WO2014184430A1 - Tall oil fatty acid for use in treatment and animal feed supplements and compositions - Google Patents

Tall oil fatty acid for use in treatment and animal feed supplements and compositions Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014184430A1
WO2014184430A1 PCT/FI2014/050346 FI2014050346W WO2014184430A1 WO 2014184430 A1 WO2014184430 A1 WO 2014184430A1 FI 2014050346 W FI2014050346 W FI 2014050346W WO 2014184430 A1 WO2014184430 A1 WO 2014184430A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
tall oil
fatty acid
oil fatty
tofa
feed
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/FI2014/050346
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Juhani Vuorenmaa
Hannele Kettunen
Original Assignee
Hankkija Oy
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hankkija Oy filed Critical Hankkija Oy
Priority to ES14797471T priority Critical patent/ES2805363T3/en
Priority to EA201592086A priority patent/EA029148B1/en
Priority to CA2909841A priority patent/CA2909841C/en
Priority to MX2015015628A priority patent/MX369699B/en
Priority to CN201480027871.0A priority patent/CN105228636B/en
Priority to BR112015027513-3A priority patent/BR112015027513B1/en
Priority to EP14797471.1A priority patent/EP3030248B1/en
Priority to PL14797471T priority patent/PL3030248T3/en
Priority to US14/891,038 priority patent/US10092610B2/en
Priority to DK14797471.1T priority patent/DK3030248T3/en
Publication of WO2014184430A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014184430A1/en

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/13—Coniferophyta (gymnosperms)
    • A61K36/15—Pinaceae (Pine family), e.g. pine or cedar
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/13—Coniferophyta (gymnosperms)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/20—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
    • Y02P60/22—Methane [CH4], e.g. from rice paddies

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a tall oil fatty ac ⁇ id, use thereof, and feed supplement and feed composi- 5 tion comprising said tall oil fatty acid.
  • TOFA is an inexpensive source of fatty acids
  • GB 955316 discloses the use of alkali metal salts of tall oil fatty acids to im ⁇ prove weight gain and nitrogen retention in ruminant
  • the purpose of the invention is to provide a new type of tall oil fatty acid/feed supplement for use in the prevention of growth of harmful bacteria in the animal digestive tract and/or in the prevention of intestinal disorders.
  • TOFA prevents the growth of harmful bacteria in the animal digestive tract and/or prevents intestinal disorders.
  • the tall oil fatty acid according to the pre ⁇ sent invention is characterized by what is presented in claim 1.
  • the feed supplement according to the present invention is characterized by what is presented in claim 7.
  • the feed composition according to the present invention is characterized by what is presented in claim 12.
  • FIG la The turbidity change during 8 hours of
  • FIG lb Gas production during 8 hours by CI. perfringens growth as a response to TOFA and digested TOFA concentrations.
  • FIG 2a The turbidity change during 8 hours of CI. perfringens growth as a response to TOFA and test products at dose 1.
  • FIG 2b The turbidity change during 8 hours of CI. perfringens growth as a response to TOFA and test products at dose 2.
  • FIG 2c The turbidity change during 8 hours of S. aureus as a response to TOFA and test products at dose 1.
  • FIG 2d The turbidity change during 8 hours of S. aureus as a response to TOFA and test products at dose 2.
  • FIG 2e The turbidity change during 8 hours of S. suis as a response to TOFA and test products at dose 1.
  • FIG 2f The turbidity change during 8 hours of
  • the present invention is based on the reali ⁇ zation that tall oil fatty acid can be used in the prevention of growth of harmful bacteria in the animal digestive tract and/or in the prevention of intestinal disorders .
  • TOFA total oil fatty acid
  • TOFA total oil fatty acid
  • TOFA typically com ⁇ prises 90-98% (w/w) fatty acids.
  • TOFA may comprise 1-10% (w/w) resin acids.
  • the tall oil fatty acid for use according to the pre ⁇ sent invention comprises 1-10% (w/w) of resin acids.
  • TOFA comprises 2-9 % (w/w) resin acids.
  • TOFA comprises 5-9% (w/w) resin acids.
  • resin acids should be understood as referring to a complex mixture of various acidic compounds comprised by tall oil which share the same basic skeleton including a three- fused ring.
  • the exact composition of the resin acids present in TOFA varies e.g. according to the species of the trees the TOFA is obtained from and the pro- cessing conditions under which it is manufactured.
  • Resin acids typically include compounds such as abiet- ic acid, dehydroabietic acid, levopimaric acid, neoab- ietic acid, pimaric acid and isopimaric acid, only to mention a few.
  • TOFA comprises 90-98% (w/w) of fatty acids.
  • the tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) is produced by refinement from distilled tall oil.
  • Distilled tall oil (DTO) is produced by fractional distillation from crude tall oil, obtained as a by-product of the Kraft process of wood pulp manufacture.
  • the TOFA, for use according to the present invention is dried.
  • the TOFA can be dried by spray drying, drum drying or by any other known suitable drying method.
  • the present invention also relates to a feed supplement comprising the tall oil fatty acid accord ⁇ ing to the invention.
  • the feed supplement is effective in the prevention of growth of harmful bacteria, for prevention of intesti ⁇ nal disorders, in the modulation of microbial popula ⁇ tion of the animal digestive tract, in enhancing rumen fermentation and/or lowering rumen methane production.
  • the feed supplement comprises a tall oil fatty acid which comprises 1-10% (w/w) resin acids.
  • the feed supplement comprises a tall oil fatty acid which comprises 2-9 % (w/w) resin acids.
  • the feed supplement comprises a tall oil fatty acid which comprises 5-9% (w/w) resin acids.
  • the term "feed supplement” should be understood as referring to a composition that may be added to a feed or used as such in the feeding of animals.
  • the feed supplement may comprise different active ingredients.
  • the feed supplement may be added in the feed in a concentration of 0.0001 - 5 kg//ton of dry weight, preferably 0.005 - 1 kg/ton of the dry weight of the total amount of the feed.
  • the TOFA or the feed supplement comprising the TOFA ac ⁇ cording to the invention may be added to the feed or feed supplement as such, or it may in general be fur ⁇ ther processed as desired.
  • the TOFA or the feed supplement com ⁇ prising the TOFA according to the invention may be added to the feed or feed supplement, or it may be ad ⁇ ministered to an animal separately (i.e. not as a part of any feed composition) .
  • feed composition or "feed” should be understood as referring to the to ⁇ tal feed composition of an animal diet or to a part thereof, including e.g. supplemental feed, premixes and other feed compositions.
  • the feed may comprise different active ingredients.
  • the feed supplement comprises TOFA which is absorbed into a carrier material suitable for the feed composi ⁇ tion such as sugarbeet pulp.
  • the feed supplement comprises TOFA which is dried.
  • the present invention also relates to a feed composition comprising the feed supplement according to the invention.
  • the feed composition comprises the feed supplement in an amount of 0.00001 - 0.5 % (w/w) , of the dry weight of the total amount of the feed.
  • the feed composition comprises the feed supplement in an amount of 0.0005 - 0.1 % (w/w) of the dry weight of the total amount of the feed.
  • the method of producing a tall oil fatty acid or feed supplement further comprises a step of drying.
  • the dy ⁇ ing can be carried out by spray drying, drum drying or by any other known drying method.
  • the invention also relates to a method of preventing the growth of harmful bacteria in the ani ⁇ mal digestive tract and/or preventing intestinal dis ⁇ orders, comprising the step of administering to an an- imal the tall oil fatty acid according to the inven ⁇ tion.
  • the term "harmful bacteria” should be understood as referring to any bacteria that is capable of affecting the digestive tract or health of an animal in an adverse manner, including competi ⁇ tion for nutrients with the host animal.
  • the term "microbial population” should be under ⁇ stood as referring to the microorganisms that inhabit the digestive tract, including the Bacteria and Ar- chaea domains and microscopic members of the Eukaryote domain and also intestinal parasites. The microbial population will vary for different animal species de ⁇ pending on e.g. the health of an animal and on environmental factors .
  • intestinal disor ⁇ der should be understood as referring to various dis ⁇ orders of the digestive tract in an animal, including e.g. diarrhea and other intestinal health problems.
  • animal should be understood as referring to all kinds of different ani ⁇ mals, such as monogastric animals, ruminants, fur ani ⁇ mals, pets and aquaculture.
  • Non-limiting examples of different animals, including offspring, are cows, beef cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep, goats, horses, foxes, dogs, cats and fish.
  • the TOFA is administered to an animal in an effective amount. In a further embodiment, the TOFA is adminis ⁇ tered in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • the present invention has a number of ad ⁇ vantages.
  • TOFA is a readily available, natural, low- cost and environmentally friendly material. Further, it is non-toxic and well tolerated. Subsequently, oth ⁇ er benefits of the invention are e.g. improved animal health and productivity, higher product quality, uni ⁇ formity, food and product safety.
  • the invention also allows the production of feed compositions and supple ⁇ ments at low cost.
  • Clostridium perfringens is a pathogenic bac ⁇ terium that causes necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks and other species of poultry. This experiment was conducted to study the inhibition of CI. perfringens by TOFA with 5 % resin acids.
  • Gastrointestinal digestion of the TOFA The tall oil was digested and 1% stock solutions, starting with pepsin-HCl digestion (pH 2.5) at +37 °C treatment for 3 hours, followed by neutralization of the digesta with NaOH (pH 6.5) and the treatment with bile acids and pancreatin for additional 3 hours at +37 ° C. This digestion mimics the gastric and small- intestinal digestion of monogastric animals. Digestion was made to evaluate whether the product would resist the conditions of upper gastrointestinal tract before entering to the distal intestine with higher microbial activity .
  • the simulation was conducted in 25-ml glass bottles containing 15 ml of sterile anaerobic TSGY- media (tryptic soy broth -yeast extract media with glucose) and bottles were enclosed with air-tight stoppers to ensure anaerobic conditions throughout the experiment.
  • TSGY- media tryptic soy broth -yeast extract media with glucose
  • 0.1 % inoc ulums of the overnight grown CI. perfringens culture was injected to TSGY-bottles .
  • Test compounds or etha- nol was added in 150 ⁇ final volume from the respec ⁇ tive stock solution according to the treatment.
  • the simulation bottles were randomized to avoid artificial bias between treatments.
  • the bottles were kept at even temperature of 37 °C and mixed 1 min before turbidity measurement at each time point.
  • the total simulation time was 8h.
  • the turbidity was measured at the time points of 0.5, 3, 6 and 8 hours.
  • the turbidity (optical den ⁇ sity, OD) of growth media increases proportionally as CI. perfringens cell number and cell density increas- es.
  • Sometimes the highest concentrations of test com ⁇ pounds affect to the turbidity already in the begin ⁇ ning of simulation regardless of bacterial growth, and therefore the turbidity change of each separate simu ⁇ lation bottle is more informative in comparing the different test compounds or doses.
  • Total gas produc ⁇ tion was measured at the end of the 8h simulation as an indicator of growth efficiency, since CI. perfringens produces detectable amounts of gas due to the active metabolism during exponential growth.
  • This experiment was conducted to compare the efficacy of TOFA with 8.5 % resin acids and competing products for their ability to inhibit the growth of pure cultures of three Gram-positive pathogens: Clos ⁇ tridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus and Strep ⁇ tococcus suis in vitro.
  • the competing products were commercial natural plant extracts and a medium-chain fatty acid product.
  • Plant extracts A-C are merchan ⁇ dised to have inhibitory effects against Gram+ patho ⁇ genic bacteria and they can be used e.g. in management of coccidiosis risk.
  • the bacte ⁇ ria were grown overnight as pure cultures in their specific growth medium. The bacterial cultures were used as inoculant in the experiment.
  • test products were first weighed into the glass bottles. 15 ml of bacterial growth medium was added. Bottles for CI. perfringens and S. aureus were prepared in anaerobic glove box, while the bottles for S. suis and B. cereus were prepared in aerobic envi ⁇ ronment. Next, the bottles were enclosed with air ⁇ tight stoppers to ensure anaerobic conditions through- out the experiment for CI. perfringens and S. aureus. A needle was pushed through the stoppers of the two aerobic bacteria to ensure oxygen supply for the cul- ture . 150 ml of bacterial culture (see above) was add ⁇ ed into each bottle to act as an inoculum (1% of the volume) .
  • the simulation time was calculated starting from the time of inoculating each vessel. During the simulation, the bottles were kept at 37°C temperature in a constant, slow shaking for eight hours. Optical density was measured at the time points of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours. The turbidity (optical density, OD) of growth media increases proportionally as bacterial cell density increases.
  • Each product was tested at two concentrations and three replicates per concentration. Dose 2 was the recommended dose of the commercial products. Each product concentration had also a control vessel into which microbes were not included (one repli ⁇ cate/product/dose) . These treatments controlled for any potential increase in the cloudiness that the test products may have induced into the growth medium dur ⁇ ing the simulation time. The total number of simula- tion vessels was 123 per bacterial species.
  • TOFA fully prevented the growth of Strepto ⁇ coccus suis during the 8-hour simulation at both product doses ( Figure 2e and 2f) .
  • MCFA product efficiently inhibited the growth of S. suis at the 8- hour time point ( Figure 2f) .
  • the experiment shows that the TOFA is much more effective against the growth of CI. perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus suis as the commercial plant extracts A-C claiming inhibitory ef- fects against Gram+ pathogenic bacteria.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to a tall oil fatty acid for use in the prevention of growth of harmful bacteria in the animal digestive tractand/or in the prevention of intestinal disorders. The invention further relates to a feed supplement and a feed composition comprising tall oil fatty acid.

Description

TALL OIL FATTY ACID FOR USE IN TREATMENT AND ANIMAL FEED SUPPLEMENTS AND COMPOSITIONS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a tall oil fatty ac¬ id, use thereof, and feed supplement and feed composi- 5 tion comprising said tall oil fatty acid.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Imbalances in microbial populations and growth of harmful bacteria in the digestive tract of
10 animals can cause significant losses in animal growth
and production. These imbalances manifest themselves as intestinal disorders such as diarrhea. While micro¬ bial infections of animals have been prevented by the use of e.g. antibiotics and other agents that prevent
15 the growth of microorganisms, stricter regulations on
their use are expected. Generally, there is an in¬ creasing demand for ingredients for use in animal feeding that can modulate the microbial population in the animal digestive tract but which are readily
20 available, well tolerated and environmentally friend- ly.
Fractional distillation of crude tall oil, obtained as a by-product of the Kraft process of wood pulp manufacture, produces distilled tall oil (DTO)
25 which typically comprises over 10% resin acids and
less than 90% fatty acids. Further refinement of dis¬ tilled tall oil produces tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) , which is available in a variety of compositions dif¬ fering in the fatty acids and resin acids content. Be-
30 cause TOFA is an inexpensive source of fatty acids, it
has previously been used in animal nutrition as an en¬ ergy source. For instance, GB 955316 discloses the use of alkali metal salts of tall oil fatty acids to im¬ prove weight gain and nitrogen retention in ruminant
35 animals. PURPOSE OF THE INVENTION
The purpose of the invention is to provide a new type of tall oil fatty acid/feed supplement for use in the prevention of growth of harmful bacteria in the animal digestive tract and/or in the prevention of intestinal disorders.
The present inventors have surprisingly found that TOFA prevents the growth of harmful bacteria in the animal digestive tract and/or prevents intestinal disorders.
SUMMARY
The tall oil fatty acid according to the pre¬ sent invention is characterized by what is presented in claim 1.
The feed supplement according to the present invention is characterized by what is presented in claim 7.
The feed composition according to the present invention is characterized by what is presented in claim 12.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG la The turbidity change during 8 hours of
CI. perfringens growth as a response to TOFA and digested TOFA concentrations.
FIG lb Gas production during 8 hours by CI. perfringens growth as a response to TOFA and digested TOFA concentrations.
FIG 2a The turbidity change during 8 hours of CI. perfringens growth as a response to TOFA and test products at dose 1.
FIG 2b The turbidity change during 8 hours of CI. perfringens growth as a response to TOFA and test products at dose 2. FIG 2c The turbidity change during 8 hours of S. aureus as a response to TOFA and test products at dose 1.
FIG 2d The turbidity change during 8 hours of S. aureus as a response to TOFA and test products at dose 2.
FIG 2e The turbidity change during 8 hours of S. suis as a response to TOFA and test products at dose 1.
FIG 2f The turbidity change during 8 hours of
C S. suis as a response to TOFA and test products at dose 2.
The present invention is based on the reali¬ zation that tall oil fatty acid can be used in the prevention of growth of harmful bacteria in the animal digestive tract and/or in the prevention of intestinal disorders .
The term "tall oil fatty acid" or "TOFA" should be understood as referring to a composition ob- tained by distillation of crude tall oil and further refinement of distilled tall oil. TOFA typically com¬ prises 90-98% (w/w) fatty acids. Further, TOFA may comprise 1-10% (w/w) resin acids.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the tall oil fatty acid for use according to the pre¬ sent invention comprises 1-10% (w/w) of resin acids.
In one embodiment of the present invention, TOFA comprises 2-9 % (w/w) resin acids.
In one embodiment of the present invention, TOFA comprises 5-9% (w/w) resin acids.
In this context, the term "resin acids" should be understood as referring to a complex mixture of various acidic compounds comprised by tall oil which share the same basic skeleton including a three- fused ring. The exact composition of the resin acids present in TOFA varies e.g. according to the species of the trees the TOFA is obtained from and the pro- cessing conditions under which it is manufactured. Resin acids typically include compounds such as abiet- ic acid, dehydroabietic acid, levopimaric acid, neoab- ietic acid, pimaric acid and isopimaric acid, only to mention a few.
In one embodiment of the present invention, TOFA comprises 90-98% (w/w) of fatty acids.
The tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) is produced by refinement from distilled tall oil. Distilled tall oil (DTO) is produced by fractional distillation from crude tall oil, obtained as a by-product of the Kraft process of wood pulp manufacture.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the TOFA, for use according to the present invention is dried. The TOFA can be dried by spray drying, drum drying or by any other known suitable drying method.
The present invention also relates to a feed supplement comprising the tall oil fatty acid accord¬ ing to the invention.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed supplement is effective in the prevention of growth of harmful bacteria, for prevention of intesti¬ nal disorders, in the modulation of microbial popula¬ tion of the animal digestive tract, in enhancing rumen fermentation and/or lowering rumen methane production.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed supplement comprises a tall oil fatty acid which comprises 1-10% (w/w) resin acids.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed supplement comprises a tall oil fatty acid which comprises 2-9 % (w/w) resin acids.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed supplement comprises a tall oil fatty acid which comprises 5-9% (w/w) resin acids.
In this context, the term "feed supplement" should be understood as referring to a composition that may be added to a feed or used as such in the feeding of animals. The feed supplement may comprise different active ingredients. The feed supplement may be added in the feed in a concentration of 0.0001 - 5 kg//ton of dry weight, preferably 0.005 - 1 kg/ton of the dry weight of the total amount of the feed. The TOFA or the feed supplement comprising the TOFA ac¬ cording to the invention may be added to the feed or feed supplement as such, or it may in general be fur¬ ther processed as desired.
Further, the TOFA or the feed supplement com¬ prising the TOFA according to the invention may be added to the feed or feed supplement, or it may be ad¬ ministered to an animal separately (i.e. not as a part of any feed composition) .
In this context, the term "feed composition" or "feed" should be understood as referring to the to¬ tal feed composition of an animal diet or to a part thereof, including e.g. supplemental feed, premixes and other feed compositions. The feed may comprise different active ingredients.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed supplement comprises TOFA which is absorbed into a carrier material suitable for the feed composi¬ tion such as sugarbeet pulp.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed supplement comprises TOFA which is dried.
The present invention also relates to a feed composition comprising the feed supplement according to the invention.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed composition comprises the feed supplement in an amount of 0.00001 - 0.5 % (w/w) , of the dry weight of the total amount of the feed.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed composition comprises the feed supplement in an amount of 0.0005 - 0.1 % (w/w) of the dry weight of the total amount of the feed. In one embodiment of the present invention, the method of producing a tall oil fatty acid or feed supplement further comprises a step of drying. The dy¬ ing can be carried out by spray drying, drum drying or by any other known drying method.
The invention also relates to a method of preventing the growth of harmful bacteria in the ani¬ mal digestive tract and/or preventing intestinal dis¬ orders, comprising the step of administering to an an- imal the tall oil fatty acid according to the inven¬ tion.
In this context, the term "harmful bacteria" should be understood as referring to any bacteria that is capable of affecting the digestive tract or health of an animal in an adverse manner, including competi¬ tion for nutrients with the host animal. In this con¬ text, the term "microbial population" should be under¬ stood as referring to the microorganisms that inhabit the digestive tract, including the Bacteria and Ar- chaea domains and microscopic members of the Eukaryote domain and also intestinal parasites. The microbial population will vary for different animal species de¬ pending on e.g. the health of an animal and on environmental factors .
In this context, the term "intestinal disor¬ der" should be understood as referring to various dis¬ orders of the digestive tract in an animal, including e.g. diarrhea and other intestinal health problems.
In this context, the term "animal" should be understood as referring to all kinds of different ani¬ mals, such as monogastric animals, ruminants, fur ani¬ mals, pets and aquaculture. Non-limiting examples of different animals, including offspring, are cows, beef cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep, goats, horses, foxes, dogs, cats and fish.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the TOFA is administered to an animal in an effective amount. In a further embodiment, the TOFA is adminis¬ tered in a therapeutically effective amount.
The present invention has a number of ad¬ vantages. TOFA is a readily available, natural, low- cost and environmentally friendly material. Further, it is non-toxic and well tolerated. Subsequently, oth¬ er benefits of the invention are e.g. improved animal health and productivity, higher product quality, uni¬ formity, food and product safety. The invention also allows the production of feed compositions and supple¬ ments at low cost.
The embodiments of the invention described hereinbefore may be used in any combination with each other. Several of the embodiments may be combined to- gether to form a further embodiment of the invention. A product, a method or a use, to which the invention is related, may comprise at least one of the embodi¬ ments of the invention described hereinbefore. EXAMPLES
In the following, the present invention will be described in more detail.
EXAMPLE 1.
Pathogen inhibition test
Clostridium perfringens is a pathogenic bac¬ terium that causes necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks and other species of poultry. This experiment was conducted to study the inhibition of CI. perfringens by TOFA with 5 % resin acids.
The efficiency of untreated and digested test compounds was tested in a CI. perfringens growth inhi¬ bition test that measures both the turbidity of the clostridial culture medium as a result of increased number of bacterial cells in a unit volume of medium, and the cumulative gas production during the simula¬ tion.
There were four treatments in the test: con¬ trol, control/ethanol, TOFA 5 % and pre-digested TOFA 5% and the TOFA products were tested in two concentra¬ tions. To make the untreated TOFA 5% soluble in the water phase of the simulation medium, it was first di¬ luted with ethanol. The digested TOFA product was di¬ luted in sterile water.
Gastrointestinal digestion of the TOFA: The tall oil was digested and 1% stock solutions, starting with pepsin-HCl digestion (pH 2.5) at +37 °C treatment for 3 hours, followed by neutralization of the digesta with NaOH (pH 6.5) and the treatment with bile acids and pancreatin for additional 3 hours at +37 °C. This digestion mimics the gastric and small- intestinal digestion of monogastric animals. Digestion was made to evaluate whether the product would resist the conditions of upper gastrointestinal tract before entering to the distal intestine with higher microbial activity .
The simulation was conducted in 25-ml glass bottles containing 15 ml of sterile anaerobic TSGY- media (tryptic soy broth -yeast extract media with glucose) and bottles were enclosed with air-tight stoppers to ensure anaerobic conditions throughout the experiment. At the beginning of simulation 0.1 % inoc ulums of the overnight grown CI. perfringens culture was injected to TSGY-bottles . Test compounds or etha- nol was added in 150 μΐ final volume from the respec¬ tive stock solution according to the treatment. The simulation bottles were randomized to avoid artificial bias between treatments. The bottles were kept at even temperature of 37 °C and mixed 1 min before turbidity measurement at each time point. The total simulation time was 8h. The turbidity was measured at the time points of 0.5, 3, 6 and 8 hours. The turbidity (optical den¬ sity, OD) of growth media increases proportionally as CI. perfringens cell number and cell density increas- es. Sometimes the highest concentrations of test com¬ pounds affect to the turbidity already in the begin¬ ning of simulation regardless of bacterial growth, and therefore the turbidity change of each separate simu¬ lation bottle is more informative in comparing the different test compounds or doses. Total gas produc¬ tion was measured at the end of the 8h simulation as an indicator of growth efficiency, since CI. perfringens produces detectable amounts of gas due to the active metabolism during exponential growth.
Results
The results are illustrated in Figure la and lb. Both untreated and digested TOFA treatments ef¬ fectively inhibited the growth of CI. perfringens al- most completely still in the concentration of 0.001%, which was detected as lack of turbidity change in 8 hours (Figure la) and the production of less than 2 ml gas (Figure lb) .
The concentration 0.05% of TOFA, which is not shown in the figures, totally prevented the growth of CI. perfringens.
The results show that TOFA resists gastroin¬ testinal digestion and maintains its efficacy against the growth of CI. perfringens. This result shows that the TOFA prevents or alleviates the onset of necrotic enteritis if given to broiler chicks or other species of poultry in the feed.
The experiment shows that the TOFA is very effective against the growth of CI. perfringens, and that most of its activity can resist gastrointestinal digestion . EXAMPLE 2.
Pathogen inhibition test
This experiment was conducted to compare the efficacy of TOFA with 8.5 % resin acids and competing products for their ability to inhibit the growth of pure cultures of three Gram-positive pathogens: Clos¬ tridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus and Strep¬ tococcus suis in vitro. The competing products were commercial natural plant extracts and a medium-chain fatty acid product. Plant extracts A-C are merchan¬ dised to have inhibitory effects against Gram+ patho¬ genic bacteria and they can be used e.g. in management of coccidiosis risk. Before the simulation, the bacte¬ ria were grown overnight as pure cultures in their specific growth medium. The bacterial cultures were used as inoculant in the experiment.
Products and product doses are presented in
Table 1.
Figure imgf000011_0001
The test products were first weighed into the glass bottles. 15 ml of bacterial growth medium was added. Bottles for CI. perfringens and S. aureus were prepared in anaerobic glove box, while the bottles for S. suis and B. cereus were prepared in aerobic envi¬ ronment. Next, the bottles were enclosed with air¬ tight stoppers to ensure anaerobic conditions through- out the experiment for CI. perfringens and S. aureus. A needle was pushed through the stoppers of the two aerobic bacteria to ensure oxygen supply for the cul- ture . 150 ml of bacterial culture (see above) was add¬ ed into each bottle to act as an inoculum (1% of the volume) . The simulation time was calculated starting from the time of inoculating each vessel. During the simulation, the bottles were kept at 37°C temperature in a constant, slow shaking for eight hours. Optical density was measured at the time points of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours. The turbidity (optical density, OD) of growth media increases proportionally as bacterial cell density increases.
Each product was tested at two concentrations and three replicates per concentration. Dose 2 was the recommended dose of the commercial products. Each product concentration had also a control vessel into which microbes were not included (one repli¬ cate/product/dose) . These treatments controlled for any potential increase in the cloudiness that the test products may have induced into the growth medium dur¬ ing the simulation time. The total number of simula- tion vessels was 123 per bacterial species.
Results
The results are illustrated in Figures 2a to 2f. The TOFA of the invention totally inhibited the growth of CI. perfringens at both product levels at the 8-hour time point (Figure 2a and 2b) .
S. aureus was not able to grow at all in the presence of TOFA at the studied concentrations, while the other products showed no inhibition at dose 1 (Figure 2c) . Two of the other products showed partial inhibition at product dose 2 (Figure 2d) .
TOFA fully prevented the growth of Strepto¬ coccus suis during the 8-hour simulation at both product doses (Figure 2e and 2f) . At dose 2, MCFA product efficiently inhibited the growth of S. suis at the 8- hour time point (Figure 2f) . The experiment shows that the TOFA is much more effective against the growth of CI. perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus suis as the commercial plant extracts A-C claiming inhibitory ef- fects against Gram+ pathogenic bacteria.
obvious to a person skilled in the art that, with the advancement of technology, the basic idea of the invention may be implemented in various ways. The invention and its embodiments are thus not limited to the examples described above; instead they may vary within the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A tall oil fatty acid for use in the pre¬ vention of growth of harmful bacteria in the animal digestive tract and/or in the prevention of intestinal disorders.
2. The tall oil fatty acid for use according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it compris¬ es 1-10% (w/w) resin acids.
3. The tall oil fatty acid for use according to claim 1 or 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it comprises 2-9 % (w/w) resin acids.
4. The tall oil fatty acid for use according to any of preceding claims 1 - 3, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it comprises 5-9% (w/w) resin acids.
5. The tall oil fatty acid for use according to any of preceding claims 1 - 4, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it comprises 90-98% (w/w) fatty acids.
6. The tall oil fatty acid for use according to any of preceding claims 1 - 5, c h a r a c t e r - i z e d in that it is dried.
7. A feed supplement, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it comprises the tall oil fatty acid for use as defined in claim 1.
8. The feed supplement according to claim 7, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it is effective in the prevention of growth of harmful bacteria and/or in the prevention of intestinal disorders.
9. The feed supplement according to claim 7 or 8, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the tall oil fat- ty acid comprises 1-10% (w/w) , preferably 2-9 % (w/w) , most preferably 5-9% (w/w) resin acids.
10. The feed supplement according to any of preceding claims 7 - 9, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the tall oil fatty acid is dried.
11. The feed supplement according to any of preceding claims 7 - 10, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the tall oil fatty acid is absorbed into a carri¬ er material.
12. A feed composition for use as defined in claim 1 comprising the feed supplement according to any of preceding claims 7 - 11.
13. A feed composition according to claim 12, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it comprises a feed supplement in an amount of 0.00001 - 0.5 % (w/w) of the dry weight of the total amount of feed.
14. A feed composition according to claim 12 or 13, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it comprises a feed supplement in an amount of 0.0005 - 0.1 % (w/w) of the dry weight of the total amount of feed.
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CA2909841A CA2909841C (en) 2013-05-14 2014-05-09 Tall oil fatty acid for use in the prevention of microbial growth in an animal digestive tract and animal feed supplements and compositions
MX2015015628A MX369699B (en) 2013-05-14 2014-05-09 Tall oil fatty acid for use in treatment and animal feed supplements and compositions.
CN201480027871.0A CN105228636B (en) 2013-05-14 2014-05-09 Ready denier oil acid purposes in the treatment and animal feed supplement and composition
BR112015027513-3A BR112015027513B1 (en) 2013-05-14 2014-05-09 LIQUID RESIN FATTY ACID, FOOD SUPPLEMENT AND FOOD COMPOSITION FOR USE IN PREVENTING THE GROWTH OF HARMFUL BACTERIA IN THE DIGESTIVE TREATMENT OF THE ANIMAL AND / OR NAPREVENTING INTESTINAL DISORDERS
EP14797471.1A EP3030248B1 (en) 2013-05-14 2014-05-09 Tall oil fatty acid for use in treatment and animal feed supplements and compositions thereof
PL14797471T PL3030248T3 (en) 2013-05-14 2014-05-09 Tall oil fatty acid for use in treatment and animal feed supplements and compositions thereof
US14/891,038 US10092610B2 (en) 2013-05-14 2014-05-09 Tall oil fatty acid for use in treatment and animal feed supplements and compositions
DK14797471.1T DK3030248T3 (en) 2013-05-14 2014-05-09 TALLOIL FATTY ACID FOR USE IN TREATMENT AND ANIMAL FEED ADDITIVES AND COMPOSITIONS THEREOF

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