chemical means for inactivating a virus include treatment with an effective amount of one or more of the following agents: detergents, formaldehyde, β-propiolactone, methylene blue, psoralen, carboxyfullerene (C60), binary ethylamine, acetyl ethyleneimine, or combinations thereof. Non-chemical methods of viral inactivation are known in the art, such as for example UV light or gamma irradiation.
Virions can be harvested from virus-containing fluids, e.g. allantoic fluid or cell culture supernatant, by various methods. For example, a purification process may involve zonal centrifugation using a linear sucrose gradient solution that includes detergent to disrupt the virions. Antigens may then be purified, after optional dilution, by diafiltration.
Split virions are obtained by treating purified virions with detergents {e.g. ethyl ether, polysorbate 80, deoxycholate, tri-N-butyl phosphate, Triton X-100, Triton Ν101, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Tergitol ΝΡ9, etc.) to produce subvirion preparations, including the 'Tween-ether' splitting process. Methods of splitting influenza viruses, for example are well known in the art e.g. see refs. 35-40, etc. Splitting of the virus is typically carried out by disrupting or fragmenting whole virus, whether infectious or non-infectious with a disrupting concentration of a splitting agent. The disruption results in a full or partial solubilisation of the virus proteins, altering the integrity of the virus. Preferred splitting agents are non-ionic and ionic {e.g. cationic) surfactants e.g. alkylglycosides, alkylthioglycosides, acyl sugars, sulphobetaines, betains, polyoxyethylenealkylethers, Ν,Ν-dialkyl- Glucamides, Hecameg, alkylphenoxy-polyethoxyethanols, ΝΡ9, quaternary ammonium compounds, sarcosyl, CTABs (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromides), tri-N-butyl phosphate, Cetavlon, myristyltrimethylammonium salts, lipofectin, lipofectamine, and DOT-MA, the octyl- or nonylphenoxy polyoxyethanols {e.g. the Triton surfactants, such as Triton X-100 or Triton Ν101), poly oxy ethylene sorbitan esters (the Tween surfactants), poly oxy ethylene ethers, polyoxyethlene esters, etc. One useful splitting procedure uses the consecutive effects of sodium deoxycholate and formaldehyde, and splitting can take place during initial virion purification (e.g. in a sucrose density gradient solution). Thus a splitting process can involve clarification of the virion-containing material (to remove non- virion material), concentration of the harvested virions (e.g. using an adsorption method, such as CaHP04 adsorption), separation of whole virions from non-virion material, splitting of virions using a splitting agent in a density gradient centrifugation step (e.g. using a sucrose gradient that contains a splitting agent such as sodium deoxycholate), and then filtration (e.g. ultrafiltration) to remove undesired materials. Split virions can usefully be resuspended in sodium phosphate-buffered isotonic sodium chloride solution. Examples of split influenza vaccines are the BEGRIVAC™, FLUARIX™, FLUZONE™ and FLUSFflELD™ products.
Purified influenza virus surface antigen vaccines comprise the surface antigens hemagglutinin and, typically, also neuraminidase. Processes for preparing these proteins in purified form are well known in the art. The FLUVIRIN™, AGRIPPAL™ and INFLUVAC™ products are influenza subunit vaccines.
Another form of inactivated antigen is the virosome [41] (nucleic acid free viral-like liposomal particles). Virosomes can be prepared by solubilization of virus with a detergent followed by removal of the nucleocapsid and reconstitution of the membrane containing the viral glycoproteins. An alternative method for preparing virosomes involves adding viral membrane glycoproteins to excess amounts of phospholipids, to give liposomes with viral proteins in their membrane.
The methods of the invention may also be used to produce live vaccines. Such vaccines are usually prepared by purifying virions from virion-containing fluids. For example, the fluids may be clarified by centrifugation, and stabilized with buffer (e.g. containing sucrose, potassium phosphate, and monosodium glutamate). Various forms of influenza virus vaccine are currently available (e.g. see chapters 17 & 18 of reference 42). Live virus vaccines include Medlmmune's FLUMIST™ product.
The virus may be attenuated. The virus may be temperature-sensitive. The virus may be cold-adapted. These three features are particularly useful when using live virus as an antigen.
HA is the main immunogen in current inactivated influenza vaccines, and vaccine doses are standardised by reference to HA levels, typically measured by SRID. Existing vaccines typically contain about 15μg of HA per strain, although lower doses can be used e.g. for children, or in pandemic situations, or when using an adjuvant. Fractional doses such as ½ (i.e. 7.5μg HA per strain), ¼ and Vg have been used, as have higher doses (e.g. 3x or 9x doses [43,44]). Thus vaccines may include between 0.1 and 150μg of HA per influenza strain, preferably between 0.1 and 50μg e.g. 0.1-20μg, 0.1-15μg, 0.1-10μg, 0.1-7^g, 0.5-5μg, etc. Particular doses include e.g. about 45, about 30, about 15, about 10, about 7.5, about 5, about 3.8, about 3.75, about 1.9, about 1.5, etc. per strain.
For live vaccines, dosing is measured by median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) rather than HA content, and a TCID50 of between 106 and 108 (preferably between 106 5-107 5) per strain is typical. Influenza strains used with the invention may have a natural HA as found in a wild-type virus, or a modified HA. For instance, it is known to modify HA to remove determinants (e.g. hyper-basic regions around the HA1/HA2 cleavage site) that cause a virus to be highly pathogenic in avian species. The use of reverse genetics facilitates such modifications.
As well as being suitable for immunizing against inter-pandemic strains, the compositions of the invention are particularly useful for immunizing against pandemic or potentially-pandemic strains. The invention is suitable for vaccinating humans as well as non-human animals.
Other strains whose antigens can usefully be included in the compositions are strains which are resistant to antiviral therapy (e.g. resistant to oseltamivir [45] and/or zanamivir), including resistant pandemic strains [46].
Compositions of the invention may include antigen(s) from one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or more) influenza virus strains, including influenza A virus and/or influenza B virus provided that at least one influenza strain is a reassortant influenza strain of the invention. Compositions wherein at least two, at least three or all of the antigens are from reassortant influenza strains of the invention are also envisioned. Where a vaccine includes more than one strain of influenza, the different strains are typically grown separately and are mixed after the viruses have been harvested and antigens have been prepared. Thus a process of the invention may include the step of mixing antigens from more than one influenza strain. A trivalent vaccine is typical, including antigens from two influenza A virus strains and one influenza B virus strain. A tetravalent vaccine is also useful [47], including antigens from two influenza A virus strains and two influenza B virus strains, or three influenza A virus strains and one influenza B virus strain.
Pharmaceutical compositions
Vaccine compositions manufactured according to the invention are pharmaceutically acceptable. They usually include components in addition to the antigens e.g. they typically include one or more pharmaceutical carrier(s) and/or excipient(s). As described below, adjuvants may also be included. A thorough discussion of such components is available in reference 48.
Vaccine compositions will generally be in aqueous form. However, some vaccines may be in dry form, e.g. in the form of injectable solids or dried or polymerized preparations on a patch.
Vaccine compositions may include preservatives such as thiomersal or 2-phenoxyethanol. It is preferred, however, that the vaccine should be substantially free from (i.e. less than 5μg/ml) mercurial material e.g. thiomersal-free [39,49]. Vaccines containing no mercury are more preferred. An a-tocopherol succinate can be included as an alternative to mercurial compounds [39]. Preservative-free vaccines are particularly preferred.
To control tonicity, it is preferred to include a physiological salt, such as a sodium salt. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is preferred, which may be present at between 1 and 20 mg/ml. Other salts that may be present include potassium chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium phosphate dehydrate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, etc.
Vaccine compositions will generally have an osmolality of between 200 mOsm/kg and 400 mOsm/kg, preferably between 240-360 mOsm/kg, and will more preferably fall within the range of 290-310 mOsm/kg. Osmolality has previously been reported not to have an impact on pain caused by vaccination [50], but keeping osmolality in this range is nevertheless preferred.
Vaccine compositions may include one or more buffers. Typical buffers include: a phosphate buffer; a Tris buffer; a borate buffer; a succinate buffer; a histidine buffer (particularly with an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant); or a citrate buffer. Buffers will typically be included in the 5-20mM range. The pH of a vaccine composition will generally be between 5.0 and 8.1, and more typically between 6.0 and 8.0 e.g. 6.5 and 7.5, or between 7.0 and 7.8. A process of the invention may therefore include a step of adjusting the pH of the bulk vaccine prior to packaging.
The vaccine composition is preferably sterile. The vaccine composition is preferably non-pyrogenic e.g. containing <1 EU (endotoxin unit, a standard measure) per dose, and preferably <0.1 EU per dose. The vaccine composition is preferably gluten- free.
Vaccine compositions of the invention may include detergent e.g. a polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester surfactant (known as 'Tweens'), an octoxynol (such as octoxynol-9 (Triton X-100) or t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol), a cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide ('CTAB'), or sodium deoxycholate, particularly for a split or surface antigen vaccine. The detergent may be present only at trace amounts. Thus the vaccine may include less than lmg/ml of each of octoxynol-10 and polysorbate 80. Other residual components in trace amounts could be antibiotics {e.g. neomycin, kanamycin, polymyxin B).
A vaccine composition may include material for a single immunisation, or may include material for multiple immunisations {i.e. a 'multidose' kit). The inclusion of a preservative is preferred in multidose arrangements. As an alternative (or in addition) to including a preservative in multidose compositions, the compositions may be contained in a container having an aseptic adaptor for removal of material.
Influenza vaccines are typically administered in a dosage volume of about 0.5ml, although a half dose {i.e. about 0.25ml) may be administered to children.
Compositions and kits are preferably stored at between 2°C and 8°C. They should not be frozen. They should ideally be kept out of direct light.
Host cell DN A
Where virus has been isolated and/or grown on a cell line, it is standard practice to minimize the amount of residual cell line DNA in the final vaccine, in order to minimize any potential oncogenic activity of the DNA. Thus a vaccine composition prepared according to the invention preferably contains less than 1 Ong (preferably less than lng, and more preferably less than lOOpg) of residual host cell DNA per dose, although trace amounts of host cell DNA may be present.
It is preferred that the average length of any residual host cell DNA is less than 500bp e.g. less than 400bp, less than 300bp, less than 200bp, less than lOObp, etc.
Contaminating DNA can be removed during vaccine preparation using standard purification procedures e.g. chromatography, etc. Removal of residual host cell DNA can be enhanced by nuclease treatment e.g. by using a DNase. A convenient method for reducing host cell DNA contamination is disclosed in references 51 & 52, involving a two-step treatment, first using a DNase {e.g. Benzonase), which may be used during viral growth, and then a cationic detergent {e.g. CTAB), which may be used during virion disruption. Treatment with an alkylating agent, such as β-propiolactone, can also be used to remove host cell DNA, and advantageously may also be used to inactivate virions [53].
Adjuvants
Compositions of the invention may advantageously include an adjuvant, which can function to enhance the immune responses (humoral and/or cellular) elicited in a subject who receives the composition. Preferred adjuvants comprise oil-in-water emulsions. Various such adjuvants are known, and they typically include at least one oil and at least one surfactant, with the oil(s) and surfactant(s) being biodegradable (metabolisable) and biocompatible. The oil droplets in the emulsion are generally less than 5μιη in diameter, and ideally have a sub-micron diameter, with these small sizes being achieved with a microfluidiser to provide stable emulsions. Droplets with a size less than 220nm are preferred as they can be subjected to filter sterilization.
The emulsion can comprise oils such as those from an animal (such as fish) or vegetable source. Sources for vegetable oils include nuts, seeds and grains. Peanut oil, soybean oil, coconut oil, and olive oil, the most commonly available, exemplify the nut oils. Jojoba oil can be used e.g. obtained from the jojoba bean. Seed oils include safflower oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower seed oil, sesame seed oil and the like. In the grain group, corn oil is the most readily available, but the oil of other cereal grains such as wheat, oats, rye, rice, teff, triticale and the like may also be used. 6-10 carbon fatty acid esters of glycerol and 1,2-propanediol, while not occurring naturally in seed oils, may be prepared by hydrolysis, separation and esterification of the appropriate materials starting from the nut and seed oils. Fats and oils from mammalian milk are metabolizable and may therefore be used in the practice of this invention. The procedures for separation, purification, saponification and other means necessary for obtaining pure oils from animal sources are well known in the art. Most fish contain metabolizable oils which may be readily recovered. For example, cod liver oil, shark liver oils, and whale oil such as spermaceti exemplify several of the fish oils which may be used herein. A number of branched chain oils are synthesized biochemically in 5-carbon isoprene units and are generally referred to as terpenoids. Shark liver oil contains a branched, unsaturated terpenoids known as squalene, 2,6,10,15, 19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene, which is particularly preferred herein. Squalane, the saturated analog to squalene, is also a preferred oil. Fish oils, including squalene and squalane, are readily available from commercial sources or may be obtained by methods known in the art. Another preferred oil is a-tocopherol (see below).
Mixtures of oils can be used.
Surfactants can be classified by their 'HLB' (hydrophile/lipophile balance). Preferred surfactants of the invention have a HLB of at least 10, preferably at least 15, and more preferably at least 16. The invention can be used with surfactants including, but not limited to: the poly oxy ethylene sorbitan esters surfactants (commonly referred to as the Tweens), especially polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80; copolymers of ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO), and/or butylene oxide (BO), sold under the DOWFAX™ tradename, such as linear EO/PO block copolymers; octoxynols, which can vary in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-l,2-ethanediyl) groups, with octoxynol-9 (Triton X-100, or t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol) being of particular interest; (octylphenoxy)polyethoxyethanol (IGEPAL CA-630/NP-40); phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine (lecithin); nonylphenol ethoxylates, such as the Tergitol™ NP series; polyoxyethylene fatty ethers derived from lauryl, cetyl, stearyl and oleyl alcohols (known as Brij surfactants), such as triethyleneglycol monolauryl ether (Brij 30); and sorbitan esters (commonly known as the SPANs), such as sorbitan trioleate (Span 85) and sorbitan monolaurate. Non-ionic surfactants are preferred. Preferred surfactants for including in the emulsion are Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate), Span 85 (sorbitan trioleate), lecithin and Triton X-100.
Mixtures of surfactants can be used e.g. Tween 80/Span 85 mixtures. A combination of a polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and an octoxynol such as t-octylphenoxypoly ethoxy ethanol (Triton X-100) is also suitable. Another useful combination comprises laureth 9 plus a polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester and/or an octoxynol.
Preferred amounts of surfactants (% by weight) are: polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters (such as Tween 80) 0.01 to 1%, in particular about 0.1 %; octyl- or nonylphenoxy polyoxyethanols (such as Triton X-100, or other detergents in the Triton series) 0.001 to 0.1 %, in particular 0.005 to 0.02%; polyoxyethylene ethers (such as laureth 9) 0.1 to 20 %, preferably 0.1 to 10 % and in particular 0.1 to 1% or about 0.5%.
Where the vaccine contains a split virus, it is preferred that it contains free surfactant in the aqueous phase. This is advantageous as the free surfactant can exert a 'splitting effect' on the antigen, thereby disrupting any unsplit virions and/or virion aggregates that might otherwise be present. This can improve the safety of split virus vaccines [54]. Preferred emulsions have an average droplets size of <1μιη e.g. <750nm, <500nm, <400nm, <300nm, <250nm, <220nm, <200nm, or smaller. These droplet sizes can conveniently be achieved by techniques such as microfluidisation.
Specific oil-in- water emulsion adjuvants useful with the invention include, but are not limited to:
• A submicron emulsion of squalene, Tween 80, and Span 85. The composition of the emulsion by volume can be about 5% squalene, about 0.5% polysorbate 80 and about 0.5% Span 85. In weight terms, these ratios become 4.3% squalene, 0.5% polysorbate 80 and 0.48% Span 85. This adjuvant is known as 'MF59' [55-57], as described in more detail in Chapter 10 of ref. 58 and chapter 12 of ref. 59. The MF59 emulsion advantageously includes citrate ions e.g. lOmM sodium citrate buffer.
• An emulsion comprising squalene, a tocopherol, and polysorbate 80. The emulsion may include phosphate buffered saline. These emulsions may have by volume from 2 to 10% squalene, from 2 to 10% tocopherol and from 0.3 to 3% polysorbate 80, and the weight ratio of squalene tocopherol is preferably <1 (e.g. 0.90) as this can provide a more stable emulsion. Squalene and polysorbate 80 may be present volume ratio of about 5:2 or at a weight ratio of about 11 :5. Thus the three components (squalene, tocopherol, polysorbate 80) may be present at a weight ratio of 1068: 1186:485 or around 55:61 :25. One such emulsion ('AS03') can be made by dissolving Tween 80 in PBS to give a 2% solution, then mixing 90ml of this solution with a mixture of (5g of DL a tocopherol and 5ml squalene), then microfluidising the mixture. The resulting emulsion may have submicron oil droplets e.g. with an average diameter of between 100 and 250nm, preferably about 180nm. The emulsion may also include a 3-de-O- acylated monophosphoryl lipid A (3d MPL). Another useful emulsion of this type may comprise, per human dose, 0.5-10 mg squalene, 0.5-11 mg tocopherol, and 0.1-4 mg polysorbate 80 [60] e.g. in the ratios discussed above.
• An emulsion of squalene, a tocopherol, and a Triton detergent {e.g. Triton X-100). The emulsion may also include a 3d-MPL (see below). The emulsion may contain a phosphate buffer.
• An emulsion comprising a polysorbate {e.g. polysorbate 80), a Triton detergent {e.g. Triton X-100) and a tocopherol {e.g. an a-tocopherol succinate). The emulsion may include these three components at a mass ratio of about 75: 11 : 10 {e.g. 750μg/ml polysorbate 80, 110μg/ml Triton X-100 and 100μg/ml a-tocopherol succinate), and these concentrations should include any contribution of these components from antigens. The emulsion may also include squalene. The emulsion may also include a 3d-MPL (see below). The aqueous phase may contain a phosphate buffer.
• An emulsion of squalane, polysorbate 80 and poloxamer 401 ("Pluronic™ L121"). The emulsion can be formulated in phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4. This emulsion is a useful delivery vehicle for muramyl dipeptides, and has been used with threonyl-MDP in the "SAF-1" adjuvant [61] (0.05-1% Thr-MDP, 5% squalane, 2.5% Pluronic L121 and 0.2% polysorbate 80). It can also be used without the Thr-MDP, as in the "AF" adjuvant [62] (5% squalane, 1.25% Pluronic L121 and 0.2% polysorbate 80). Microfluidisation is preferred.
An emulsion comprising squalene, an aqueous solvent, a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether hydrophilic nonionic surfactant (e.g. polyoxyethylene (12) cetostearyl ether) and a hydrophobic nonionic surfactant (e.g. a sorbitan ester or mannide ester, such as sorbitan monoleate or 'Span 80'). The emulsion is preferably thermoreversible and/or has at least 90% of the oil droplets (by volume) with a size less than 200 nm [63]. The emulsion may also include one or more of: alditol; a cryoprotective agent (e.g. a sugar, such as dodecylmaltoside and/or sucrose); and/or an alkylpoly glycoside. The emulsion may include a TLR4 agonist [64]. Such emulsions may be lyophilized.
An emulsion of squalene, poloxamer 105 and Abil-Care [65]. The final concentration (weight) of these components in adjuvanted vaccines are 5% squalene, 4% poloxamer 105 (pluronic polyol) and 2% Abil-Care 85 (Bis-PEG/PPG-16/16 PEG/PPG- 16/16 dimethicone; caprylic/capric triglyceride).
An emulsion having from 0.5-50% of an oil, 0.1-10% of a phospholipid, and 0.05-5% of a non-ionic surfactant. As described in reference 66, preferred phospholipid components are phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, sphingomyelin and cardiolipin. Submicron droplet sizes are advantageous.
A submicron oil-in-water emulsion of a non-metabolisable oil (such as light mineral oil) and at least one surfactant (such as lecithin, Tween 80 or Span 80). Additives may be included, such as QuilA saponin, cholesterol, a saponin-lipophile conjugate (such as GPI-0100, described in reference 67, produced by addition of aliphatic amine to desacylsaponin via the carboxyl group of glucuronic acid), dimethyidioctadecylammonium bromide and/or N,N-dioctadecyl-N,N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl)propanediamine.
An emulsion in which a saponin (e.g. QuilA or QS21) and a sterol (e.g. a cholesterol) are associated as helical micelles [68].
An emulsion comprising a mineral oil, a non-ionic lipophilic ethoxylated fatty alcohol, and a non-ionic hydrophilic surfactant (e.g. an ethoxylated fatty alcohol and/or polyoxyethylene- polyoxypropylene block copolymer) [69].
An emulsion comprising a mineral oil, a non-ionic hydrophilic ethoxylated fatty alcohol, and a non-ionic lipophilic surfactant (e.g. an ethoxylated fatty alcohol and/or polyoxyethylene- polyoxypropylene block copolymer) [69]. In some embodiments an emulsion may be mixed with antigen extemporaneously, at the time of delivery, and thus the adjuvant and antigen may be kept separately in a packaged or distributed vaccine, ready for final formulation at the time of use. In other embodiments an emulsion is mixed with antigen during manufacture, and thus the composition is packaged in a liquid adjuvanted form. The antigen will generally be in an aqueous form, such that the vaccine is finally prepared by mixing two liquids. The volume ratio of the two liquids for mixing can vary (e.g. between 5: 1 and 1 : 5) but is generally about 1 : 1. Where concentrations of components are given in the above descriptions of specific emulsions, these concentrations are typically for an undiluted composition, and the concentration after mixing with an antigen solution will thus decrease.
Packaging of vaccine compositions
Suitable containers for compositions of the invention (or kit components) include vials, syringes (e.g. disposable syringes), nasal sprays, etc. These containers should be sterile.
Where a composition/component is located in a vial, the vial is preferably made of a glass or plastic material. The vial is preferably sterilized before the composition is added to it. To avoid problems with latex-sensitive patients, vials are preferably sealed with a latex-free stopper, and the absence of latex in all packaging material is preferred. The vial may include a single dose of vaccine, or it may include more than one dose (a 'multidose' vial) e.g. 10 doses. Preferred vials are made of colourless glass.
A vial can have a cap (e.g. a Luer lock) adapted such that a pre-filled syringe can be inserted into the cap, the contents of the syringe can be expelled into the vial (e.g. to reconstitute lyophilised material therein), and the contents of the vial can be removed back into the syringe. After removal of the syringe from the vial, a needle can then be attached and the composition can be administered to a patient. The cap is preferably located inside a seal or cover, such that the seal or cover has to be removed before the cap can be accessed. A vial may have a cap that permits aseptic removal of its contents, particularly for multidose vials.
Where a component is packaged into a syringe, the syringe may have a needle attached to it. If a needle is not attached, a separate needle may be supplied with the syringe for assembly and use. Such a needle may be sheathed. Safety needles are preferred. 1-inch 23-gauge, 1-inch 25-gauge and 5/8- inch 25-gauge needles are typical. Syringes may be provided with peel-off labels on which the lot number, influenza season and expiration date of the contents may be printed, to facilitate record keeping. The plunger in the syringe preferably has a stopper to prevent the plunger from being accidentally removed during aspiration. The syringes may have a latex rubber cap and/or plunger. Disposable syringes contain a single dose of vaccine. The syringe will generally have a tip cap to seal the tip prior to attachment of a needle, and the tip cap is preferably made of a butyl rubber. If the syringe and needle are packaged separately then the needle is preferably fitted with a butyl rubber shield. Preferred syringes are those marketed under the trade name "Tip-Lok"™. Containers may be marked to show a half-dose volume e.g. to facilitate delivery to children. For instance, a syringe containing a 0.5ml dose may have a mark showing a 0.25ml volume.
Where a glass container {e.g. a syringe or a vial) is used, then it is preferred to use a container made from a borosilicate glass rather than from a soda lime glass.
A kit or composition may be packaged {e.g. in the same box) with a leaflet including details of the vaccine e.g. instructions for administration, details of the antigens within the vaccine, etc. The instructions may also contain warnings e.g. to keep a solution of adrenaline readily available in case of anaphylactic reaction following vaccination, etc.
Methods of treatment, and administration of the vaccine
The invention provides a vaccine manufactured according to the invention. These vaccine compositions are suitable for administration to human or non-human animal subjects, such as pigs or birds, and the invention provides a method of raising an immune response in a subject, comprising the step of administering a composition of the invention to the subject. The invention also provides a composition of the invention for use as a medicament, and provides the use of a composition of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for raising an immune response in a subject.
The immune response raised by these methods and uses will generally include an antibody response, preferably a protective antibody response. Methods for assessing antibody responses, neutralising capability and protection after influenza virus vaccination are well known in the art. Human studies have shown that antibody titers against hemagglutinin of human influenza virus are correlated with protection (a serum sample hemagglutination-inhibition titer of about 30-40 gives around 50% protection from infection by a homologous virus) [70]. Antibody responses are typically measured by hemagglutination inhibition, by microneutralisation, by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID), and/or by single radial hemolysis (SRH). These assay techniques are well known in the art.
Compositions of the invention can be administered in various ways. The most preferred immunisation route is by intramuscular injection {e.g. into the arm or leg), but other available routes include subcutaneous injection, intranasal [71-73], oral [74], intradermal [75,76], transcutaneous, transdermal [77], etc.
Vaccines prepared according to the invention may be used to treat both children and adults. Influenza vaccines are currently recommended for use in pediatric and adult immunisation, from the age of 6 months. Thus a human subject may be less than 1 year old, 1-5 years old, 5-15 years old, 15-55 years old, or at least 55 years old. Preferred subjects for receiving the vaccines are the elderly {e.g. >50 years old, >60 years old, and preferably >65 years), the young {e.g. <5 years old), hospitalised subjects, healthcare workers, armed service and military personnel, pregnant women, the chronically ill, immunodeficient subjects, subjects who have taken an antiviral compound {e.g. an oseltamivir or zanamivir compound; see below) in the 7 days prior to receiving the vaccine, people with egg allergies and people travelling abroad. The vaccines are not suitable solely for these groups, however, and may be used more generally in a population. For pandemic strains, administration to all age groups is preferred.
Preferred compositions of the invention satisfy 1, 2 or 3 of the CPMP criteria for efficacy. In adults (18-60 years), these criteria are: (1) >70% seroprotection; (2) >40% seroconversion; and/or (3) a GMT increase of >2.5-fold. In elderly (>60 years), these criteria are: (1) >60% seroprotection; (2) >30% seroconversion; and/or (3) a GMT increase of >2-fold. These criteria are based on open label studies with at least 50 patients.
Treatment can be by a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule. Multiple doses may be used in a primary immunisation schedule and/or in a booster immunisation schedule. In a multiple dose schedule the various doses may be given by the same or different routes e.g. a parenteral prime and mucosal boost, a mucosal prime and parenteral boost, etc. Administration of more than one dose (typically two doses) is particularly useful in immunologically naive patients e.g. for people who have never received an influenza vaccine before, or for vaccinating against a new HA subtype (as in a pandemic outbreak). Multiple doses will typically be administered at least 1 week apart {e.g. about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 16 weeks, etc.).
Vaccines produced by the invention may be administered to patients at substantially the same time as {e.g. during the same medical consultation or visit to a healthcare professional or vaccination centre) other vaccines e.g. at substantially the same time as a measles vaccine, a mumps vaccine, a rubella vaccine, a MMR vaccine, a varicella vaccine, a MMRV vaccine, a diphtheria vaccine, a tetanus vaccine, a pertussis vaccine, a DTP vaccine, a conjugated H.influenzae type b vaccine, an inactivated poliovirus vaccine, a hepatitis B virus vaccine, a meningococcal conjugate vaccine (such as a tetravalent A-C-W135-Y vaccine), a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, etc. Administration at substantially the same time as a pneumococcal vaccine and/or a meningococcal vaccine is particularly useful in elderly patients.
Similarly, vaccines of the invention may be administered to patients at substantially the same time as {e.g. during the same medical consultation or visit to a healthcare professional) an antiviral compound, and in particular an antiviral compound active against influenza virus {e.g. oseltamivir and/or zanamivir). These antivirals include neuraminidase inhibitors, such as a (3R,4R,5S)-4- acetylamino-5-amino-3(l-ethylpropoxy)-l-cyclohexene-l-carboxylic acid or 5-(acetylamino)-4- [(aminoiminomethyl)-amino]-2,6-anhydro-3,4,5-trideoxy-D-glycero-D-galactonon-2-enonic acid, including esters thereof {e.g. the ethyl esters) and salts thereof {e.g. the phosphate salts). A preferred antiviral is (3R,4R,5S)-4-acetylamino-5-amino-3(l-ethylpropoxy)-l-cyclohexene-l-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester, phosphate (1 : 1), also known as oseltamivir phosphate (TAMIFLU™). General
The term "comprising" encompasses "including" as well as "consisting" e.g. a composition "comprising" X may consist exclusively of X or may include something additional e.g. X + Y.
The word "substantially" does not exclude "completely" e.g. a composition which is "substantially free" from Y may be completely free from Y. Where necessary, the word "substantially" may be omitted from the definition of the invention.
The term "about" in relation to a numerical value x is optional and means, for example, x+10%.
The preferred pairwise alignment algorithm for use with the invention is the Needleman-Wunsch global alignment algorithm [78], using default parameters {e.g. with Gap opening penalty = 10.0, and with Gap extension penalty = 0.5, using the EBLOSUM62 scoring matrix). This algorithm is conveniently implemented in the needle tool in the EMBOSS package [79].
Unless specifically stated, a process comprising a step of mixing two or more components does not require any specific order of mixing. Thus components can be mixed in any order. Where there are three components then two components can be combined with each other, and then the combination may be combined with the third component, etc.
The various steps of the methods may be carried out at the same or different times, in the same or different geographical locations, e.g. countries, and by the same or different people or entities.
Where animal (and particularly bovine) materials are used in the culture of cells, they should be obtained from sources that are free from transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), and in particular free from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Overall, it is preferred to culture cells in the total absence of animal-derived materials.
Where a compound is administered to the body as part of a composition then that compound may alternatively be replaced by a suitable prodrug.
References to a percentage sequence identity between two amino acid sequences means that, when aligned, that percentage of amino acids are the same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art, for example those described in section 7.7.18 of reference 80. A preferred alignment is determined by the Smith- Waterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12 and a gap extension penalty of 2, BLOSUM matrix of 62. The Smith- Waterman homology search algorithm is taught in reference 81.
References to a percentage sequence identity between two nucleic acid sequences mean that, when aligned, that percentage of bases are the same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art, for example those described in section 7.7.18 of reference 80. A preferred alignment program is GCG Gap (Genetics Computer Group, Wisconsin, Suite Version 10.1), preferably using default parameters, which are as follows: open gap = 3; extend gap = 1.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 Backbone-derived viruses outperform wt A/Brisbane/10/10 virus in growth and HA yield. (A) HA yield as measured by HA ELISA. The y-axis shows the HA yield ^g/mL) (B) The fold increase in HA yield by ELISA was calculated by normalizing the HA ELISA values to those of the A/Brisbane/10/10 WT virus. The y-axis shows the fold increase in HA yield. (C) HA titers using 0.5% guinea pig RBCs. The y-axis shows the log2 HA titer. (D) Viral titers 60h post- infection as determined by FFA assay. The y-axis shows the FFU/mL.
Bars represent the mean plus SEM of three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA. The mean value of each group was compared to WT virus using Dunnett's multiple comparison test. * = P<0.05, ** = P< 0.01, *** = PO.001; The white bars represent the results with wt A/Brisbane/10/10, the dotted column shows the results with the PR8X backbone; the hatched column shows the results with the #19 column and the grey column shows the results with the #21 backbone.
Figure 2 compares the HA yield of different reassortant influenza B strains in MDCK cells relative to the wild-type (WT) or reverse genetics-derived (RG) B/Brisbane/60/08 strain. The viral segments of the tested influenza B viruses are shown in Table 1. The y-axis indicates the HA yield in μg/mL.
Figure 3 compares the HA yield of different reassortant influenza B strains in MDCK cells relative to the wild-type (WT) or reverse genetics-derived (RG) B/Panama/45/90 strain. The viral segments of the tested influenza B viruses are shown in Table 1. The y-axis indicates the HA yield in μg/mL.
Figure 4 (A) Schematic diagram and sequence alignment of chimeric HA constructs. The wild type A/Brisbane/10/10 HA (WT Bris) is shown in white. The terminal regions of HA, non-coding regions (NCR), signal peptide (SP), transmembrane region (TM) and cytoplasmic domain (CT), from two laboratory adapted strains of H1N1, PR8X (dotted fields) and 105p30 (hatched fields), are fused to the A/Brisbane/10/10 ectodomain to produce the chimeric HA segments shown. (B) Sequence alignment of the terminal regions of A/Brisbane/10/10 (Bris), PR8X and 105p30 HA. Dashes represent nucleotides conserved among the strains. The 3 'NCR is separated from the signal peptide sequence by the solid bar. For brevity, the ectodomain sequence is omitted (../..). The transmembrane region is separated from the cytoplasmic tail by the dashed line. The stop codon is underlined and followed by the 5 'NCR. (C) Schematic diagram and sequence alignment of chimeric NA constructs. The wild type A/Brisbane/10/10 NA (WT Bris) is shown in white. The terminal regions of NA, non- coding regions (NCR), cytoplasmic domain (CT), and transmembrane region (TM) from PR8X (gray) and 105 (slanted lines), are grafted into the A/Brisbane/10/10 ectodomain to produce the chimeric NA segments shown. (D) Sequence alignment of the terminal regions of A/Brisbane/10/10 (Bris), PR8X and 105 NA. Dashes represent nucleotides conserved among the strains. The cytoplasmic tail is separated from the 3 'NCR by the solid bar and from the transmembrane region by the dashed line. For brevity, the ectodomain sequence is omitted (../..). The stop codon is underlined and followed by the 5 'NCR.
Figure 5. PR8X(term) HA/NA segments enhance HA yield over PR8X(term) HA or NA only. MDCK 33016PF cells are infected at an MOI of 0.001 with viruses with the PR8X backbone using the indicated HA NA gene segment combinations. (A) Fold increase as measured by HA ELISA and compared to the yield using WT A Brisbane/10/10 HA and NA segments. The y-axis shows the fold increase in HA yield. (B) HA titer as determined using 0.5% red blood cells from guinea pigs. The y-axis shows the log2 HA titer. (C) Virus titers 60 h post infection as determined by FFA assay. The y-axis shows the FFU/mL.
Bars represent the mean plus SEM of three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA. The mean value of each group is compared to Bris HA NA using Dunnett's multiple comparison test. * = P<0.05, ** = P< 0.01.
Figure 6. Chimeric HA/NA segments enhance HA yield with all three optimized backbones. MDCK 33016PF cells are infected at an MOI of 0.001 with viruses derived from the three optimised backbones using HA and NA gene segments with the terminal regions from A/Brisbane/10/10 (Bris) (white columns), PR8X (hatched columns) and 105p30 (grey columns). Upper panels (A, B and C) show the fold increase in HA yield as measured by HA ELISA and compared to the yield using WT HA/NA segments (Bris). The y-axis shows fold increase in HA titer. Middle panels (D, E and F) show HA titers 60 h post infection as determined by HA assay. The y-axis shows log2 HA titer. Lower panels (G, H and I) show virus titers 60 h post infection as determined by FFA assay. The y-axis shows FFU/mL.
Bars represent the mean plus SEM of three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA. The mean value of each group was compared to Bris HA/NA using Dunnett's multiple comparison test. * = P<0.05, ** = P< 0.01.
Figure 7. Chimeric HA and NA segments enhance HA yield with #21 backbone. MDCK 33016PF cells were infected at an MOI of 0.001 with the X187 working seed (A/Victoria/210/2009 classical reassortant, white columns) and viruses derived from the #21 backbone with the indicated HA and NA gene segment combinations: terminal regions from WT A/Victoria/210/2009 (Vic, grey columns), PR8X (dotted columns) or 105 (hatched columns). (A) shows virus titers 60 h post infection as determined by FFA assay. The y-axis indicates FFU/mL (B) shows HA yield 60 h post infection as determined by HA ELISA. The y-axis indicates HA yield ^g/mL).
Bars represent the mean plus SEM of two independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA. The mean value of each group was compared to Bris HA/NA using Dunnett's multiple comparison test. * = P<0.05. Figure 8. Enhanced HA content of #21 backbone-derived viruses with chimeric HA/NA segments. (A) HA yield of large scale cultures (60mL) of MDCK 33016PF cells, infected at an MOI of 0.001 with #21 derived viruses containing HA and NA gene segments with the terminal regions from A/Brisbane/10/10 (Bris) (white columns), PR8X (hatched columns) and 105p30 (grey columns). HA yield is measured by HPLC after virus is concentrated and purified by sucrose- gradient density centrifugation. The y-axis shows μg HA/mL culture (B) Deglycosylation of HA (dHA) is performed using PNGase and viruses are subsequently separated by SDS-PAGE and viral proteins stained using SYPRO-Ruby. (C) HA content of #21 with the indicated HA and NA segments as assessed by gel densitometry assay and HPLC/BCA assay. The HA content is calculated from gel densitometry and from HPLC by dividing values from (A) over the total protein concentration in the fractions, as determined by a BCA assay. The columns show the results with HA and NA gene segments with the terminal regions from A/Brisbane/10/10 (Bris) (white columns), PR8X (hatched columns) and 105p30 (grey columns).
The y-axis shows % HA content. HA content values were compared to those of Bris(term) HA and NA (WT control), which were assigned a value of 1.
Bars represent the mean plus SEM of two independent experiments. Statistical significance is determined using one-way ANOVA. The mean value of each group was compared to Bris HA/NA using Dunnett's multiple comparison test. * = P<0.05, ** = P<0.001.
MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Materials and Methods
Cells, viruses and plasmids
293T cells and suspension MDCK 33016PF cells are maintained as previously described [82].
The eight segments from PR8X and 105p30, the PB1 segment from A/California/07/09 and the HA/NA segments from A/Brisbane/10/10 are cloned in plasmid pKSlO for virus rescue as previously described [82]. HA terminal region chimeras are generated using overlap PCR and cloned into pKSlO as previously described [82]. Overlap PCR and Quikchange (Agilent) mutagenesis are used to generate the NA terminal region chimeras. All plasmids are sequence verified before use in rescue experiments.
Virus growth in MDCK cells
10 rriL suspension cultures of MDCK 33016PF cultures (1 x 106 cells/ml) are inoculated with virus at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.001 and incubated in TubeSpin™ Bioreactor 50 (TPP). Samples are taken at 0 and 60 hours post-infection and frozen at -80 °C until processed. Analogous methods are used for preparations of 60 rriL of cultures grown in 125 ml shake flasks. Viral titers are determined using a previously described focus-formation assay [83] with slight modifications. Infectious foci are detected using an Alexa Fluor® 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Invitrogen), and quantified with a BioSpot™ Analyzer (CTL).
HA ELISA
384w plates (Costar) are coated O/N with Galanthus Nivalis (GNA) lectin (Sigma). Plates are washed four times with wash buffer (PBS+ 0.05% Tween20) and blocked with 10 mM Tns-HCl+ 150 mM NaCl+3% Sucrose+ 1%BSA, pH 7.68 (blocking buffer) for 1 hr at room temperature. Three-fold serial dilutions of the samples containing a final concentration of 1% Zwittergent 3-14 (Sigma) are prepared, added in duplicate to the plates, and incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes in a shaker. Biotinylated-IgG purified from pooled sheep antisera (NIBSC cat# 11/110) raised against A/California/07/09 (antigenically similar to A/Brisbane/10/10) are added and further incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes in a shaker. Plates are then washed four times with wash buffer and incubated with Streptavi din- Alkaline phosphatase (KPL) in wash buffer at 37°C for 30 minutes in a shaker. Plates are washed four times with wash buffer and developed using lmg/ml p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate pNPP (Sigma) in DEA buffer phosphatase substrate (KPL). Plates are read after 40-50 min incubation in the dark at 405 nm using an InfiniteTM 200 PRO plate reader (Tecan). Data are analyzed using GraphPad Prism software.
Hemagglutination inhibition assay
The Haemagglutination Inhibition Assay (HAI) is performed using ferret antisera FR-359 raised against A/California/07/09 (IRR) and a 0.75% suspension of chicken erythrocytes (Lampire Biologicals).
The hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) is performed as described in the World Health Organization Manual for the Laboratory Diagnosis and Virological Surveillance of Influenza. Ferret antisera FR-359 raised against A/California/07/09 (IRR) and a 0.75% suspension of chicken erythrocytes (Lampire Biologicals) prepared in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) are used.
Sucrose density gradient separation
40 rriL of the harvested medum is concentrated - 16 fold by centrifugal ultrafiltration (Vivaspin 20 with 300 kD MWCO, Sartorius-Stedim Biotech) and viruses are purified. A hemagglutination assay with 0.5% guinea pig red blood cells (Cleveland Scientific) is performed to identify the fractions with the highest virion content, which are then pooled. The protein content of the pooled fractions is determined using a BCA assay (Pierce) following the manufacturer's directions.
Reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC)
Purified virions are analyzed by HPLC. The HAI concentration is quantified using purified HAI (a HA maturational cleavage fragment) from A/California/07/09 reagent (NIBSC cat # 09/146 and 09/174) and prepared using identical methods. SDS-PAGE and PNGaseF deglycosylation assay
Equal volumes from pooled virus-containing fractions are deglycosylated following the protocol of reference 3 with minor modifications. Samples are separated using 4-12 % Nu-PAGE precast gels (Invitrogen), stained overnight by shaking at room temperature using SYPRO-Ruby stain (Sigma) and destained by shaking in 10% methanol for 30 mins at room temperature. Gels are scanned using a Chemidoc XRS Imager (BioRad) and analyzed using ImageJ software.
Results
Three optimized backbones outperform the current vaccine seed virus for growth and HA yield in MDCK cell cultures.
To overcome the limitations of using egg-derived high-growth reassortants as seed viruses for manufacturing influenza vaccines, three MDCK cell-optimized backbones (PR8-X, #19 and #21) are developed. PR8X contains all backbone segments from the cell-adapted PR8X strain. The #19 backbone contains PBl, PB2 and NP from the cell-adapted 105p30 strain, and the remaining backbone segments from PR8X. The #21 backbone contains an A/California/07/09-like PB l and the remaining backbone segments from PR8X. Figure 1 shows the data compiled from three independent experiments that compare the HA yield (Fig. 1A and B) and growth (Fig. lC) of the WT virus A/Brisbane/10/10 with reassortant influenza viruses comprising these three optimized backbones (PR8X, #19 and #21) and the A/Brisbane/10/10 HA/NA segments. All reassortant influenza viruses display better performance relative to the WT A/Brisbane/10/10 virus. The virus with the #21 backbone produces the highest HA yield increase by ELISA (7.5-fold more than wild type, P < 0.001) and has the highest hemagglutination (HA) (~10-fold more, P < 0.001) and viral titers (~50-fold more than WT, P < 0.05).
Growth characteristics of reassortant influenza B viruses
Reassortant influenza B viruses are produced by reverse genetics which contain the HA and NA proteins from various influenza strains and the other viral segments from B/Brisbane/60/08 and/or B/Panama/45/90. As a control the corresponding wild-type influenza B strain is used. These viruses are cultured either in embyronated chicken eggs or in MDCK cells. The following influenza B strains are used:
Table 1
Antigenic
Backbone segments
determinants combo # PA PBl PB2 NP NS M HA NA
1 (WT) Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane
2 Panama Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane
3 Brisbane Panama Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane 4 Brisbane Brisbane Panama Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane
5 Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Panama Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane
6 Panama Panama Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane
7 Panama Brisbane Panama Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane
8 Panama Brisbane Brisbane Panama Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane
9 Brisbane Panama Panama Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane
10 Brisbane Panama Brisbane Panama Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane
11 Brisbane Brisbane Panama Panama Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane
12 Panama Panama Panama Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane
13 Panama Panama Brisbane Panama Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane
14 Panama Brisbane Panama Panama Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane
15 Brisbane Panama Panama Panama Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane
16 Panama Panama Panama Panama Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane
17 Panama Panama Panama Panama Panama Panama Brisbane Brisbane
20 Brisbane Panama Panama Panama Panama Panama Panama Panama
21 Panama Brisbane Panama Panama Panama Panama Panama Panama
22 Panama Panama Brisbane Panama Panama Panama Panama Panama
23 Panama Panama Panama Brisbane Panama Panama Panama Panama
24 Brisbane Brisbane Panama Panama Panama Panama Panama Panama
25 Brisbane Panama Brisbane Panama Panama Panama Panama Panama
26 Brisbane Panama Panama Brisbane Panama Panama Panama Panama
27 Panama Brisbane Brisbane Panama Panama Panama Panama Panama
28 Panama Brisbane Panama Brisbane Panama Panama Panama Panama
29 Panama Panama Brisbane Brisbane Panama Panama Panama Panama
30 Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Panama Panama Panama Panama Panama
31 Brisbane Brisbane Panama Brisbane Panama Panama Panama Panama
32 Brisbane Panama Brisbane Brisbane Panama Panama Panama Panama
33 Panama Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Panama Panama Panama Panama
34 Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Panama Panama Panama Panama
35 Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Brisbane Panama Panama
The results indicate that reassortant viruses #2, #9, #30, #31 , #32, #33, #34 and #35 grow equally well or even better in the culture host (see Figures 2 and 3) than the corresponding wild- type strain. Most of these strains comprise the NP segment from B/Brisbane/60/08 and some (in particular those which grew best) further contain the PB2 segment from B/Brisbane/60/08. All of these viruses also contain viral segments from the B/Victoria/2/87-like strain and the B/Yamagata/16/88-like strain at a ratio 7: 1 , 6:2, 4:4, 3 :4 or 1 : 7.
Chimeric HA and NA segments with terminal regions from cell-adapted strains Chimeric HA and NA segments are constructed that combine the non-antigenic terminal regions from HA (NCRs, signal peptide, transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains) and NA (NCRs, cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains) from PR8X and 105p30 with the ectodomain of the A/Brisbane/10/10 HA and NA segments, respectively. Figure 4 shows a diagram of the constructs and a sequence alignment of the terminal regions of HA (panels A, B) and NA (panels C, D).
PR8X(term) HA and NA constructs significantly enhance HA yield with the PR8X backbone
Reassortant influenza viruses are rescued which contain the PR8X backbone in combination with either the A/Brisbane/10/10 (H1N1) wt HA and NA segments, or chimeric HA and NA segments which comprise the ectodomain from A/Brisbane/10/10 and the other domains from PR8X (PR8X(term)). The growth and HA yield from the different rescued viruses is compared.
HA yield (Fig. 5A), as measured by HA ELISA, is 4-fold higher for the virus with PR8X(term) HA and NA segments than for the virus with WT HA and NA segments (P < 0.01). Virus with the PR8X(term) HA segment and WT NA segment yields a 3 -fold increase in HA compared to the virus with WT HA and NA (P < 0.05). Virus with PR8X(term) HA and NA segments has 2-fold higher HA titers (P<0.05) and 4-fold higher viral titers than the virus with WT HA and NA segments (Figs. 5B, C). Overall, these data show that viruses with chimeric PR8X(term) HA and NA segments yield more HA than viruses containing only chimeric PR8X(term) HA or NA segments.
Chimeric HA andNA constructs enhance HA yield with all three optimized backbones
The inventors next tested whether the PR8X(term) or 105p30(term) HA/NA segments can enhance growth and HA yield of the resulting viruses in all three of the optimized backbones (Fig. 1 A.). HA yield, as measured by ELISA and normalized to the yield from WT HA and NA segments, increase ~4-fold with PR8X(term) HA and NA segments and ~5-fold (P<0.05) with 105 (term) HA and NA segments using the PR8X backbone (Fig. 6A). HA yield increases correlate with increases in HA titer and viral titers using the PR8X(term) and 105(term) HA and NA constructs (Figs. 6D, G). With the #19 backbone, HA yield is ~2.5-fold higher (P < 0.05) with the PR8X(term) HA and NA segments and ~3-fold higher (P < 0.05) with the 105(term) HA and NA segments over virus with WT HA and NA segments (Fig. 6B). HA yield increases are not associated with increases in viral titers or HA titers (Figs. 6E, H).
When using the #21 backbone, the inventors find significant increases with PR8X(term) and 105(term) HA and NA segments in HA yield, ~2.5-fold (P < 0.01) and ~3-fold (P < 0.01) respectively, HA titers (2-fold (PO.05)) and viral titers over virus containing WT HA and NA segments (Figs. 6C, F, I ). Overall, these data show that using chimeric HA and NA segments with terminal regions derived from cell-adapted strains increase HA yield independent of the backbone used.
The inventors confirm that these results are not limited to a specific vaccine strain, by preparing a reassortant influenza virus which comprises the #21 backbone, the HA and NA ectodomain from A/Victoria/210/2009, and the terminal regions from WT A/Victoria/210/2009, PR8X or 105p30. The results (Figure 7) show that reassortants which comprise chimeric HA or NA segments give better HA yields.
Sequence analyses of the viruses recovered from all backbones with WT or chimeric HA and NA segments confirmed their sequence identity with the plasmids used in virus rescue. To confirm that viruses with chimeric HA and NA segments maintain their correct antigenicity, a hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay is performed using ferret antisera raised against A/California/07/2009, which is antigenically similar to WT A/Brisbane/10/10. Table 2 shows, as expected, that the viruses with the chimeric HA and NA segments are antigenically indistinguishable (within 2-fold in an HAI assay) from the reference antigen that contains the WT HA and NA segments.
Table 2: Antigenic analysis of viruses derived from the three optimized backbones (Values represent the geometric mean of HI titers from duplicate experiments)
Antigen Ferret Sera FR-359
(Ή1Ν1]
A/Brisbane/10/10 2560
PR8X+Bris(term) HA/NA 1920
PR8X+PR8X(term) HA/NA 1920
PR8X+105(term) HA/NA 1920
#19+Bris(term) HA/NA 1280
#19+PR8X(term) HA/NA 1280
#19+105(term) HA/NA 2560
#21+Bris(term) HA/NA 2560
#21+PR8X(term) HA/NA 1920
#21+105(term) HA/NA 1280
IVR165 (H3N2) 10>
Increased HA content of viruses containing chimeric HA/NA segments
To verify further that the results observed using unpurified cell culture supematants reflect HA yield from purified viruses, the inventors performed additional characterizations of viruses derived from the #21 backbone, which produce the highest amounts of HA (Fig. 1). To this end, large-scale amplifications (60 rriL) of these viruses are performed and viruses purified using sucrose density- gradient centrifugation, as described in the methods. HAI yield (normalized to the original culture volume of 60mL) is determined using HPLC. Compared to viruses with wt HA/NA segments, viruses with the chimeric PR8X(term) and 105p30(term) HA/NA segments have -1.8 fold increase (11.3 ug/mL vs 6.2 ug/mL) and a -2.2 fold increase (13.6 ug/mL vs 6.2 ug/mL) in HA yield, respectively (Fig 8A).
The HA content in these purified preparations is determined by using either gel densitometry or a combination of HPLC measurement of HA and total protein measurement by BCA assay. For gel densitometry determination, the pooled fractions are treated with PNGaseF, resolved by SDS-PAGE, and then stained with SYPRO-Ruby to permit accurate determination of NP, HA1, M, and HA2 by densitometry. Fig. 8B shows the positions of these bands on the stained gel, and Fig. 8C shows that viruses with the PR8X(term) and 105(term) HA and NA segments had increases of 14% (P<0.05) and 32% (P<0.01), respectively, compared to viruses containing the WT HA and NA segments.
To quantitate HAl content using the HPLC data, the HA1 values obtained by HPLC (Fig. 8A) are expressed as a fraction of the total protein content (as measured by the BCA assay) of the pooled fractions. The results in Fig. 8C show that viruses with PR8X(term) and 105(term) HA and NA segments had increased HA content of 29% and 46 %, respectively, compared to WT HA and NA containing viruses.
In conclusion, these data show that the productivity of three optimized backbones for virus rescue can be enhanced by modifying the terminal regions of the HA and NA segments with those from cell-adapted strains.
It will be understood that the invention has been described by way of example only and modifications may be made whilst remaining within the scope and spirit of the invention.
SEQUENCES
SEQ ID NO: 1 (PA, PR8-X)
MEDFVRQCFNPMIVELAEKTMKEYGEDLKIETNKFAAICTHLEVCFMYSDFHFINEQGESIIVELGDPNALLKHRFE IIEGRDRTMAWTV SICNTTGAEKPKFLPDLYDYKENRFIEIGVTRREVHIYYLEKANKIKSEKTHIHIFSFTGEE MATKADYTLDEESRARIKTRLFTIRQEMASRGLWDSFRQSERGEETIEERFEITGTMRKLADQSLPPNFSSLENFRA YVDGFEPNGYIEGKLSQMSKE ARIEPFLKTTPRPLRLPNGPPCSQRSKFLLMDALKLSIEDPSHEGEGIPLYDAI KCMRTFFGWKEPNWKPHEKGINPNYLLSWKQVLAELQDIENEEKIPKTKNMKKTSQLKWALGENMAPEKVDFDDCK DVGDLKQYDSDEPELRSLASWIQNEFNKACELTDSSWIELDEIGEDVAPIEHIASMRRNYFTSEVSHCRATEYIMKG VYINTALLNASCAAMDDFQLIPMISKCRTKEGRRKTNLYGFIIKGRSHLRNDTDV FVSMEFSLTDPRLEPHKWEK YCVLEIGDMLIRSAIGQVSRPMFLYVRTNGTSKIKMKWGMEMRRCLLQSLQQIESMIEAESSVKEKDMTKEFFENKS ETWPIGESPKGVEESSIGKVCRTLLAKSVFNSLYASPQLEGFSAESRKLLLIVQALRDNLEPGTFDLGGLYEAIEEC LINDPWVLLNASWFNSFLTHALS
SEQ ID NO: 2 (PB1, PR8-X)
MD PTLLFLKVPTQNAISTTFPYTGDPPYSHGTGTGYTMDT RTHQYSEKGRWTTNTETGAPQLNPIDGPLPEDN EPSGYAQTDCVLEAMAFLEESHPGIFENSCIETMEWQQTRVDKLTQGRQTYDWTLNRNQPAATALANTIEVFRSNG LTANESGRLIDFLKDVMESMNKEEMGITTHFQRKRRVRDNMTKKMITQRTMGKKKQRLNKRSYLIRALTLNTMTKDA ERGKLKRRAIATPGMQIRGFVYFVETLARSICEKLEQSGLPVGGNEKKAKLANWRKMMTNSQDTELSFTITGDNTK WNENQNPRMFLAMITYMTRNQPEWFRNVLSIAPIMFSNKMARLGKGYMFESKSMKLRTQIPAEMLASIDLKYFNDST RKKIEKIRPLLIEGTASLSPGMMMGMFNMLSTVLGVSILNLGQKRYTKTTYWWDGLQSSDDFALI APNHEGIQAG VDRFYRTCKLLGINMSKKKSYINRTGTFEFTSFFYRYGFVANFSMELPSFGVSGINESADMSIGVTVIKNNMINNDL GPATAQMALQLFIKDYRYTYRCHRGDTQIQTRRSFEIKKLWEQTRSKAGLLVSDGGPNLYNIRNLHIPEVCLKWELM DEDYQGRLCNPLNPFVSHKEIESMNNAVMMPAHGPAKNMEYDAVATTHSWIPKRNRSILNTSQRGVLEDEQMYQRCC NLFEKFFPSSSYRRPVGISSMVEAMVSRARIDARIDFESGRIKKEEFTEIMKICSTIEELRRQK
SEQ ID NO: 3 (PB2, PR8-X)
MERIKELRNLMSQSRTREILTKTTVDHMAIIKKYTSGRQEKNPALRMKWMMAMKYPITADKRITEMIPERNEQGQTL WSKMNDAGSDRVMVSPLAVTWWNRNGPITNTVHYPKIYKTYFERVERLKHGTFGPVHFRNQVKIRRRVDINPGHADL SAKEAQDVIMEWFPNEVGARILTSESQLTITKEKKEELQDCKISPLMVAYMLERELVRKTRFLPVAGGTSSVYIEV LHLTQGTCWEQMYTPGGEVRNDDVDQSLIIAARNIVRRAAVSADPLASLLEMCHSTQIGGIRMVDILRQNPTEEQAV DICKAAMGLRISSSFSFGGFTFKRTSGSSVKREEEVLTGNLQTLKIRVHEGYEEFTMVGRRATAILRKATRRLIQLI VSGRDEQSIAEAIIVAMVFSQEDCMIKAVRGDLNF RANQRLNPMHQLLRHFQKDARVLFQNWGVEPIDNVMGMIG ILPDMTPSIEMSMRGVRISKMGVDEYSSTERVWSIDRFLRIRDQRGNVLLSPEEVSETQGTEKLTITYSSSMMWEI NGPESVL TYQWIIRNWETVKIQWSQNPTMLYNKMEFEPFQSLVPKAIRGQYSGFVRTLFQQMRDVLGTFDTAQII KLLPFAAAPPKQSRMQFSSFT VRGSGMRILVRGNSPVFNYNKATKRLTVLGKDAGTLTEDPDEGTAGVESAVLRG FLILGKEDKRYGPALSINELSNLAKGEKANVLIGQGDWLVMKRKRDSSILTDSQTATKRIRMAIN
SEQ ID NO: 4 (NP, PR8-X)
MASQGTKRSYEQMETDGERQNATEIRASVGKMIGGIGRFYIQMCTELKLSDYEGRLIQNSLTIERMVLSAFDERRNK YLEEHPSAGKDPKKTGGPIYRR GKWMRELILYDKEEIRRIWRQANNGDDATAGLTHMMIWHSNLNDATYQRTRAL VRTGMDPRMCSLMQGSTLPRRSGAAGAAVKGVGTMVMELVRMIKRGINDRNFWRGENGRKTRIAYERMCNILKGKFQ TAAQKAMMDQVRESRNPGNAEFEDLTFLARSALILRGSVAHKSCLPACVYGPAVASGYDFEREGYSLVGIDPFRLLQ NSQVYSLIRPNENPAHKSQLVWMACHSAAFEDLRVLSFIKGTKVLPRGKLSTRGVQIASNENMETMESSTLELRSRY WAIRTRSGGNTNQQRASAGQISIQPTFSVQRNLPFDRTTIMAAFNGNTEGRTSDMRTEIIRMMESARPEDVSFQGRG VFELSDEKAASPIVPSFDMSNEGSYFFGDNAEEYDN
SEQ ID NO: 5 (M, PR8-X)
MSLLTEVETYVLSIIPSGPLKAEIAQRLEDVFAGKNTDLEVLMEWLKTRPILSPLTKGILGFVFTLTVPSERGLQRR RFVQNALNGNGDPNNMDKAVKLYRKLKREITFHGAKEISLSYSAGALASCMGLIYNRMGAVTTEVAFGLVCATCEQI ADSQHRSHRQMVTTTNPLIRHENRMVLASTTAKAMEQMAGSSEQAAEAMEVASQARQMVQAMRTIGTHPSSSAGLKN DLLENLQAYQKRMGVQMQRFK
SEQ ID NO: 6 (NS, PR8-X)
MDPNTVSSFQVDCFLWHVRKRVADQELGDAPFLDRLRRDQKSLRGRGSTLGLDIKTATRAGKQIVERILKEESDEAL KMTMASVPASRYLTDMTLEEMSRDWSMLIPKQKVAGPLCIRMDQAIMDKNIILKANFSVIFDRLETLILLRAFTEEG AIVGEISPLPSLPGHTAEDVKNAVGVLIGGLEWNDNTVRVSETLQRFAWRSSNENGRPPLTPKQKREMAGTIRSEV
SEQ ID NO: 7 (HA, PR8-X)
MKANLLVLLCALAAADADTICIGYHTNNSTDTVDTVLEKNVTVTHS LLEDSHNGKLCRLKGIAPLQLGKCNIAGW LLGNPECDPLLPVRSWSYIVETPNSENGICYPGDFIDYEELREQLSSVSSFERFEIFPKESSWPNHNTNGVTAACSH EGKSSFYRNLLWLTEKEGSYPKLKNSY KKGKEVLVLWGIHHPPNSKEQQNLYQNENAYVSWTSNYNRRFTPEIA ERPKVRDQAGRMNYYWTLLKPGDTIIFEANGNLIAPMYAFALSRGFGSGIITSNASMHECNTKCQTPLGAINSSLPY QNIHPVTIGECPKYVRSAKLRMVTGLRNIPSIQSRGLFGAIAGFIEGGWTGMIDGWYGYHHQNEQGSGYAADQKSTQ NAINGITNK TVIEKMNIQFTAVGKEFNKLEKRMENLNKKVDDGFLDIWTYNAELLVLLENERTLEFHDSNVKNLY EKVKSQLKNNAKEIGNGCFEFYHKCDNECMESVRNGTYDYPKYSEESKLNREKVDGVKLESMGIYQILAIYSTVASS LVLLVSLGAISFWMCSNGSLQCRICI
SEQ ID NO: 8 (NA, PR8-X)
MNPNQKIITIGSICLWGLISLILQIGNIISIWISHSIQTGSQNHTGICNQNIITYKNSTWVKDTTSVILTGNSSLC PIRGWAIYSKDNSIRIGSKGDVFVIREPFISCSHLECRTFFLTQGALLNDKHSSGTVKDRSPYRALMSCPVGEAPSP YNSRFESVAWSASACHDGMGWLTIGISGPDNGAVAVLKYNGIITETIKSWRKKILRTQESECAC GSCFTIMTDGP SDGLASYKIFKIEKGKVTKSIELNAPNSHYEECSCYPDTDKVMCVCRDNWHGSNRPWVSFDQNLDYQIGYICSGVFG DNPRPEDGTGSCGPVYVDGANGVKGFSYRYGNGVWIGRTKSHSSRHGFEMIWDPNGWTETDSKFSVRQDWAMTDWS GYSGSFVQHPELTGLDCMRPCFWVELIRGRPKEKTIWTSASSISFCG SDTVDWSWPDGAELPFSIDK
SEQ ID NO: 9 (PA, PR8-X)
AGCGAAAGCAGGTACTGATCCAAAATGGAAGATTTTGTGCGACAATGCTTCAATCCGATGATTGTCGAGCTTGCGGA AAAAACAATGAAAGAGTATGGGGAGGACCTGAAAATCGAAACAAACAAATTTGCAGCAATATGCACTCACTTGGAAG TATGCTTCATGTATTCAGATTTTCACTTCATCAATGAGCAAGGCGAGTCAATAATCGTAGAACTTGGTGATCCAAAT GCACTTTTGAAGCACAGATTTGAAATAATCGAGGGAAGAGATCGCACAATGGCCTGGACAGTAGTAAACAGTATTTG CAACACTACAGGGGCTGAGAAACCAAAGTTTCTACCAGATTTGTATGATTACAAGGAGAATAGATTTATCGAAATTG GAGTAACAAGGAGAGAAGTTCACATATACTATCTGGAAAAGGCCAATAAAATTAAATCTGAGAAAACACACATCCAC ATTTTCTCGTTCACTGGGGAAGAAATGGCCACAAAGGCAGACTACACTCTCGATGAAGAAAGCAGGGCTAGGATCAA AACCAGACTATTCACCATAAGACAAGAAATGGCCAGCAGAGGCCTCTGGGATTCCTTTCGTCAGTCCGAGAGAGGAG AAGAGACAATTGAAGAAAGGTTTGAAATCACAGGAACAATGCGCAAGCTTGCCGACCAAAGTCTCCCGCCGAACTTC TCCAGCCTTGAAAATTTTAGAGCCTATGTGGATGGATTCGAACCGAACGGCTACATTGAGGGCAAGCTGTCTCAAAT GTCCAAAGAAGTAAATGCTAGAATTGAACCTTTTTTGAAAACAACACCACGACCACTTAGACTTCCGAATGGGCCTC CCTGTTCTCAGCGGTCCAAATTCCTGCTGATGGATGCCTTAAAATTAAGCATTGAGGACCCAAGTCATGAAGGAGAG GGAATACCGCTATATGATGCAATCAAATGCATGAGAACATTCTTTGGATGGAAGGAACCCAATGTTGTTAAACCACA C GAAAAG G GAAT AAAT C C AAAT TAT C T T C T GT CAT G GAAG C AAGT AC T G G C AGAAC T G C AG GAC AT T GAGAAT GAG G AGAAAAT T C C AAAGAC T AAAAAT AT GAAGAAAACAAGT CAGCTAAAGT GGGCACTT GGT GAGAACAT GGCACCAGAA AAGGTAGACTTTGACGACTGTAAAGATGTAGGTGATTTGAAGCAATATGATAGTGATGAACCAGAATTGAGGTCGCT T G C AAGT T G GAT T C AGAAT GAGT T T AAC AAG GC AT G C GAAC T GAC AGAT T C AAG C T G GAT AGAG C T C GAT GAGAT T G GAGAAGAT GT G G C T C C AAT T GAAC AC AT T G C AAG CAT GAGAAG GAAT TAT T T C AC AT C AGAG GT GT C T C AC T G C AGA G C C AC AGAAT AC AT AAT GAAG G G G GT GT AC AT C AAT AC TGCCTTGCT T AAT G CAT C T T GT G C AG C AAT G GAT GAT T T C C AAT T AAT T C C AAT GAT AAG C AAGT GT AGAAC T AAG GAG G GAAG G C GAAAGAC C AAC T T GT AT G GT T T CAT C AT AA AAGGAAGATCCCACTTAAGGAATGACACCGACGTGGTAAACTTTGTGAGCATGGAGTTTTCTCTCACTGACCCAAGA CTTGAACCACATAAATGGGAGAAGTACTGTGTTCTTGAGATAGGAGATATGCTTATAAGAAGTGCCATAGGCCAGGT TTCAAGGCCCATGTTCTTGTATGTGAGAACAAATGGAACCTCAAAAATTAAAATGAAATGGGGAATGGAGATGAGGC GTTGCCTCCTCCAGTCACTTCAACAAATTGAGAGTATGATTGAAGCTGAGTCCTCTGTCAAAGAGAAAGACATGACC AAAGAGTTCTTTGAGAACAAATCAGAAACATGGCCCATTGGAGAGTCCCCCAAAGGAGTGGAGGAAAGTTCCATTGG GAAG GT C T G C AG GAC T T TAT TAG C AAAGT C G GT AT T C AAC AG C T T GT AT G CAT C T C C AC AAC T AGAAG GAT T T T C AG CTGAATCAAGAAAACTGCTTCTTATCGTTCAGGCTCTTAGGGACAACCTTGAACCTGGGACCTTTGATCTTGGGGGG CTATATGAAGCAATTGAGGAGTGCCTGATTAATGATCCCTGGGTTTTGCTTAATGCTTCTTGGTTCAACTCCTTCCT TACACATGCATTGAGTTAGTTGTGGCAGTGCTACTATTTGCTATCCATACTGTCCAAAAAAGTACCTTGTTTCTACT
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AGCGAAAGCAGGCAAACCATTTGAATGGATGTCAATCCGACCTTACTTTTCTTAAAAGTGCCAACACAAAATGCTAT AAG C AC AAC T T T C C C T TAT AC T G GAGAC C C T C C T T AC AG C CAT G G GAC AG GAAC AG GAT AC AC CAT G GAT AC T GT C A AC AG GAC AC AT C AGT AC T C AGAAAAG G GAAGAT G GAC AAC AAAC AC C GAAAC T G GAG C AC C G C AAC T C AAC C C GAT T GATGGGCCACTGCCAGAAGACAATGAACCAAGTGGTTATGCCCAAACAGATTGTGTATTGGAGGCGATGGCTTTCCT TGAGGAATCCCATCCTGGTATTTTTGAAAACTCGTGTATTGAAACGATGGAGGTTGTTCAGCAAACACGAGTAGACA AG C T GAC AC AAG G C C GAC AGAC C TAT GAC T G GAC T C T AAAT AGAAAC C AAC C T G C T G C AAC AG CAT T G G C C AAC AC A ATAGAAGTGTTCAGATCAAATGGCCTCACGGCCAATGAGTCTGGAAGGCTCATAGACTTCCTTAAGGATGTAATGGA GT CAAT GAAC AAAGAAGAAAT G G G GAT C AC AAC T CAT T T T C AGAGAAAGAGAC G G GT GAGAGACAATAT GACTAAGA AAAT GAT AAC AC AGAGAAC AAT G G GT AAAAAGAAG C AGAGAT T GAAC AAAAG GAGT TAT C T AAT T AGAG CAT T GAC C C T GAAC AC AAT GAC C AAAGAT G C T GAGAGAG GGAAG C T AAAAC G GAGAG CAAT T G C AAC C C C AG G GAT G C AAAT AAG GGGGTTTGTATACTTTGTTGAGACACTGGCAAGGAGTATATGTGAGAAACTTGAACAATCAGGGTTGCCAGTTGGAG G CAAT GAGAAGAAAG C AAAGT T G G C AAAT GT T GT AAG GAAGAT GAT GAC CAAT T C T C AG GAC AC C GAAC TTTCTTTC AC CAT C AC T G GAGAT AAC AC C AAAT G GAAC GAAAAT C AGAAT C C T C G GAT GTTTTTGGC CAT GAT C AC AT AT AT GAC CAGAAATCAGCCCGAATGGTTCAGAAATGTTCTAAGTATTGCTCCAATAATGTTCTCAAACAAAATGGCGAGACTGG GAAAAG G GT AT AT GT T T GAGAG C AAGAGT AT GAAAC T T AGAAC T C AAAT AC C T G C AGAAAT G C T AG C AAG CAT C GAT T T GAAAT AT T T CAAT GAT T C AAC AAGAAAGAAGAT T GAAAAAAT C C GAC C G C T C T T AAT AGAG G G GAC T G CAT CAT T GAGCCCTGGAATGATGATGGGCATGTTCAATATGTTAAGCACTGTATTAGGCGTCTCCATCCTGAATCTTGGACAAA AGAGATACACCAAGACTACTTACTGGTGGGATGGTCTTCAATCCTCTGACGATTTTGCTCTGATTGTGAATGCACCC AAT CAT GAAG G GAT T C AAG C C G GAGT C GAC AGGT T T TAT C GAAC C T GT AAG C T AC T T G GAAT CAAT AT GAG C AAGAA AAAGTCTTACATAAACAGAACAGGTACATTTGAATTCACAAGTTTTTTCTATCGTTATGGGTTTGTTGCCAATTTCA GCATGGAGCTTCCCAGTTTTGGGGTGTCTGGGATCAACGAGTCAGCGGACATGAGTATTGGAGTTACTGTCATCAAA AAC AAT AT GAT AAAC AAT GAT C T T G GT C C AG CAAC AG C T C AAAT G G C C C T T C AGT T GT T CAT C AAAGAT T AC AG GT A C AC GT AC C GAT G C CAT AGAG GT GAC AC AC AAAT AC AAAC C C GAAGAT CAT T T GAAAT AAAGAAAC T GT G G GAG C AAA CCCGTTCCAAAGCTGGACTGCTGGTCTCCGACGGAGGCCCAAATTTATACAACATTAGAAATCTCCACATTCCTGAA GTCTGCCTAAAATGGGAATTGATGGATGAGGATTACCAGGGGCGTTTATGCAACCCACTGAACCCATTTGTCAGCCA TAAAGAAATT GAAT CAAT GAACAAT GCAGT GAT GAT G C C AG C AC AT G GT C C AG C C AAAAAC AT G GAGT AT GAT GCT G T T G CAAC AAC AC AC T C C T G GAT C C C C AAAAGAAAT C GAT C CAT C T T GAAT AC AAGT C AAAGAG GAGT AC T T GAG GAT GAAC AAAT GT AC C AAAG GT G C T G CAAT T TAT T T GAAAAAT T C T T C C C C AG C AGT T C AT AC AGAAGAC C AGT C G G GAT ATCCAGTATGGTGGAGGCTATGGTTTCCAGAGCCCGAATTGATGCACGGATTGATTTCGAATCTGGAAGGATAAAGA AAGAAGAGT T C AC T GAGAT CAT GAAGAT C T GT T C C AC CAT T GAAGAG C T C AGAC G G C AAAAAT AGT GAAT T T AG C T T GTCCTTCATGAAAAAATGCCTTGTTTCTACT
£Z¾ ZD λ· // fPZ¾ Pi?#-J9
AG C GAAAG C AG GT CAAT TAT AT T CAAT AT G GAAAGAAT AAAAGAAC T AAGAAAT C T AAT GT C G C AGT C T C G C AC C C G C GAGAT AC T C AC AAAAAC C AC C GT G GAC CAT AT G G C CAT AAT C AAGAAGT AC AC AT C AG GAAGAC AG GAGAAGAAC C C AG C AC T T AG GAT GAAAT G GAT GAT G G CAAT GAAAT AT C CAAT T AC AG C AGAC AAGAG GAT AAC G GAAAT GAT T C C T GAGAGAAAT GAG C AAG GAC AAAC T T TAT G GAGT AAAAT GAAT GAT G C C G GAT C AGAC C GAGT GAT G GT AT C AC C T C T G G C T GT GAC AT G GT G GAAT AG GAAT G GAC CAAT AAC AAAT AC AGT T CAT TAT C C AAAAAT C T AC AAAAC T TAT T T T G AAAGAGTAGAAAGGCTAAAGCATGGAACCTTTGGCCCTGTCCATTTTAGAAACCAAGTCAAAATACGTCGGAGAGTT GACATAAATCCTGGTCATGCAGATCTCAGTGCCAAGGAGGCACAGGATGTAATCATGGAAGTTGTTTTCCCTAACGA AGT G G GAG C C AG GAT AC T AAC AT C G GAAT C G CAAC T AAC GAT AAC C AAAGAGAAGAAAGAAGAAC T C C AG GAT T G C A AAATTTCTCCTTTGATGGTTGCATACATGTTGGAGAGAGAACTGGTCCGCAAAACGAGATTCCTCCCAGTGGCTGGT GGAACAAGCAGTGTGTACATTGAAGTGTTGCATTTGACTCAAGGAACATGCTGGGAACAGATGTATACTCCAGGAGG GGAAGT GAGGAAT GAT GAT GTT GAT CAAAGCTT GATTATT GCT GCTAGGAACATAGT GAGAAGAGCT GCAGTAT CAG C AGAT C C AC TAG CAT C T T TAT T G GAGAT GT G C C AC AG C AC AC AGAT T G GT G GAAT TAG GAT G GT AGAC AT C C T T AG G C AGAAC C C AAC AGAAGAG C AAG C C GT G GAT AT AT G C AAG G C T G C AAT G G GAC T GAGAAT T AG C T CAT C C T T C AGT T T T G GT G GAT T C AC AT T T AAGAGAAC AAG C G GAT CAT C AGT C AAGAGAGAG GAAGAG GT GCTTACGG GAAAT C T T C AAA CAT T GAAGAT AAGAGT GCAT GAGGGATAT GAAGAGT T C AC AAT G GT T G G GAGAAGAG C AAC AG C CAT AC T C AGAAAA G C AAC CAG GAGAT T GAT T CAG C T GAT AGT GAGT G G GAGAGAC GAAC AGT C GAT T G C C GAAG C AAT AAT T GT G G C CAT GGTATTTTCACAAGAGGATTGTATGATAAAAGCAGTCAGAGGTGATCTGAATTTCGTCAATAGGGCGAATCAGCGAT TGAATCCTATGCATCAACTTTTAAGACATTTTCAGAAGGATGCGAGAGTGCTTTTTCAAAATTGGGGAGTTGAACCT AT C GAC AAT GT GAT G G GAAT GAT T G G GAT AT T G C C C GAC AT GAC T C C AAG CAT C GAGAT GT C AAT GAGAG GAGT GAG AATCAGCAAAATGGGTGTAGATGAGTACTCCAGCACGGAGAGGGTAGTGGTGAGCATTGACCGTTTTTTGAGAATCC G G GAC C AAC GAG GAAAT GTACTACTGTCTCCC GAG GAG GT C AGT GAAAC AC AG G GAAC AGAGAAAC T GAC AAT AAC T TACT CAT C GT C AAT GAT GT G G GAGAT T AAT G GT C C T GAAT C AGT AT T G GT C AAT AC C TAT C AAT G GAT CAT C AGAAA C T G G GAAAC T GT T AAAAT T C AGT G GT C C C AGAAC C C T AC AAT G C T AT AC AAT AAAAT G GAAT T T GAAC CAT T T C AGT CTTTAGTACCTAAGGCCATTAGAGGCCAATACAGTGGGTTTGTAAGAACTCTGTTCCAACAAATGAGGGATGTGCTT GGGACATTTGATACCGCACAGATAATAAAACTTCTTCCCTTCGCAGCCGCTCCACCAAAGCAAAGTAGAATGCAGTT CTCCTCATTTACTGTGAATGTGAGGGGATCAGGAATGAGAATACTTGTAAGGGGCAATTCTCCTGTATTCAACTATA AC AAG G C C AC GAAGAGAC T C AC AGT T C T C G GAAAG GAT G C T G G C AC T T T AAC T GAAGAC C C AGAT GAAG G C AC AG C T GGAGTGGAGTCCGCTGTTCTGAGGGGATTCCTCATTCTGGGCAAAGAAGACAAGAGATATGGGCCAGCACTAAGCAT CAATGAACTGAGCAACCTTGCGAAAGGAGAGAAGGCTAATGTGCTAATTGGGCAAGGAGACGTGGTGTTGGTAATGA AAC G GAAAC G G GAC T C T AG CAT AC T T AC T GACAG C C AGAC AG C GAC C AAAAGAAT T C G GAT G G C CAT C AAT T AGT GT C GAAT AGT T T AAAAAC GAC C T T GT T T C T AC T
H) λ· 72 P ?#-J9
AG C AAAAG CAG G GT AGAT AAT C AC T C AC T GAGT GAC AT C AAAAT CAT G G C GT C T C AAG G C AC C AAAC GAT C T T AC GA AC AGAT G GAGAC T GAT G GAGAAC G C C AGAAT GC C AC T GAAAT C AGAG CAT C C GT C G GAAAAAT GAT T G GT G GAAT T G GAC GAT T C T AC AT C C AAAT GT G C AC C GAAC T CAAAC T C AGT GAT TAT GAG G GAC G GT T GAT C C AAAAC AG C T T AAC A AT AGAGAGAAT GGTGCTCTCTGCTTTT GAC GAAAG GAGAAAT AAAT AC C T T GAAGAAC AT C C C AGT G C G G GAAAAGA T C C T AAGAAAAC T G GAG GAC C TAT AT AC AG GAGAGT AAAC G GAAAGT G GAT GAGAGAAC T CAT C C T T TAT GAC AAAG AAGAAATAAGGCGAATCTGGCGCCAAGCTAATAATGGTGACGATGCAACGGCTGGTCTGACTCACATGATGATCTGG CATTCCAATTTGAATGATGCAACTTATCAGAGGACAAGAGCTCTTGTTCGCACCGGAATGGATCCCAGGATGTGCTC TCTGATGCAAGGTTCAACTCTCCCTAGGAGGTCTGGAGCCGCAGGTGCTGCAGTCAAAGGAGTTGGAACAATGGTGA T G GAAT T G GT C AGAAT GAT CAAAC GT G G GAT CAAT GAT C G GAAC T T C T G GAG G G GT GAGAAT G GAC GAAAAAC AAGA AT T G C T TAT GAAAGAAT GT G C AAC AT T C T C AAAG G GAAAT T T CAAAC T G C T G C AC AAAAAG C AAT GAT G GAT C AAGT GAGAGAGAG C C G GAAC C CAG G GAAT GCT GAGT T C GAAGAT C T C AC TTTTCTAG C AC G GT C T G C AC T CAT AT T GAGAG GGTCGGTTGCTCACAAGTCCTGCCTGCCTGCCTGTGTGTATGGACCTGCCGTAGCCAGTGGGTACGACTTTGAAAGG GAG G GAT AC TCTCTAGTCG GAAT AGAC C C T T T C AGAC T G C T T C AAAAC AG C C AAGT GT AC AG C C T AAT C AGAC C AAA T GAGAAT C CAG C AC AC AAGAGT C AAC T G GT GT G GAT G G CAT G C CAT T C T G C C G CAT T T GAAGAT C T AAGAGT AT T AA GCTTCATCAAAGGGACGAAGGTGCTCCCAAGAGGGAAGCTTTCCACTAGAGGAGTTCAAATTGCTTCCAATGAAAAT AT G GAGAC TAT G GAAT C AAGT AC AC T T GAAC T GAGAAG C AG GT AC T G G G C CAT AAG GAC C AGAAGT G GAG GAAAC AC CAAT C AAC AGAG G G CAT CTGCGGGC C AAAT CAG CAT AC AAC CTACGTTCT C AGT AC AGAGAAAT CTCCCTTTT GAC A GAAC AAC CAT TAT G G CAG CAT T CAAT G G GAAT AC AGAG G G GAGAAC AT C T GAC AT GAG GAC C GAAAT CAT AAG GAT G ATGGAAAGTGCAAGACCAGAAGATGTGTCTTTCCAGGGGCGGGGAGTCTTCGAGCTCTCGGACGAAAAGGCAGCGAG CCCGATCGTGCCTTCCTTTGACATGAGTAATGAAGGATCTTATTTCTTCGGAGACAATGCAGAGGAGTACGACAATT AAAGAAAAATACCCTTGTTTCTACT
AGCAAAAGCAGGTAGATATTGAAAGATGAGTCTTCTAACCGAGGTCGAAACGTACGTACTCTCTATCATCCCGTCAG GCCCCCTCAAAGCCGAGATCGCACAGAGACTTGAAGATGTCTTTGCAGGGAAGAACACCGATCTTGAGGTTCTCATG GAATGGCTAAAGACAAGACCAATCCTGTCACCTCTGACTAAGGGGATTTTAGGATTTGTGTTCACGCTCACCGTGCC CAGTGAGCGAGGACTGCAGCGTAGACGCTTTGTCCAAAATGCCCTTAATGGGAACGGGGATCCAAATAACATGGACA AAG C AGT T AAAC T GT AT AG GAAG C T C AAGAG GGAGAT AAC AT T C CAT G G G G C C AAAGAAAT C T C AC T C AGT TAT T C T GCTGGTGCACTTGCCAGTTGTATGGGCCTCATATACAACAGGATGGGGGCTGTGACCACTGAAGTGGCATTTGGCCT GGTATGTGCAACCTGTGAACAGATTGCTGACTCCCAGCATCGGTCTCATAGGCAAATGGTGACAACAACCAATCCAC T AAT C AGAC AT GAGAAC AGAAT GGTTTTAGC CAG C AC T AC AG C T AAG G C TAT G GAG C AAAT G G C T G GAT C GAGT GAG C AAG CAG C AGAG G C CAT G GAG GT T G C T AGT CAG G C T AGAC AAAT G GT G C AAG C GAT GAGAAC CAT T G G GAC T CAT C C TAGCTCCAGTGCTGGTCTGAAAAATGATCTTCTTGAAAATTTGCAGGCCTATCAGAAACGAATGGGGGTGCAGATGC AACGGTTCAAGTGATCCTCTCACTATTGCCGCAAATATCATTGGGATCTTGCACTTGACATTGTGGATTCTTGATCG TCTTTTTTTCAAATGCATTTACCGTCGCTTTAAATACGGACTGAAAGGAGGGCCTTCTACGGAAGGAGTGCCAAAGT C TAT GAG G GAAGAAT AT C GAAAG GAAC AG C AGAGT G C T GT G GAT GCT GAC GAT G GT CAT T T T GT CAG CAT AGAG C T G GAGTAAAAAACTACCTTGTTTCTACT SEQ ID NO: 14 (NS, PR8-X)
AGCAAAAGCAGGGTGACAAAAACATAATGGATCCAAACACTGTGTCAAGCTTTCAGGTAGATTGCTTTCTTTGGCAT GTCCGCAAACGAGTTGCAGACCAAGAACTAGGTGATGCCCCATTCCTTGATCGGCTTCGCCGAGATCAGAAATCCCT AAGAG GAAG G G G C AGT AC TCTCGGTCTG GAC AT C AAGAC AG C C AC AC GT G C T G GAAAG C AGAT AGT G GAG C G GAT T C TGAAAGAAGAATCCGATGAGGCACTTAAAATGACCATGGCCTCTGTACCTGCGTCGCGTTACCTAACTGACATGACT CTTGAGGAAATGTCAAGGGACTGGTCCATGCTCATACCCAAGCAGAAAGTGGCAGGCCCTCTTTGTATCAGAATGGA C C AG G C GAT CAT G GAT AAGAAC AT CAT AC T GAAAG C GAAC T T C AGT GT GAT T T T T GAC C G G C T G GAGAC T C T AAT AT TGCTAAGGGCTTTCACCGAAGAGGGAGCAATTGTTGGCGAAATTTCACCATTGCCTTCTCTTCCAGGACATACTGCT GAGGATGTCAAAAATGCAGTTGGAGTCCTCATCGGAGGACTTGAATGGAATGATAACACAGTTCGAGTCTCTGAAAC T C T AC AGAGAT T C G C T T G GAGAAG C AGT AAT GAGAAT G G GAGAC C T C C AC T C AC T C C AAAAC AGAAAC GAGAAAT G G C G G GAAC AAT T AG GT C AGAAGT T T GAAGAAAT AAGAT G GT T GAT T GAAGAAGT GAGAC AC AAAC T GAAGAT AAC AGA GAAT AGT T T T GAG C AAAT AAC AT T TAT G C AAGC C T T AC AT C TAT T G C T T GAAGT G GAG CAAGAGAT AAGAAC T T T C T CGTTTCAGCTTATTTAGTACTAAAAAACACCCTTGTTTCTACT
£Z¾ ZD NO: 15 (HA, PR8-X)
AGCAAAAGCAGGGGAAAATAAAAACAACCAAAATGAAGGCAAACCTACTGGTCCTGTTATGTGCACTTGCAGCTGCA GAT G C AGAC AC AAT AT GT AT AG G C T AC CAT AC GAAC AAT T C AAC C GAC AC T GT T GAC AC AGT AC T C GAGAAGAAT GT GAC AGT GAC AC AC T C T GT T AAC C T G C T C GAAGAC AG C C AC AAC G GAAAAC TAT GT AGAT T AAAAG GAAT AG C C C C AC TACAATTGGGGAAATGTAACATCGCCGGATGGCTCTTGGGAAACCCAGAATGCGACCCACTGCTTCCAGTGAGATCA T G GT C C T AC AT T GT AGAAAC AC C AAAC T C T GAGAAT G GAAT AT GT TAT C C AG GAGAT T T CAT C GAC TAT GAG GAG C T GAG G GAG C AAT T GAG C T C AGT GT CAT CAT T C GAAAGAT T C GAAAT AT T T C C C AAAGAAAG C T CAT G G C C C AAC C AC A AC AC AAAC G GAGT AAC G G C AG CAT G C T C C CAT GAG G G GAAAAG C AGT T T T T AC AGAAAT T T G C TAT G G C T GAC G GAG AAGGAGGGCTCATACCCAAAGCTGAAAAATTCTTATGTGAACAAAAAAGGGAAAGAAGTCCTTGTACTGTGGGGTAT T CAT C AC C C G C C T AAC AGT AAG GAAC AAC AGAAT C T C TAT C AGAAT GAAAAT G C T TAT GTCTCTGTAGT GAC T T C AA AT TAT AAC AG GAGAT TTACCCCG GAAAT AG C AGAAAGAC C C AAAGT AAGAGAT C AAG C T G G GAG GAT GAAC TAT T AC T G GAC C T T G C T AAAAC C C G GAGAC AC AAT AAT AT T T GAG G C AAAT G GAAAT C T AAT AG C AC C AAT GT AT GCTTTCGC ACTGAGTAGAGGCTTTGGGTCCGGCATCATCACCTCAAACGCATCAATGCATGAGTGTAACACGAAGTGTCAAACAC C C C T G G GAG C TAT AAAC AG C AGT CTCCCTTAC C AGAAT AT AC AC C C AGT C AC AAT AG GAGAGT G C C C AAAAT AC GT C AG GAGT G C C AAAT T GAG GAT G GT T AC AG GAC T AAG GAAC AT T C C GT C CAT T C AAT C C AGAG GT C TAT T T G GAG C CAT TGCCGGTTT TAT T GAAG G G G GAT G GAC T G GAAT GAT AGAT G GAT G GT AT G GT TAT CAT CAT C AGAAT GAAC AG G GAT C AG G C TAT G C AG C G GAT C AAAAAAG C AC AC AAAAT G C CAT T AAC G G GAT T AC AAAC AAG GT GAAC AC T GT TAT C GAG AAAAT GAAC AT T C AAT T C AC AG C T GT G G GT AAAGAAT T C AAC AAAT T AGAAAAAAG GAT G GAAAAT T T AAAT AAAAA AGT T GAT GAT G GAT T T C T G GAC AT T T G GAC AT AT AAT G C AGAAT TGTTAGTTCTACTG GAAAAT GAAAG GAC T C T G G AAT T C CAT GAC T C AAAT GT GAAGAAT C T GT AT GAGAAAGT AAAAAG C C AAT T AAAGAAT AAT G C C AAAGAAAT C G GA AATGGATGTTTTGAGTTCTACCACAAGTGTGACAATGAATGCATGGAAAGTGTAAGAAATGGGACTTATGATTATCC C AAAT AT T CAGAAGAGT CAAAGTT GAACAGGGAAAAGGTAGAT GGAGT GAAAT T G GAAT C AAT G G G GAT C TAT CAGA TTCTGGCGATCTACTCAACTGTCGCCAGTTCACTGGTGCTTTTGGTCTCCCTGGGGGCAATCAGTTTCTGGATGTGT T C T AAT G GAT C T T T G C AGT G C AGAAT AT G CAT C T GAGAT T AGAAT T T C AGAGAT AT GAG GAAAAAC AC CCTTGTTTC TACT
£Z¾ ZD λ· 76 (Λ¾, Pi?#-J9
AG C AAAAG C AG G G GT T T AAAAT GAAT C C AAAT C AGAAAAT AAT AAC CAT T G GAT C AAT CTGTCTGGTAGTCG GAC T A AT T AG C C T AAT AT T G C AAAT AG G GAAT AT AAT C T C AAT AT G GAT T AG C CAT T C AAT T C AAAC T G GAAGT C AAAAC C A T AC T G GAAT AT G C AAC C AAAAC AT CAT T AC C T AT AAAAAT AG C AC C T G G GT AAAG GAC AC AAC T T C AGT GAT AT T AA CCGGCAATTCATCTCTTTGTCCCATCCGTGGGTGGGCTATATACAGCAAAGACAATAGCATAAGAATTGGTTCCAAA GGAGACGTTTTTGTCATAAGAGAGCCCTTTATTTCATGTTCTCACTTGGAATGCAGGACCTTTTTTCTGACCCAAGG TGCCTTACTGAATGACAAGCATTCAAGTGGGACTGTTAAGGACAGAAGCCCTTATAGGGCCTTAATGAGCTGCCCTG TCGGTGAAGCTCCGTCCCCGTACAATTCAAGATTTGAATCGGTTGCTTGGTCAGCAAGTGCATGTCATGATGGCATG G G C T G G C T AAC AAT C G GAAT T T C AG GT C C AGAT AAT G GAG C AGT G G C T GT AT T AAAAT AC AAC G G CAT AAT AAC T GA AACCATAAAAAGTTGGAGGAAGAAAATATTGAGGACACAAGAGTCTGAATGTGCCTGTGTAAATGGTTCATGTTTTA CTATAATGACTGATGGCCCGAGTGATGGGCTGGCCTCGTACAAAATTTTCAAGATCGAAAAGGGGAAGGTTACTAAA TCAATAGAGTTGAATGCACCTAATTCTCACTATGAGGAATGTTCCTGTTACCCTGATACCGACAAAGTGATGTGTGT GTGCAGAGACAATTGGCATGGTTCGAACCGGCCATGGGTGTCTTTCGATCAAAACCTGGATTATCAAATAGGATACA TCTGCAGTGGGGTTTTCGGTGACAACCCGCGTCCCGAAGATGGAACAGGCAGCTGTGGTCCAGTGTATGTTGATGGA GCAAACGGAGTAAAGGGATTTTCATATAGGTATGGTAATGGTGTTTGGATAGGAAGGACCAAAAGTCACAGTTCCAG ACATGGGTTTGAGATGATTTGGGATCCTAATGGATGGACAGAGACTGATAGTAAGTTCTCTGTGAGGCAAGATGTTG TGGCAATGACTGATTGGTCAGGGTATAGCGGAAGTTTCGTTCAACATCCTGAGCTGACAGGGCTAGACTGTATGAGG CCGTGCTTCTGGGTTGAATTAATCAGGGGACGACCTAAAGAAAAAACAATCTGGACTAGTGCGAGCAGCATTTCTTT TTGTGGCGTGAATAGTGATACTGTAGATTGGTCTTGGCCAGACGGTGCTGAGTTGCCATTCAGCATTGACAAGTAGT CTGTTCAAAAAACTCCTTGTTTCTACT SEQ ID NO: 17 (PA, A/Calif ornia/07/09)
MEDFVRQCFNPMIVELAEKAMKEYGEDPKIETNKFAAICTHLEVCFMYSDFHFIDERGESIIVESGDPNALLKHRFE IIEGRDRIMAWTV SICNTTGVEKPKFLPDLYDYKENRFIEIGVTRREVHIYYLEKANKIKSEKTHIHIFSFTGEE MATKADYTLDEESRARIKTRLFTIRQEMASRSLWDSFRQSERGEETIEEKFEITGTMRKLADQSLPPNFPSLENFRA YVDGFEPNGCIEGKLSQMSKE AKIEPFLRTTPRPLRLPDGPLCHQRSKFLLMDALKLSIEDPSHEGEGIPLYDAI KCMKTFFGWKEPNIVKPHEKGINPNYLMAWKQVLAELQDIENEEKIPRTKNMKRTSQLKWALGENMAPEKVDFDDCK DVGDLKQYDSDEPEPRSLASWVQNEFNKACELTDSSWIELDEIGEDVAPIEHIASMRRNYFTAEVSHCRATEYIMKG VYINTALLNASCAAMDDFQLIPMISKCRTKEGRRKTNLYGFIIKGRSHLRNDTDV FVSMEFSLTDPRLEPHKWEK YCVLEIGDMLLRTAIGQVSRPMFLYVRTNGTSKIKMKWGMEMRRCLLQSLQQIESMIEAESSVKEKDMTKEFFENKS ETWPIGESPRGVEEGSIGKVCRTLLAKSVFNSLYASPQLEGFSAESRKLLLIVQALRDNLEPGTFDLGGLYEAIEEC LINDPWVLLNASWFNSFLTHALK
SEQ ID NO: 18 (PB1, A/California/07/09)
MD PTLLFLKIPAQNAISTTFPYTGDPPYSHGTGTGYTMDT RTHQYSEKGKWTTNTETGAPQLNPIDGPLPEDN EPSGYAQTDCVLEAMAFLEESHPGIFENSCLETMEWQQTRVDKLTQGRQTYDWTLNRNQPAATALANTIEVFRSNG LTANESGRLIDFLKDVMESMNKEEIEITTHFQRKRRVRDNMTKKMVTQRTIGKKKQRLNKRGYLIRALTLNTMTKDA ERGKLKRRAIATPGMQIRGFVYFVETLARSICEKLEQSGLPVGGNEKKAKLANWRKMMTNSQDTEISFTITGDNTK WNENQNPRMFLAMITYITRNQPEWFRNILSMAPIMFSNKMARLGKGYMFESKRMKIRTQIPAEMLASIDLKYFNEST KKKIEKIRPLLIDGTASLSPGMMMGMFNMLSTVLGVSILNLGQKKYTKTIYWWDGLQSSDDFALI APNHEGIQAG VDRFYRTCKLVGINMSKKKSYINKTGTFEFTSFFYRYGFVANFSMELPSFGVSG ESADMSIGVTVIKNNMINNDL GPATAQMALQLFIKDYRYTYRCHRGDTQIQTRRSFELKKLWDQTQSKVGLLVSDGGPNLYNIRNLHIPEVCLKWELM DDDYRGRLCNPLNPFVSHKEIDS NAWMPAHGPAKSMEYDAVATTHSWIPKRNRSILNTSQRGILEDEQMYQKCC NLFEKFFPSSSYRRPVGISSMVEAMVSRARIDARVDFESGRIKKEEFSEIMKICSTIEELRRQK
SEQ ID NO: 19 (PB2, A/Calif ornia/07/09)
MERIKELRDLMSQSRTREILTKTTVDHMAIIKKYTSGRQEKNPALRMKWMMAMRYPITADKRIMDMIPERNEQGQTL WSKTNDAGSDRVMVSPLAVTWWNRNGPTTSTVHYPKVYKTYFEKVERLKHGTFGPVHFRNQVKIRRRVDTNPGHADL SAKEAQDVIMEWFPNEVGARILTSESQLAITKEKKEELQDCKIAPLMVAYMLERELVRKTRFLPVAGGTGSVYIEV LHLTQGTCWEQMYTPGGEVRNDDVDQSLIIAARNIVRRAAVSADPLASLLEMCHSTQIGGVRMVDILRQNPTEEQAV DICKAAIGLRISSSFSFGGFTFKRTSGSSVKKEEEVLTGNLQTLKIRVHEGYEEFTMVGRRATAILRKATRRLIQLI VSGRDEQSIAEAIIVAMVFSQEDCMIKAVRGDLNF RANQRLNPMHQLLRHFQKDAKVLFQNWGIESIDNVMGMIG ILPDMTPSTEMSLRGIRVSKMGVDEYSSTERVWSIDRFLRVRDQRGNVLLSPEEVSETQGTEKLTITYSSSMMWEI NGPESVL TYQWIIRNWEIVKIQWSQDPTMLYNKMEFEPFQSLVPKATRSRYSGFVRTLFQQMRDVLGTFDTVQII KLLPFAAAPPEQSRMQFSSLT VRGSGLRILVRGNSPVFNYNKATKRLTVLGKDAGALTEDPDEGTSGVESAVLRG FLILGKEDKRYGPALSINELSNLAKGEKANVLIGQGDWLVMKRKRDSSILTDSQTATKRIRMAIN
SEQ ID NO: 20 (NP, A/California/07/09)
MASQGTKRSYEQMETGGERQDATEIRASVGRMIGGIGRFYIQMCTELKLSDYDGRLIQNSITIERMVLSAFDERRNK YLEEHPSAGKDPKKTGGPIYRRVDGKWMRELILYDKEEIRRVWRQANNGEDATAGLTHIMIWHSNLNDATYQRTRAL VRTGMDPRMCSLMQGSTLPRRSGAAGAAVKGVGTIAMELIRMIKRGINDRNFWRGENGRRTRVAYERMCNILKGKFQ TAAQRAMMDQVRESRNPGNAEIEDLIFLARSALILRGSVAHKSCLPACVYGLAVASGHDFEREGYSLVGIDPFKLLQ NSQWSLMRPN
SEQ ID NO: 21 (Ml, A/California/07/09)
MSLLTEVETYVLSIIPSGPLKAEIAQRLESVFAGKNTDLEALMEWLKTRPILSPLTKGILGFVFTLTVPSERGLQRR RFVQNALNGNGDPNNMDRAVKLYKKLKREITFHGAKEVSLSYSTGALASCMGLIYNRMGTVTTEAAFGLVCATCEQI ADSQHRSHRQMATTTNPLIRHENRMVLASTTAKAMEQMAGSSEQAAEAMEVANQTRQMVHAMRTIGTHPSSSAGLKD DLLENLQAYQKRMGVQMQRFK
SEQ ID NO: 22 (NS1, A/California/07/09)
MDSNTMSSFQVDCFLWHIRKRFADNGLGDAPFLDRLRRDQKSLKGRGNTLGLDIETATLVGKQIVEWILKEESSETL RMTIASVPTSRYLSDMTLEEMSRDWFMLMPRQKIIGPLCVRLDQAIMEKNIVLKANFSVI FNRLETLILLRAFTEEG AIVGEISPLPSLPGHTYEDVKNAVGVLIGGLEWNGNTVRVSENIQRFAWRNCDENGRPSLPPEQK SEQ ID NO: 23 (PA, A/Calif ornia/07/09)
ATGGAAGACTTTGTGCGACAATGCTTCAATCCAATGATCGTCGAGCTTGCGGAAAAGGCAATGAAAGAATATGGGGA AGATCCGAAAATCGAAACTAACAAGTTTGCTGCAATATGCACACATTTGGAAGTTTGTTTCATGTATTCGGATTTCC AT T T CAT C GAC GAAC G G G GT GAAT C AAT AAT T GT AGAAT C T G GT GAC C C GAAT G C AC TAT T GAAG C AC C GAT T T GAG ATAATTGAAGGAAGAGACCGAATCATGGCCTGGACAGTGGTGAACAGTATATGTAACACAACAGGGGTAGAGAAGCC T AAAT TTCTTCCT GAT T T GT AT GAT T AC AAAGAGAAC C G GT T CAT T GAAAT T G GAGT AAC AC G GAG G GAAGT C C AC A TAT AT T AC C T AGAGAAAG C C AAC AAAAT AAAAT C T GAGAAGAC AC AC AT T C AC AT C T T T T CAT T C AC T G GAGAG GAG AT G G C C AC C AAAG C G GAC T AC AC C C T T GAC GAAGAGAG C AG G G C AAGAAT C AAAAC TAGGCTTTT C AC T AT AAGAC A AGAAAT G G C C AGT AG GAGT C TAT G G GAT TCCTTTCGT C AGT C C GAAAGAG G C GAAGAGAC AAT T GAAGAAAAAT T T G AGATTACAGGAACTATGCGCAAGCTTGCCGACCAAAGTCTCCCACCGAACTTCCCCAGCCTTGAAAACTTTAGAGCC TATGTAGATGGATTCGAGCCGAACGGCTGCATTGAGGGCAAGCTTTCCCAAATGTCAAAAGAAGTGAACGCCAAAAT TGAACCATTCTTGAGGACGACACCACGCCCCCTCAGATTGCCTGATGGGCCTCTTTGCCATCAGCGGTCAAAGTTCC T G C T GAT G GAT G C T C T GAAAT T AAGT AT T GAAGAC C C GAGT C AC GAG G G G GAG G GAAT AC C AC TAT AT GAT G C AAT C AAAT G CAT GAAGAC AT TCTTTGGCTG GAAAGAG C C T AAC AT AGT C AAAC C AC AT GAGAAAG G CAT AAAT C C C AAT T A C C T CAT G G C T T G GAAG C AG GT G C T AG C AGAG CT AC AG GAC AT T GAAAAT GAAGAGAAGAT C C C AAG GAC AAAGAAC A T GAAGAGAAC AAG C C AAT T GAAGT G G G C AC T C G GT GAAAAT AT G G C AC C AGAAAAAGT AGAC T T T GAT GAC T G C AAA GAT GT T G GAGAC C T T AAAC AGT AT GAC AGT GAT GAG C C AGAG C C C AGAT C T C T AG C AAG C T G G GT C C AAAAT GAAT T C AAT AAG G CAT GT GAAT T GAC T GAT T C AAG C T G GAT AGAAC T T GAT GAAAT AG GAGAAGAT GTTGCCCC GAT T GAAC AT AT C G C AAG CAT GAG GAG GAAC TAT T T T AC AG C AGAAGT GT C C C AC T G C AG G G C T AC T GAAT AC AT AAT GAAG G GA GTGTACATAAATACGGCCTTGCTCAATGCATCCTGTGCAGCCATGGATGACTTTCAGCTGATCCCAATGATAAGCAA AT GT AG GAC C AAAGAAG GAAGAC G GAAAAC AAAC C T GT AT G G GT T CAT T AT AAAAG GAAG GT C T CAT T T GAGAAAT G AT AC T GAT GT G GT GAAC T T T GT AAGT AT G GAGT T C T C AC T C AC T GAC C C GAGAC T G GAG C C AC AC AAAT G G GAAAAA TACTGTGTTCTTGAAATAGGAGACATGCTCTTGAGGACTGCGATAGGCCAAGTGTCGAGGCCCATGTTCCTATATGT GAGAACCAATGGAACCTCCAAGATCAAGATGAAATGGGGCATGGAAATGAGGCGCTGCCTTCTTCAGTCTCTTCAGC AGAT T GAGAG CAT GAT T GAG G C C GAGT C T T C T GT C AAAGAGAAAGAC AT GAC C AAG GAAT T C T T T GAAAAC AAAT C G GAAACATGGCCAATCGGAGAGTCACCCAGGGGAGTGGAGGAAGGCTCTATTGGGAAAGTGTGCAGGACCTTACTGGC AAAATCTGTATTCAACAGTCTATATGCGTCTCCACAACTTGAGGGGTTTTCGGCTGAATCTAGAAAATTGCTTCTCA TTGTTCAGGCACTTAGGGACAACCTGGAACCTGGAACCTTCGATCTTGGGGGGCTATATGAAGCAATCGAGGAGTGC CTGATTAATGATCCCTGGGTTTTGCTTAATGCATCTTGGTTCAACTCCTTCCTCACACATGCACTGAAGTAG
£Z¾ ZD λ· 2 (PB/, A/California/07/09)
AGCGAAAGCAGGCAAACCATTTGAATGGATGTCAATCCGACTCTACTTTTCCTAAAAATTCCAGCGCAAAATGCCAT AAG C AC C AC AT T C C C T TAT AC T G GAGAT C C T C CAT AC AG C CAT G GAAC AG GAAC AG GAT AC AC CAT G GAC AC AGT AA AC AGAAC AC AC C AAT AC T C AGAAAAG G GAAAGT G GAC GAC AAAC AC AGAGAC T G GT G C AC C C C AG C T C AAC C C GAT T GAT G GAC C AC T AC C T GAG GAT AAT GAAC C AAGT G G GT AT G C AC AAAC AGAC T GT GT T C T AGAG G C TAT GGCTTTCCT T GAAGAAT C C C AC C C AG GAAT AT T T GAGAAT T CAT G C C T T GAAAC AAT G GAAGT T GT T C AAC AAAC AAG G GT AGAT A AAC T AAC T C AAG GT C G C C AGAC T TAT GAT T G GAC AT T AAAC AGAAAT C AAC C G G C AG C AAC T G CAT T G G C C AAC AC C AT AGAAGT C T T T AGAT C GAAT G G C C T AAC AG CT AAT GAGT C AG GAAG G C T AAT AGAT T T C T T AAAG GAT GT AAT G GA AT C AAT GAAC AAAGAG GAAAT AGAGAT AAC AAC C C AC T T T C AAAGAAAAAG GAGAGT AAGAGAC AAC AT GAC C AAGA AGAT GGT C AC G C AAAGAAC AAT AG G GAAGAAAAAAC AAAGAC T GAAT AAGAGAG G C TAT C T AAT AAGAG C AC T GAC A T T AAAT AC GAT GAC C AAAGAT G C AGAGAGAG GC AAGT T AAAAAGAAG G G C TAT C G C AAC AC C T G G GAT G C AGAT TAG AGGTTTCGTATACTTTGTTGAAACTTTAGCTAGGAGCATTTGCGAAAAGCTTGAACAGTCTGGGCTCCCAGTAGGGG G C AAT GAAAAGAAG G C C AAAC T G G C AAAT GT T GT GAGAAAGAT GAT GAC T AAT T C AC AAGAC AC AGAGAT T T C T T T C AC AAT C AC T G G G GAC AAC AC T AAGT G GAAT GAAAAT C AAAAT C C T C GAAT GTTCCTGGC GAT GAT T AC AT AT AT C AC C AGAAAT C AAC C C GAGT G GT T C AGAAAC AT C CT GAG CAT G G C AC C CAT AAT GT T C T C AAAC AAAAT G G C AAGAC TAG G GAAAG G GT AC AT GT T C GAGAGT AAAAGAAT GAAGAT T C GAAC AC AAAT AC C AG C AGAAAT G C T AG C AAG CAT T GAC CT GAAGTACTT CAAT GAAT CAACAAAGAAGAAAATT GAGAAAATAAGGCCT CTT CT AAT AGAT GGCACAGCAT CACT GAGTCCTGGGATGATGATGGGCATGTTCAACATGCTAAGTACGGTCTTGGGAGTCTCGATACTGAATCTTGGACAAA AGAAAT AC AC C AAGAC AAT AT AC T G GT G G GAT G G G C T C CAAT CAT C C GAC GAT TTTGCTCT CAT AGT GAAT G C AC C A AAC CAT GAG G GAAT AC AAG C AG GAGT G GAC AGAT T C T AC AG GAC C T G C AAGT T AGT G G GAAT CAACAT GAGCAAAAA GAAGTCCTATATAAATAAGACAGGGACATTTGAATTCACAAGCTTTTTTTATCGCTATGGATTTGTGGCTAATTTTA GCATGGAGCTACCCAGCTTTGGAGTGTCTGGAGTAAATGAATCAGCTGACATGAGTATTGGAGTAACAGTGATAAAG AAC AAC AT GAT AAAC AAT GAC C T T G GAC C T G CAAC G G C C C AGAT G G C T C T T CAAT T GT T CAT C AAAGAC T AC AGAT A C AC AT AT AG GT G C CAT AG G G GAGAC AC AC AAAT T C AGAC AAGAAGAT CAT T T GAGT T AAAGAAG C T GT G G GAT C AAA C C CAAT C AAAG GT AG G G C TAT T AGT AT C AGAT G GAG GAC C AAAC T TAT AC AAT AT AC G GAAT CTT C AC AT T C C T GAA GTCTGCTTAAAATGGGAGCTAATGGATGATGATTATCGGGGAAGACTTTGTAATCCCCTGAATCCCTTTGTCAGTCA TAAAGAGATTGATTCTGTAAACAATGCTGTGGTAATGCCAGCCCATGGTCCAGCCAAAAGCATGGAATATGATGCCG TTGCAACTACACATTCCTGGATTCCCAAGAGGAATCGTTCTATTCTCAACACAAGCCAAAGGGGAATTCTTGAGGAT GAAC AGAT GT AC C AGAAGT G C T G CAAT C TAT T C GAGAAAT TTTTCCCTAG C AGT T CAT AT AG GAGAC C G GT T G GAAT TTCTAGCATGGTGGAGGCCATGGTGTCTAGGGCCCGGATTGATGCCAGGGTCGACTTCGAGTCTGGACGGATCAAGA AAGAAGAGT T C T C T GAGAT CAT GAAGAT C T GT T C C AC CAT T GAAGAAC T C AGAC G G C AAAAAT AAT GAAT T T AAC T T GTCCTTCATGAAAAAATGCCTTGTTTCTACT
SEQ ID NO: 25 (PB2, A/California/07/09)
AT G GAGAGAAT AAAAGAAC T GAGAGAT C T AAT GT C G C AGT C C C G C AC T C G C GAGAT AC T C AC T AAGAC C AC T GT G GA C CAT AT G G C C AT AAT C AAAAAGT AC AC AT C AGGAAG G C AAGAGAAGAAC C C C G C AC T C AGAAT GAAGT G GAT GAT G G C AAT GAGAT AC C C AAT T AC AG C AGAC AAGAGAAT AAT G GAC AT GAT T C C AGAGAG GAAT GAAC AAG GAC AAAC C C T C T G GAG C AAAAC AAAC GAT G C T G GAT C AGAC C GAGT GAT G GT AT C AC CTCTGGCC GT AAC AT G GT G GAAT AG GAAT G G CCCAACAACAAGTACAGTTCATTACCCTAAGGTATATAAAACTTATTTCGAAAAGGTCGAAAGGTTGAAACATGGTA CCTTCGGCCCTGTCCACTTCAGAAATCAAGTTAAAATAAGGAGGAGAGTTGATACAAACCCTGGCCATGCAGATCTC AGTGCCAAGGAGGCACAGGATGTGATTATGGAAGTTGTTTTCCCAAATGAAGTGGGGGCAAGAATACTGACATCAGA GT C AC AG C T G G C AAT AAC AAAAGAGAAGAAAGAAGAG C T C C AG GAT T GT AAAAT TGCTCCCTT GAT G GT G G C GT AC A TGCTAGAAAGAGAATTGGTCCGTAAAACAAGGTTTCTCCCAGTAGCCGGCGGAACAGGCAGTGTTTATATTGAAGTG T T G C AC T T AAC C C AAG G GAC GT G C T G G GAG C AGAT GT AC AC T C C AG GAG GAGAAGT GAGAAAT GAT GAT GT T GAC C A AAGT T T GAT TAT C G C T G C T AGAAAC AT AGT AAGAAGAG C AG C AGT GT C AG C AGAC C CAT TAG CAT CTCTCTTG GAAA T GT G C C AC AG C AC AC AGAT T G GAG GAGT AAG GAT G GT G GAC AT C C T T AGAC AGAAT C C AAC T GAG GAAC AAG C C GT A GACATATGCAAGGCAGCAATAGGGTTGAGGATTAGCTCATCTTTCAGTTTTGGTGGGTTCACTTTCAAAAGGACAAG CGGAT CAT CAGT C AAGAAAGAAGAAGAAGT G CT AAC G G G C AAC C T C C AAAC AC T GAAAAT AAGAGT AC AT GAAGGGT AT GAAGAAT T C AC AAT G GT T G G GAGAAGAG C AAC AG C TAT T C T C AGAAAG G C AAC C AG GAGAT T GAT C C AGT T GAT A GT AAG C G G GAGAGAC GAG CAGT C AAT T G C T GAG G C AAT AAT T GT G G C CAT G GT AT T C T C AC AG GAG GAT T G CAT GAT CAAGGCAGTTAGGGGCGATCTGAACTTTGTCAATAGGGCAAACCAGCGACTGAACCCCATGCACCAACTCTTGAGGC ATTTCCAAAAAGATGCAAAAGTGCTTTTCCAGAACTGGGGAATTGAATCCATCGACAATGTGATGGGAATGATCGGA AT AC T G C C C GAC AT GAC C C C AAG C AC G GAGAT GT C G C T GAGAG G GAT AAGAGT C AG C AAAAT G G GAGT AGAT GAAT A CTCCAGCACGGAGAGAGTGGTAGTGAGTATTGACCGATTTTTAAGGGTTAGAGATCAAAGAGGGAACGTACTATTGT CTCCCGAAGAAGTCAGTGAAACGCAAGGAACTGAGAAGTTGACAATAACTTATTCGTCATCAATGATGTGGGAGATC AATGGCCCTGAGTCAGTGCTAGTCAACACTTATCAATGGATAATCAGGAACTGGGAAATTGTGAAAATTCAATGGTC AC AAGAT C C C AC AAT GT TAT AC AAC AAAAT G GAAT T T GAAC CAT T T CAGT CTCTTGTCCC T AAG G C AAC C AGAAG C C GGTACAGTGGATTCGTAAGGACACTGTTCCAGCAAATGCGGGATGTGCTTGGGACATTTGACACTGTCCAAATAATA AAACTTCTCCCCTTTGCTGCTGCCCCACCAGAACAGAGTAGGATGCAATTTTCCTCATTGACTGTGAATGTGAGAGG AT C AG G GT T GAG GAT AC T G GT AAGAG G C AAT T C T C CAGT AT T C AAT T AC AAC AAG G C AAC C AAAC GAC T T AC AGT T C TTGGAAAGGATGCAGGTGCATTGACTGAAGATCCAGATGAAGGCACATCTGGGGTGGAGTCTGCTGTCCTGAGAGGA T T T C T CAT T T T G G G C AAAGAAGAC AAGAGAT AT G G C C C AG CAT T AAG CAT C AAT GAAC T GAG C AAT C T T G C AAAAG G AGAGAAGGCTAATGTGCTAATTGGGCAAGGGGACGTAGTGTTGGTAATGAAACGAAAACGGGACTCTAGCATACTTA C T GAC AG C C AGAC AG C GAC C AAAAGAAT T C G GAT G G C CAT C AAT TAG
£Z¾ ZD λ· 26 (2VP, A/California/07/09)
AT G G C GT C T C AAG G C AC C AAAC GAT CAT AT GAAC AAAT G GAGAC T G GT G G G GAG C G C C AG GAT G C C AC AGAAAT C AG AGCATCTGTCGGAAGAATGATTGGTGGAATCGGGAGATTCTACATCCAAATGTGCACTGAACTCAAACTCAGTGATT AT GAT G GAC GAC T AAT C C AGAAT AG CAT AAC AAT AGAGAG GAT GGTGCTTTCTGCTTTT GAT GAGAGAAGAAAT AAA T AC C T AGAAGAG CAT C C CAGT G C T G G GAAG GAC C C T AAGAAAAC AG GAG GAC C C AT AT AT AGAAGAGT AGAC G GAAA GT G GAT GAGAGAAC T CAT C C T T TAT GAC AAAGAAGAAAT AAG GAGAGT T T G G C G C C AAG C AAAC AAT G G C GAAGAT G C AAC AG C AG GT C T T AC T CAT AT CAT GAT T T G GC AT T C C AAC C T GAAT GAT G C C AC AT AT CAGAGAAC AAGAG C G C T T GTTCGCACCGGAATGGATCCCAGAATGTGCTCTCTAATGCAAGGTTCAACACTTCCCAGAAGGTCTGGTGCCGCAGG TGCTGCGGT GAAAG GAGT T G GAAC AAT AG C AAT G GAGT T AAT C AGAAT GAT C AAAC GT G GAAT C AAT GAC C GAAAT T TCTGGAGGGGTGAAAATGGACGAAGGACAAGGGTTGCTTATGAAAGAATGTGCAATATCCTCAAAGGAAAATTTCAA AC AG C T G C C C AGAG G G C AAT GAT G GAT C AAGT AAGAGAAAGT C GAAAC C C AG GAAAC G C T GAGAT T GAAGAC C T CAT TTTCCTGGCACGGTCAGCACTCATTCTGAGGGGATCAGTTGCACATAAATCCTGCCTGCCTGCTTGTGTGTATGGGC TTGCAGTAGCAAGTGGGCATGACTTTGAAAGGGAAGGGTACTCACTGGTCGGGATAGACCCATTCAAATTACTCCAA AACAGCCAAGT GGT CAGCCT GAT GAGAC CAAAT G
£Z¾ ZD λ· 27 (M, A/California/07/09)
ATGAGTCTTCTAACCGAGGTCGAAACGTACGTTCTTTCTATCATCCCGTCAGGCCCCCTCAAAGCCGAGATCGCGCA GAGAC T G GAAAGT GT C T T T G C AG GAAAGAAC AC AGAT C T T GAG G C T C T CAT G GAAT G G C TAAAGAC AAGAC C AAT C T TGTCACCTCTGACTAAGGGAATTTTAGGATTTGTGTTCACGCTCACCGTGCCCAGTGAGCGAGGACTGCAGCGTAGA CGCTTTGTC C AAAAT G C C C T AAAT G G GAAT G GG GAC C C GAAC AAC AT G GAT AGAG CAGT T AAAC T AT AC AAGAAG C T CAAAAGAGAAATAACGTTCCATGGGGCCAAGGAGGTGTCACTAAGCTATTCAACTGGTGCACTTGCCAGTTGCATGG GCCTCATATACAACAGGATGGGAACAGTGACCACAGAAGCTGCTTTTGGTCTAGTGTGTGCCACTTGTGAACAGATT G C T GAT T C AC AG CAT C G GT C T C AC AGAC AGAT GGCTACTAC C AC C AAT C C AC T AAT C AG G CAT GAAAAC AGAAT GGT GCTGGCTAGCACTACGGCAAAGGCTATGGAACAGATGGCTGGATCGAGTGAACAGGCAGCGGAGGCCATGGAGGTTG CTAAT CAGACTAGGCAGAT GGTACAT GCAAT GAGAACTATT GGGACT CAT CCTAGCT CCAGT GCT GGT CT GAAAGAT GACCTTCTTGAAAATTTGCAGGCCTACCAGAAGCGAATGGGAGTGCAGATGCAGCGATTCAAGTGATCCTCTCGTCA TTGCAGCAAATATCATTGGGATCTTGCACCTGATATTGTGGATTACTGATCGTCTTTTTTTCAAATGTATTTATCGT CGCTTTAAATACGGTTTGAAAAGAGGGCCTTCTACGGAAGGAGTGCCTGAGTCCATGAGGGAAGAATATCAACAGGA ACAGCAGAGTGCTGTGGATGTTGACGATGGTCATTTTGTCAACATAGAGCTAGAGTAA
SEQ ID NO: 28 (NS, A/California/07/09)
ATGGACTCCAACACCATGTCAAGCTTTCAGGTAGACTGTTTCCTTTGGCATATCCGCAAGCGATTTGCAGACAATGG ATTGGGTGATGCCCCATTCCTTGATCGGCTCCGCCGAGATCAAAAGTCCTTAAAAGGAAGAGGCAACACCCTTGGCC T C GAT AT C GAAAC AG C C AC TCTTGTTGG GAAAC AAAT C GT G GAAT G GAT C T T GAAAGAG GAAT C C AG C GAGAC AC T T AGAATGACAATTGCATCTGTACCTACTTCGCGCTACCTTTCTGACATGACCCTCGAGGAAATGTCACGAGACTGGTT CATGCTCATGCCTAGGCAAAAGATAATAGGCCCTCTTTGCGTGCGATTGGACCAGGCGATCATGGAAAAGAACATAG TACT GAAAG C GAAC T T C AGT GT AAT C T T T AAC C GAT T AGAGAC C T T GAT AC T AC T AAG G G C T T T C AC T GAG GAG G GA GCAATAGTTGGAGAAATTTCACCATTACCTTCTCTTCCAGGACATACTTATGAGGATGTCAAAAATGCAGTTGGGGT CCTCATCGGAGGACTTGAATGGAATGGTAACACGGTTCGAGTCTCTGAAAATATACAGAGATTCGCTTGGAGAAACT GT GAT GAGAAT G G GAGAC C T T C AC T AC C T C C AGAG C AGAAAT GAAAAGT G G C GAGAG C AAT T G G GAC AGAAAT T T GA G GAAAT AAG GT G GT T AAT T GAAGAAAT G C G G CAC AGAT T GAAAG C GAC AGAGAAT AGT T T C GAAC AAAT AAC AT T T A T G C AAG C C T T AC AAC TACTGCTT GAAGT AGAAC AAGAGAT AAGAG CTTTCTCGTTT C AG C T TAT T T AAT GAT AAAAA ACACCCTTGTTTCTACTG
£Z¾ ZD λ· 29 (A/Texas/1/77 PB1)
MD PTLLFLKIPAQNAISTTFPYTGDPPYSHGTGTGYTMDT RTHQYSEKGKWTTNTETGAPQLNPIDGPLPEDN EPSGYAQTDCVLEAMAFLEESHPGIFENSCLETMEWQQTRVDRLTQGRQTYDWTLNRNQPAATALANTIEVFRSNG LTANESGRLIDFLKDVMESMDKEEIEITTHFQRKRRVRDNMTKKMVTQRTIGKKKQR KRSYLIRALTLNTMTKDA ERGKLKRRAIATPGMQIRGFVYFVETLARSICEKLEQSGLPVGGNEKKAKLANWRKMMTNSQDTELSFTITGDNTK WNENQNPRMFLAMITYITKNQPEWFRNILSIAPIMFSNKMARLGKGYMFESKRMKLRTQIPAEMLASIDLKYFNEST RKKIEKIRPLLIDGTASLSPGMMMGMFNMLSTVLGVSILNLGQKKYTKTTYWWDGLQSSDDFALI APNHEGIQAG VDRFYRTCKLVGINMSKKKSYINRTGTFEFTSFFYRYGFVANFSMELPSFGVSGINESADMSIGVTVIKNNMINNDL GPATAQMALQLFIKDYRYTYRCHRGDTQIQTRRSFELKKLWEQTRSKAGLLVSDGGPNLYNIRNLHIPEVCLKWELM DEDYQGRLCNPLNPFVSHKEIES NAWMPAHGPAKSMEYDAVATTHSWIPKRNRSILNTSQRGILEDEQMYQKCC NLFEKFFPSSSYRRPVGISSMVEAMVSRARIDARIDFESGRIKKEEFSEIMKICSTIEELRRQKQ
SEQ ID NO: 30 (A/Puerto Rico/8/34 PA)
MEDFVRQCFNPMIVELAEKTMKEYGEDLKIETNKFAAICTHLEVCFMYSDFHFINEQGESIIVELGDPNALLKHRFE IIEGRDRTMAWTV SICNTTGAEKPKFLPDLYDYKENRFIEIGVTRREVHIYYLEKANKIKSEKTHIHIFSFTGEE MATKADYTLDEESRARIKTRLFTIRQEMASRGLWDSFRQSERGEETIEERFEITGTMRKLADQSLPPNFSSLENFRA YVDGFEPNGYIEGKLSQMSKE ARIEPFLKTTPRPLRLPNGPPCSQRSKFLLMDALKLSIEDPSHEGEGIPLYDAI KCMRTFFGWKEPNWKPHEKGINPNYLLSWKQVLAELQDIENEEKIPKTKNMKKTSQLKWALGENMAPEKVDFDDCK DVGDLKQYDSDEPELRSLASWIQNEFNKACELTDSSWIELDEIGEDVAPIEHIASMRRNYFTSEVSHCRATEYIMKG VYINTALLNASCAAMDDFQLIPMISKCRTKEGRRKTNLYGFIIKGRSHLRNDTDV FVSMEFSLTDPRLEPHKWEK YCVLEIGDMLIRSAIGQVSRPMFLYVRTNGTSKIKMKWGMEMRRCLLQSLQQIESMIEAESSVKEKDMTKEFFENKS ETWPIGESPKGVEESSIGKVCRTLLAKSVFNSLYASPQLEGFSAESRKLLLIVQALRDNLEPGTFDLGGLYEAIEEC LINDPWVLLNASWFNSFLTHALS
SEQ ID NO: 31 (A/Puerto Rico/8/34 NP)
MASQGTKRSYEQMETDGERQNATEIRASVGKMIGGIGRFYIQMCTELKLSDYEGRLIQNSLTIERMVLSAFDERRNK YLEEHPSAGKDPKKTGGPIYRR GKWMRELILYDKEEIRRIWRQANNGDDATAGLTHMMIWHSNLNDATYQRTRAL VRTGMDPRMCSLMQGSTLPRRSGAAGAAVKGVGTMVMELVRMIKRGINDRNFWRGENGRKTRIAYERMCNILKGKFQ TAAQKAMMDQVRESRDPGNAEFEDLTFLARSALILRGSVAHKSCLPACVYGPAVASGYDFEREGYSLVGIDPFRLLQ NSQVYSLIRPNENPAHKS
SEQ ID NO: 32 (A/Puerto Rico/8/34 M)
MSLLTEVETYVLSIIPSGPLKAEIAQRLEDVFAGKNTDLEVLMEWLKTRPILSPLTKGILGFVFTLTVPSERGLQRR RFVQNALNGNGDPNNMDKAVKLYRKLKREITFHGAKEISLSYSAGALASCMGLIYNRMGAVTTEVAFGLVCATCEQI ADSQHRSHRQMVTTTNPLIRHENRMVLASTTAKAMEQMAGSSEQAAEAMEVASQARQMVQAMRTIGTHPSSSAGLKN DLLENLQAYQKRMGVQMQRFK
SEQ ID NO: 33 (PB2, A/New Caledonia/20/1999)
AAT AT G GAAAGAAT AAAAGAG C T AAG GAAT C T GAT GT CAC AAT C T C G CAC T C G C GAGAT AC T T AC AAAAAC T AC T GT AGAC CAC AT G G C CAT AAT C AAGAAAT AC AC AT C AG GAAGAC AG GAGAAAAAC C CAT CAC T T AGAAT GAAAT G GAT GA T G G CAAT GAAAT AC C CAAT T AC AG C AGAT AAAAG GAT AAC G GAAAT GAT T C C T GAAAGAAAT GAG C AAG GAC AGAC A TTATGGAGTAAAGTGAATGATGCCGGATCAGACCGAGTGATGATATCACCCCTGGCTGTGACATGGTGGAACAGAAA T G GAC C AGT G G C AAGT AC TAT T C AC TAT C C AAAAAT C T AC AAAAC T T AC T T T GAAAAG GT T GAAAG GT T AAAAC AT G GAAC CTTTGGCCCT GT AC AC T T T AGAAAC C AAGT C AAAAT AC G C C GAAGAGT C GAC AT AAAT C C T G GT CAT G C AGAC C T C AG C G C C AAG GAG G C AC AG GAT GT AAT TAT G GAAGT TGTTTTCCC T AAT GAAGT G G GAG C C AGAAT AC T AAC AT C AGAAT C G C AAT T AAC GAT AAC C AAG GAGAAAAAAGAAGAAC T C C AGAAT T G C AAAAT TTCCCCTTT GAT G GT T G CAT ACATGTTAGAGAGGGAACTTGTCCGCAAAACGAGATTTCTCCCGGTTGCTGGTGGAACAAGCAGTGTGTACATTGAA GTTTTGCATTTAACACAGGGGACATGCTGGGAGCAGATGTACACTCCAGGTGGGGAGGTGAGGAATGATGATGTTGA T C AAAG C C T AAT TAT TGCTGCTAG GAAC AT AGT GAGAAGAG C T G C AGT AT C AG C AGAT C C AC TAG CAT C T T TAT TAG AAAT GT G C CAT AG C AC AC AGAT T G GT G G GAC AAG GAT G GT G GAT AT T C T C AG G C AAAAT C C AAC AGAAGAAC AAG C T GT G GAT AT AT G C AAAG C AG C AAT G G G G C T GAGAAT C AGT T CAT C C T T C AGT T T T G G C G GAT T C AC AT T T AAGAGAAC AAGT G GAT CAT C AGT C AAAAG G GAG GAAGAAGT G C T C AC G G G C AAT C T G C AAAC AT T GAAG C T AAC T GT G CAT GAG G GAT AT GAAGAGT T C AC AAT G GT T G G GAAAAG GG C AAC AG C TAT AC T C AGAAAAG C AAC C AG GAGAT T GAT T C AAC T A ATAGTGAGTGGAAGAGACGAACAGTCAATAGTCGAAGCAATAGTTGTAGCAATGGTATTCTCACAAGAAGATTGCAT G GT AAAAG C AGT T AGAG GT GAT C T GAAT T T C GT T AAT AGAG C GAAT C AG C G GT T GAAT C C CAT G CAT C AAC T T T T GA GAC AT T T T C AGAAG GAT G C T AAAGT AC T T T T CT T AAAT T G G G GAAT T GAAC C TAT C GAC AAT GT GAT G G GAAT GAT T GGGATATTACCTGATATGACTCCAAGTACCGAGATGTCAATGAGAGGAGTGAGAGTCAGCAAAATGGGTGTAGATGA ATACTCCAATGCTGAAAGGGTAGTGGTGAGCATTGACCGTTTTTTGAGAGTCCGGGACCAAAGAGGAAATGTACTAC T GT CT CCAGAGGAAGT CAGT GAAAC AC AG G GAAC AGAGAAAC T GAC AAT AAC TTACTCTT CAT CAAT GAT GT GGGAG ATTAATGGCCCTGAGTCAGTGTTGATCAATACCTATCAGTGGATCATCAGAAACTGGGAGACTGTTAAAATTCAGTG GT C T C AGAAC C C T AC AAT G C TAT AC AAT AAAAT G GAAT T C GAG C CAT T T CAGT CTCTAGTCCC T AAG G C CAT T AGAG G C CAAT AC AGT GGGTTTGT T AGAAC T C TAT T T C AAC AAAT GAG G GAT GTGCTTGG GAC C T T T GAC AC AAC T C AGAT A ATAAAACTTCTTCCCTTTGCAGCCGCTCCACCAAAGCAAAGTAGAATGCAATTCTCATCATTGACTGTGAATGTGAG G G GAT C AG GAAT GAGAAT AC T T GT AAG G G GT AAT T C T C CAGT AT T C AAC T AC AAC AAGAC C AC T AAGAGAC T C AC AG TCCTCGGAAAGGATGCTGGCACTTTAACTGAAGACCCAGATGAAGGCACAGCTGGAGTGGAATCTGCTGTTCTAAGG G GAT T C C T CAT T C T AG G C AAAGAAGAT AGAAGAT AT G G G C C AG CAT T AAG CAT CAAT GAAT T GAG C AAC C T T G C GAA AGGGGAAAAAGCTAATGTGCTAATTGGGCAAGGGGACGTAGTGTTGGTAATGAAACGAAAACGGGACTCTAGCATAC T T AC T GAC AG C C AGAC AG C GAC C AAAAGAAT T C G GAT G G C CAT CAAT T AAT T T C GAAT AAT T T AAA
i¾¾> H* J (encodes the same amino acid sequence as SEQ ID NO: 33)
ATGGAACGCATTAAAGAACTGCGCAACCTGATGAGCCAGAGCCGCACCCGCGAAATTCTGACCAAAACCACCGTGGA TCATATGGCGATTATTAAAAAATATACCAGCGGCCGCCAGGAAAAAAACCCGAGCCTGCGCATGAAATGGATGATGG C GAT GAAAT AT C C GAT T AC C G C G GAT AAAC G CAT T AC C GAAAT GAT T C C G GAAC G C AAC GAAC AG G G C C AGAC C C T G TGGAGCAAAGTGAACGATGCGGGCAGCGATCGCGTGATGATTAGCCCGCTGGCGGTGACCTGGTGGAACCGCAACGG CCCGGTGGCGAGCACCATTCATTATCCGAAAATTTATAAAACCTATTTTGAAAAAGTGGAACGCCTGAAACATGGCA CCTTTGGCCCGGTGCATTTTCGCAACCAGGTGAAAATTCGCCGCCGCGTGGATATTAACCCGGGCCATGCGGATCTG AGCGCGAAAGAAGCGCAGGATGTGATTATGGAAGTGGTGTTTCCGAACGAAGTGGGCGCGCGCATTCTGACCAGCGA AAG C C AG C T GAC CAT T AC C AAAGAAAAAAAAGAAGAAC T G C AGAAC T G C AAAAT TAGCCCGCT GAT G GT G G C GT AT A TGCTGGAACGCGAACTGGTGCGCAAAACCCGCTTTCTGCCGGTGGCGGGCGGCACCAGCAGCGTGTATATTGAAGTG CTGCATCTGACCCAGGGCACCTGCTGGGAACAGATGTATACCCCGGGCGGCGAAGTGCGCAACGATGATGTGGATCA GAGCCTGATTATTGCGGCGCGCAACATTGTGCGCCGCGCGGCGGTGAGCGCGGATCCGCTGGCGAGCCTGCTGGAAA TGTGCCATAGCACCCAGATTGGCGGCACCCGCATGGTGGATATTCTGCGCCAGAACCCGACCGAAGAACAGGCGGTG GATATTTGCAAAGCGGCGATGGGCCTGCGCATTAGCAGCAGCTTTAGCTTTGGCGGCTTTACCTTTAAACGCACCAG CGGCAGCAGCGTGAAACGCGAAGAAGAAGTGCTGACCGGCAACCTGCAGACCCTGAAACTGACCGTGCATGAAGGCT ATGAAGAATTTACCATGGTGGGCAAACGCGCGACCGCGATTCTGCGCAAAGCGACCCGCCGCCTGATTCAGCTGATT GTGAGCGGCCGCGATGAACAGAGCATTGTGGAAGCGATTGTGGTGGCGATGGTGTTTAGCCAGGAAGATTGCATGGT GAAAGCGGTGCGCGGCGATCTGAACTTTGTGAACCGCGCGAACCAGCGCCTGAACCCGATGCATCAGCTGCTGCGCC ATTTTCAGAAAGATGCGAAAGTGCTGTTTCTGAACTGGGGCATTGAACCGATTGATAACGTGATGGGCATGATTGGC ATTCTGCCGGATATGACCCCGAGCACCGAAATGAGCATGCGCGGCGTGCGCGTGAGCAAAATGGGCGTGGATGAATA TAGCAACGCGGAACGCGTGGTGGTGAGCATTGATCGCTTTCTGCGCGTGCGCGATCAGCGCGGCAACGTGCTGCTGA G C C C G GAAGAAGT GAG C GAAAC C C AG G G C AC C GAAAAAC T GAC CAT T AC C TAT AG C AG C AG CAT GAT GT G G GAAAT T AACGGCCCGGAAAGCGTGCTGATTAACACCTATCAGTGGATTATTCGCAACTGGGAAACCGTGAAAATTCAGTGGAG CCAGAACCCGACCATGCTGTATAACAAAATGGAATTTGAACCGTTTCAGAGCCTGGTGCCGAAAGCGATTCGCGGCC AGTATAGCGGCTTTGTGCGCACCCTGTTTCAGCAGATGCGCGATGTGCTGGGCACCTTTGATACCACCCAGATTATT AAACTGCTGCCGTTTGCGGCGGCGCCGCCGAAACAGAGCCGCATGCAGTTTAGCAGCCTGACCGTGAACGTGCGCGG CAGCGGCATGCGCATTCTGGTGCGCGGCAACAGCCCGGTGTTTAACTATAACAAAACCACCAAACGCCTGACCGTGC TGGGCAAAGATGCGGGCACCCTGACCGAAGATCCGGATGAAGGCACCGCGGGCGTGGAAAGCGCGGTGCTGCGCGGC TTTCTGATTCTGGGCAAAGAAGATCGCCGCTATGGCCCGGCGCTGAGCATTAACGAACTGAGCAACCTGGCGAAAGG CGAAAAAGCGAACGTGCTGATTGGCCAGGGCGATGTGGTGCTGGTGATGAAACGCAAACGCGATAGCAGCATTCTGA C C GAT AG C C AGAC C G C GAC C AAAC G CAT T C G CAT G G C GAT T AAC SEQ ID NO: 35 (PA, A/New Caledonia/20/1999)
GATTCGAAATGGAAGATTTTGTGCGACAATGCTTCAATCCGATGATTGTCGAGCTTGCGGAAAAGGCAATGAAAGAG TAT G GAGAG GAC C T GAAAAT C GAAAC AAAC AAAT T T G C AG C AAT AT G C AC T C AC T T G GAAGT AT G C T T CAT GT AT T C AGAT T T T CAT T T CAT C AAT GAG C AAG G C GAAT C AAT AAT AGT AGAG C C T GAG GAC C C AAAT G C AC T T T T AAAG C AC A GAT T T GAGAT AAT AGAG G GAC GAGAT C GT AC AAT G G CAT G GAC AGT T GT AAAC AGT AT T T G C AAC AC C AC AG GAG C T GAGAAAC C AAAGT T T C T G C C AGAT C T GT AT GAT T AC AAAGAGAAT AGAT T CAT C GAGAT T G GAGT GAC AAG GAG G GA AGT T C AC AT AT AC TAT C T G GAAAAG G C C AAC AAAAT T AAAT C T GAGAAGAC AC AC AT T C AC AT T T T C T CAT T C AC T G G C GAAGAAAT G G C C AC AAAG G C C GAT T AC AC T C T C GAT GAAGAAAG C AG G G C T AG GAT T AAAAC C AGAC TAT T C AC C AT AAGAC AAGAAAT G G C AAG C AGAG GT C T T T GG GAC TCCTTTCGT C AGT C C GAAAGAG G C GAAGAAAC AAT T GAAGA AAGATTTGAAATCACAGGGACAATGCGCAGGCTCGCTGACCAAAGCCTTCCGCCGAACTTCTCCTGCATTGAGAATT TTAGAGCCTATGTGGATGGATTTGAACCGAACGGCTACATTGAGGGCAAGCTTTCTCAAATGTCCAAAGAAGTAAAT GCTAGAATTGAGCCTTTTTTGAAAACAACACCACGACCAATTAGACTTCCGGATGGGCCTCCTTGTTTTCAGCGGTC AAAAT T C C T G C T GAT G GAT T C T T T AAAAT T AAG CAT T GAG GAT C C AAAT CAT GAAG GAGAG G GAAT AC C AC TAT AT G AT G C AAT C AAGT GT AT GAGAAC AT T C T T T G GAT G GAAAGAAC CCTCTGTTGT C AAG C C AC AC G G GAAG G GAAT AAAT C C GAAT TAT C T G C T GT CAT G GAAG C AG GT AT T G GAAGAG C T G C AG GAC AT T GAGAGT GAG GAGAAGAT T C C AAGAAC AAAAAAC AT GAAAAAAAC GAGT C AG C T AAAGT G G G C AC T T G GT GAGAAC AT G G C AC C AGAGAAG GT G GAT T T T GAT G ACT GT AAAGAT AT AAG C GAT T T GAAG C AAT AT GAT AGT GAC GAAC C T GAAT T AAG GT CAT T T T C AAGT T G GAT C C AG AAT GAGT T C AAC AAG G CAT G C GAG C T GAC C GAT T C AAT C T G GAT AGAG C T C GAT GAGAT T G GAGAAGAT GTGGCCCC GAT T GAAC AC AT T G C AAG CAT GAGAAGAAAT T AC T T C AC AG C T GAG GT GT C C CAT T G C AGAG C C AC AGAAT AT AT AA TGAAGGGGGTATACATTAATACTGCTTTGCTTAATGCATCCTGTGCAGCAATGGATGATTTCCAACTAATTCCCATG AT AAG C AAAT GT AGAAC T AAAGAG G GAAG GAGAAAGAC C AAT TTGTACGGCTT CAT C GT AAAAG GAAGAT C T C AC T T AAG GAAT GAC AC C GAT GT G GT AAAC T T T GT GAG CAT G GAGT T T T C C C T C AC T GAC C C AAGAC T T GAG C C AC AC AAAT GGGAGAAGTACTGTGTTCTTGAGATAGGAGATATGCTTCTAAGGAGTGCAATAGGCCAAGTGTCAAGGCCCATGTTC TTGTATGTAAGGACAAATGGAACCTCAAAAATTAAAATGAAATGGGGAATGGAGATGAGGCGTTGCCTCCTCCAATC C C T T C AAC AAAT AGAGAG CAT GAT T GAAG C T GAGT C C T C C GT C AAG GAGAAAGAC AT GAC AAAAGAGT τ T T T T GAGA AT AGAT C AGAAAC AT G G C C CAT T G GAGAGT C AC C AAAAG GAGT G GAAGAAG GT T C CAT T G G GAAAGT AT G C AG GAC A CTATTGGCTAAGTCAGTATTCAATAGTCTGTATGCATCTCCACAATTAGAAGGATTTTCAGCTGAGTCAAGAAAGTT GCTCCTCATTGTTCAGGCTCTTAGGGACAATCTGGAACCTGGGACCTTTGATCTTGGGGGGCTATATGAAGCAATTG AGGAGTGCCTGATTAATGATCCCTGGGTTTTGCTTAATGCTTCTTGGTTCAACTCCTTCCTAACACATGCATTGAGA TAGCTGGGG C AAT G C T AC TAT T T AC TAT C CAT AC T GT C C AAAAAA
£Z¾ ZD λ· 56 (PB/, Wew Caledonia/20/1999)
AAT G GAT GT C AAT C C GAC AT TACTTTTCT T AAAAGT G C C AG C AC AAAAT G C TAT AAG C AC AAC T T T T C C T TAT AC T G GT GAC C C T C C T T AC AG C CAT G G GAC AG GAAC AG G GT AC AC CAT G GAT AC AGT C AAC AG GAC AC AT C AGT AC T C AGAA AGAG GAAGAT G GAC AAAAAAT AC C GAAAC T G GAG C AC C G C AAC T C AAC C C AAT T GAT G G G C C AC T AC C AAAAGAC AA TGAACCAAGTGGCTATGCCCAAACAGATTGTGTATTAGAAGCAATGGCTTTCCTTGAGGAATCCCATCCTGGTATTT T T GAAAAC T C T T GT AT T GAAAC AAT G GAG GT T GT T C AG C AAAC AAG G GT G GAC AAAC T GAC AC AAG G C AGAC AGAC C TAT GAC T G GAC T C T AAAT AG GAAC C AG CCTGCTGC C AC AG CAT T G G C C AAC AC T AT AGAAGT GT T C AGAT C AAAC G G C C T CAT AG C AAAT GAAT C T G G GAG G C T AAT AGAC T T C C T T AAAGAT GT AAT G GAGT C GAT G GAC AGAGAC GAAGT AG AGAT C AC AAC T CAT T T T C AAAGAAAGAG GAGAGT GAGAGAC AAT GT AAC T AAAAAAAT G GT GAC C C AAAGAAC AAT A G G C AAAAAGAAAC AT AAAT T AGAC AAAAGAAGT T AC C T AAT T AG G G CAT T AAC C C T GAAC AC AAT GAC C AAAGAT G C T GAGAG G G G GAAAC T AAAAC G C AGAG C AAT T GC AAC C C C AG GAAT G C AAAT AAG G G G GT T T GT AT AC T T T GT T GAGA C AC T G G C AAGAAG CAT AT GT GAAAAG C T T GAAC AAT C AG G GT T G C C AGT T G GAG GAAAT GAAAAGAAAG C AAAGT T A G C AAAT GT T GT AAG GAAGAT GAT GAC C AAC T C C C AG GAC AC T GAAAT T T C T T T C AC CAT C AC T G GAGAT AAC AC AAA AT G GAAC GAAAAT C AAAAC C C T AGAAT GTTCTTGGC CAT GAT C AC AT AT AT AAC C AAAAAT C AG C C T GAAT G GT T C A GAAATATTCTAAGTATTGCTCCAATAATGTTTTCAAACAAAATGGCGAGACTAGGTAAGGGGTACATGTTTGAAAGC AAGAGT AT GAAAC T GAGAAC T C AAAT AC C T G CAGAGAT G C T AG C C AAC AT AGAT T T GAAAT AT T T C AAT GAT T C AAC T AAAAAGAAAAT T GAAAAAAT C C G G C CAT TAT T AAT AGAT G GAAC T G CAT CAT T GAGT C C T G GAAT GAT GAT G G G C A TGTTCAATATGTTAAGCACCGTCTTGGGCGTCTCCATTCTGAATCTTGGGCAAAAGAGATACACCAAGACTACTTAC TGGTGGGATGGTCTTCAATCGTCTGATGATTTTGCTCTGATTGTGAATGCACCCAACTATGCAGGAATTCAAGCTGG AGTTGACAGGTTTTATCGAACCTGTAAGCTGCTCGGAATTAATATGAGCAAAAAGAAGTCTTACATAAACAGAACAG GTACCTTTGAGTTCACGAGCTTTTTCTATCGTTATGGGTTTGTTGCCAATTTCAGCATGGAGCTTCCTAGTTTTGGG GT GT CT GGGGT CAAT GAAT CT GCAGACAT GAGT ATT GGAGT CACT GT CAT CAAAAACAATAT GATAAACAAT GACCT T G G C C C AG C AAC T G C T C AAAT G G C C C T T C AGT TAT T T AT AAAAGAT T AC AG GT AC AC GT AT C GAT G C C AC AGAG GT G AC AC AC AAAT AC AAAC C C G GAGAT CAT T T GAGAT AAAGAAAC TAT G G GAC C AAAC C C G C T C C AAAG CTGGGCTGTTG GTCTCTGATGGAGGCCCCAATTTATATAACATTAGAAATCTCCATATTCCTGAAGTCTGCTTGAAATGGGAGTTGAT GGATGAGGATTACCAGGGGCGTTTATGCAACCCATTGAACCCGTTTGTCAGTCATAAAGAGATTGAATCAGTGAACA ATGCAGTGATGATGCCGGCACATGGTCCAGCCAAAAATATGGAGTATGACGCTGTTGCAACAACACACTCCTGGGTT C C C AAAAG GAAT C GAT C CAT T T T GAAT AC GAGC C AAAG G G G GAT AC T T GAG GAT GAG C AAAT GT AT C AGAG GT G C T G CAAT T TAT T T GAAAAAT T C T T C C C AAGT AG C T C AT AC AGAAGAC C AGT T G GAAT AT C C AGT AT G GT AGAG G C TAT G G TTTCCAGAGCCCGAATTGATGCACGGATTGATTTCGAATCTGGAAGGATAAAAAAAGAGGAATTCGCTGAGATCATG AAGACCTGTTCCACCATTGAAGACCTCAGACGGCAAAAATAGGGAATTTGGCTTGTCCTTCATGAAAA
SEQ ID NO: 37 (NP, A/New Caledonia/20/1999)
AT C AC T C AC T GAGT GAC AT C AAAGT CAT G G C GT C C C AAG G C AC C AAAC GGTCTTAC GAAC AGAT G GAGAC T GAT G G G GAAC G C C AGAAT G C AAC T GAAAT C AGAG CAT C C GT C G GAAGAAT GAT T G GT G GAAT T G G G C GAT T C T AC AT C C AAAT GT G C AC C GAG C T T AAAC T C AAT GAT TAT GAG GGAC GAC T GAT C C AGAAC AG C T T GAC AAT AGAGAGAAT GGTGCTCT CTGCTTTT GAT GAGAG GAG GAAT AAAT AT C T GGAAGAAC AT C C C AG C G C G G G GAAAGAT C C T AAGAAAAC T G GAG GA C C C AT AT AC AAGAGAGT AGAT G GAAAGT G G GT GAG G GAAC TCGTCCTT TAT GAC AAAGAAGAAAT AAG G C G GAT T T G GCGCCAAGCCAACAATGGTGATGATGCAACGGCTGGTTTGACTCACATTATGATCTGGCATTCTAATTTGAATGATA CAACTTACCAGAGGACAAGAGCTCTTGTCCGCACCGGAATGGATCCCAGGATGTGCTCTTTGATGCAAGGTTCAACT CTCCCTAGAAGATCTGGAGCAGCAGGCGCTGCAGTCAAAGGAGTTGGGACAATGGTGTTGGAGTTAATCAGGATGAT C AAAC GT G G GAT C AAT GAC C GAAAC T T C T G GAG G G GT GAGAAT G GAAGAAAAAC AAG GAT T G C T TAT GAGAGAAT GT G C AAC AT T C T C AAAG GAAAAT T T C AAAC AG C T G C AC AAAAAG C AAT GAT G GAT C AAGT GAGAGAAAG C C G GAAC C C A GGAAATGCTGAGATCGAAGATCTCACTTTTCTGGCACGGTCTGCACTCATATTAAGAGGGTCAGTTGCTCACAAGTC TTGCCTGCCTGCCTGTGTGTATGGACCAGCCGTAGCCAGTGGGTACGACTTCGAAAAAGAGGGATACTCTTTGGTAG G G GT AGAC C C T T T T AAAC T G C T T C AAAC C AGT C AG GT AT AC AG C C T AAT C AGAC C AAAC GAGAAT C C C G C AC AC AAG AGTCAGTTGGTGTGGATGGCATGCAATTCTGCTGCATTTGAAGATCTAAGAGTGTCAAGCTTCATCAGAGGGACAAG AGTACTTC C AAG G G G GAAG C T C T C C AC T AGAGGAGT AC AAAT T G C T T C AAAT GAAAAC AT G GAT G C TAT T GT AT C AA GTACTCTT GAAC T GAGAAG C AGAT AC T G G G C CAT AAGAAC C AGAAGT G GAG G GAAC AC T AAT C AAC AAAG G G C C T C T G C G G G C C AAAT C AG C AC AC AAC CTACGTTTTCTGTG C AGAGAAAC C T C C CAT T T GAC AAAAC AAC CAT CAT G G C AG C AT T C AC T G G GAAT AC G GAG G GAAGAAC AT CAGACAT GAG G G C AGAAAT CATAAAGAT GAT G GAAAGT G C AAGAC C AG AAGAAGTGTCCTTCCAGGGGCGGGGAGTCTTTGAGCTCTCGGACGAAAGGGCAACGAACCCGATCGTGCCCTCCTTT GAC AT GAGT AAT GAAG GAT C T TAT T T C T T C G GAGAC AAT G C AGAG GAGT AC GAC AAT T AAT GAA
£Z¾ ZD λ· J« (M, Wew Caledonia/20/1999)
GATGAGTCTTCTAACCGAGGTCGAAACGTACGTTCTCTCTATCGTCCCGTCAGGCCCCCTCAAAGCCGAGATCGCAC AGAGACTTGAAAATGTCTTTGCTGGAAAGAATACCGATCTTGAGGCTCTCATGGAATGGCTAAAGACAAGACCAATC CTGTCACCTCTGACTAAGGGGATTTTAGGATTTGTGTTCACGCTCACCGTGCCCAGTGAGCGAGGACTGCAGCGTAG ACGCTTTGTCCAAAATGCCCTTAATGGGAATGGGGATCCAAATAATATGGACAGAGCAGTTAAACTGTATCGAAAGC TTAAGAGGGAGATAACATTCCATGGGGCCAAAGAAATAGCACTCAGTTATTCTGCTGGTGCACTTGCCAGTTGTATG G GAC T CAT AT AC AAC AG GAT GGGGGCTGT GAC C AC C GAAT C AG CAT T T G G C C T TAT AT G C G C AAC C T GT GAAC AGAT T G C C GAC T C C C AG CAT AAGT C T CAT AG G C AAAT G GT AAC AAC AAC C AAC C CAT T AAT AAGAC AT GAGAAC AGAAT G G TTCTGGCCAGCACTACAGCTAAGGCTATGGAGCAAATGGCTGGATCGAGTGAACAAGCAGCTGAGGCCATGGAGGTT GCTAGTCAGGCCAGGCAGATGGTGCAGGCAATGAGAGCCATTGGGACTCATCCTAGCTCTAGCACTGGTCTGAAAAA TGATCTCCTTGAAAATTTGCAGGCCTATCAGAAACGAATGGGGGTGCAGATGCAACGATTCAAGTGATCCTCTTGTT GTTGCCGCAAGTATAATTGGGATTGTGCACCTGATATTGTGGATTATTGATCGCCTTTTTTCCAAAAGCATTTATCG TAT C T T T AAAC AC G GT T T AAAAAGAG GGCCTTCTACG GAAG GAGT AC C AGAGT C TAT GAG G GAAGAAT AT C GAGAG G AAC AG C AGAAT G C T GT G GAT G C T GAC GAT G GT CAT T T T GT C AG CAT AGAG C T AGAGT AAA
£Z¾ ZD λ· 59 (Λ¾ Caledonia/20/1999)
ATGGATTCCCACACTGTGTCAAGCTTTCAGGTAGATTGCTTCCTTTGGCATGTCCGCAAACAAGTTGCAGACCAAGA TCTAGGCGATGCCCCATTCCTTGATCGGCTTCGCCGAGATCAGAAGTCTCTAAAGGGAAGAGGCAGCACTCTCGGTC T GAAC AT C GAAAC AG C C AC TTGTGTTG GAAAGC AAAT AGT AGAGAG GAT T C T GAAAGAAGAAT C C GAT GAG G CAT T T AAAATGACCATGGCCTCCGCACTTGCTTCGCGGTACCTAACTGACATGACTATTGAAGAAATGTCAAGGGACTGGTT CATGCTCATGCCCAAGCAGAAAGTGGCTGGCCCTCTTTGTGTCAGAATGGACCAGGCGATAATGGATAAGAACATCA TACTGAAAGCGAATTTCAGTGTGATTTTTGACCGGTTGGAGAATCTGACATTACTAAGGGCTTTCACCGAAGAGGGA GCAATTGTTGGCGAAATTTCACCATTGCCTTCTCTTCCAGGACATACTAATGAGGATGTCAAAAATGCAATTGGGGT CCTCATCGGGGGACTTGAATGGAATGATAACACAGTTCGAGTCTCTGAAACTCTACAGAGATTCGCTTGGAGAAGCA GT AAT GAGAC T G G G G GAC C T C CAT T C AC T C C AAC AC AGAAAC G GAAAAT G G C G G GAAC AAT T AG GT C AGAAGT T T GA AGAAAT AAGAT G G C T GAT T GAAGAAGT GAG G CAT AAAT T GAAGAC GAC AGAGAAT AGT T T T GAG C AAAT AAC AT T T A T G C AAG CAT T AC AG C TAT T GT T T GAAGT G GAAC AAGAGAT T AGAAC GTTTTCGTTT C AG C T TAT T T AAT GAT AA
£Z¾ ZD λ· 0 (Z£4, Caledonia/20/1999)
C C AAAAT GAAAG C AAAAC TACTGGTCCTGT TAT GT AC AT T T AC AG C T AC AT AT G C AGAC AC AAT AT GT AT AG G C T AC CATGCCAACAACTCAACCGACACTGTTGACACAGTACTTGAGAAGAATGTGACAGTGACACACTCTGTCAACCTACT TGAGGACAGTCACAATGGAAAACTATGTCTACTAAAAGGAATAGCCCCACTACAATTGGGTAATTGCAGCGTTGCCG GAT G GAT C T T AG GAAAC C C AGAAT G C GAAT T AC T GAT T T C C AAG GAAT CAT G GT C C T AC AT T GT AGAAAC AC C AAAT C C T GAGAAT G GAAC AT GT T AC C C AG G GT AT T T C G C C GAC TAT GAG GAAC T GAG G GAG C AAT T GAGT T C AGT AT C T T C AT T T GAGAGAT T C GAAAT AT T C C C C AAAGAAAG C T CAT G G C C C AAC C AC AC C GT AAC C G GAGT AT C AG CAT CAT G C T CCCATAATGGGAAAAGCAGTTTTTACAGAAATTTGCTATGGCTGACGGGGAAGAATGGTTTGTACCCAAACCTGAGC AAGTCCTATGTAAACAACAAAGAGAAAGAAGTCCTTGTACTATGGGGTGTTCATCACCCGCCTAACATAGGGAACCA AAGGGCCCTCTATCATACAGAAAATGCTTATGTCTCTGTAGTGTCTTCACATTATAGCAGAAGATTCACCCCAGAAA TAGCCAAAAGACCCAAAGTAAGAGATCAGGAAGGAAGAATCAACTACTACTGGACTCTGCTGGAACCTGGGGATACA ATAATATTTGAGGCAAATGGAAATCTAATAGCGCCATGGTATGCTTTTGCACTGAGTAGAGGCTTTGGATCAGGAAT CATCACCTCAAATGCACCAATGGATGAATGTGATGCGAAGTGTCAAACACCTCAGGGAGCTATAAACAGCAGTCTTC CTTTCCAGAATGTACACCCAGTCACAATAGGAGAGTGTCCAAAGTATGTCAGGAGTGCAAAATTAAGGATGGTTACA GGACTAAGGAACATCCCATCCATTCAATCCAGAGGTTTGTTTGGAGCCATTGCCGGTTTCATTGAAGGGGGGTGGAC TGGAATGGTAGATGGGTGGTATGGTTATCATCATCAGAATGAGCAAGGATCTGGCTATGCTGCAGATCAAAAAAGTA CACAAAATGCCATTAACGGGATTACAAACAAGGTGAATTCTGTAATTGAGAAAATGAACACTCAATTCACAGCTGTG GGCAAAGAATTCAACAAATTGGAAAGAAGGATGGAAAACTTAAATAAAAAAGTTGATGATGGGTTTCTAGACATTTG GACATATAATGCAGAATTGTTGGTTCTACTGGAAAATGAAAGGACTTTGGATTTCCATGACTCCAATGTGAAGAATC TGTATGAGAAAGTAAAAAGCCAATTAAAGAATAATGCCAAAGAAATAGGAAACGGGTGTTTTGAATTCTATCACAAG TGTAACAATGAATGCATGGAGAGTGTGAAAAATGGAACTTATGACTATCCAAAATATTCCGAAGAATCAAAGTTAAA CAGGGAGAAAATTGATGGAGTGAAATTGGAATCAATGGGAGTCTATCAGATTCTGGCGATCTACTCAACTGTCGCCA GTTCCCTGGTTCTTTTGGTCTCCCTGGGGGCAATCAGCTTCTGGATGTGTTCCAATGGGTCTTTGCAGTGTAGAATA TGCATCTGAGACCAGAATTTCAGAAATATAAGAA
£Z¾ ZD λ· / (Λ¾, Caledonia/20/1999)
AATGAATCCAAATCAAAAAATAATAACCATTGGATCAATCAGTATAGCAATCGGAATAATTAGTCTAATGTTGCAAA TAGGAAATATTATTTCAATATGGGCTAGTCACTCAATCCAAACTGGAAGTCAAAACCACACTGGAGTATGCAACCAA AGAATCATCACATATGAAAACAGCACCTGGGTGAATCACACATATGTTAATATTAACAACACTAATGTTGTTGCTGG AAAGGACAAAACTTCAGTGACATTGGCCGGCAATTCATCTCTTTGTTCTATCAGTGGATGGGCTATATACACAAAAG ACAACAGCATAAGAATTGGCTCCAAAGGAGATGTTTTTGTCATAAGAGAACCTTTCATATCATGTTCTCACTTGGAA TGCAGAACCTTTTTTCTGACCCAAGGTGCTCTATTAAATGACAAACATTCAAATGGGACCGTTAAGGACAGAAGTCC TTATAGGGCCTTAATGAGCTGTCCTCTAGGTGAAGCTCCGTCCCCATACAATTCAAAGTTTGAATCAGTTGCATGGT CAGCAAGCGCATGCCATGATGGCATGGGCTGGTTAACAATCGGAATTTCTGGTCCAGACAATGGAGCTGTGGCTGTA CTAAAATACAACGGCATAATAACTGAAACCATAAAAAGTTGGAAAAAGCGAATATTAAGAACACAAGAGTCTGAATG TGTCTGTGTGAACGGGTCATGTTTCACCATAATGACCGATGGCCCGAGTAATGGGGCCGCCTCGTACAAAATCTTCA AGATCGAAAAGGGGAAGGTTACTAAATCAATAGAGTTGAATGCACCCAATTTTCATTATGAGGAATGTTCCTGTTAC CCAGACACTGGCACAGTGATGTGTGTATGCAGGGACAACTGGCATGGTTCAAATCGACCTTGGGTGTCTTTTAATCA AAACCTGGATTATCAAATAGGATACATCTGCAGTGGGGTGTTCGGTGACAATCCGCGTCCCAAAGATGGAGAGGGCA GCTGTAATCCAGTGACTGTTGATGGAGCAGACGGAGTAAAGGGGTTTTCATACAAATATGGTAATGGTGTTTGGATA GGAAGGACTAAAAGTAACAGACTTAGAAAGGGGTTTGAGATGATTTGGGATCCTAATGGATGGACAGATACCGACAG TGATTTCTCAGTGAAACAGGATGTTGTGGCAATAACTGATTGGTCAGGGTACAGCGGAAGTTTCGTTCAACATCCTG AGTTAACAGGATTGGACTGTATAAGACCTTGCTTCTGGGTTGAGTTAGTCAGAGGACTGCCTAGAGAAAATACAACA ATCTGGACTAGTGGGAGCAGCATTTCTTTTTGTGGCGTAAATAGTGATACTGCAAACTGGTCTTGGCCAGACGGTGC TGAGTTGCCGTTCACCATTGACAAGTAG
£Z¾ ZD λ· 20¾, /05/ 0
AGCGAAAGCAGGTACTGAtTCgaAaTGGAAGATTTTGTGCGACAATGCTTCAATCCGATGATTGTCGAGCTTGCGGA AAAGGCAATGAAAGAGTATGGAGAGGACCTGAAAATCGAAACAAACAAATTTGCAGCAATATGCACCCACTTGGAAG TATGCTTCATGTATTCAGATTTTCATTTCATCAATGAGCAAGGCGAATCAATAATAGTAGAGCCTGAGGACCCAAAT GCACTTTTAAAACACAGATTTGAGATAATAGAGGGGCGAGATCGTACAATGGCATGGACAGTTGTAAACAGTATTTG CAACACCACAGGAGCTGAGAAACCAAAGTTTCTGCCAGATCTGTATGATTACAAAGAGAATAGGTTCATCGAAATTG GAGTGACAAGGAGAGAAGTTCACATATACTATCTGGAAAAGGCCAACAAAATTAAATCTGAGAAGACACATATTCAC ATTTTCTCATTTACTGGCGAAGAAATGGCCACAAAGGCCGATTACACTCTCGATGAAGAAAGCAGGGCTAGAATTAA AACCAGACTATTCACCATAAGGCAAGAAATGGCAAGCAGAGGTCTTTGGGACTCCTTTCGTCAGTCCGAAAGAGGCG AAGAGACAATTGAAGAAAGGTTTGAAATCACAGGGACAATGCGCAGGCTCGCTGATCAAAGCCTTCCGCCGAACTTC TCCTGCATTGAGAATTTTAGAGCCTATGTGGATGGATTTGAACCGAACGGCTACATTGAGGGCAAGCTTTCTCAAAT GTCCAAAGAAGTAAATGCTAAAATTGAGCCTTTTTTGAAAACAACACCTCGACCAATTAGACTTCCGAATGGGCCTC CTTGTTTTCAGCGGTCAAAATTCCTGCTGATGGATTCTTTAAAATTAAGCATTGAGGATCCAAATCATGAAGGGGAG GGAATACCACTATATGATGCAATCAAGTGTATGAGAACATTCTTTGGATGGAAAGAACCCACTGTTGTCAAGCCACA CGAGAAGGGAATAAATCCGAATTATCTGCTGTCGTGGAAGCAGGTGTTGGAAGAGCTGCAGGACATTGAGAGTGAGG AGAAGATTCCAAGAACAAAAAACATGAAAAAAACGAGTCAGTTAAAGTGGGCACTTGGTGAGAACATGGCACCAGAG AAGGTGGATTTTGATGACTGTAAAGATATAAGCGATTTGAAGCAATATGATAGTGACGAACCTGAATTAAGGTCATT TTCAAGTTGGATCCAGAATGAGTTCAACAAGGCATGCGAGCTGACCGATTCAATCTGGATAGAGCTCGATGAGATTG GAGAAGATGTGGCCCCGATTGAACACATTGCAAGCATGAGAAGAAATTACTTCACAGCTGAGGTGTCCCATTGCAGA GCCACTGAATATATAATGAAAGGGGTATACATTAATACTGCTTTGCTTAATGCATCCTGTGCAGCAATGGATGATTT CCAACTAATTCCTATGATAAGCAAATGTAGAACTAAAGAGGGAAGGAGAAAGACCAATTTGTACGGCTTCATCATAA AAGGAAGATCTCACTTAAGGAATGATACCGATGTGGTAAACTTTGTGAGCATGGAGTTTTCCCTCACTGACCCAAGA CTTGAGCCACACAAATGGGAGAAGTACTGTGTTCTTGAGATAGGAGATATGCTTCTAAGGAGTGCAATAGGCCAAGT GT C AAG G C C CAT GT T C T T GT AT GT AAGAAC AAAT G GAAC C T C AAAAAT T AAAAT GAAAT G G G GAAT G GAGAT GAG G C GTTGCCTCCTC C AAT C C C T C C AAC AAAT AGAGAG CAT GAT T GAAG C T GAGT C C T C T GT C AAG GAGAAAGAC AT GAC A AAAGAGTTTTTTGAGAATAGATCAGAAACATGGCCCATTGGAGAGTCACCAAAAGGAGTGGAAGAAGGTTCCATTGG GAAAGT AT G C AG GAC AC TAT T G G C T AAAT C AGT AT T C AAT AGT C T GT AT G CAT C T C C AC AAT T AGAAG GAT T T T C AG CTGAGTCAAGAAAGTTGCTCCTTATTGTTCAGGCTCTTAGGGACAATCTGGAACCTGGGACCTTTGATCTTGGGGGA CTATATGAAGCAATTGAGGAGTGCCTGATTAATGATCCCTGGGTTTTGCTTAATGCTTCTTGGTTCAACTCCTTCCT AAAAC AT G CAT T GAGAT AG C T GAG G C AAT G C T AC TAT T T GT TAT C CAT AC T GT C C AAAAAAGT A
£Z¾ ZD λ· 4? (Z¾Z, /05/ 0
AG C GAAAG C AG G C AAAC CAT T T GAAT G GAT GT C AAT C C GAC AT TACTTTTCT T AAAAGT G C C AG C AC AAAAT G C TAT AAG C AC AAC T T T T C C T TAT AC T G GT GAC C C T C C T T AC AG C CAT G GAAC AG GAAC AG GAT AC AC CAT G GAT AC AGT C A AC AG GAC AC AT C AGT AC T C AGAAAGAG GAAGAT G GAC GAAAAAT AC C GAAAC T G GAG C AC C G C AAC T C AAC C C AAT T GAT G G G C C AC T AC C AGAAGAC AAT GAAC C AAGT G G C TAT G C C C AAAC AGAT T GT GT AT T AGAG G C AAT GGCTTTCCT TGAAGAATCCCATCCTGGTATTTTTGAAAACTCTTGTATTGAAACAATGGAGGTTGTTCAGCAAACAAGGGTGGACA AAC T GAC AC AAG G C AGAC AAAC C TAT GAC T G GAC T C T AAAT AG GAAC C AG CCTGCTGC C AC AG CAT T G G C AAAC AC C AT AGAAGT AT T C AGAT C AAAT G G C C T CAT AG CAAAT GAAT C T G GAAG G C T AAT AGAC T T C C T T AAAGAT GT AAT G GA GTCGATGGACAGAGACGAAGTAGAGGTCACAACTCATTTTCAAAGAAAGAGGAGAGTGAGAGACAATGTAACTAAAA AAAT G GT GAC C C AAAGAAC AAT AG GAAAAAAGAAAC AT AAAT T AGAC AAAAGAAGT T AC C T AAT T AG G G CAT T AAC C C T GAAC AC AAT GAC C AAAGAT G C T GAGAG G G GGAAAC T AAAAC G C AGAG C AAT T G C AAC C C C AG GAAT G CAAAT AAG GGGGTTTGTATACTTTGTTGAGACACTGGCAAGAAGCATATGTGAAAAGCTTGAACAATCAGGGTTGCCAGTTGGAG GAAAT GAGAAGAAAG C AAAGT TAG CAAAT GT T GT AAG GAAGAT GAT GAC C AAC T C C C AG GAC AC T GAAAT T T C T T T T AC CAT C AC T G GAGAT AAC AC AAAAT G GAAC GAAAAT C AAAAC C C T AGAAT GTTCTTGGC CAT GAT C AC AT AT AT AAC C AAAGAT C AG C C T GAAT G GT T C AGAAAT AT T CT AAGT AT T G C T C C AAT AAT GT T T T C AAAC AAAAT G G C GAGAC TAG GT AG G G G GT AT AT GT T T GAAAG C AAGAGT AT GAAAC T GAGAAC C CAAAT AC C T G C AGAGAT G C T AG C C AAC AT AGAT T T GAAAT AT T T C AAT GAT T C AAC T AAAAAGAAAAT T GAAAAAAT T C GAC CAT TAT T AAT AGAT G GAAC T G CAT CAT T GAGTCCTGGAATGATGATGGGCATGTTCAATATGTTAAGCACCGTCTTGGGCGTTTCCATTCTGAATCTTGGGCAAA AAAGATACACCAAGACTACTTACTGGTGGGATGGTCTTCAATCGTCTGATGATTTTGCTTTGATTGTGAATGCACCC AATTATGCAGGAATTCAAGCTGGAGTTGACAGGTTTTATCGAACCTGTAAGCTGCTCGGAATTAATATGAGCAAAAA GAAGTCTTACATAAACAGAACAGGTACCTTTGAATTCACGAGCTTTTTCTATCGTTATGGGTTTGTTGCCAATTTCA GCATGGAGCTTCCTAGTTTTGGGGTGTCTGGGGTCAATGAATCTGCAGACATGAGTATTGGAGTCACTGTCATCAAA AAC AAT AT GAT AAAC AAT GAC C T T G G C C C AG CAAC T G C T CAAAT G G C C C T T C AGT TAT T T AT AAAAGAT T AC AG GT A C AC T TAT C GAT G C C AC AGAG GT GAC AC AC AAAT AC AAAC C C G GAGAT CAT T T GAAAT AAAGAAAC TAT G G GAC C AAA CCCGCTCCAAAGCTGGGCTGTTGGTCTCTGATGGAGGCCCCAATTTATATAACATTAGGAATCTACATATTCCTGAA GTCTGCTTGAAATGGGAGTTGATGGATGAGGATTACCAGGGGCGTTTATGCAACCCATTGAACCCGTTTGTCAGCCA T AAAGAGAT T GAAT C AGT GAAC AAT G C AGT GAT AAT G C C G G C AC AT G GT C C AG C C AAAAAT AT G GAGT AT GAC G C T G T T G CAAC AAC AC AC TCTTGGGTCCC C AAAAGAAAT C GAT C CAT T T T AAAC AC GAG C C AAAGAG G GAT AC T T GAAGAT GAG CAAAT GT AC C AAAG GT G C T G C AAT T TAT T T GAAAAAT T C T T C C C AAGT AG C T CAT AC AGAAGAC C AGT T G GAAT AT C C AGT AT G GT AGAG G C TAT G GT T T C AAGAGC C C GAAT T GAT G C AC G GAT T GAT T T C GAAT C T G GAAG GAT AAAGA AAGAG GAAT T C G C T GAGAT CAT GAAGAC C T GT T C C AC CAT T GAAGAC C T C AGAC G G C AAAAAT AG G GAAT T T G G C T T GTCCTTCATGAAAAAATGCCTTGTTTCTACT
£Z¾ ZD λ· fPZ¾ /05/ 0
AG C GAAAG C AG GT C AAT TAT AT T C AAT AT G GAAAGAAT AAAAGAG C T AAG GAAT C T GAT GT C AC AAT C T C G C AC T C G C GAGAT AC T T AC C AAAAC TACT GT AGAC C AC AT G G C C AT AAT AAAGAAAT AC AC AT C AG GAAGAC AG GAGAAAAAC C CAT C AC T T AG GAT GAAAT G GAT GAT G G C AAT GAAAT AC C C AAT T AC AG C T GAT AAAAG GAT AAC G GAAAT GAT T C C T GAAAGAAAT GAG C AAG GAC AGAC AC TAT G GAGT AAAGT GAAT GAT G C C G GAT C AGAC C GAGT GAT GAT AT C AC C C C T AG C T GT GAC AT G GT G GAAC AGAAAT G GAC C AGT G G C AAAC AC TAT C C AC TAT C C AAAAAT C T AC AAAAC TTACTTTG AAAAGGTTGAAAGGTTAAAACATGGAACCTTTGGCCCTGTACACTTTAGAAACCAAGTCAAAATACGCCGAAGAGTC GAC AT AAAT C C T G GT CAT G C AGAC C T C AG C G C C AAG GAG G C AC AG GAT GT AAT TAT G GAAGT TGTTTTCCC T AAT GA AGT G G GAG C C AGAAT AC T AAC AT C AGAAT C G CAAT T AAC GAT AAC T AAG GAGAAAAAAGAG GAAC T C C AGAAT T G C A AAATTTCCCCTTTGATGGTTGCATACATGTTAGAGAGGGAACTTGTCCGCAAAACAAGATTTCTCCCGGTTGCAGGT GGAACAAGCAGTGTGTACATTGAAGTTTTGCATTTAACACAGGGGACATGCTGGGAGCAGATGTACACTCCAGGTGG GGAGGT GAG GAAT GAT GAT GTT GAT C AAAG C CT AAT TAT TGCTGCTAG GAAC AT AGT GAGAAGAGCT GCAGTAT CAG C AGAT C C AC TAG CAT C T T TAT T AGAAAT GT G C CAT AG C AC AC AGAT T G GT G GAAC AAG GAT G GT G GAT AT T C T C AG G C AAAAT C CAAC AGAAGAAC AAG C T GT G GAC AT AT G C AAAG CAG CAAT G G G G C T GAGAAT C AGT T CAT C C T T C AGT T T T G G C G GAT T C AC AT T T AAGAGAAC AAGT G GAT C GT C AGT C AAAAG G GAG GAAGAAGT G C T AAC G G G CAAT C T G C AAA CAT T GAAG C T AAC T GT G CAT GAGGGATAT GAAGAAT T C AC AAT AGT T G G GAAAAAG G CAAC AG C TAT AC T C AGAAAA GCAACCAGGAGATTGATTCAACTAATAGTGAGTGGAAGAGACGAACAGTCAATAGTCGAAGCAATAGTTGTAGCAAT GGTATTCTCACAAGAAGATTGCATGGTAAAAGCGGTTAGAGGTGATCTGAATTTCGTTAATAGAGCGAATCAGCGGT TGAATCCCATGCATCAACTTTTGAGACATTTTCAGAAGGATGCTAAAGTACTTTTCCTAAATTGGGGAATTGAACAT AT T GAC AAT GT GAT G G GAAT GAT T G G GAT AT T AC C T GAT AT GAC T C C AAGT AC C GAGAT GT C AAT GAGAG GAGT GAG AGTCAGCAAAATGGGTGTAGATGAATACTCCAATGCTGAAAGGGTAGTGGTAAGCATTGACCGTTTTTTGAGGGTCC G G GAC C AAAGAG GAAAT GTATTACT GT CT CCAGAGGAAGT CAGT GAAAC AC AAG GAAC AGAGAAAC T GAC AAT AAC T TACTCTTCATCATTGATGTGGGAGATTAATGGCCCTGAGTCAGTGTTGATCAATACCTACCAATGGATCATCAGAAA C T G G GAGAC T GT T AAAAT T CAGT G GT C T C AGAAC C C T AC AAT G C T AT AC AAT AAAAT G GAAT T T GAG C CAT T T C AAT CTCTAGTCCCCAAGGCCATTAGAGGCCAATACAGTGGGTTTGTTAGAACTCTATTTCAACAAATGAGGGATGTGCTC GGGACCTTTGACACAACTCAGATAATAAAACTTCTTCCCTTTGCAGCCGCTCCACCAAAGCAAAGTAGAATGCAATT CTCGTCATTAACTGTGAATGTGAGGGGATCAGGAATGAGAATACTTGTAAGGGGTAATTCTCCAGTATTCAACTACA AC AAGAC C AC T AAGAGAC T C AC AAT C C T C G GAAAG GAT G C T G G C AC T T T AAC T GAAGAC C C AGAT GAAG G C AC AG C T G GAGT G GAAT CTGCTGTTT T AAG G G GAT T C C T CAT T C T AG G C AAAGAAGAT AGAAGAT AT G G G C C AG CAT T AAG CAT CAGTGAATTGAGCAACCTTGCGAAAGGGGAGAAAGCTAATGTGCTAATTGGGCAAGGGGATGTAGTGTTGGTAATGA AAC GAAAAC G G GAC T C T AG CAT AC T T AC T GACAG C C AGAC AG C GAC C AAAAGAAT T C G GAT G G C CAT C AAT T AAT T T C GAAT AAT T T AAAAAC GAC C T T GT T T C T AC T
£Z¾ ZD λ· 5 /05/ 0
AG C AAAAG C AG G GT AGAT AAT C AC T C AC T GAGT GAC AT C AAAGT CAT G G C GT C C C AAG G C AC C AAAC GGTCTTAC GA AC AGAT G GAGAC T GAT G G G GAAC G C C AGAAT GC AAC T GAAAT C AGAG CAT C C GT C G GAAGAAT GAT T G G G G GAAT T G G G C GAT T C T AC AT C C AAAT GT G C AC C GAG C T T AAG C T C AAT GAT TAT GAG G GAC GAC T GAT C C AGAAC AG C T T AAC A AT AGAGAGAAT GGTGCTTTCTGCTTTT GAT GAGAG GAGAAAT AAAT AT C T G GAAGAAC AT C C C AG C G C AG G GAAAGA T C C T AAGAAAAC T G GAG GAC C C AT AT AC AAGAGAGT AGAT G GAAAGT G G GT GAG G GAAC TCGTCCTT TAT GAC AAAG AAGAAATAAGGCGGATTTGGCGCCAAGCCAACAATGGTGATGATGCAACAGCTGGTTTGACTCACATTATGATCTGG CAT T C T AAT T T GAAT GAT AC AAC T T AC C AGAGGAC AAGAG CTCTTGTCCG C AC C G GAAT G GAT C C C AG GAT GT G C T C TTTGATGCAAGGTTCAACTCTCCCTAGAAGATCTGGAGCAGCAGGCGCTGCAGTCAAAGGAGTTGGGACAATGGTAT T G GAGT T AAT C AG GAT GAT C AAAC GT G G GAT CAAC GAC C GAAAC T T C T G GAG G G GT GAGAAT G G GAGAAAAAC AAG G AT T G C T TAT GAGAGAAT GT G C AAC AT T C T C AAAG GAAAAT T T C AAAC AG C T G C AC AAAAAG C AAT GAT G GAT C AAGT GAGAGAAAGCCGGAACCCAGGAAATGCTGAGATCGAAGATCTCACTTTTCTGGCACGGTCTGCACTCATATTGAGAG GATCAGTTGCTCACAAGTCTTGCCTGCCTGCTTGTGTGTATGGACCAGCCGTAGCCAGTGGGTATGACTTCGAAAAA GAG G GAT AC TCTTTGGTGG GAGT AGAC C C T T T C AAAC T G C T T C AAAC CAGT C AG GT AT AC AG C C T AAT T AGAC C AAA CGAGAATCCCGCACACAAGAGCCAGTTGGTGTGGATGGCATGCAATTCTGCTGCATTTGAAGATCTAAGAGTGTCAA G C T T CAT C AGAG G GAC AAGAGT AC T T C C AAG GG G GAAG C T C T C C AC T AGAG GAGT AC AAAT T G C T T C AAAT GAAAAC AT G GAT G C TAT T GT C T C AAGT AC T C T T GAAC T GAGAAG C AGAT AC T G G G C C AT AAGAAC C AGAAGT G GAG G GAAC AC CAATCAACAAAGGGCCTCTGCGGGCCAAATCAGCACACAACCTACGTTTTCTGTGCAGAGAAACCTCCCATTTGACA AAAC AAC CAT CAT G G C AG CAT T C AC T G G GAAT AC AGAG G GAAGAAC AT C AGAC AT G C G G G C AGAAAT CATAAAGAT G ATGGAAAGTGCAAGACCAGAAGAAGTGTCCTTCCAGGGACGGGGAGTCTTTGAGCTCTCGGACGAAAGGGCAACGAA CCCGATCGTGCCCTCCTTTGACATGAGTAATGAAGGATCTTATTTCTTCGGAGACAATGCAGAGGAGTACGACAATT AATGAAAAATACCCTTGTTTCTACT
£Z¾ ZD λ· 6 (M, / 05/^0
AGCAAAAGCAGGTAGATATTGAAAGATGAGTCTTCTAACCGAGGTCGAAACGTACGTTCTCTCTATCGTCCCATCAG GCCCCCTCAAAGCCGAGATCGCACAGAGACTTGAAGATGTATTTGCTGGAAAGAATACCGATCTTGAGGCTCTCATG GAATGGCTAAAGACAAGACCAATCCTGTCACCTCTGACTAAGGGGATTTTAGGATTTGTGTTCACGCTCACCGTGCC CAGTGAGCGAGGACTGCAGCGTAGACGCTTTGTCCAAAATGCCCTTAATGGGAATGGGGATCCAAATAATATGGACA AG G C T GT C AAAC T GT AT C GAAAG C T T AAGAG GGAGAT AAC AT T C CAT G G G G C C AAAGAAAT AG C AC T CAGT TAT T C T GCTGGAGCACTTGCCAGTTGTATGGGACTCATATACAACAGGATGGGGGCTGTGACCACCGAATCAGCATTTGGCCT TAT AT GT G CAAC C T GT GAAC AGAT T G C C GAC T C C C AG CAT AAGT C T CAT AG G C AAAT G GT AAC AAC AAC C AAT C CAT T AAT AAGAC AT GAGAAC AGAAT GGTTCTGGC CAG C AC T AC AG C T AAG G C TAT G GAG C AAAT G G C T G GAT C GAGT GAA CAAGCAGCTGAGGCCATGGAGGTTGCTAGTCAGGCCAGGCAGATGGTGCAGGCAATGAGAGCCATTGGGACTCATCC TAGCTCTAGCACTGGTCTGAAAAATGATCTCCTTGAAAATTTGCAGGCCTATCAGAAACGAATGGGGGTGCAGATGC AACGATTCAAGTGATCCTCTTGTTGTTGCCGCAAGTATAATTGGGATTGTGCACCTGATATTGTGGATTATTGATCG CCTTTTTTCCAAAAGCATTTATCGTATTTTTAAACACGGTTTAAAAAGAGGGCCTTCTACGGAAGGAGTACCGGAGT C TAT GAG G GAAGAAT AT C GAGAG GAAC AG C AGAAT G C T GT G GAT G C T GAC GAT G GT CAT T T T GT CAG CAT AGAG C T A GAGTAAAAAACTACCTTGTTTCTACT
£Z¾ ZD λ· 7 (Λ¾ /05/ 0
AGCAAAAGCAGGGTGGCAAAGACATAATGGATTCCCACACTGTGTCAAGCTTTCAGGTAGATTGTTTCCTTTGGCAT GTCCGCAAACAAGTTGCAGACCAAGATCTAGGCGATGCCCCCTTCCTTGATCGGCTTCGCCGAGATCAGAAGTCTCT AAAG G GAC GAG G CAAC AC TCTCGGTCT GAAC AT C GAAAC AG C C AC TTGTGTTG GAAAG C AAAT AGT AGAGAG GAT T C TGAAAGAAGAATCCGATGAGACATTTAGAATGACCATGGCCTCCGCACTTGCTTCGCGGTACCTAACTGACATGACT GTTGAAGAAATGTCAAGGGACTGGTTCATGCTCATGCCCAAGCAGAAAGTGGCTGGCCCTCTTTGTGTCAGAATGGA C CAG G C GAT AAT G GAT AAGAAC AT CAT AC T GAAAG C GAAC T T CAGT GT GAT T T T T GAC C G GT T G GAGAAT C T GAC AT TACTAAGGGCTTTCACCGAAGAGGGAGCAATTGTTGGCGAAATTTCACCATTGCCTTCTTTTCCAGGACATACTAAT GAGGATGTCAAAAATGCAATTGGGGTCCTCATCGGGGGACTTGAATGGAATGATAACACAGTTCGAGTCTCTGAAGC TCTACAGAGATTCGCTTGGAGAAGCAGTAATGAGACTGGGGGACCTCCATTCACTACAACACAGAAACGGAAAATGG CGGGAACAATTAGGTCAGAAGTTTGAAGAAATAAGATGGCTGATTGAAGAAGTGAGGCATAAATTGAAGACGACAGA GAGTAGTTTTGAACAAATAACATTTATGCAAGCATTACAGCTATTGTTTGAAGTGGAACAAGAGATTAGAACGTTCT CGTTTCAGCTTATTTAATGATAAAAACACCCTTGTTTCTACT
£Z¾ZD λ· 48 (HA, 105p30)
AGCGAAAGCAGGGGAAAATAAAAGCAACCAAAATGAAAGTAAAACTACTGGTTCTGTTATGTACATTTACAGCTACA TATGCAGACACAATATGTATAGGCTACCATGCCAACAACTCAACCGACACTGTTGACACAGTACTTGAGAAGAATGT AACAGTGACACACTCTGTCAACCTACTTGAGGACAGTCACAATGGAAAACTATGTCTACTAAAAGGAATAGCCCCAC TACAATTGGGTAATTGCAGCGTTGCCGGATGGATCTTAGGAAACCCAGAATGCGAATTACTGATTTCCAAGGAATCA TGGTCCTACATTGTAGAAACACCAAATCCTGAGAATGGAACATGTTACCCAGGGTATTTCGCCGACTATGAGGAACT GAGGGAGCAATTGAGTTCAGTATCTTCATTTGAAAGGTTCGAAATATTCCCCAAAGAGAGCTCATGGCCCAACCACA CCGTAACCGGAGTATCAGCATCATGCTCCCATAACGGGAAAAGCAGTTTTTACAGAAATTTGCTATGGCTGACGGGG AAGAATGGTTTGTACCCAAACCTGAGCAAGTCCTATGCAAACAACAAAGAGAAAGAAGTCCTTGTACTATGGGGTGT TCATCACCCGCCTAACATAGGGGACCAAAGGGCCCTCTATCATACAGAAAATGCTTATGTCTCTGTAGTGTCTTCAC ATTATAGCAGAAGATTCACCCCAGAAATAGCCAAAAGACCCAAGGTGAGAGACCAGGAAGGAAGAATCAACTACTAC TGGACTCTGCTGGAACCCGGGGATACAATAATATTTGAGGCAAATGGAAATCTAATAGCGCCAAGGTATGCTTTCGC ACTGAGTAGAGGCTTGGGATCAGGAATCATCACCTCAAATGCACCAATGGATGAATGTGATGCAAAGTGTCAAACAC CTCAGGGAGCTATAAACAGCAGTCTTCCTTTCCAGAATGTACACCCAGTCACAATAGGAGAGTGTCCAAAGTATGTC AGGAGTGCAAAATTAAGGATGGTTACAGGACTAAGGAACATCCCATCCATTCAATCCAGAGGTTTGTTTGGAGCAAT TGCCGGTTTCATTGAAGGGGGGTGGACTGGAATGGTAGATGGTTGGTATGGTTATCATCATCAGAATGAGCAAGGAT CTGGGTATGCTGCAGATCAAAAAAGCACACAAAATGCCATTAACGGGATTACAAACAAGGTGAATTCTGTAATTGAG AAAATGAACACTCAATTCACAGCTGTGGGCAAAGAATTCAACAAATTGGAAAGAAGGATGGAAAACTTAAATAAAAA AGTTGATGATGGGTTTCTAGACATTTGGACCTATAATGCAGAATTGTTGGTTCTACTGGAAAATGAAAGGACTTTGG ATTTCCATGACTCCAACGTGAAGAATCTGTATGAGAAAGTAAAAAGCCAATTAAAGAATAATGCCAAAGAAATAGGA AACGGGTGTTTTGAATTCTATCACAAGTGTAACGATGAATGCATGGAGAGTGTGAAAAATGGAACTTATGACTATCC AAAATATTCCGAAGAATCAAAGTTAAACAGAGAGAAAATTGATGGAGTGAAATTGGAATCAATGGGAGTCTATCAGA TTCTGGCGATCTACTCAACAGTCGCCAGTTCCCTGGTTCTTTTGGTCTCCCTGGGGGCAATCAGCTTCTGGATGTGT TCCAATGGGTCTTTGCAGTGTAGAATATGCATCTAAGACCAGAATTTCAGAAATATAAGGAAAAACACCCTTGTTTC TACT
£Z¾ZD λ· 9 (Λ¾, /05/ 0
AGCAAAAGCAGGAGTTTAAAATGAATCCAAATCAAAAAATAATAACCATTGGATCAATCAGTATAGCAATCGGAATA ATTAGTCTAATGTTGCAAATAGGAAATATTATTTCAATATGGGCTAGTCACTCAATCCAAACTGGAAGTCAAAACCA CACTGGAATATGCAACCAAAAAATCATCACATATGAAAACAGCACCTGGGTGAATCACACATATGTTAATATTAACA ACACTAATGTTGTTGCTGGAAAGGACAAAACTTCAGTGACACTGGCCGGCAATTCATCTCTTTGTCCTATCAGTGGA TGGGCTATATACACAAAAGACAACAGCATAAGAATTGGCTCCAAAGGAGATGTTTTTGTCATAAGAGAACCTTTCAT ATCATGTTCTCACTTGGAATGCAGAACCTTTTTTCTGACCCAAGGTGCTCTATTAAATGACAAACATTCAAATGGAA CCGTTAAGGACAGAAGTCCTTATAGGGCCTTAATGAGCTGTCCTCTAGGTGAAGCCCCGTCACCATACAATTCAAAG TTTGAATCAGTTGCATGGTCAGCAAGCGCATGCCATGATGGCAAGGGCTGGTTAACAATCGGAATTTCTGGTCCAGA CAATGGAGCTGTGGCTGTACTAAAATACAACGGAATAATAACTGAAACCATAAAAAGTTGGGAAAAGCGAATATTGA GAACACAAGAGTCTGAATGTGTTTGTGTGAACGGGTCATGTTTCACCATAATGACCGATGGCCCGAGTAATGGGGCC GCCTCGTACAAAATCTTCAAGATCGAAAAGGGGAAGGTTACTAAATCAACAGAGTTGAATGCACCCAATTTTCATTA TGAGGAATGTTCCTGTTACCCAGACACTGGCACAGTGATGTGTGTATGCAGGGACAACTGGCATGGTTCAAATCGAC CTTGGGTATCTTTTAATCAAAACTTGGATTATCAAATAGGATACATCTGCAGTGGAGTGTTCGGTGACAATCCGCGT CCCAAAGATGGGAAGGGCAGCTGTAATCCAGTGACTGTTGATGGAGCAGACGGAGTTAAGGGGTTTTCATACAAATA TGGTAATGGTGTTTGGATAGGAAGGACTAAAAGTAACAGACTTAGAAAGGGGTTTGAGATGATTTGGGATCCTAATG GATGGACAGATACCGACAGTGATTTCTCAGTGAAACAGGATGTTGTGGCAATAACTGATTGGTCAGGGTACAGCGGA AGTTTCGTCCAACATCCTGAGTTAACAGGATTGGACTGTATAAGACCTTGCTTCTGGGTTGAGTTAGTCAGAGGACT GCCTAGAGAAAATACAACAATCTGGACTAGTGGGAGCAGCATTTCTTTTTGTGGCGTTGATAGTGATACTGCAAATT GGTCTTGGCCAGACGGTGCTGAGTTGCCGTTCACCATTGACAAGTAGCTCGTTGAAAAAAACTCCTTGTTTCTACT
£Z¾ZD λ· 50 (Z£4, A/Chile/1/1983)
MKAKLLVLLCALSATDADTICIGYHANNSTDTVDTVLEKNVTVTHS LLEDNHNGKLCKLKGIAPLQLGKCSIAGW ILGNPECESLFSKKSWSYIAETPNSENGTCYPGYFADYEELREQLSSVSSFERFEIFPKESSWPKHNVTKGVTAACS HKGKSSFYRNLLWLTEKNGSYPNLSKSY NKEKEVLVLWGVHHPSNIEDQKTIYRKENAYVSWSSHYNRRFTPEI AKRPKVRNQEGRINYYWTLLEPGDTIIFEANGNLIAPWYAFALSRGFGSGIITSNASMDECDAKCQTPQGAINSSLP FQNVHPVTIGECPKYVRSTKLRMVTGLRNIPSIQSRGLFGAIAGFIEGGWTGMIDGWYGYHHQNEQGSGYAADQKST QNAINGITNK SIIEKMNTQFTAVGKEFNKLEKRMENLNKKVDDGFLDIWTYNAELLVLLENERTLDFHDSNVKNL YEKVKSQLKNNAKEIGNGCFEFYHKCNNECMESVKNGTYDYPKYSEESKLNREKIDGVKLESMGVYQILAIYSTVAS SLVLLVSLGAISFWMCSNGSLQCRICI
SEQ ID NO: 51 (NA, A/Chile/1/1983)
MNPNQKIITIGSICMTIGIISLILQIGNIISIWVSHSIQTGSQNHTGICNQRIITYENSTW QTY INNTNWAG KDTTSVTLAGNSSLCPIRGWAIYSKDNSIRIGSKGDVFVIREPFISCSHLECRTFFLTQGALLNDKHSNGTVKDRSP YRALMSCPIGEAPSPYNSRFESVAWSASACHDGMGWLTIGISGPDDGAVAVLKYNGIITETIKSWRKRILRTQESEC VC GSCFTIMTDGPSNGPASYRIFKIEKGKITKSIELDAPNSHYEECSCYPDTGTVMCVCRDNWHGSNRPWVSFNQ NLDYQIGYICSGVFGDNPRPKDGKGSCDPVTVDGADGVKGFSYRYGNGVWIGRTKSNSSRKGFEMIWDPNGWTDTDS NFLVKQDWAMTDWSGYSGSFVQHPELTGLDCMRPCFWVELVRGRPREGTTVWTSGSSISFCG SDTANWSWPDGA ELPFTIDK
SEQ ID NO: 52 (NA, A/California/04/09)
MNPNQKIITIGSVCMTIGMANLILQIGNIISIWISHSIQLGNQNQIETCNQSVITYENNTW QTY ISNTNFAAG QSWSVKLAGNSSLCPVSGWAIYSKDNSVRIGSKGDVFVIREPFISCSPLECRTFFLTQGALLNDKHSNGTIKDRSP YRTLMSCPIGEVPSPYNSRFESVAWSASACHDGINWLTIGISGPDNGAVAVLKYNGIITDTIKSWRNNILRTQESEC AC GSCFTVMTDGPSNGQASYKIFRIEKGKIVKSVEMNAPNYHYEECSCYPDSSEITCVCRDNWHGSNRPWVSFNQ NLEYQIGYICSGIFGDNPRPNDKTGSCGPVSSNGANGVKGFSFKYGNGVWIGRTKSISSRNGFEMIWDPNGWTGTDN NFSIKQDIVGINEWSGYSGSFVQHPELTGLDCIRPCFWVELIRGRPKENTIWTSGSSISFCG SDTVGWSWPDGAE LPFTIDK
SEQ ID NO: 53 (PA, A/New Caledonia/20/1999)
MEDFVRQCFNPMIVELAEKAMKEYGEDPKIETNKFAAICTHLEVCFMYSDFHFIDERGESIIVESGDPNALLKHRFE IIEGRDRIMAWTV SICNTTGVEKPKFLPDLYDYKENRFIEIGVTRREVHIYYLEKANKIKSEKTHIHIFSFTGEE MATKADYTLDEESRARIKTRLFTIRQEMASRSLWDSFRQSERGEETIEEKFEITGTMRKLADQSLPPNFPSLENFRA YVDGFEPNGCIEGKLSQMSKE AKIEPFLRTTPRPLRLPDGPLCHQRSKFLLMDALKLSIEDPSHEGEGIPLYDAI KCMKTFFGWKEPNIVKPHEKGINPNYLMAWKQVLAELQDIENEEKIPRTKNMKRTSQLKWALGENMAPEKVDFDDCK DVGDLKQYDSDEPEPRSLASWVQNEFNKACELTDSSWIELDEIGEDVAPIEHIASMRRNYFTAEVSHCRATEYIMKG VYINTALLNASCAAMDDFQLIPMISKCRTKEGRRKTNLYGFIIKGRSHLRNDTDV FVSMEFSLTDPRLEPHKWEK YCVLEIGDMLLRTAIGQVSRPMFLYVRTNGTSKIKMKWGMEMRRCLLQSLQQIESMIEAESSVKEKDMTKEFFENKS ETWPIGESPRGVEEGSIGKVCRTLLAKSVFNSLYASPQLEGFSAESRKLLLIVQALRDNLEPGTFDLGGLYEAIEEC LINDPWVLLNASWFNSFLTHALK
SEQ ID NO: 54 (PB1, A/New Caledonia/20/1999)
MD PTLLFLKVPAQNAISTTFPYTGDPPYSHGTGTGYTMDT RTHQYSERGRWTKNTETGAPQLNPIDGPLPKDN EPSGYAQTDCVLEAMAFLEESHPGIFENSCIETMEWQQTRVDKLTQGRQTYDWTLNRNQPAATALANTIEVFRSNG LIANESGRLIDFLKDVMESMDRDEVEVTTHFQRKRRVRDNVTKKMVTQRTIGKKKHKLDKRSYLIRALTLNTMTKDA ERGKLKRRAIATPGMQIRGFVYFVETLARSICEKLEQSGLPVGGNEKKAKLANWRKMMTNSQDTEISFTITGDNTK WNENQNPRMFLAMITYITKNQPEWFRNILSIAPIMFSNKMARLGKGYMFESKSMKLRTQIPAEMLANIDLKYFNDST KRKIEKIRPLLIDGTASLSPGMMMGMFNMLSTVLGVSILNLGQKRYTKTTYWWDGLQSSDDFALI APNYAGIQAG VDRFYRTCKLLGINMSKKKSYINRTGTFEFTSFFYRYGFVANFSMELPSFGVSG ESADMSIGVTVIKNNMINNDL GPATAQMALQLFIKDYRYTYRCHRGDTQIQTRRSFEIKKLWDQTRSKAGLLVSDGGPNLYNIRNLHIPEVCLKWELM DEDYQGRLCNPSNPFVSHKEIES NAVMMPAHGPAKNMEYDAVATTHSWVPKRNRSILNTSQRGILEDEQMYQRCC NLFEKFFPSSSYRRPVGISSMVEAMVSRARIDARIDFESGRIKKEEFAEIMKTCSTIEDLRRQK
SEQ ID NO: 55 (PB2, A/New Caledonia/20/1999)
MERIKELRNLMSQSRTREILTKTTVDHMAIIKKYTSGRQEKNPSLRMKWMMAMKYPITADKRITEMIPERNEQGQTL WSK DAGSDRVMISPLAVTWWNRNGPVASTIHYPKIYKTYFEKVERLKHGTFGPVHFRNQVKIRRRVDINPGHADL SAKEAQDVIMEWFPNEVGARILTSESQLTITKEKKEELQNCKISPLMVAYMLERELVRKTRFLPVAGGTSSVYIEV LHLTQGTCWEQMYTPGGEVRNDDVDQSLIIAARNIVRRAAVSADPLASLLEMCHSTQIGGTRMVDILRQNPTEEQAV DICKAAMGLRISSSFSFGGFTFKRTSGSSVKREEEVLTGNLQTLKLTVHEGYEEFTMVGKRATAILRKATRRLIQLI VSGRDEQSIVEAIWAMVFSQEDCMVKAVRGDLNF RANQRLNPMHQLLRHFQKDAKVLFLNWGIEPIDNVMGMIG ILPDMTPSTEMSMRGVRVSKMGVDEYSNAERVWSIDRFLRVRDQRGNVLLSPEEVSETQGTEKLTITYSSSMMWEI NGPESVLINTYQWIIRNWETVKIQWSQNPTMLYNKMEFEPFQSLVPKAIRGQYSGFVRTLFQQMRDVLGTFDTTQII KLLPFAAAPPKQSRMQFSSLT VRGSGMRILVRGNSPVFNYNKTTKRLTVLGKDAGTLTEDPDEGTAGVESAVLRG FLILGKEDRRYGPALSINELSNLAKGEKANVLIGQGDWLVMKRKRDSSILTDSQTATKRIRMAIN SEQ ID NO: 56 (NP, A/New Caledonia/20/1999)
MASQGTKRSYEQMETDGERQNATEIRASVGRMIGGIGRFYIQMCTELKLNDYEGRLIQNSLTIERMVLSAFDERRNK YLEEHPSAGKDPKKTGGPIYKRVDGKWVRELVLYDKEEIRRIWRQANNGDDATAGLTHIMIWHSNLNDTTYQRTRAL VRTGMDPRMCSLMQGSTLPRRSGAAGAAVKGVGTMVLELIRMIKRGINDRNFWRGENGRKTRIAYERMCNILKGKFQ TAAQKAMMDQVRESRNPGNAEIEDLTFLARSALILRGSVAHKSCLPACVYGPAVASGYDFEKEGYSLVGVDPFKLLQ TSQVYSLIRPNENPAHKSQLVWMACNSAAFEDLRVSSFIRGTRVLPRGKLSTRGVQIASNENMDAIVSSTLELRSRY WAIRTRSGGNTNQQRASAGQISTQPTFSVQRNLPFDKTTIMAAFTGNTEGRTSDMRAEIIKMMESARPEEVSFQGRG VFELSDERATNPIVPSFDMSNEGSYFFGDNAEEYDN
SEQ ID NO: 57 (Ml, A/New Caledonia/20/1999)
MSLLTEVETYVLSIVPSGPLKAEIAQRLENVFAGKNTDLEALMEWLKTRPILSPLTKGILGFVFTLTVPSERGLQRR RFVQNALNGNGDPNNMDRAVKLYRKLKREITFHGAKEIALSYSAGALASCMGLIYNRMGAVTTESAFGLICATCEQI ADSQHKSHRQMVTTTNPLIRHENRMVLASTTAKAMEQMAGSSEQAAEAMEVASQARQMVQAMRAIGTHPSSSTGLKN DLLENLQAYQKRMGVQMQRFK
SEQ ID NO: 58 (NA, A/New Caledonia/20/1999)
MNPNQKIITIGSISIAIGIISLMLQIGNIISIWASHSIQTGSQNHTGVCNQRIITYENSTW HTY INNTNWAG KDKTSVTLAGNSSLCSISGWAIYTKDNSIRIGSKGDVFVIREPFISCSHLECRTFFLTQGALLNDKHSNGTVKDRSP YRALMSCPLGEAPSPYNSKFESVAWSASACHDGMGWLTIGISGPDNGAVAVLKYNGIITETIKSWKKRILRTQESEC VC GSCFTIMTDGPSNGAASYKIFKIEKGKVTKSIELNAPNFHYEECSCYPDTGTVMCVCRDNWHGSNRPWVSFNQ NLDYQIGYICSGVFGDNPRPKDGEGSCNPVTVDGADGVKGFSYKYGNGVWIGRTKSNRLRKGFEMIWDPNGWTDTDS DFSVKQDWAITDWSGYSGSFVQHPELTGLDCIRPCFWVELVRGLPRENTTIWTSGSSISFCG SDTANWSWPDGA ELPFTIDK
SEQ ID NO: 59 (PA, A/Wisconsin/67/2005)
MEDFVRQCFNPMIVELAEKAMKEYGEDLKIETNKFAAICTHLEVCFMYSDFHFINEQGESIWELDDPNALLKHRFE IIEGRDRTMAWTV SICNTTGAGKPKFLPDLYDYKENRFIEIGVTRREVHIYYLEKANKIKSENTHIHIFSFTGEE MATKADYTLDEESRARIKTRLFTIRQEMANRGLWDSFRQSERGEETIEEKFEITGTMRRLADQSLPPNFSCLENFRA YVDGFEPNGCIEGKLSQMSKE AQIEPFLKTTPRPIKLPNGPPCYQRSKFLLMDALKLSIEDPSHEGEGIPLYDAI KCMKTFFGWKEPYIVKPHEKGINSNYLLSWKQVLSELQDIENEEKIPRTKNMKKTSQLKWALGENMAPEKVDFENCR DISDLKQYDSDEPELRSLSSWIQNEFNKACELTDSVWIELDEIGEDVAPIEHIASMRRNYFTAEVSHCRATEYIMKG VYINTALLNASCAAMDDFQLIPMISKCRTKEGRRKTNLYGFIIKGRSHLRNDTDV FVSMEFSLTDPRLEPHKWEK YCVLEIGDMLLRSAIGQISRPMFLYVRTNGTSKVKMKWGMEMRRCLLQSLQQIESMIEAESSVKEKDMTKEFFENKS EAWPIGESPKGVEEGSIGKVCRTLLAKSVFNSLYASPQLEGFSAESRKLLLWQALRDNLEPGTFDLGGLYEAIEEC LINDPWVLLNASWFNSFLTHALK
SEQ ID NO: 60 (PB1, A/Wisconsin/67/2005)
MD PTLLFLKVPAQNAISTTFPYTGDPPYSHGTGTGYTMDT RTHQYSEKGKWTTNTETGAPQLNPIDGPLPEDN EPSGYAQTDCVLEAMAFLEESHPGIFENSCLETMEAVQQTRVDRLTQGRQTYDWTLNRNQPAATALANTIEVFRSNG LTANESGRLIDFLKDVMESMDKEEMEITTHFQRKRRVRDNMTKKMVTQRTIGKKKQR KRGYLIRALTLNTMTKDA ERGKLKRRAIATPGMQIRGFVYFVETLARSICEKLEQSGLPVGGNEKKAKLANWRKMMTNSQDTELSFTITGDNTK WNENQNPRMFLAMITYITKNQPEWFRNILSIAPIMFSNKMARLGKGYMFESKRMKLRTQIPAEMLASIDLKYFNEST RKKIEKIRPLLIDGTASLSPGMMMGMFNMLSTVLGVSILNLGQKKYTKTTYWWDGLQSSDDFALI APNHEGIQAG RFYRTCKLVGINMSKKKSYINKTGTFEFTSFFYRYGFVANFSMELPSFGVSGINESADMSIGVTVIKNNMINNDL GPATAQMALQLFIKDYRYTYRCHRGDTQIQTRRSFELKKLWDQTQSRAGLLVSDGGPNLYNIRNLHIPEVCLKWELM DENYRGRLCNPLNPFVSHKEIES NAWMPAHGPAKSMEYDAVATTHSWIPKRNRSILNTSQRGILEDEQMYQKCC NLFEKFFPSSSYRRPIGISSMVEAMVSRARIDARIDFESGRIKKEEFSEIMKICSTIEELRRQR
SEQ ID NO: 61 (PB2, A/Wisconsin/67/2005)
MERIKELRNLMSQSRTREILTKTTVDHMAIIKKYTSGRQEKNPSLRMKWMMAMKYPITADKRITEMVPERNEQGQTL WSKMSDAGSDRVMVSPLAVTWWNRNGPVTSTVHYPKVYKTYFDKVERLKHGTFGPVHFRNQVKIRRRVDINPGHADL SAKEAQDVIMEWFPNEVGARILTSESQLTITKEKKEELRDCKISPLMVAYMLERELVRKTRFLPVAGGTSSIYIEV LHLTQGTCWEQMYTPGGEVRNDDVDQSLIIAARNIVRRAAVSADPLASLLEMCHSTQIGGTRMVDILRQNPTEEQAV DICKAAMGLRISSSFSFGGFTFKRTSGSSVKKEEEVLTGNLQTLKIRVHEGYEEFTMVGKRATAILRKATRRLVQLI VSGRDEQSIAEAIIVAMVFSQEDCMIKAVRGDLNF RANQRLNPMHQLLRHFQKDAKVLFQNWGIEHIDSVMGMVG VLPDMTPSTEMSMRGIRVSKMGVDEYSSTERVWSIDRFLRVRDQRGNVLLSPEEVSETQGTERLTITYSSSMMWEI NGPESVL TYQWIIRNWEAVKIQWSQNPAMLYNKMEFEPFQSLVPKAIRSQYSGFVRTLFQQMRDVLGTFDTTQII KLLPFAAAPPKQSRMQFSSLT VRGSGMRILVRGNSPVFNYNKTTKRLTILGKDAGTLIEDPDESTSGVESAVLRG FLIIGKEDRRYGPALSINELSNLAKGEKANVLIGQGDWLVMKRKRDSSILTDSQTATKRIRMAIN SEQ ID NO: 62 (NP, A/Wisconsin/67/2005)
MASQGTKRSYEQMETDGDRQNATEIRASVGKMIDGIGRFYIQMCTELKLSDYEGRLIQNSLTIEKMVLSAFDERRNK YLEEHPSAGKDPKKTGGPIYRRVDGKWMRELVLYDKEEIRRIWRQANNGEDATAGLTHIMIWHSNLNDATYQRTRAL VRTGMDPRMCSLMQGSTLPRRSGAAGAAVKGIGTMVMELIRMVKRGINDRNFWRGENGRKTRSAYERMCNILKGKFQ TAAQRAMVDQVRESRNPGNAEIEDLIFLARSALILRGSVAHKSCLPACVYGPAVSSGYNFEKEGYSLVGIDPFKLLQ NSQVYSLIRPNENPAHKSQLVWMACHSAAFEDLRLLSFIRGTKVSPRGKLSTRGVQIASNENMDNMGSGTLELRSGY WAIRTRSGGNTNQQRASAGQTSVQPTFSVQRNLPFEKSTIMAAFTGNTEGRTSDMRAEIIRMMEGAKPEEVSFRGRG VFELSDEKATNPIVPSFDMSNEGSYFFGDNAEEYDN
SEQ ID NO: 63 (Ml, A/Wisconsin/67/2005)
MSLLTEVETYVLSIVPSGPLKAEIAQRLEDVFAGKNTDLEALMEWLKTRPILSPLTKGILGFVFTLTVPSERGLQRR RFVQNALNGNGDPNNMDKAVKLYRKLKREITFHGAKEIALSYSAGALASCMGLIYNRMGAVTTEVAFGLVCATCEQI ADSQHRSHRQMVATTNPLIRHENRMVLASTTAKAMEQMAGSSEQAAEAMEIASQARQMVQAMRAIGTHPSSSTGLRD DLLENLQTYQKRMGVQMQRFK
SEQ ID NO: 64 (M2, A/Wisconsin/67/2005)
MSLLTEVETPIRNEWGCRCNDSSDPLWAANIIGILHLILWILDRLFFKCVYRLFKHGLKRGPSTEGVPESMREEYR KEQQNAVDADDSHFVSIELE
SEQ ID NO: 65 (NS, A/Wisconsin/67/2005)
AATGGATTCCAACACTGTGTCAAGTTTCCAGGTAGATTGCTTTCTTTGGCATATCCGGAAACAAGTTGTAGACCAAG AACTGAGTGATGCCCCATTCCTTGATCGGCTTCGCCGAGATCAGAGGTCCCTAAGGGGAAGAGGCAATACTCTCGGT CTAGACATCAAAGCAGCCACCCATGTTGGAAAGCAAATTGTAGAAAAGATTCTGAAAGAAGAATCTGATGAGGCACT TAAAATGACCATGGTCTCCACACCTGCTTCGCGATACATAACTGACATGACTATTGAGGAATTGTCAAGAAACTGGT TCATGCTAATGCCCAAGCAGAAAGTGGAAGGACCTCTTTGCATCAGAATGGACCAGGCAATCATGGAGAAAAACATC ATGTTGAAAGCGAATTTCAGTGTGATTTCTGACCGACTAGAGACCATAGTATTACTAAGGGCTTTCACCGAAGAGGG AGCAATTGTTGGCGAAATCTCACCATTGCCTTCTTTTCCAGGACATACTATTGAGGATGTCAAAAATGCAATTGGGG TCCTCATCGGAGGACTTGAATGGAATGATAACACAGTTCGAGTCTCTAAAAATCTACAGAGATTCGCTTGGAGAAGC AGTAATGAGAATGGGGGACCTCCACTTACTCCAAAACAGAAACGGAAAATGGCGAGAACAGCTAGGTCAAAAGTTTG AAGAGATAAGATGGCTGATTGAAGAAGTGAGACACAGACTAAAAACAACTGAAAATAGCTTTGAACAAATAACATTC ATGCAAGCATTACAACTGCTGTTTGAAGTGGAACAGGAGATAAGAACTTTCTCATTTCAGCTTATTTAATGATAAA
SEQ ID NO: 66 (HA, A/Wisconsin/67/2005)
MKTIIALSYILCLVFAQKLPGNDNSTATLCLGHHAVPNGTIVKTITNDQIEVTNATELVQSSSTGGICDSPHQILDG ENCTLIDALLGDPQCDGFQNKKWDLFVERSKAYSNCYPYDVPDYASLRSLVASSGTLEFNDESFNWTGVTQNGTSSS CKRRSNNSFFSRLNWLTHLKFKYPALNVTMPNNEKFDKLYIWGVHHPVTDNDQIFLYAQASGRITVSTKRSQQTVIP NIGSRPRIRNIPSRISIYWTIVKPGDILLINSTGNLIAPRGYFKIRSGKSSIMRSDAPIGKCNSECITPNGSIPNDK PFQN RITYGACPRYVKQNTLKLATGMRNVPEKQTRGIFGAIAGFIENGWEGMVDGWYGFRHQNSEGIGQAADLKS TQAAINQINGKLNRLIGKTNEKFHQIEKEFSEVEGRIQDLEKYVEDTKIDLWSYNAELLVALENQHTIDLTDSEMNK LFERTKKQLRENAEDMGNGCFKIYHKCDNACIGSIRNGTYDHDVYRDEALNNRFQIKGVELKSGYKDWILWISFAIS CFLLCVALLGFIMWACQKGNIRCNICI
SEQ ID NO: 67 (NA, A/Wisconsin/67/2005)
MNPNQKIITIGSVSLTISTICFFMQIAILITTVTLHFKQYEFNSPPNNQVMLCEPTIIERNITEIVYLTNTTIEKEI CPKLAEYRNWSKPQCNITGFAPFSKDNSIRLSAGGDIWVTREPYVSCDPDKCYQFALGQGTTLNNVHSNDTVHDRTP YRTLLMNELGVPFHLGTKQVCIAWSSSSCHDGKAWLHVCVTGDDKNATASFIYNGRLVDSIVSWSKEILRTQESECV CINGTCTWMTDGSASGKADTKILFIEEGKIVHTSTLSGSAQHVEECSCYPRYLGVRCVCRDNWKGSNRPIVDINIK DYSIVSSYVCSGLVGDTPRKNDSSSSSHCLDPNNEEGGHGVKGWAFDDGNDVWMGRTISEKLRSGYETFKVIEGWSN PNSKLQINRQVIVDRGNRSGYSGIFSVEGKSCINRCFYVELIRGRKEETEVLWTSNSIWFCGTSGTYGTGSWPDGA DINLMPI
SEQ ID NO: 68 (PA, 105p30)
MEDFVRQCFNPMIVELAEKAMKEYGEDPKIETNKFAAICTHLEVCFMYSDFHFIDERGESIIVESGDPNALLKHRFE IIEGRDRIMAWTVINSICNTTGVEKPKFLPDLYDYKENRFIEIGVTRREVHIYYLEKANKIKSEKTHIHIFSFTGEE MATKADYTLDEESRARIKTRLFTIRQEMASKSLWDSFRQSERGEETIEEKFEITGTMRKLADQSLPPNFPSLENFRA YVDGFEPNGCIEGKLSQMSKE AKIEPFLRTTPRPLRLPDGPLCHQRSKFLLMDALKLSIEDPSHEGEGIPLYDAI KCMKTFFGWKEPNIVKPHEKGINPNYLMAWKQVLAELQDIENEEKIPRTKNMKRTSQLKWALGENMAPEKVDFDDCK DVGDLKQYDSDEPEPRSLASWVQNEFNKACELTDSSWIELDEIGEDVAPIEHIASMRRNYFTAEVSHCRATEYIMKG VYINTALLNASCAAMDDFQLIPMISKCRTKEGRRKTNLYGFIIKGRSHLRNDTDV FVSMEFSLTDPRLEPHKWEK YCVLEIGDMLLRTAIGQVSRPMFLYVRTNGTSKIKMKWGMEMRRCLLQSLQQIESMIEAESSVKEKDMTKEFFENKS ETWPIGESPRGVEEGSIGKVCRTLLAKSVFNSLYASPQLEGFSAESRKLLLIVQALRDNLEPGTFDLGGLYEAIEEC LINDPWVLLNASWFNSFLTHALK
SEQ ID NO: 69 (Ml, 105p30)
MSLLTEVETYVLSIVPSGPLKAEIAQRLENVFAGKNTDLEALMEWLKTRPILSPLTKGILGFVFTLTVPSERGLQRR RFVQNALNGNGDPNNMDKAVKLYRKLKREITFHGAKEIALSYSAGALASCMGLIYNRMGAVTTESAFGLICATCEQI ADSQHKSHRQMVTTTNPLIRHENRMVLASTTAKAMEQMAGSSEQAAEAMEVASQARQMVQAMRAIGTHPSSSTGLKN DLLENLQAYQKRMGVQMQRFK
SEQ ID NO: 70 (HA, A/California/04/09)
MKAILWLLYTFATANADTLCIGYHANNSTDTVDTVLEKNVTVTHS LLEDKHNGKLCKLRGVAPLHLGKCNIAGW ILGNPECESLSTASSWSYIVETPSSDNGTCYPGDFIDYEELREQLSSVSSFERFEIFPKTSSWPNHDSNKGVTAACP HAGAKSFYKNLIWLVKKGNSYPKLSKSYINDKGKEVLVLWGIHHPSTSADQQSLYQNADTYVFVGSSRYSKKFKPEI AIRPKVRDQEGRMNYYWTLVEPGDKITFEATGNLWPRYAFAMERNAGSGIIISDTPVHDCNTTCQTPKGAINTSLP FQNIHPITIGKCPKYVKSTKLRLATGLRNIPSIQSRGLFGAIAGFIEGGWTGMVDGWYGYHHQNEQGSGYAADLKST QNAIDEITNK SVIEKMNTQFTAVGKEFNHLEKRIENLNKKVDDGFLDIWTYNAELLVLLENERTLDYHDSNVKNL YEKVRSQLKNNAKEIGNGCFEFYHKCDNTCMESVKNGTYDYPKYSEEAKLNREEIDGVKLESTRIYQILAIYSTVAS SLVLWSLGAISFWMCSNGSLQCRICI
SEQ ID NO: 71 (PA, B/Brisbane/60/08)
AGCAGAAGCGGTGCGTTTGATTTGTCATAATGGATACTTTTATTACAAGAAACTTCCAGACTACAATAATACAAAAG GCCAAAAACACAATGGCAGAATTTAGTGAAGATCCTGAATTGCAACCAGCAATGCTATTCAATATCTGCGTCCATCT AGAGGTTTGCTATGTAATAAGTGACATGAATTTTCTTGACGAAGAAGGAAAAGCATATACAGCATTAGAAGGACAAG GGAAAGAACAAAACTTGAGACCACAATATGAAGTAATTGAGGGAATGCCAAGAACCATAGCATGGATGGTCCAGAGA TCCTTAGCTCAAGAGCATGGAATAGAGACTCCCAAGTATCTGGCTGATTTGTTTGATTATAAAACCAAAAGATTTAT AGAAGTTGGAATAACAAAGGGATTGGCTGATGATTACTTTTGGAAAAAGAAAGAAAAGTTGGGAAATAGCATGGAAC TGATGATATTCAGCTACAATCAAGACTACTCGTTAAGTAATGAATCCTCATTGGATGAGGAAGGGAAAGGGAGAGTG CTAAGCAGACTCACAGAACTTCAGGCTGAATTAAGTCTGAAAAATTTATGGCAAGTTCTCATAGGAGAAGAAGATGT TGAAAAGGGAATTGATTTTAAACTTGGACAAACAATATCTAGACTAAGGGATATATCTGTTCCAGCTGGTTTCTCCA ATTTTGAAGGAATGAGGAGCTACATAGACAATATAGACCCAAAAGGAGCAATAGAGAGAAATCTAGCAAGGATGTCT CCCTTAGTATCAGTCACACCTAAAAAGTTAACATGGGAGGACCTAAGACCAATAGGGCCTCACATTTACGACCATGA GCTACCAGAAGTTCCATATAATGCCTTTCTTCTAATGTCTGATGAACTGGGATTGGCCAATATGACTGAGGGAAAGT CCAAAAAACCGAAGACATTAGCCAAAGAATGTCTAGAAAAGTACTCAACACTACGGGATCAAACTGACCCAATATTA ATAATGAAAAGCGAAAAAGCTAACGAAAATTTCCTATGGAAGCTTTGGAGAGACTGTGTAAATACAATAAGTAATGA GGAAACGAGTAACGAGTTACAGAAAACCAATTATGCCAAATGGGCCACAGGGGATGGATTAACATACCAGAAAATAA TGAAAGAAGTAGCAATAGATGACGAAACAATGTGCCAAGAAGAGCCTAAAATCCCTAACAAATGTAGAGTGGCTGCT TGGGTTCAAACAGAGATGAATCTATTGAGCACTCTGACAAGTAAAAGAGCTCTGGACCTACCAGAAATAGGGCCAGA CATAGCACCCGTGGAGCATGTAGGAAGTGAAAGAAGGAAATACTTTGTTAATGAAATCAACTACTGTAAGGCCTCTA CAGTTATGATGAAGTATGTGCTTTTTCACACTTCATTGTTGAATGAAAGCAATGCCAGCATGGGAAAATACAAAGTA ATACCAATAACCAATAGAGTAGTAAATGAAAAAGGAGAAAGTTTCGACATGCTTTACGGTCTGGCGGTTAAAGGACA ATCTCATCTGAGGGGAGATACTGATGTTGTAACAGTTGTAACTTTCGAATTTAGTAGTACAGATCCAAGAGTGGACT CAGGAAAGTGGCCAAAATATACTGTGTTTAGGATTGGCTCCCTATTTGTGAGTGGGAGGGAAAAATCTGTGTACTTG TATTGCCGAGTGAATGGCACAAATAAGATCCAAATGAAATGGGGAATGGAAGCTAGAAGATGTTTGCTTCAATCAAT GCAACAAATGGAGGCAATTGTTGAACAGGAATCATCAATACAAGGATATGACATGACCAAAGCCTGTTTCAAGGGAG ACAGAGTAAATAGCCCCAAAACTTTCAGTATTGGAACTCAAGAAGGAAAACTAGTAAAAGGATCCTTTGGAAAAGCA CTAAGAGTAATATTTACTAAATGCTTGATGCACTATGTATTTGGAAATGCCCAATTGGAGGGGTTTAGTGCCGAGTC TAGGAGACTTCTACTGTTGATTCAAGCATTAAAGGACAGAAAGGGCCCTTGGGTGTTCGACTTAGAGGGAATGTATT CTGGAATAGAAGAATGTATTAGCAACAACCCTTGGGTAATACAGAGTGTATACTGGTTCAATGAATGGTTGGGCTTT GAAAAGGAGGGGAATAAAGTGTTGGAATCAGTGGATGAAATAATGGATGAATAAAAGGAAATGGTACTCAATTTGGT ACTATTTTGTTCATTATGTATCTAAACATCCAATAAAAAGAACCAAGAATCAAAAATGCACGTGTTTCTACT
£Z¾ZD λ· 72 (PB/, B/Brisbane/60/08)
AGCAGAAGCGGAGCCTTTAAGATGAATATAAATCCTTATTTTCTCTTCATAGATGTGCCCGTACAGGCAGCAATTTC AACAACATTCCCATACACTGGTGTTCCCCCTTATTCCCATGGAACAGGAACAGGCTACACAATAGACACCGTGATCA GAACGCATGAGTACTCAAACAAGGGGAAACAGTACATTTCTGATGTTACAGGATGCACAATGGTAGATCCAACAAAT GGACCATTACCCGAAGATAATGAGCCGAGTGCCTATGCGCAATTAGATTGCGTTTTAGAGGCTTTGGATAGAATGGA TGAAGAACACCCAGGTCTTTTTCAAGCAGCCTCACAGAATGCTATGGAGGCCCTAATGGTCACAACTGTAGACAAAT TAACCCAGGGGAGACAGACTTTTGATTGGACAGTATGCAGAAACCAACCTGCTGCAACGGCACTGAACACAACAATA ACCTCTTTTAGGTTGAATGATTTAAATGGAGCCGACAAAGGTGGATTAATACCTTTTTGCCAGGATATCATTGATTC AT T AGAC C GAC C T GAAAT GAC TTTCTTCT C AGT AAAGAAT AT AAAGAAAAAAT T G C C T G C C AAAAAC AGAAAG G GT T T C C T C AT AAAGAG GAT AC C AAT GAAG GTAAAAGACAAAAT AAC C AAAGT G GAAT AC AT C AAAAGAG CAT TAT CAT T A AACACAAT GAC AAAAGAC G C T GAAAGAG G C AAAC T GAAAAGAAGAG C GAT T G C C AC T G C T G GAAT AC AAAT CAGAGG GTTTGTATTAGTAGTTGAAAACTTGGCTAAAAATATATGTGAAAATCTAGAACAAAGTGGTTTACCAGTAGGTGGAA AC GAGAAGAAAG C C AAAC T GT C AAAC G C AGT GG C C AAAAT G C T C AGT AAC T G C C C AC C AG GAG G GAT TAG CAT GAC A GT AAC AG GAGAC AAT AC AAAAT G GAAT GAAT GT T T AAAC C C AAGAAT CTTTTTGGC TAT GAC T GAAAGAAT AAC C AG AGACAGCCCAGTTTGGTTCAGGGATTTTTGTAGTATAGCACCGGTCCTGTTCTCCAATAAGATAGCAAGATTGGGGA AAGGGTTTATGATAACAAGCAAAACAAAAAGACTGAAGGCTCAAATACCTTGTCCTGATCTGTTTAGTATACCGTTA GAAAGAT AT AAT GAAGAAAC AAG G G C AAAAT T GAAAAAG C T AAAAC CAT T C T T C AAT GAAGAAG GAAC T G CAT C T T T GTCGCCTGGGATGATGATGGGAATGTTTAATATGCTATCTACCGTGTTGGGAGTAGCTGCACTAGGTATCAAGAACA TTGGAAACAAAGAATACTTATGGGATGGACTGCAATCTTCTGATGATTTTGCTCTGTTTGTTAATGCAAAGGATGAA GAAAC AT GT AT G GAAG GAAT AAAC GAC T T T T AC C GAAC AT GT AAAT TAT T G G GAGT AAAC AT GAG C AAAAAGAAAAG T T AC T GT AAT GAGAC T G GAAT GT T T GAAT T T AC AAG CAT GT T C T AC AGAGAT G GAT T T GT AT C T AAT T T T G C AAT G G AAC TCCCTTCGTTTGGGGTTGCTG GAGT AAAT GAAT C AG C AGAT AT G G C AAT AG GAAT GAC AAT AAT AAAGAAC AAC AT GAT C AAC AAT G GAAT GGGTCCGG C AAC AG CAC AAAC AG C CAT AC AGT TAT T CAT AG C T GAT T AT AGAT AC AC C T A C AAAT G C C AC AG G G GAGAT T C C AAAGT AGAAGGAAAGAGAAT GAAAAT C AT AAAG GAGT TAT G G GAAAAC AC T AAAG GAAGAGATGGTCTATTAGTAGCAGATGGTGGGCCCAACATTTACAATTTGAGAAACCTGCATATCCCAGAAATAGTA TTAAAGTATAATCTAATGGACCCTGAATACAAAGGGCGGTTACTTCATCCTCAAAATCCCTTTGTGGGACATTTGTC TAT T GAG G G CAT C AAAGAG G C AGAC AT AAC C C C AG CAC AT G GT C C AGT AAAGAAAAT G GAC T AC GAT GCGGTGTCTG GAAC T CAT AGT T G GAGAAC C AAAAGAAAC AGAT C TAT AC T AAAC AC T GAT CAGAGGAACAT GAT T C T T GAG GAAC AA TGCTACGCTAAATGTTGCAACCTATTTGAGGCCTGTTTTAACAGTGCATCATACAGGAAGCCAGTGGGTCAACATAG CAT G C T T GAG G C TAT G G C C CAC AGAT T AAGAAT G GAT G CAC GAT T AGAT TAT GAAT C AG G GAGAAT GT C AAAG GAT G ATTTTGAGAAAGCAATGGCTCACCTTGGTGAGATTGGGTACATATAAGCTTCGAAGATGTTTATGGGGTTATTGGTC AT CAT T GAAT AC AT G C GAT AC AC AAAT GAT T AAAAT GAAAAAAG GCTCGTGTTTCTACT
£Z¾ ZD λ· 75 (PB2, B/Brisbane/60/08)
AG C AGAAG C G GAG C GT T T T C AAGAT GAC AT T GG C C AAAAT T GAAT T GT T AAAAC AAC T G C T AAG G GAC AAT GAAG C C AAAAC AGT T T T GAAG C AAAC AAC G GT AGAC C AAT AT AAC AT AAT AAGAAAAT T C AAT AC AT C AAG GAT T GAAAAGAA TCCTTCACTAAGGATGAAGTGGGCCATGTGTTCTAATTTTCCCTTGGCTCTAACCAAGGGCGATATGGCAAACAGAA TCCCCTTG GAAT AC AAAG G GAT AC AAC T T AAAAC AAAT G C T GAAGAC AT AG GAAC C AAAG G C C AAAT GT G C T C AAT A G C AG C AGT TACTTGGTG GAAT AC AT AT G GAC CAAT AG GAGAT AC T GAAG GT T T C GAAAG G GT C T AC GAAAG C T T T T T TCTCAGAAAAATGAGACTTGACAACGCCACTTGGGGCCGAATAACTTTTGGCCCAGTTGAAAGAGTGAGAAAAAGGG TACTGCTAAACCCTCTCACCAAGGAAATGCCTCCGGATGAGGCGAGCAATGTGATAATGGAAATATTGTTCCCTAAA GAAG C AG GAAT AC C AAGAGAAT C CAC T T G GAT AC AT AG G GAAC T GAT AAAAGAAAAAAGAGAAAAAT T GAAAG GAAC AATGATAACTCCAATCGTACTGGCATACATGCTTGAAAGAGAACTGGTTGCTCGAAGAAGATTCTTGCCAGTGGCAG GAG C AAC AT C AG C T GAGT T C AT AGAAAT G C T AC AC T G C T T AC AAG GT GAAAAT T G GAGAC AAAT AT AT CAC C C AG GA GGGAATAAATTAACT GAGT CCAGGT CT CAAT CAAT GATAGTAGCTT GTAGAAAAATAAT CAGAAGAT CAAT AGT CGC TTCAAACCCACTGGAGCTAGCTGTAGAAATTGCAAACAAGACTGTGATAGATACTGAACCTTTAAAGTCATGTCTGG C AG C CAT AGAC G GAG GT GAT GTAGCTT GT GACAT AAT AAGAG C T G CAT TAG GAC T AAAGAT CAGACAAAGACAAAGA T T T G GAC G G C T T GAG C T AAAAAGAAT AT C AG GAAGAG GAT T C AAAAAT GAT GAAGAAAT AT T AAT AG G GAAC G GAAC AAT AC AGAAGAT T G GAAT AT G G GAC G G G GAAGAG GAGT T C CAT GT AAGAT GT G GT GAAT G C AG G G GAAT AT T AAAAA AGAGT AAAAT GAAAC T G GAAAAAC TACT GAT AAAT T C AG C C AAAAAG GAG GAT AT GAGAGAT T T AAT AAT C T TAT G C AT G GT AT T T T C T C AAGAC AC TAG GAT GT T C C AAG GAGT GAGAG GAGAAAT AAAT T T T C T T AAT C GAG C AG G C C AAC T TTTATCTCCAATGTACCAACTCCAACGATATTTTTTGAATAGAAGCAACGACCTTTTTGATCAATGGGGGTATGAGG AAT CACCCAAAGCAAGT GAAC T AC AT GG GAT AAAT GAAT CAAT GAAT G CAT C T GAC TAT AC AT T GAAAG G GAT T GT A GT GACAAGAAAT GT AAT T GAC GACTT T AGCT CT AT T GAAACAGAAAAAGT AT C CAT AACAAAAAAT CT T AGT T T AAT AAAAAGGACT GGGGAAGT CAT AAT G G GAG C T AAT GACGT GAGT GAATTAGAAT CACAAG CAC AGCT GAT GATAACAT AT GAT AC AC C T AAAAT GT G G GAAAT G G GAAC AAC C AAAGAAC T G GT G C AAAAC AC T TAT CAAT G G GT G C T AAAAAAC TTGGTGACACTGAAGGCTCAGTTTCTTCTAGGAAAAGAGGACATGTTCCAATGGGATGCATTTGAAGCATTTGAGAG CAT AAT T C C T CAGAAGAT G G C T G GT C AGT AC AGT G GAT T T G C AAGAG C AGT G C T C AAAC AAAT GAGAGAC C AG GAG G TTATGAAAACTGACCAGTTCATAAAGTTGTTGCCTTTTTGTTTCTCACCACCAAAATTAAGGAGCAATGGGGAGCCT TATCAATTCTTAAAACTTGTGTTGAAAGGAGGAGGGGAAAATTTCATCGAAGTAAGGAAAGGGTCCCCTCTATTTTC C TAT AAT C CAC AAAC AGAAGT C C T AAC TAT AT G C G G C AGAAT GAT GT CAT T AAAAG G GAAAAT T GAAGAT GAAGAAA GGAATAGATCAATGGGTAATGCAGTATTAGCAGGCTTTCTCGTTAGTGGCAAGTATGACCCAGATCTTGGAGATTTC AAAAC TAT T GAAGAAC T T GAAAAG C T GAAAC C G G G G GAAAAG G C AAAC AT C T T AC T T TAT C AAG GAAAAC C AGT T AA AGTAGTTAAAAGGAAAAGGTATAGTGCTTTGTCCAATGACATTTCACAAGGAATTAAGAGACAAAGAATGACAGTTG AGTCTATGGGGTGGGCCTTGAGCTAATATAAATTTATCCATTAATTCAATGAACGCAATTGAGTGAAAAATGCTCGT GTTTCTACT SEQ ID NO: 74 (NP, B/Brisbane/60/08)
AG C AGAAG C AC AG CAT TTTCTTGT GAAC T T C AAG C AC C AGT AAAAGAAC T GAAAAT C AAAAT GT C C AAC AT G GAT AT T GAC G GT AT AAAC AC T G G GAC AAT T GAC AAAAC AC C G GAAGAAAT AAC T T C T G GAAC C AGT G G GAC AAC C AGAC C AA T CAT T AGAC C AG C AAC CCTTGCCC C AC C AAG CAAC AAAC GAAC C C GT AAC C CAT C C C C G GAAAGAG C AAC C AC AAG C AGT GAAGAT GAT GT C G GAAG GAAAAC C C AAAAGAAAC AGAC C C C GAC AGAGAT AAAGAAGAG C GT C T AC AAC AT G GT GGT GAAACT GGGCGAATT CTATAACCAGAT GAT GGT CAAAGCT GGACT CAAT GAT GAC AT G GAGAGAAAT C T AAT C C AAAAT G C G CAT G C C GT G GAAAGAAT T C TAT T GG C T G C C AC T GAT GAC AAGAAAAC C GAGT T C C AGAAGAAAAAGAAT G C C AGAGAT GT C AAAGAAG G GAAAGAAGAAAT AGAT C AC AAC AAAAC AG GAG G C AC C T T T T AC AAGAT G GT AAGAGA T GAT AAAAC CAT C T AC T T C AG C C C T AT AAGAAT TACCTTTT T AAAAGAAGAG GT GAAAAC AAT GT AC AAAAC C AC C A T G G G GAGT GAT G G C T T C AGT G GAC T AAAT C ACAT AAT GAT T G G G CAT T C AC AGAT GAAT GAT GTCTGTTTC C AAAGA T C AAAG G C AC T AAAAAGAGT T G GAC T T GAT C CT T CAT T AAT C AGT AC CTTTGCGG GAAG C AC AGT C C C C AGAAGAT C AGGTGCGACTGGTGTTGCAATCAAAGGAGGTGGAACCTTAGTGGCTGAAGCCATTCGATTTATAGGAAGAGCAATGG C AGAC AGAG G G C TAT T GAGAGAC AT C AAAG C CAAGAC T G C C TAT GAAAAGAT T C T T C T GAAT C T AAAAAAC AAAT G C TCTGCGCCCCAACAAAAGGCTCTAGTTGATCAAGTGATCGGAAGCAGAAATCCGGGGATTGCAGACATTGAAGATCT AACCCTGCTTGCTCGTAGTATGGTCGTTGTTAGGCCCTCTGTGGCAAGCAAAGTGGTGCTTCCCATAAGCATTTACG CCAAAATACCTCAACTAGGGTTCAATGTTGAAGAGTACTCTATGGTTGGGTACGAAGCCATGGCTCTTTACAATATG GCAACACCTGTGTCCATATTAAGAATGGGAGATGATGCAAAAGATAAATCGCAATTATTCTTCATGTCTTGCTTCGG AG C T G C C TAT GAAGAC C T GAGAGT T T T GT C T GC AT T AAC AG G C AC AGAAT T C AAG C C T AGAT C AG CAT T AAAAT G C A AGGGTTTCCATGTTCCAGCAAAGGAACAGGTAGAAGGAATGGGAGCAGCTCTGATGTCCATCAAGCTCCAGTTTTGG GCTCCGATGACCAGATCTGGGGGGAACGAAGTAGGTGGAGACGGAGGGTCTGGCCAAATAAGCTGCAGCCCAGTGTT T GCAGT GGAAAGACCTATT GCT CTAAGCAAGCAAGCT GTAAGAAGAAT GCT GT CAAT GAAT ATT GAGGGACGT GAT G CAGAT GT C AAAG GAAAT C T AC T C AAGAT GAT GAAT GACT CAAT GGCTAAGAAAACCAGT GGAAAT GCTTT CATT GGG AAGAAAAT GT T T C AAAT AT C AGAC AAAAAC AAAAC CAAT C C CAT T GAAAT T C CAAT T AAG C AGAC CAT C C C CAAT T T CTTCTTTGG GAG G GAC AC AG C AGAG GAT TAT GAT GAC C T C GAT TAT T AAG G CAAC AAAAT AGAC AC TAT GAC T GT GA TTGTTTCAATACGTTTGGAATGTGGGTGTTTATTCTTATTAAAATAAATATAAAAAATGCTGTTGTTTCTACT
£Z¾ ZD λ· 75 (fl , B/Brisbane/60/08)
AGCAGAAGCACGCACTTTCTTAAAATGTCGCTGTTTGGAGACACAATTGCCTACCTGCTTTCATTGACAGAAGATGG AGAAGGCAAAGCAGAACTAGCAGAAAAATTACACTGTTGGTTTGGTGGGAAAGAATTTGACCTAGACTCTGCCTTGG AAT G GAT AAAAAAC AAAAGAT GCT T AAC T GAT AT AC AAAAAG C AC T AAT TGGTGCCTC TAT AT G C T T T T T AAAAC C C AAAGAC C AG GAAAGAAAAAGAAGAT T CAT C ACAGAG C C C T TAT C AG GAAT G G GAAC AAC AG C AAC AAAAAAGAAAG G C C T GAT T C T G G C T GAGAGAAAAAT GAGAAGAT GT GT GAG C T T T CAT GAAG CAT T T GAAAT AG C AGAAG G C CAT GAAA GCTCAGCGCTACTATACTGTCTCATGGTCATGTACCTGAATCCTGGAAATTATTCAATGCAAGTAAAACTAGGAACG CTCTGTGCTT TAT G C GAGAAAC AAG CAT C AC AT T C AC AC AG G G C T CAT AG C AGAG C AG C GAGAT C T T C AGT G C C T G G AGT GAGACGAGAAAT GCAGAT GGT CT CAGCTAT GAAC AC AG C AAAAAC AAT GAAT G GAAT GGGAAAAGGAGAAGACG TCCAAAAGCTGGCAGAAGAGTTGCAAAGCAACATTGGAGTGCTGAGATCTCTTGGGGCAAGCCAAAAGAATGGGGAA G G GAT T G C AAAG GAT GT AAT G GAAGT G C T AAAG C AGAG C T C CAT G G GAAAT T C AG C T C T T GT GAAGAAAT AT C TATA ATGCTCGAACCATTTCAGATTCTTACAATTTGTTCTTTTATCTTATCAGCTCTCCATTTCATGGCTTGGACAATAGG G CAT T T GAAT C AAAT AAAAAGAG GAAT AAAC AT GAAAAT AC GAAT AAAAG GT C C AAAC AAAGAGAC AAT AAAC AGAG AG GT AT CAAT T T T GAGAC AC AGT T AC C AAAAAGAAAT C C AG G C C AAAGAAAC AAT GAAG GAAGT AC T C T C T GAC AAC AT G GAG GT AT T GAAT GAC C AC AT AAT AAT T GAG GGGCTTTCTGCC GAAGAGAT AAT AAAAAT G G GT GAAAC AGT T T T G GAGAT AGAAGAAT T G CAT T AAAT T CAAT T T T AC T GT AT T T C T T AC TAT G CAT T T AAG C AAAT T GT AAT CAAT GT C A GCAAATAAACTGGAAAAAGTGCGTTGTTTCTACT
£Z¾ ZD λ· 76 (Λ¾ B/Brisbane/60/08)
AG C AGAAG C AGAG GAT TTGTTTAGT C AC T G G CAAAC AG G GAAAAAT G G C GAAC AAC AAC AT GAC C AC AAC AC AAAT T GAGGTGGGTCCGGGAGCAACCAATGCCACCATAAACTTTGAAGCAGGAATTCTAGAGTGCTATGAAAGGCTTTCATG G C AAAGAG C C C T T GAC TACCCTGGT CAAGAC C G C C T AAAC AGAC T AAAGAGAAAAT T AGAGT C AAGAAT AAAGAC T C AC AAC AAAAGT GAG C C T GAAAGT AAAAG GAT GT C C C T T GAAGAGAGAAAAG CAAT T G GAGT AAAAAT GAT GAAAGT A CTCCTATTTATGAATCCGTCTGCTGGAATTGAAGGGTTTGAGCCATACTGTATGAAAAGTTCCTCAAATAGCAACTG T AC GAAAT AC AAT T G GAC T GAT T AC C C T T CAAC AC C AGAGAG GT G C C T T GAT GAC AT AGAG GAAGAAC C AGAG GAT G T T GAT G G C C CAAC T GAAAT AGT AT T AAG G GACAT GAAC AAC AAAGAT G C AAG G C AAAAGAT AAAG GAG GAAGT AAAC ACTCAGAAAGAAGGGAAGTTCCGTTTGACAATAAAAAGGGATATGCGTAATGTATTGTCCTTGAGAGTGTTGGTAAA C G GAAC AT T C C T CAAAC AC C C CAAT G GAC AC AAGT C C T TAT CAAC T C T G CAT AGAT T GAAT G CAT AT GAC C AGAGT G GAAGGCTTGTTGCTAAACTTGTTGCCACTGATGATCTTACAGTGGAGGATGAAGAAGATGGCCATCGGATCCTCAAC TCACTCTTCGAGCGTCTTAATGAAGGACATTCAAAGCCAATTCGAGCAGCTGAAACTGCGGTGGGAGTCTTATCCCA AT T T G GT C AAGAG C AC C GAT TAT C AC C AGAAGAG G GAGAC AAT T AGAC T G GT C AC G GAAGAAC T T TAT C T T T T AAGT AAAAGAAT T GAT GAT AAC AT AC TAT T C C AC AAAAC AGT AAT AG C T AAC AG C T C CAT AAT AG C T GACAT G GT T GT AT C ATTATCATTATTAGAAACATTGTATGAAATGAAGGATGTGGTTGAAGTGTACAGCAGGCAGTGCTTGTGAATTTAAA ATAAAAATCCTCTTGTTACTACT
SEQ ID NO: 77 (PA, B/Panama/45/90)
AG C AGAAG CGGTGCGTTT GAT T T G C C AT AAT GGAT AC T T T TAT T AC AAGAAAC T T C C AGAC T AC AAT AAT AC AAAAG G C C AAAAAC AC AAT G G C AGAAT T T AGT GAAGAT C C T GAAT T AC AAC C AG C AAT G C TAT T C AAC AT C T G C GT C CAT C T AGAG GT T T G C TAT GT AAT AAGT GAC AT GAAT T T T C T T GAC GAAGAAG GAAAAT CAT AT AC AG CAT T AGAAG GAC AAG GAAAAGAAC AAAAC T T GAGAC C AC AAT AT GAAGT AAT T GAG G GAAT G C C AAGAAC CAT AG CAT G GAT G GT C C AAAGA TCCTTAGCT C AAGAG CAT G GAAT AGAGAC T C CAAAGT AT C T G G C T GAT T T GT T T GAT T AT AAAAC C AAGAGAT T TAT AGAAGT T G GAAT AAC AAAAG GAT T G G C T GAT GAT TACTTTTG GAAAAAGAAAGAAAAG C T G G GAAAT AG CAT G GAAC T GAT GAT AT T C AG C T AC AAT C AAGAC TAT T C GT T AAGT AAT GAAT C C T CAT T G GAT GAG GAAG G GAAAG G GAGAGT G C T AAG C AGAC T C AC AGAAC T T C AG G C T GAAT T AAGT C T GAAAAAC C TAT G G C AAGT T C T CAT AG GAGAAGAAGAT GT TGAAAAGGGAATTGACTTTAAACTTGGACAAACAATATCTAGACTAAGGGATATATCTGTTCCAGCTGGTTTCTCCA AT T T T GAAG GAAT GAG GAG C T AC AT AGAC AAT AT AGAT C C T AAAG GAG C AAT AGAAAGAAAT C T AG C AAG GAT GT CT C C C T T AGT AT C AG C C AC AC C T AAAAAGT T GAAAT G G GAG GAC C T AAGAC C AAT AG G G C C T C AC AT T T AC AAC CAT GA GTTACCAGAAGTTCCATATAATGCCTTTCTTCTAATGTCTGATGAATTGGGGCTGGCCAATATGACTGAGGGAAAGT C C AAAAAAC C GAAGAC AT T AG C C AAAGAAT GT C T AGAAAAGT AC T C AAC AC T AC G G GAT C AAAC T GAC C C AAT AT T A AT AAT GAAAAG C GAAAAAG C T AAC GAAAAT T T C C TAT G GAAG C T GT G GAG G GAC T GT GT AAAT AC AAT AAGT AAT GA G GAAAT GAGT AAC GAGT T AC AGAAAAC C AAT TAT G C C AAGT G G G C C AC AG GAGAT G GAT T AAC AT AC C AGAAAAT AA T GAAAGAAGT AG C AAT AGAT GAC GAAAC AAT GT G C C AAGAAGAG C C T AAAAT C C C T AAC AAAT GT AGAGT G G C T G C T T G G GT T C AAAC AGAGAT GAAT T TAT T GAG C ACT C T GAC AAGT AAAAGAG C T C T G GAC C T AC C AGAAAT AG G G C C AGA CGTAGCACCCGTGGAGCATGTAGGGAGTGAAAGAAGGAAATACTTTGTTAATGAAATCAACTGCTGTAAGGCCTCTA C AGT TAT GAT GAAGT AT GTGCTTTTT C AC AC T T CAT TAT T GAAT GAAAG C AAT G C C AG CAT G G GAAAAT AT AAAGT A ATACCAATAACCAATAGAGTAGTAAATGAAAAAGGAGAAAGTTTCGACATGCTTTATGGTCTGGCGGTTAAAGGACA ATCTCATCTGAGGGGAGATACTGATGTTGTAACAGTTGTGACTTTCGAATTTAGTGGTACAGATCCCAGAGTGGACT CAGGAAAGTGGCCAAAATATACTGTGTTTAGGATTGGCTCCCTATTTGTGAGTGGGAGGGAAAAATCTGTGTACCTA TAT T G C C GAGT GAAT G G C AC AAAT AAGAT C C AAAT GAAAT G G G GAAT G GAAG C T AGAAGAT GTCTGCTT C AAT C AAT G C AAC AAAT G GAAG C AAT T GT T GAAC AAGAAT CAT C GAT AC AAG GAT AT GAC AT GAC C AAAG C T T GT T T C AAG G GAG AC AGAGT AAAT AG C C C C AAAAC T T T T AGT AT T G G GAC T C AAGAAG GAAAAC T AGT AAAAG GAT C C T T T G G GAAAG C A CTAAGAGTAATATTTACCAAATGTTTGATGCACTATGTATTTGGAAATGCCCAATTGGAGGGGTTTAGTGCCGAGTC TAGGAGACTTCTACTGTTAATTCAAGCACTAAAGGACAGAAAGGGCCCTTGGGTGTTCGACTTAGAGGGAATGTATT CTGGAATAGAAGAATGTATTAGTAACAACCCTTGGGTAATACAGAGTGCATACTGGTTCAATGAATGGTTGGGCTTT GAAAAG GAG G G GAGT AAAGT AT T AGAAT CAGTAGAT GAAAT AAT GAAT GAAT GAAAAAACATAGTACT CAATTT GGT AC TAT T T T GT T CAT TAT GT AT C T AAAC AT C C AAT AAAAAGAAT C GAGAAT C AAAAAT G C AC GTGTTTCTACT
£Z¾ ZD λ· 7* (PS/, B/Panama/45/90)
AG C AGAAG C G GAG C C T T T AAGAT GAAT AT AAAT C C T TAT TTTCTCTT CAT AGAT GT AC C CAT AC AG G C AG C AAT T T C AAC AAC AT T C C CAT AC AC CGGTGTTCCCCCT T AC T C C CAT G GAAC G G GAAC AG G C C AC AC AAT AGAC AC C GT GAT C A GAACACAT GAGT AC T C GAAC AAG G GAAAAC AGT AT GTTT CT GACAT CACAGGAT GTACAAT GGT AGAT C CAACAAAT GGGCCATTACCCGAAGACAATGAGCCGAGTGCCTATGCACAATTAGATTGCGTTCTGGAGGCTTTGGATAGAATGGA T GAAGAAC AT C C AG GT T T GT T T C AAG C AG C C T C AC AGAAT G C CAT G GAG G C AC T AAT GGT C AC AAC T GT AGAC AAAT T AAC C C AG G G GAGAC AGAC T T T T GAT T G GAC AGT AT G C AGAAAC C AG C C T G C T G C AAC G G C AC T AAAC AC AAC AAT A ACCTCCTTTAGGTTGAATGATTTGAATGGAGCTGACAAGGGTGGATTGGTACCCTTTTGCCAAGATATCATTGATTC AT T G GAC AAAC C T GAAAT GAC TTTCTTCT C AGT AAAGAAT AT AAAGAAAAAAT T G C C T G C T AAAAAC AGAAAG G GT T T C C T C AT AAAGAGAAT AC C AAT GAAAGT AAAAGAC AG GAT AAC C AGAGT G GAAT AC AT C AAAAGAG CAT TAT CAT T A AAC AC AAT GAC AAAAGAT G C T GAAAG G G G C AAAC T AAAAAGAAGAG C GAT T G C AAC C G C T G GAAT AC AAAT C AGAG G GTTTGTATTAGTAGTTGAAAACTTGGCTAAAAATATCTGTGAAAATCTAGAACAAAGTGGTTTGCCCGTAGGTGGAA AT GAAAAGAAG G C C AAAC T GT C AAAT G C AGT GG C C AAAAT G C T C AGT AAC T G C C C AC C AG GAG G GAT C AG CAT GAC A GT AAC AG GAGAC AAT AC T AAAT G GAAT GAAT GC T T AAAT C C AAGAAT CTTTTTGGC TAT GAC T GAAAG GAT AAC AAG AGACAGCCCAATTTGGTTCCGGGATTTTTGTAGTATAGCACCGGTCTTGTTCTCCAATAAAATAGCCAGATTGGGAA AAG GAT T TAT GAT AAC AAG C AAAAC AAAAAGAC T GAAG G C T C AAAT AC C T T GT C C AGAT CTGTTTAG CAT AC CAT T A GAAAGAT AT AAT GAAGAAAC AAG G G C AAAAT T AAAAAAG C T GAAAC CAT T C T T C AAT GAAGAAG GAAC G G CAT C T T T GTCGCCTGGGATGATGATGGGAATGTTTAATATGCTATCTACCGTGTTGGGAGTAGCCGCACTAGGTATCAAAAACA TTGGAAACAAAGAATATTTATGGGATGGACTGCAATCTTCTGATGATTTTGCTCTGTTTGTTAATGCAAAAGATGAA GAGAC AT GT AT G GAAG GAAT AAAC GAC T T T T AC C GAAC AT GT AAAT TAT T G G GAAT AAAC AT GAG C AAAAAGAAAAG T T AC T GT AAT GAAAC T G GAAT GTTT GAAT T T AC AAG CAT GT T C TAT AGAGAT G GAT T T GT AT C T AAT T T T G C AAT G G AAAT T C C T T CAT T T G GAGT T G C T G GAGT AAAT GAAT C AG C AGAT AT G G C AAT AG GAAT GAC AAT AAT AAAGAAC AAT AT GAT C AAC AAT G G GAT G G GT C C AG C AAC AG CAC AAAC AG C CAT AC AAT TAT T CAT AG C T GAT TAT AG GT AC AC C T A C AAAT G C C AC AG G G GAGAT T C CAAAGT G GAAGGAAAAAGAAT GAAAAT TAT AAAG GAG CT AT GG GAAAAC ACT AAAG GAAGAGATGGTCTGTTAGTGGCAGATGGTGGGCCCAACATTTACAATTTGAGAAACTTACATATCCCAGAAATAGTA T T GAAGT AC AAC C T AAT G GAC C C T GAAT AC AAAG GGCGGTTACTT CAT C C T C AAAAT C CAT T T GT AG GAC AT T TAT C TAT T GAG G G CAT C AAAGAAG C AGAT AT AAC C C C AG C AC AT G GT C C C GT AAAGAAAAT G GAT TAT GAT G C AGT AT C T G GAAC T C AT AGT T G GAGAAC C AAAAG GAAC AGAT C TAT AC T AAAT AC T GAC C AGAG GAAC AT GAT T C T T GAG GAAC AA TGCTACGCTAAGTGTTGCAACCTTTTTGAGGCCTGTTTTAATAGTGCATCATACAGGAAACCAGTAGGTCAGCACAG CAT G C T T GAG G C TAT G G C C C AC AGAT T AAGAGT G GAT G C AC GAC T AGAT TAT GAAT C AG GAAGAAT GT C AAAG GAT G ATTTTGAGAAAGCAATGGCTCACCTTGGTGAGATTGGGTACATATAAGCTCCGAAGATGTCTATGGGGTTATTGGTC AT CAT T GAAT AC AT GT GAT AAAC AAAT GAT T AAAAT GAAAAAAG GCTCGTGTTTCTACT
£Z¾ ZD NO: 79 (PB2, B/Panama/45/90)
AG C AGAAG C G GAG C GT T T T C AAGAT GAC AT T GG C T AAAAT T GAAT T GT T AAAAC AAC T GT T AAG G GAC AAT GAAG C C AAAACAGT AT T GAAACAAACAAC GGT AGAC CAAT AT AACAT AAT AAGAAAAT T CAAT ACAT CAAGAAT T GAAAAGAA CCCTTCATTGAGGATGAAGTGGGCAATGTGTTCTAATTTTCCCTTGGCTCTGACCAAGGGTGATATGGCAAACAGAA TCCCCTTG GAAT AC AAG G GAAT AC AAC T T AAAAC AAAT G C T GAAGAC AT AG GAAC T AAAG G C C AAAT GT G C T CAAT A G C AG C AGT TACCTGGTG GAAT AC AT AT G GAC CAAT AG GAGAT AC T GAAG GT T T C GAAAAG GT C T AC GAAAG C T T T T T TCTCAGAAAGATGAGACTTGACAATGCCACTTGGGGCCGAATAACTTTTGGCCCAGTTGAAAGAGTAAGAAAAAGGG TACTGCTAAACCCTCTCACCAAGGAAATGCCTCCAGATGAAGCAAGTAATGTGATAATGGAAATATTGTTCCCTAAG GAAG C AG GAAT AC C AAGAGAAT C T AC T T G GAT AC AT AG G GAAC T GAT AAAAGAAAAAAGAGAAAAAT T GAAAG GAAC AATGATAACTCCCATTGTACTGGCATACATGCTTGAGAGAGAATTGGTTGCCAGAAGAAGGTTCCTGCCGGTGGCAG GAG C AAC AT C AG C T GAGT T C AT AGAAAT G C T AC AC T G C T T AC AAG GT GAAAAT T G GAGAC AAAT AT AT C AC C C AG GA GGAAATAAACTAACT GAAT CTAGGT CT CAAT CGAT GATT GTAGCTT GTAGAAAGATAAT CAGAAGAT CAAT AGT CGC AT C AAAC C CAT T AGAG C T AG C T GT AGAAAT T GC AAAC AAGAC T GT GAT AGAT AC T GAAC C T T T AAAAT CAT GT C T GA C AG C CAT AGAC G GAG GT GAT GTAGCCT GT GACAT AAT AAGAG C T G CAT TAG GAC T AAAGAT CAGACAAAGACAAAGA T T T G GAC GAC T T GAAC T AAAGAGAAT AT C AG GAAGAG GAT T C AAAAAT GAT GAAGAAAT AT T AAT C G G GAAC G GAAC AAT AC AGAAGAT T G GAAT AT G G GAC G GAGAAGAG GAGT T C CAT GT AAGAT GT G GT GAAT G C AG G G GAAT AT T AAAAA AGAG C AAAAT GAGAAT GGAAAAAC TACT AAT AAAT T C AG CTAAAAAG GAAGAC AT GAAAGAT T T AAT AAT C T T GT G C AT G GT AT T T T C T C AAGAC AC TAG GAT GT T C C AAG GAGT GAGAG GAGAAAT AAAT T T T C T T AAT AGAG C AG G C C AAC T TTTATCTCCAATGTACCAACTCCAAAGATATTTTTTGAATAGAAGCAACGATCTCTTTGATCAATGGGGGTATGAGG AAT C AC C C AAAG C AAGT GAG C T AC AT G GAAT AAAT GAAT T AAT GAAT G CAT C T GAC T AC AC T T T GAAAG GGGTTGTA GT AACAAAAAAT GT AAT T GAT GAT T T T AGT T CT ACT GAAACAGAAAAAGT AT CT AT AACAAAAAAT CT T AGT T T AAT AAAAAG GAC T G G G GAAGT CAT AAT G G G G G C T AAT GAC GT AAGT GAAT T AGAAT C AC AAG C T C AG C T AAT GAT AAC AT AT GAT AC AC C T AAGAT GT G G GAGAT G G GAAC AAC C AAAGAAC T G GT G C AAAAC AC C T AC CAAT G G GT G C T GAAAAAT TTGGTAACACTGAAGGCTCAGTTTCTTCTAGGAAAAGAAGACATGTTCCAATGGGATGCATTTGAAGCATTTGAAAG CAT AAT C C C C CAGAAGAT G G C T G G C C AGT AC AGT G GAT T T G C AAGAG C AGT G C T C AAAC AAAT GAGAGAC C AAGAG G TTATGAAAACTGACCAGTTCATAAAGTTGTTGCCCTTTTGTTTCTCACCACCAAAATTAAGGAGAAATGGGGAGCCT TATCAGTTCTTGAGGCTTGTATTGAAGGGAGGAGGAGAAAATTTCATCGAAGTAAGGAAAGGGTCCCCTCTATTCTC T T AC AAT C C AC AAAC AGAAGT C C T AAC TAT AT G C G G C AGAAT GAT GT CAT T AAAAG G GAAAAT T GAAGAT GAAGAAA GGAATAGATCAATGGGGAATGCAGTATTAGCGGGCTTTCTCGTTAGTGGCAAGTATGACCCAGATCTTGGAGATTTC AAAACTATTGAAGAACTTGAAAAGCTGAAACCGGGGGAGAAAGCAAACATCTTACTTTATCAAGGAAAGCCCGTTAA AGT AGT T AAAAG GAAAAGAT AT AGT G C T T T AT C CAAT GACAT T T C AC AAG GAAT T AAGAGAC AAAGAAT GAC AGT T G AGTCCATGGGGTGGGCCTTGAGCTAATATAAATTTATCCATTAATTCAATAAACACAATTGAGTGAAAAATGCTCGT GTTTCTACT
£Z¾ ZD λ· «0 (2VP, B/Panama/45/90)
AG C AGAAG C AC AG CAT T T T C T TAT T AAC T T C AAGT AC C AAC AAAAGAAC T GAAAAT C AAAAT GT C C AAC AT G GAT AT T GAC G GT AT C AAC AC T G G GAC AAT T GAC AAAAC AC C G GAAGAAAT AAC T T C T G GAAC C AGT G G GAC AAC C AGAC C AA T CAT C AGAC C AG C AAC CCTTGCCC C AC C AAG CAAC AAAC GAAC C C G GAAC C CAT C C C C G GAAAGAG C AAC C AC AAG C AGT GAAG C T GAT GT C G GAAG GAAAAC C C AAAAGAAAC AGAC C C C GAC AGAGAT AAAGAAGAG C GT C T AC AAT AT GGT AGT GAAAC T G G GT GAAT T C TAT AAC C AGAT GAT GGT C AAAG C T G GAC T CAAC GAT GACAT G GAGAGAAAC C T AAT C C AAAAT G C G CAT G C T GT G GAAAGAAT T C TAT T GG C T G C C AC T GAT GAC AAGAAAAC T GAAT T C C AGAG GAAAAAGAAT G C C AGAGAT GT C AAAGAAG GAAAAGAAGAAAT AGAC C AC AAC AAAAC AG GAG G C AC C T T T T AC AAGAT G GT AAGAGA T GAT AAAAC CAT C T AC T T C AG C C C T AT AAGAAT TACCTTTT T AAAAGAAGAG GT GAAAAC AAT GT AC AAAAC C AC C A T G G G GAGT GAT G G C T T C AGT G GAC T AAAT C ACAT AAT GAT T G G G CAT T C AC AGAT GAAT GAT GTCTGTTTC C AAAGA T C AAAG G C C C T AAAAAGAGT T G GAC T T GAC C CT T CAT T AAT C AGT AC C T T T G C AG GAAG C AC AC T C C C CAGAAGAT C AGGTGCAACTGGTGTTGCAATCAAAGGAGGTGGAACTTTAGTGGCTGAAGCCATTCGATTTATAGGAAGAGCAATGG C AGAC AGAG G G C TAT T GAGAGAC AT C AAAG C CAAGAC T G C C TAT GAAAAGAT T C T T C T GAAT C T AAAAAAC AAAT G C TCTGCGCCC CAAC AAAAG GCTCTAGTT GAT C AAGT GAT C G GAAGT AGAAAT C C AG G GAT T G C AGAC AT T GAAGAC C T AACCCTGCTTGCTCGTAGTATGGTCGTTGTTAGGCCCTCTGTGGCGAGCAAAGTAGTGCTTCCCATAAGCATTTATG CTAAAATACCTCAACTAGGGTTCAATGTTGAAGAATACTCTATGGTTGGGTATGAAGCCATGGCTCTCTACAATATG GCAACACCTGTTTCCATATTAAGAATGGGAGATGATGCAAAAGATAAATCGCAATTATTCTTCATGTCTTGCTTCGG AG C T G C C TAT GAAGAC C T GAGAGT T T T GT C T GC AT T AAC AG G CAT AGAAT T C AAG C C T AGAT C AG CAT T AAAAT G C A AGGGTTTCCATGTTCCAGCAAAGGAACAGGTGGAAGGAATGGGGGCAGCTCTGATGTCCATCAAGCTCCAGTTTTGG GCTCCAATGACCAGATCTGGAGGGAACGAAGTAGGTGGAGACGGAGGGTCTGGCCAAATAAGTTGCAGCCCAGTGTT T G C AGT AGAAAGAC C TAT T G C T C T AAG C AAG CAAG C T GT AAGAAGAAT G C T T T C AAT GAAT AT T GAG G GAC GT GAT G CAGAT GT CAAAGGAAAT CTACT CAAGAT GAT GAAT GACT CAAT GGCTAAGAAAACCAAT GGAAAT GCTTT CATT GGG AAGAAAAT GT T T CAAAT AT CAGACAAAAACAAAAC CAAT C C C GT T GAAAT T C CAAT T AAGCAGAC CAT C C C CAAT T T CTTCTTTGG GAG G GAC AC AG C AGAG GAT TAT GAT GAC C T C GAT TAT T AAAG C AAC AAAAT AGAC AC TAT GAC T GT GA TTGTTTCAATACGTTTGGAATGTGGGTGTTTACTCTTATTGAAATAAATATAAAAAATGCTGTTGTTTCTACT
SEQ ID NO: 81 (M, B/Panama/45/90)
AGCAGAAGCACGCACTTTCTTAAAATGTCGCTGTTTGGAGACACAATTGCCTACCTGCTTTCATTGACAGAAGATGG AGAAGGCAAAGCAGAACTAGCAGAAAAATTACACTGTTGGTTCGGTGGGAAAGAATTTGACCTAGACTCTGCCTTGG AAT G GAT AAAAAAC AAAAGAT G C T T AAC T GAT AT AC AGAAAG C AC T AAT TGGTGCCTC TAT CTGCTTTT T AAAAC C A AAAGAC C AAGAAAGAAAAAGAAGAT T CAT C ACAGAG C C C C TAT C AG GAAT G G GAAC AAC AG C AAC AAAAAAGAAG G G C C T GAT T C T AG C T GAGAGAAAAAT GAGAAGAT GT GT GAGT T T T CAT GAAG CAT T T GAAAT AG C AGAAG G C CAT GAAA GCTCAGCGCTACTATATTGTCTCATGGTCATGTACCTGAACCCTGGAAATTATTCAATGCAAGTAAAACTAGGAACG CTCTGTGCTTTGTGCGAGAAACAAGCATCACATTCACACAGGGCTCATAGCAGAGCAGCAAGATCTTCAGTGCCTGG AGT GAGGCGAGAAAT GCAGAT GGT CT CAGCTAT GAACACAGCAAAAACAAT GAAT GGAAT GGGAAAGGGAGAAGACG T CCAAAAACT GGCAGAAGAGCT GCAAAGCAACATT GGAGTATT GAGAT CT CTT GGGGCAAGT CAAAAGAAT GGGGAA G GAAT T G C AAAG GAT GT GAT G GAAGT G C T AAAG C AGAG C T C TAT G G GAAAT T C AG C T C T T GT GAAGAAAT AC C TATA ATGCTCGAACCATTTCAGATTCTTTCAATTTGTTCTTTCATCTTATCAGCTCTCCATTTCATGGCTTGGACAATAGG G CAT T T GAAT CAAAT AAAAAGAG GAGT AAAC AT GAAAAT AC GAAT AAAAAAT C CAAAT AAAGAGAC AAT AAAC AGAG AG GT AT CAAT T T T GAGAC AC AGT T AC C AAAAAGAAAT C C AG G C C AAAGAAAC AAT GAAG GAAGT AC T C T C T GAC AAC ATGGAGGTATTGAGTGACCACATAGTAATTGAGGGGCTTTCTGCTGAAGAGATAATAAAAATGGGTGAAACAGTTTT GGAGGTAGAAGAATTGCATTAAATTCAATTTTTACTGTATTTCTTGCTATGCATTTAAGCAAATTGTAATCAATGTC AGCAAATAAACTGGAAAAAGTGCGTTGTTTCTACT
SEQ ID NO: 82 (NS, B/Panama/45/90)
AG C AGAAG C AGAG GAT TTGTTTAGT C AC T G G CAAAC GAAAAAAT G G C G GAC AAC AT GAC C AC AAC AC AAAT T GAG GT GGGTCCGGGAGCAACCAATGCCACCATAAACTTTGAAGCAGGAATTTTGGAGTGCTATGAAAGGCTTTCATGGCAAA GAG C C C T T GAC TACCCTGGT C AAGAC C G C C T AAAC AAAC T AAAGAGAAAAT T G GAAT CAAGAAT AAAGAC T C AC AAC AAAAGT GAGCCAGAAAGTAAAAGGAT GT CT CTT GAAGAGAGAAAAGCTATT GGGGTAAAAAT GAT GAAAGT GCT CCT ATTTATGAACCCATCTGCTGGAGTTGAAGGGTTTGAGCCATATTGTATGAAAAATCCCTCCAATAGCAACTGTCCAG AC T G CAAT T G G G C T GAT T AC C C T C C AAC AC C AG GAAAGT AC CTT GAT G G C AT AGAAGAAGAAC C G GAGAAT GT T G GT GACT CAACT GAAAT AGTATTAAGGGACAT GAACAACAAAGAT GCAAGGCAAAAGATAAAAGAGGAAGTAAACACT CA GAAAGAAGGGAAATTCCGTTTGACAATAAAAAGGGATATACGTAATGTGTTGTCCTTGAGAGTGTTGGTAAACGGAA CAT T CAT CAAG C AC C C T AAT G GAT AC AAGT CCT TAT C AAC T C T G C AT AGAT T GAAT G CAT AT GAC C AGAGT G GAAGA CTTGTTGCTAAACTTGTTGCTACTGATGATCTTACAGTGGAGGATGAAGAAGATGGCCATCGGATCCTCAACTCACT CTTCGAGCGTCTTAATGAAGGACATTCAAAGCCAATTCGAGCAGCTGAAACTGCGGTGGGAGTCTTATCCCAATTTG GT C AAGAG C AC C GAT TAT C AC C AGAAGAGAGAGAC AAT T AGAC TGGTTACG GAAGAAC T T TAT C T T T T AAGT AAAAG AAT T GAT GAT AAC AT AT T GT T C C AC AAAAC AGT AAT AG C C AAC AG C T C CAT AAT AG C T GAC AT GAT T GT AT CAT TAT CATTATTGGAAACATTGTATGAAATGAAGGATGTGGTTGAAGTGTACAGCAGGCAGTGCTTGTGAATTTAAAATAAA AATCCTCTTGTTACTACT
£Z¾ ZD λ· «50¾, B/Brisbane/60/08)
MDTFITRNFQTTI IQKAKNTMAEFSEDPELQPAMLFNI CVHLEVCYVI SDMNFLDEEGKAYTALEGQGKEQNLRPQY EVI EGMPRTIAWMVQRSLAQEHGI ETPKYLADLFDYKTKRFI EVGITKGLADDYFWKKKEKLGNSMELMI FSYNQDY SLSNES SLDEEGKGRVLSRLTELQAELSLKNLWQVLI GEEDVEKGI DFKLGQTI SRLRDI SVPAGFSNFEGMRSYI D NI DPKGAI ERNLARMS PLVSVTPKKLTWEDLRPI GPHIYDHELPEVPYNAFLLMSDELGLANMTEGKSKKPKTLAKE CLEKYSTLRDQTDPI LIMKSEKANENFLWKLWRDC TI SNEETSNELQKTNYAKWATGDGLTYQKIMKEVAI DDET MCQEEPKI PNKCRVAAWVQTEMNLLSTLTSKRALDLPEI GPDIAPVEHVGSERRKYF EINYCKASTVMMKYVLFH TSLLNESNASMGKYKVI PITNRV EKGES FDMLYGLAVKGQSHLRGDTDWTWTFEFS STDPRVDSGKWPKYTVF RI GSLFVSGREKSVYLYCR GTNKIQMKWGMEARRCLLQSMQQMEAIVEQES S IQGYDMTKACFKGDR S PKTFS I GTQEGKLVKGS FGKALRVI FTKCLMHYVFGNAQLEGFSAESRRLLLLIQALKDRKGPWVFDLEGMYSGI EECI SNN PWVIQSVYWFNEWLGFEKEGNKVLESVDEIMDE
£Z¾ ZD λ· W (PZiZ, B/Brisbane/60/08)
MNINPYFLFI DVPVQAAI STTFPYTGVPPYSHGTGTGYTI DTVI RTHEYSNKGKQYI SDVTGCTMVDPTNGPLPEDN EPSAYAQLDCVLEALDRMDEEHPGLFQAASQNAMEALMVTTVDKLTQGRQTFDWTVCRNQPAATALNTTITS FRLND LNGADKGGLI PFCQDI I DSLDRPEMTFFSVKNI KKKLPAKNRKGFLI KRI PMKVKDKITKVEYI KRALSLNTMTKDA ERGKLKRRAIATAGIQIRGFVLWENLAKNICENLEQSGLPVGGNEKKAKLSNAVAKMLSNCPPGGISMTVTGDNTK WNECLNPRIFLAMTERITRDSPVWFRDFCSIAPVLFSNKIARLGKGFMITSKTKRLKAQIPCPDLFSIPLERYNEET RAKLKKLKPFFNEEGTASLSPGMMMGMFNMLSTVLGVAALGIKNIGNKEYLWDGLQSSDDFALF AKDEETCMEGI NDFYRTCKLLG MSKKKSYCNETGMFEFTSMFYRDGFVSNFAMELPSFGVAG ESADMAIGMTIIKNNMINNGMG PATAQTAIQLFIADYRYTYKCHRGDSKVEGKRMKIIKELWENTKGRDGLLVADGGPNIYNLRNLHIPEIVLKYNLMD PEYKGRLLHPQNPFVGHLSIEGIKEADITPAHGPVKKMDYDAVSGTHSWRTKRNRSILNTDQRNMILEEQCYAKCCN LFEACFNSASYRKPVGQHSMLEAMAHRLRMDARLDYESGRMSKDDFEKAMAHLGEIGYI
SEQ ID NO: 85 (PB2, B/Brisbane/60/08)
MTLAKIELLKQLLRDNEAKTVLKQTTVDQYNIIRKFNTSRIEKNPSLRMKWAMCSNFPLALTKGDMANRIPLEYKGI QLKTNAEDIGTKGQMCSIAAVTWWNTYGPIGDTEGFERVYESFFLRKMRLDNATWGRITFGPVERVRKRVLLNPLTK EMPPDEASNVIMEILFPKEAGIPRESTWIHRELIKEKREKLKGTMITPIVLAYMLERELVARRRFLPVAGATSAEFI EMLHCLQGENWRQIYHPGGNKLTESRSQSMIVACRKIIRRSIVASNPLELAVEIANKTVIDTEPLKSCLAAIDGGDV ACDIIRAALGLKIRQRQRFGRLELKRISGRGFKNDEEILIGNGTIQKIGIWDGEEEFHVRCGECRGILKKSKMKLEK LLINSAKKEDMRDLIILCMVFSQDTRMFQGVRGEINFLNRAGQLLSPMYQLQRYFLNRSNDLFDQWGYEESPKASEL HGINESMNASDYTLKGIWTRNVIDDFSSIETEKVSITKNLSLIKRTGEVIMGANDVSELESQAQLMITYDTPKMWE MGTTKELVQNTYQWVLKNLVTLKAQFLLGKEDMFQWDAFEAFESIIPQKMAGQYSGFARAVLKQMRDQEVMKTDQFI KLLPFCFSPPKLRSNGEPYQFLKLVLKGGGENFIEVRKGSPLFSYNPQTEVLTICGRMMSLKGKIEDEERNRSMGNA VLAGFLVSGKYDPDLGDFKTIEELEKLKPGEKANILLYQGKPVKWKRKRYSALSNDISQGIKRQRMTVESMGWALS
SEQ ID NO: 86 (NP, B/Brisbane/60/08)
MSNMDIDGINTGTIDKTPEEITSGTSGTTRPIIRPATLAPPSNKRTRNPSPERATTSSEDDVGRKTQKKQTPTEIKK SVYNMWKLGEFYNQMMVKAGLNDDMERNLIQNAHAVERILLAATDDKKTEFQKKKNARDVKEGKEEIDHNKTGGTF YKMVRDDKTIYFSPIRITFLKEEVKTMYKTTMGSDGFSGLNHIMIGHSQMNDVCFQRSKALKRVGLDPSLISTFAGS TVPRRSGATGVAIKGGGTLVAEAIRFIGRAMADRGLLRDIKAKTAYEKILLNLKNKCSAPQQKALVDQVIGSRNPGI ADIEDLTLLARSMVWRPSVASKWLPISIYAKIPQLGFNVEEYSMVGYEAMALYNMATPVSILRMGDDAKDKSQLF FMSCFGAAYEDLRVLSALTGTEFKPRSALKCKGFHVPAKEQVEGMGAALMSIKLQFWAPMTRSGGNEVGGDGGSGQI SCSPVFAVERPIALSKQAVRRMLSMNIEGRDADVKGNLLKMMNDSMAKKTSGNAFIGKKMFQISDKNKTNPIEIPIK QTIPNFFFGRDTAEDYDDLDY
SEQ ID NO: 87 (Mh B/Brisbane/60/08)
MSLFGDTIAYLLSLTEDGEGKAELAEKLHCWFGGKEFDLDSALEWIKNKRCLTDIQKALIGASICFLKPKDQERKRR FITEPLSGMGTTATKKKGLILAERKMRRCVSFHEAFEIAEGHESSALLYCLMVMYLNPGNYSMQVKLGTLCALCEKQ ASHSHRAHSRAARSSVPGVRREMQMVSAMNTAKTMNGMGKGEDVQKLAEELQSNIGVLRSLGASQKNGEGIAKDVME VLKQSSMGNSALVKKYL
SEQ ID NO: 88 (M2, B/Brisbane/60/08)
MLEPFQILTICSFILSALHFMAWTIGHLNQIKRGINMKIRIKGPNKETINREVSILRHSYQKEIQAKETMKEVLSDN MEVLNDHIIIEGLSAEEIIKMGETVLEIEELH
SEQ ID NO: 89 (NSb B/Brisbane/60/08)
MANNNMTTTQIEVGPGATNATINFEAGILECYERLSWQRALDYPGQDRLNRLKRKLESRIKTHNKSEPESKRMSLEE RKAIGVKMMKVLLFMNPSAGIEGFEPYCMKSSSNSNCTKYNWTDYPSTPERCLDDIEEEPEDVDGPTEIVLRDMNNK DARQKIKEE TQKEGKFRLTIKRDMRNVLSLRVL GTFLKHPNGHKSLSTLHRLNAYDQSGRLVAKLVATDDLTV EDEEDGHRILNSLFERLNEGHSKPIRAAETAVGVLSQFGQEHRLSPEEGDN
SEQ ID NO: 90 (NS2, B/Brisbane/60/08)
MANNNMTTTQIEWRMKKMAIGSSTHSSSVLMKDIQSQFEQLKLRWESYPNLVKSTDYHQKRETIRLVTEELYLLSKR IDDNILFHKTVIANSSIIADMWSLSLLETLYEMKDWEVYSRQCL
SEQ ID NO: 91 (PA, B/Panama/45/90)
MDTFITRNFQTTIIQKAKNTMAEFSEDPELQPAMLFNICVHLEVCYVISDMNFLDEEGKSYTALEGQGKEQNLRPQY EVIEGMPRTIAWMVQRSLAQEHGIETPKYLADLFDYKTKRFIEVGITKGLADDYFWKKKEKLGNSMELMIFSYNQDY SLSNESSLDEEGKGRVLSRLTELQAELSLKNLWQVLIGEEDVEKGIDFKLGQTISRLRDISVPAGFSNFEGMRSYID NIDPKGAIERNLARMSPLVSATPKKLKWEDLRPIGPHIYNHELPEVPYNAFLLMSDELGLANMTEGKSKKPKTLAKE CLEKYSTLRDQTDPILIMKSEKANENFLWKLWRDC TISNEEMSNELQKTNYAKWATGDGLTYQKIMKEVAIDDET MCQEEPKIPNKCRVAAWVQTEMNLLSTLTSKRALDLPEIGPDVAPVEHVGSERRKYF EINCCKASTVMMKYVLFH TSLLNESNASMGKYKVIPITNRV EKGESFDMLYGLAVKGQSHLRGDTDWTWTFEFSGTDPRVDSGKWPKYTVF RIGSLFVSGREKSVYLYCR GTNKIQMKWGMEARRCLLQSMQQMEAIVEQESSIQGYDMTKACFKGDR SPKTFS IGTQEGKLVKGSFGKALRVI FTKCLMHYVFGNAQLEGFSAESRRLLLLIQALKDRKGPWVFDLEGMYSGIEECISNN PWVIQSAYWFNEWLGFEKEGSKVLESVDEIMNE
SEQ ID NO: 92 (PB1, B/Panama/45/90)
MNINPYFLFIDVPIQAAISTTFPYTGVPPYSHGTGTGHTIDTVIRTHEYSNKGKQYVSDITGCTMVDPTNGPLPEDN EPSAYAQLDCVLEALDRMDEEHPGLFQAASQNAMEALMVTTVDKLTQGRQTFDWTVCRNQPAATALNTTITSFRLND LNGADKGGLVPFCQDIIDSLDKPEMTFFSVKNIKKKLPAKNRKGFLIKRIPMKVKDRITRVEYIKRALSLNTMTKDA ERGKLKRRAIATAGIQIRGFVLWENLAKNICENLEQSGLPVGGNEKKAKLSNAVAKMLSNCPPGGISMTVTGDNTK WNECLNPRIFLAMTERITRDSPIWFRDFCSIAPVLFSNKIARLGKGFMITSKTKRLKAQIPCPDLFSIPLERYNEET RAKLKKLKPFFNEEGTASLSPGMMMGMFNMLSTVLGVAALGIKNIGNKEYLWDGLQSSDDFALF AKDEETCMEGI NDFYRTCKLLGINMSKKKSYCNETGMFEFTSMFYRDGFVSNFAMEIPSFGVAG ESADMAIGMTIIKNNMINNGMG PATAQTAIQLFIADYRYTYKCHRGDSKVEGKRMKIIKELWENTKGRDGLLVADGGPNIYNLRNLHIPEIVLKYNLMD PEYKGRLLHPQNPFVGHLSIEGIKEADITPAHGPVKKMDYDAVSGTHSWRTKRNRSILNTDQRNMILEEQCYAKCCN LFEACFNSASYRKPVGQHSMLEAMAHRLRVDARLDYESGRMSKDDFEKAMAHLGEIGYI
SEQ ID NO: 93 (PB2, B/Panama/45/90)
MTLAKIELLKQLLRDNEAKTVLKQTTVDQYNIIRKFNTSRIEKNPSLRMKWAMCSNFPLALTKGDMANRIPLEYKGI QLKTNAEDIGTKGQMCSIAAVTWWNTYGPIGDTEGFEKVYESFFLRKMRLDNATWGRITFGPVERVRKRVLLNPLTK EMPPDEASNVIMEILFPKEAGIPRESTWIHRELIKEKREKLKGTMITPIVLAYMLERELVARRRFLPVAGATSAEFI EMLHCLQGENWRQIYHPGGNKLTESRSQSMIVACRKIIRRSIVASNPLELAVEIANKTVIDTEPLKSCLTAIDGGDV ACDIIRAALGLKIRQRQRFGRLELKRISGRGFKNDEEILIGNGTIQKIGIWDGEEEFHVRCGECRGILKKSKMRMEK LLINSAKKEDMKDLIILCMVFSQDTRMFQGVRGEINFLNRAGQLLSPMYQLQRYFLNRSNDLFDQWGYEESPKASEL HGINELMNASDYTLKGVWTKNVIDDFSSTETEKVSITKNLSLIKRTGEVIMGANDVSELESQAQLMITYDTPKMWE MGTTKELVQNTYQWVLKNLVTLKAQFLLGKEDMFQWDAFEAFESIIPQKMAGQYSGFARAVLKQMRDQEVMKTDQFI KLLPFCFSPPKLRRNGEPYQFLRLVLKGGGENFIEVRKGSPLFSYNPQTEVLTICGRMMSLKGKIEDEERNRSMGNA VLAGFLVSGKYDPDLGDFKTIEELEKLKPGEKANILLYQGKPVKWKRKRYSALSNDISQGIKRQRMTVESMGWALS
SEQ ID NO: 94 (NP, B/Panama/45/90)
MSNMDIDGINTGTIDKTPEEITSGTSGTTRPIIRPATLAPPSNKRTRNPSPERATTSSEADVGRKTQKKQTPTEIKK SVYNMWKLGEFYNQMMVKAGLNDDMERNLIQNAHAVERILLAATDDKKTEFQRKKNARDVKEGKEEIDHNKTGGTF YKMVRDDKTIYFSPIRITFLKEEVKTMYKTTMGSDGFSGLNHIMIGHSQMNDVCFQRSKALKRVGLDPSLISTFAGS TLPRRSGATGVAIKGGGTLVAEAIRFIGRAMADRGLLRDIKAKTAYEKILLNLKNKCSAPQQKALVDQVIGSRNPGI ADIEDLTLLARSMVWRPSVASKWLPISIYAKIPQLGFNVEEYSMVGYEAMALYNMATPVSILRMGDDAKDKSQLF FMSCFGAAYEDLRVLSALTGIEFKPRSALKCKGFHVPAKEQVEGMGAALMSIKLQFWAPMTRSGGNEVGGDGGSGQI SCSPVFAVERPIALSKQAVRRMLSMNIEGRDADVKGNLLKMMNDSMAKKTNGNAFIGKKMFQISDKNKTNPVEIPIK QTIPNFFFGRDTAEDYDDLDY
SEQ ID NO: 95 (Mh B/Panama/45/90)
MSLFGDTIAYLLSLTEDGEGKAELAEKLHCWFGGKEFDLDSALEWIKNKRCLTDIQKALIGASICFLKPKDQERKRR FITEPLSGMGTTATKKKGLILAERKMRRCVSFHEAFEIAEGHESSALLYCLMVMYLNPGNYSMQVKLGTLCALCEKQ ASHSHRAHSRAARSSVPGVRREMQMVSAMNTAKTMNGMGKGEDVQKLAEELQSNIGVLRSLGASQKNGEGIAKDVME VLKQSSMGNSALVKKYL
SEQ ID NO: 96 (M2, B/Panama/45/90)
MLEPFQILSICSFILSALHFMAWTIGHLNQIKRG MKIRIKNPNKETINREVSILRHSYQKEIQAKETMKEVLSDN MEVLSDHIVIEGLSAEEIIKMGETVLEVEELH
SEQ ID NO: 97 (NSb B/Panama/45/90)
MADNMTTTQIEVGPGATNATINFEAGILECYERLSWQRALDYPGQDRLNKLKRKLESRIKTHNKSEPESKRMSLEER KAIGVKMMKVLLFMNPSAGVEGFEPYCMKNPSNSNCPDCNWADYPPTPGKYLDGIEEEPENVGDSTEIVLRDMNNKD ARQKIKEE TQKEGKFRLTIKRDIRNVLSLRVL GTFIKHPNGYKSLSTLHRLNAYDQSGRLVAKLVATDDLTVE DEEDGHRILNSLFERLNEGHSKPIRAAETAVGVLSQFGQEHRLSPEERDN
SEQ ID NO: 98 (NS2, B/Panama/45/90)
MADNMTTTQIEWRMKKMAIGSSTHSSSVLMKDIQSQFEQLKLRWESYPNLVKSTDYHQKRETIRLVTEELYLLSKRI DDNILFHKTVIANSSIIADMIVSLSLLETLYEMKDWEVYSRQCL SEQ ID NO: 99 (NA, A/California/04/09)
MNPNQKIITIGSVCMTIGMANLILQIGNIISIWISHSIQLGNQNQIETCNQSVITYENNTW QTY ISNTNFAAG QSWSVKLAGNSSLCPVSGWAIYSKDNSVRIGSKGDVFVIREPFISCSPLECRTFFLTQGALLNDKHSNGTIKDRSP YRTLMSCPIGEVPSPYNSRFESVAWSASACHDGINWLTIGISGPDNGAVAVLKYNGIITDTIKSWRNNILRTQESEC AC GSCFTVMTDGPSNGQASYKIFRIEKGKIVKSVEMNAPNYHYEECSCYPDSSEITCVCRDNWHGSNRPWVSFNQ NLEYQIGYICSGIFGDNPRPNDKTGSCGPVSSNGANGVKGFSFKYGNGVWIGRTKSISSRNGFEMIWDPNGWTGTDN NFSIKQDIVGINEWSGYSGSFVQHPELTGLDCIRPCFWVELIRGRPKENTIWTSGSSISFCG SDTVGWSWPDGAE LPFTIDK
SEQ ID NO: 100 (NP, B/Lee/40)
AG CAT TTTCTTGT GAG C T T C GAG C AC T AAT AAAAC T GAAAAT C AAAAT GT C C AAC AT G GAT AT T GAC AGT AT AAAT A C C G GAAC AAT C GAT AAAAAAC C AGAAGAAC T GAC T C C C G GAAC C AGT G G G G C AAC C AGAC C AAT CAT C AAG C C AG C A ACCCTTGCTCCGC C AAG C AAC AAAC GAAC C C GAAAT C CAT C C C C AGAAAG GAC AAC C AC AAG C AGT GAAAC C GAT AT C G GAAG GAAAAT C C AAAAGAAAC AAAC C C C AAC AGAGAT AAAGAAGAG C GT C T AC AAC AT G GT G GT AAAG C T G G GT G AAT T C T AC AAC C AGAT GAT GGT C AAAG C T G GAC T T AAT GAT GACAT GGAAAGGAAT CT AAT CC AAAAT GC AC AAG CT GT GGAGAGAAT CCTATT GGCT GCAACT GAT GAC AAGAAAAC T GAAT AC C AAAAGAAAAG GAAT G C C AGAGAT GT CAA AGAAG G GAAG GAAGAAAT AGAC C AC AAC AAGAC AG GAG G C AC C T T T T AT AAGAT G GT AAGAGAT GAT AAAAC CAT C T AC T T C AG C C C T AT AAAAAT TACCTTTT T AAAAGAAGAG GT GAAAAC AAT GT AC AAGAC C AC CAT G G G GAGT GAT GGT T T C AGT G GAC T AAAT C AC AT TAT GAT T G GACAT T C AC AGAT GAAC GAT GTCTGTTTC C AAAGAT C AAAG G C AC T GAA AAGGGTTGGACTTGACCCTTCATTAATCAGTACTTTTGCCGGAAGCACACTACCCAGAAGATCAGGTACAACTGGTG T T G C AAT C AAAG GAG GT G GAAC TTTAGTGG C AGAAG C CAT T C GAT T TAT AG GAAGAG C AAT G G C AGAC AGAG G G C T A CTGAGAGACATCAAGGCCAAGACAGCCTATGAAAAGATTCTTCTGAATCTGAAAAACAAGTGCTCTGCGCCCCAACA AAAG GCTCTAGTT GAT C AAGT GAT C G GAAGT AG GAAC C C AG G GAT T G C AGAC AT AGAAGAC C T AAC TCTGCTTGC C A GAAGCATGATAGTTGTCAGACCCTCTGTAGCGAGCAAAGTGGTGCTTCCCATAAGCATTTATGCTAAAATACCTCAA CTAGGATTCAATATCGAAGAATACTCTATGGTTGGGTATGAAGCCATGGCTCTTTATAATATGGCAACACCTGTTTC CATATTAAGAATGGGAGATGACGCAAAAGATAAATCTCAACTATTCTTCATGTCGTGCTTCGGAGCTGCCTATGAAG ATCTAAGAGTGTTATCTGCACTAACGGGCACCGAATTTAAGCCTAGATCAGCACTAAAATGCAAGGGTTTCCATGTC CCGGCTAAGGAGCAAGTAGAAGGAATGGGGGCAGCTCTGATGTCCATCAAGCTTCAGTTCTGGGCCCCAATGACCAG ATCTGGAGGGAATGAAGTAAGTGGAGAAGGAGGGTCTGGTCAAATAAGTTGCAGCCCTGTGTTTGCAGTAGAAAGAC CTATT GCT CTAAGCAAGCAAGCT GTAAGAAGAAT GCT GT CAAT GAACGTT GAAGGACGT GAT GCAGAT GT CAAAGGA AATCTACTCAAAATGATGAATGATTCGATGGCAAAGAAAACCAGTGGAAATGCTTTCATTGGGAAGAAAATGTTTCA AAT AT C AGAC AAAAAC AAAGT CAAT C C CAT T GAGAT T C CAAT T AAG C AGAC CAT C C C C AGT TTCTTCTTTGG GAG G G AC AC AG C AGAG GAT TAT GAT GAC C T C GAT TAT T AAAG CAAT AAAAT AGAC AC TAT G G C T GT GAC T GT T T C AGT AC GT TTGGGATGTGGGTGTTTACTCTTATTGAAATAAATGTAAAA
£Z¾ ZD λ· 70/ (2VP, β/4«« Arbor/1/66)
MSNMDIDGINTGTIDKTPEEITSGTSGATRPIIKPATLAPPSNKRTRNPSPERATTSSEAIVGRRTQKKQTPTEIKK SVYNMWKLGEFYNQMMVKAGLNDDMERNLIQNAHAVERILLAATDDKKTEYQKKKNARDVKEGKEEIDHNKTGGTF YKMVRDDKTIYFSPIRITFLKEEVKTMYKTTMGSDGFSGLNHIMIGHSQMNDVCFQRSKALKRVGLDPSLISTFAGS TLPRRSGATGVAIKGGGTLVAEAIRFIGRAMADRGLLRDIRAKTAYEKILLNLKNKCSAPQQKALVDQVIGSRNPGI ADIEDLTLLARSMVWRPSVASKWLPISINAKIPQLGFNVEEYSMVGYEAMALYNMATPVSILRMGDDAKDKSQLF FMSCFGAAYEDQRVLSALTGTEFKPRSALKCKGFHVPAKEQVEGMGAALMSIKLQFWAPMTRSGGNEVGGDGGSGQI SCSPVFAVERPIALSKQAVRRMLSMNIEGRDADVKGNLLKMMNDSMAKKTNGNAFIGKKMFQISDKNKINPVDIPIK QTIPNFFFGRDTAEDYDDLDY
£Z¾ ZD λ· 702 7VP, β/4«« Arbor/1/66)
MSNMDIDGINTGTIDKTPEEITSGTSGATRPIIKPATLAPPSNKRTRNPSPERAATSSEADVGRRTQKKQTPTEIKK SVYNMWKLGEFYNQMMVKAGLNDDMERNLIQNAHAAERILLAATDDKKTEFQKKKNARDVKEGKEEIDHNKTGGTF YKMVRDDKTIYFSPIRITFLKEEVKTMYKTTMGSDGFSGLNHIMIGHSQMNDVCFQRSKALKRVGLDPSLISTFAGS TLPRRSGATGVAIKGGGTLVAEAIRFIGRAMADRGLLRDIRAKTAYEKILLNLKNKCSAPQQKALVDQVIGSRNPGI ADIEDLTLLARSMVWRPSVASKWLPISINAKIPQLGFNVEEYSMVGYEAMALYNMATPVSILRMGDDAKDKSQLF FMSCFGAAYEDQRVLSALTGTEFKHRSALKCKGFHVPAKEQVEGMGAALMSIKLQFWAPMTRSGGNEVGGDGGSGQI SCSPVFAVERPIALSKQAVRRMLSMNIEGRDADVKGNLLKMMNDSMTKKTNGNAFIGKKMFQISDKNKTNPIEIPIK QTIPNFFFGRDTAEDYDDLDY
£Z¾ ZD λ· Z05 (2VP, β/4«« Arbor/1/66)
AG C AGAAG C AC AG CAT TTTCTTGT GAAC T T C AAGT AC C AAC AAAAAC T GAAAAT C AAAAT GT C C AAC AT G GAT AT T G AC G G CAT C AAC AC T G GAAC AAT T GAC AAAAC AC C AGAAGAAAT AAC T T C C G GAAC C AGT G G G G C AAC C AGAC CAAT C AT C AAG C C AG C AAC CCTTGCCC C AC C AAG CAAT AAAC GAAC C C GAAAC C CAT C C C C AGAAAG G G C AAC C AC AAG C AG C GAAG C GAT T GT C G GAAG GAGAAC C C AAAAGAAAC AAAC C C C GAC AGAGAT AAAGAAGAG C GT C T AC AAT AT G GT AG T GAAAC T G G GT GAAT T C T AC AAC C AGAT GAT GGT C AAAG C T G GAC T C AAC GAT GAC AT G GAGAGAAAC C T AAT C C AA AAT GCACAT GCT GT GGAAAGAATT CTATT GGCT GCTACT GAT GAC AAGAAAAC T GAAT AC C AAAAGAAAAAGAAT G C C AGAGAT GT C AAAGAAG G GAAAGAAGAAAT AGAC C AC AAC AAAAC AG GAG G C AC C T T T T AT AAGAT G GT AAGAGAT G AT AAAAC CAT C T AC T T C AG C C C T AT AAGAAT T AC C T T T T T AAAAGAAGAG GT GAAAAC AAT GT AC AAGAC C AC CAT G GGGAGTGATGGTTTCAGTGGACTAAATCACATCATGATTGGGCATTCACAGATGAACGATGTCTGTTTCCAAAGATC AAAG G C AC T AAAAAGAGT T G GAC T T GAC C C T T CAT T AAT C AGT AC T T T T G C AG GAAG C AC AC T C C C C AGAAGAT C AG GTGCAACTGGTGTTGCGATCAAAGGAGGTGGAACTTTAGTGGCAGAAGCCATTCGATTTATAGGAAGAGCAATGGCA GAC AGAG G G C TAT T GAGAGAC AT C AGAG C C AAGAC G G C C TAT GAAAAGAT T C T T C T GAAT C T GAAAAAC AAGT G C T C T G C G C C C C AAC AAAAG GCTCTAGTT GAT C AAGT GAT C G GAAGT AGAAAC C C AG G GAT T G C AGAC AT AGAAGAC C T AA CCCTGCTTGCCCGAAGCATGGTCGTTGTCAGGCCCTCTGTAGCGAGCAAAGTGGTGCTTCCCATAAGCATTAATGCT AAAATACCTCAACTAGGGTTCAATGTTGAAGAATACTCTATGGTTGGGTATGAAGCCATGGCTCTTTATAATATGGC AAC AC C T GT T T C CAT AT T AAGAAT G G GAGAC GAT G C AAAAGAT AAAT C AC AAT TAT T C T T CAT GTCTTGCTTTG GAG C T G C C TAT GAAGAC C AAAGAGT TTTGTCTG C AC T AAC C G G C AC AGAAT T C AAG C C T AG GT C AG CAT T AAAGT G C AAG GGTTTCCACGTTCCAGCAAAGGAGCAAGTGGAAGGAATGGGGGCAGCTCTGATGTCCATCAAGCTCCAGTTTTGGGC CCCAATGACCAGATCTGGGGGGAACGAAGTAGGTGGAGACGGAGGGTCTGGTCAAATAAGTTGCAGCCCCGTGTTTG CAGTAGAGAGACCTATT GCT CTAAGCAAGCAAGCT GTAAGAAGAAT GCT GT CAAT GAAT ATT GAGGGACGT GAT GCA GAT GT C AAAG GAAAT C T AC T C AAGAT GAT GAAT GAT T C AAT G G C T AAGAAAAC C AAT G GAAAT G C T T T CAT T G G GAA GAAAAT GT T T C AAAT AT C AGAC AAAAAC AAAAT CAAT C C C GT T GAT AT T C CAAT T AAG C AGAC CAT C C C CAAT T T C T T C T T T G G GAG G GAC AC AG C AGAG GAT TAT GAT GAC C T C GAT TAT T AAAG C AAC AAAAT AGAC AC TAT G G C T GT GAC T GTTTCAGTACGTTTGGAATGTGGGTGTTTACTCTTATTGAAATAAATGTAAAAAATGCTGTTGTTTCTACT
£Z¾ ZD λ· 70 (2VP, β/4«« Arbor/1/66)
AG C AGAAG C AC AG CAT TTTCTTGT GAAC T T C AAGT AC C AAC AAAAAC T GAAAAT C AAAAT GT C C AAC AT G GAT AT T G AC G G CAT C AAC AC T G GAAC AAT T GAC AAAAC AC C AGAAGAAAT AAC T T C C G GAAC C AGT G G G G C AAC C AGAC CAAT C ATCAAACCAGCAACCCTTGCCCCACCAAGCAACAAACGAACCCGAAACCCATCCCCGGAAAGGGCAGCCACAAGCAG T GAAG C T GAT GT C G GAAG GAGAAC C C AAAAGAAAC AAAC C C C GAC AGAGAT AAAGAAGAG C GT C T AC AAT AT G GT AG T GAAAC T G G GT GAAT T C T AC AAC C AGAT GAT GGT C AAAG C T G GAC T C AAC GAT GAC AT G GAGAGAAAC C T AAT C C AA AAT G C AC AT G C T G C G GAAAGAAT T C TAT TGGCTGCTACT GAT GAC AAGAAAAC T GAAT T C C AAAAGAAAAAGAAT G C C AGAGAT GT C AAAGAAG G GAAAGAAGAAAT AGAC C AC AAC AAAAC AG GAG G C AC C T T T T AC AAGAT G GT AAGAGAT G AT AAAAC CAT C T AC T T C AG C C C TAT AAGAAT T AC C T T T T T AAAAGAAGAG GT GAAAAC AAT GT AC AAAAC C AC CAT G GGGAGTGATGGTTTCAGTGGACTAAATCACATCATGATTGGGCATTCACAGATGAACGATGTCTGTTTCCAAAGATC AAAG G C AC T AAAAAGAGT T G GAC T T GAC C C T T CAT T AAT C AGT AC T T T T G C AG GAAG C AC AC T C C C C AGAAGAT C AG GTGCAACTGGTGTTGCGATCAAAGGAGGTGGAACTTTAGTGGCAGAAGCCATTCGATTTATAGGAAGAGCAATGGCA GAC AGAG G G C TAT T GAGAGAC AT C AGAG C C AAGAC G G C C TAT GAAAAGAT T C T T C T GAAT C T GAAAAAC AAGT G C T C T G C G C C C C AAC AAAAG GCTCTAGTT GAT C AAGT GAT C G GAAGT AGAAAT C C AG G GAT T G C AGAC AT AGAAGAC C T AA CCCTGCTTGCCCGAAGCATGGTCGTTGTCAGGCCCTCTGTAGCGAGCAAAGTGGTGCTTCCCATAAGCATTAATGCC AAAATACCTCAACTAGGGTTCAATGTTGAAGAATACTCTATGGTTGGGTATGAAGCCATGGCTCTTTATAATATGGC AAC AC C T GT T T C CAT AT T AAGAAT G G GAGAC GAT G C AAAAGAT AAAT C AC AAT TAT T C T T CAT GTCTTGCTTCG GAG C T G C C TAT GAAGAC C AAAGAGT TTTGTCTG C AC T AAC AG G C AC AGAAT T C AAG C AT AG GT C AG CAT T AAAGT G C AAG GGTTTCCACGTTCCAGCAAAGGAGCAAGTGGAAGGAATGGGGGCAGCTCTGATGTCCATCAAGCTCCAGTTTTGGGC TCCAATGACCAGATCTGGGGGGAATGAAGTAGGTGGAGACGGAGGGTCTGGTCAAATAAGTTGCAGCCCCGTGTTTG CAGTAGAAAGACCTATT GCT CTAAGCAAGCAAGCT GTAAGAAGAAT GCT GT CAAT GAAT ATT GAGGGACGT GAT GCA GAT GT C AAAG GAAAT C T AC T C AAGAT GAT GAAT GAT T CAAT GAC T AAGAAAAC CAAT G GAAAT G C T T T CAT T G G GAA GAAAAT GT T T C AAAT AT C AGAC AAAAAC AAAAC CAAT C C CAT T GAGAT T C CAAT T AAG C AGAC CAT C C C CAAT T T C T T C T T T G G GAG G GAC AC AG C AGAG GAT TAT GAT GAC C T C GAT TAT T AAAG C AAC AAAAT AGAC AC TAT G G C T GT GAC T GTTTCAGTACGTTTGGAATGTGGGTGTTTACTTTTATTGAAATAAATGTAAAAAATGCTGTTGTTTCTACT
£Z¾ ZD λ· 705 (5'- H4 Λ ?, / 05/^0
AG C AAAAG C AG G G GAAAAT AAAAG C AAC C AAA
£Z¾ ZD λ· 706 (Z£4 £P, / 05/^0
AT GAAAGTAAAACTACT GGTT CT GTTAT GT ACAT T T AC AG C T AC AT AT G C A SEQ ID NO: 107 (HA TM domain, 105p30)
AGATTCTGGCGATCTACTCAACAGTCGCCAGTTCCCTGGTTCTTTTGGTCTCCCTGGGGGCAATCAGCTTCTGGATG
£Z¾ ZD λ· 70S (H4 CT domain, 105p30)
T GTT CCAAT GGGT CTTT GCAGT GTAGAATAT GCATCTAA
£Z¾ ZD λ· (H4 5'- Λ ?, 705/^0 GAC C AGAAT T T C AGAAAT AT AAG GAAAAAC AC CCTTGTTTCTACT
SEQ ID NO: 110 (NA 5'- NCR, 105p30)
AGCAAAAGCAGGAGTTTAAA
SEQ ID NO: 111 (NA CT, 105p30)
AT GAAT C CAAAT CAAAAA
SEQ ID NO: 112 (NA TM domain, 105p30)
AT AAT AAC CAT T G GAT C AAT C AGT AT AG C AAT C G GAAT AAT T AGT C T AAT GT T G CAAAT AG GAAAT AT TAT T T C AAT ATGGGCTAGT
£Z¾ ZD λ· 113 (NA 3'- NCR, 105p30)
CTCGTTGAAAAAAACTCCTTGTTTCTACT SEQ ID NO: 114 (5'- HA NCR, PR8-X)
AG C AAAAG C AG G G GAAAAT AAAAAC AAC C AAA
£Z¾ ZD λ· 7/5 (H4 £P, Pi?#-J9
ATGAAGGCAAACCTACTGGTCCTGTTATGTGCACTTGCAGCTGCAGATGCA
£Z¾ ID NO: 116 (HA TM domain, PR8-X)
CAGATTCTGGCGATCTACTCAACTGTCGCCAGTTCACTGGTGCTTTTGGTCTCCCTGGGGGCAATCAGTTTCTGGAT G
SEQ ID NO: 117 (HA CT domain, PR8-X)
T GTT CTAAT GGAT CTTT GCAGT GCAGAATAT GCAT CT GA
SEQ ID NO: 118 (HA 3'- NCR, PR8-X)
GAT T AGAAT T T C AGAGAT AT GAG GAAAAAC AC CCTTGTTTCTACT
SEQ ID NO: 119 (NA 5'- NCR, PR8-X)
AGCAAAAGCAGGGGTTTAAA
SEQ ID NO: 120 (NA CT, PR8-X)
AT GAAT C CAAAT CAGAAA
SEQ ID NO: 121 (NA TM domain, PR8-X)
AT AAT AAC CAT T G GAT C AAT CTGTCTGGTAGTCG GAC T AAT T AG C C T AAT AT T G CAAAT AG G GAAT AT AAT C T C AAT AT GGAT TAG C
SEQ ID NO: 122 (NA 3'- NCR, PR8-X)
TCTGTTCAAAAAACTCCTTGTTTCTACT
REFERENCES
[I] WO2007/002008
[2] WO2007/124327
[3] Harvey et al. (2011) J. Virol, 85(12):6086-6-90
[4] Harvey et al. (2010) Vaccine, 23;28(50):8008-14
[5] Jing et al. (2012) Vaccine 13;30(28):4144-52
[6] Hai ei a/. (2011) J. Virol, 85(14):6832.
[7] Flandorfer et al. (2003) J. Virol. 2003, 77(17):9116
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Claims

1. A chimeric influenza hemagglutinin segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non-coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain which is not A/Puerto Rico/8/34, A/WSN/33 or B/Lee/40, wherein the first and the second influenza strains are both influenza A or influenza B strains.
2. A chimeric influenza hemagglutinin segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non-coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain, wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza A strain which is not a HI or H5 influenza strain, and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain, wherein the first and the second influenza strains are both influenza A or influenza B strains.
3. A chimeric influenza hemagglutinin segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non-coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain, wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza B strain, and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain which is an influenza B strain or an influenza A strain which is not a HI strain or a H3 strain.
4. A chimeric influenza hemagglutinin segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non-coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain, wherein the segment comprises one or more of:
a) guanine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 24 of SEQ ID NO: 15, and/or b) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 38 of SEQ ID NO: 15; and/or c) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 40 of SEQ ID NO: 15; and/or d) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 44 of SEQ ID NO: 15; and/or e) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 53 of SEQ ID NO: 15; and/or f) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 63 of SEQ ID NO: 15; and/or g) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 66 of SEQ ID NO: 15; and/or h) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 69 of SEQ ID NO: 15; and/or i) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 75 of SEQ ID NO: 15; and/or j) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 78 of SEQ ID NO: 15; and/or k) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1637 of SEQ ID NO: 15, and/or
1) cytosine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1649 of SEQ ID NO: 15, and/or m) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1655 of SEQ ID NO: 15, and/or n) cytosine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1682 of SEQ ID NO: 15, and/or o) cytosine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1697 of SEQ ID NO: 15, and/or p) guanine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1703 of SEQ ID NO: 15, and/or q) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1715 of SEQ ID NO: 15, and/or r) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1729 of SEQ ID NO: 15, and/or s) cytosine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1733 of SEQ ID NO: 15, and/or t) cytosine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1734 of SEQ ID NO: 15, and/or u) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1746 of SEQ ID NO: 15, and/or v) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 1751 of SEQ ID NO: 15;
when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 15 using a pairwise alignment algorithm.
5. The chimeric hemagglutinin segment of claim 4, wherein the segment comprises all of the nucleotides of (a) to (v).
6. The chimeric hemagglutinin segment of any preceding claim, comprising one or more of the 5'- NCR domain of SEQ ID NO: 105; and/or the SP of SEQ ID NO: 106; and/or the TM domain of SEQ ID NO: 107; and/or the CT domain of SEQ ID NO: 108; and/or the 3'- NCR of SEQ ID NO: 109.
7. The chimeric hemagglutinin segment of any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the first and the second influenza strains are both influenza A or influenza B viruses.
8. The chimeric hemagglutinin segment of any preceding claim wherein the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are all from the second influenza strain.
9. The chimeric hemagglutinin of any preceding claim, wherein the segment encodes a protein that does not have tyrosine in the position corresponding to amino acid 545, when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 7.
10. A chimeric influenza neuraminidase segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non-coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain which is not A/Puerto Rico/8/34 or A/WSN/33.
11. A chimeric influenza neuraminidase segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non-coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain wherein the first and the second influenza strain are both influenza A strains or both influenza B strains.
12. A chimeric neuraminidase segment having an ectodomain, a 5'- non-coding region, a 3'- non- coding region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain, wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain, wherein the segment comprises:
a) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 13 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and/or b) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 35 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and/or c) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 60 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and/or d) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 63 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and/or e) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 65 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and/or f) cytosine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 67 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and/or g) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 69 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and/or h) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 75 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and/or i) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 83 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and/or j) guanine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 89 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and/or k) adenine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 101 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and/or 1) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 107 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and/or m) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 110 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and/or n) guanine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 120 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and/or o) cytosine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 121 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and/or p) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 125 of SEQ ID NO: 16; and/pr q) thymine in the position corresponding to nucleotide 127 of SEQ ID NO: 16;
when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 16 using a pairwise alignment algorithm.
13. The chimeric neuraminidase segment of claim 12, wherein the segment comprises all of the nucleotides of (a) to (q).
14. The chimeric neuraminidase segment of any one of claims 10 to 13, comprising one or more of the 5'- NCR domain of SEQ ID NO: 110; and/or the CT domain of SEQ ID NO: 111; and/or the TM domain of SEQ ID NO: 112; and/or the 3'- NCR of SEQ ID NO: 113.
15. The chimeric neuraminidase segment of any one of claims 10 to 14 wherein the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are all from the second influenza strain.
16. The chimeric hemagglutinin segment or the chimeric neuraminidase segment of any preceding claim wherein the second influenza strain is a HI influenza strain.
17. A chimeric hemagglutinin protein encoded by the chimeric hemagglutinin segment of any one of claims 1 to 9, or a chimeric neuraminidase protein encoded by the chimeric neuraminidase segment of any of claims 10 to 16.
18. A reassortant influenza virus comprising the chimeric hemagglutinin segment and/or the chimeric neuraminidase segment of any one of claims 1 to 17.
19. The reassortant influenza virus of claim 18, wherein all of the backbone segments are from an influenza strain selected from the group consisting of 105p30 and PR8-X.
20. A reassortant influenza virus comprising:
a) a chimeric hemagglutinin protein having an ectodomain, a 5'- non-coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain are from a second influenza strain; and/or a chimeric neuraminidase protein having an ectodomain, a 5'- non-coding region, a 3'- non-coding region, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain wherein the ectodomain is from a first influenza strain and one or more of the non-coding regions, the cytoplasmic domain, and the transmembrane domain are from a second influenza strain; and
b) one or more of:
i. backbone segments from two or more different donor strains
ii. backbone segments from two or more donor strains, wherein the PB1 and the PB2 segments are from the same donor strain;
iii. backbone segments from two or three donor strains, wherein each donor strain provides more than one backbone segment;
iv. backbone segments from two or more donor strains, wherein the PB1 segment is not from the A/Texas/1/77 influenza strain;
v. backbone segments from two or more donor strains, wherein at least the PA, NP, or M segment are not from A/Puerto Rico/8/34; vi. backbone segments from two or more donor strains, wherein the HA segment and the PB1 segment are from different influenza A strains with the same influenza virus HA subtype. vii. backbone segments from two or more donor strains, wherein the HA segment and the PB1 segment are from different influenza A strains with the same influenza virus HA subtype.
21. The reassortant influenza virus of claim 20 wherein the 5'- non-coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain of the chimeric hemagglutinin are all from the second influenza strain, and/or wherein the 5'- non- coding region, the 3'- non-coding region, the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain of the chimeric neuraminidase protein are all from the second influenza strain.
22. The reassortant influenza virus of any one of claims 18 to 21, wherein the second influenza strain is selected from the group consisting of 105p30 and PR8-X.
23. The reassortant influenza virus of any one of claims 18 to 22, wherein the reassortant influenza virus comprises a M genome segment which has lysine in the position corresponding to amino acid 95 of SEQ ID NO: 33 when aligned to SEQ ID NO: 33 using a pairwise alignment algorithm.
24. The reassortant influenza virus of any one of claims 18, or 20 to 23, wherein the influenza virus comprises at least one backbone viral segment from a donor strain selected from the group consisting of 105p30 and PR8-X.
25. The reassortant influenza virus of claim 24 wherein the at least one backbone viral segment has a sequence having at least 95% identity, at least 96% identity, at least 97% identity, at least 98% identity, at least 99% identity or 100% identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 9-14 or SEQ ID NOs 17-22
26. The reassortant influenza virus of claim 24 or claim 25 wherein the at least one backbone viral segment has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or SEQ ID NO: 20.
27. The reassortant influenza virus of claim 24 or claim 25, wherein the PB1 and PB2 viral segments have at least 95% identity, at least 96% identity, at least 97% identity, at least 98% identity, at least 99% identity or 100% identity with the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 18 and 19.
28. The reassortant influenza virus of claim 27, wherein the virus further comprises a viral segment having at least 95% identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 17-22.
29. The reassortant influenza virus of claim 25, wherein the virus comprises all the segments of SEQ ID NOs 9 to 14.
30. The reassortant influenza virus of claim 25, wherein the virus comprises the PA segment of SEQ ID NO: 9, the M segment of SEQ ID NO: 13, the NS segment of SEQ ID NO: 14, the PB1 segment of SEQ ID NO: 18, the PB2 segment of SEQ ID NO: 19, and the NP segment of SEQ ID NO: 20.
31. The reassortant influenza virus of claim 25, wherein the virus comprises the PA segment of SEQ ID NO: 9, the M segment of SEQ ID NO: 13, the NS segment of SEQ ID NO: 14, the PB1 segment of SEQ ID NO: 52, the PB2 segment of SEQ ID NO: 11, and the NP segment of SEQ ID NO: 12.
32. A method of preparing a reassortant influenza A virus comprising steps of
(i) introducing into a culture host one or more expression construct(s) which encode(s) the viral segments required to produce the influenza virus of any one of claims 18 to 28; and (ii) culturing the culture host in order to produce reassortant virus.
33. A method of preparing a reassortant influenza virus comprising steps of (a) infecting a culture host with the reassortant influenza virus of claims 17-31 or the virus obtained by the method of claim 32; (b) culturing the host from step (a) to produce the virus; and optionally (c) purifying the virus obtained in step (b).
34. A method of preparing a vaccine, comprising steps of (a) preparing a virus by the method of claim 32 or claim 33; and (b) preparing a vaccine from the virus.
35. The method of any one of claims 32 to 34, wherein the culture host is an embryonated hen egg.
36. The method of any one of claims 32 to 34, wherein the culture host is a mammalian cell.
37. The method of claim 36, wherein the cell is an MDCK, Vero or PerC6 cell.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein the cell grows adherently.
39. The method of claim 37, wherein the cell grows in suspension.
40. The method of claim 39, wherein the MDCK cell is of the cell line MDCK 33016 (DSM ACC2219).
41. The method of any one of claims 34 to 40, wherein step (b) involves inactivating the virus.
42. The method of any one of claims 34 to 41, wherein the vaccine is a whole virion vaccine.
43. The method of any one of claims 34 to 41, wherein the vaccine is a split virion vaccine.
44. The method of any one of claims 34 to 41, wherein the vaccine is a surface antigen vaccine.
45. The method of any one of claims 34 to 41, wherein the vaccine is a virosomal vaccine.
46. The method of any one of claims 34 to 45, wherein the vaccine contains less than lOng of residual host cell DNA per dose.
47. An expression system comprising one or more expression construct(s) encoding the segments of the reassortant influenza virus of any one of claims 17 to 31.
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