WO2014142729A1 - A bag holder, a method for installing a bag in a holder, a disposable bag, a roll comprising at least two bags, an apparatus, a method of holding a bag and a method of making a bag. - Google Patents

A bag holder, a method for installing a bag in a holder, a disposable bag, a roll comprising at least two bags, an apparatus, a method of holding a bag and a method of making a bag. Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014142729A1
WO2014142729A1 PCT/SE2014/050183 SE2014050183W WO2014142729A1 WO 2014142729 A1 WO2014142729 A1 WO 2014142729A1 SE 2014050183 W SE2014050183 W SE 2014050183W WO 2014142729 A1 WO2014142729 A1 WO 2014142729A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
bag
male
female
polymer
normal
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SE2014/050183
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Olle WESTERLUND
Original Assignee
Westerlund Olle
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Westerlund Olle filed Critical Westerlund Olle
Publication of WO2014142729A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014142729A1/en

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B7/00Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/04Interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/08Interconnection of layers by mechanical means
    • B32B7/09Interconnection of layers by mechanical means by stitching, needling or sewing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/06Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B27/10Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of paper or cardboard
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B7/00Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/04Interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/12Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65BMACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B67/00Apparatus or devices facilitating manual packaging operations; Sack holders
    • B65B67/12Sack holders, i.e. stands or frames with means for supporting sacks in the open condition to facilitate filling with articles or materials
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D31/00Bags or like containers made of paper and having structural provision for thickness of contents
    • B65D31/10Bags or like containers made of paper and having structural provision for thickness of contents with gusseted sides
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65FGATHERING OR REMOVAL OF DOMESTIC OR LIKE REFUSE
    • B65F1/00Refuse receptacles; Accessories therefor
    • B65F1/0006Flexible refuse receptables, e.g. bags, sacks
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65FGATHERING OR REMOVAL OF DOMESTIC OR LIKE REFUSE
    • B65F1/00Refuse receptacles; Accessories therefor
    • B65F1/0006Flexible refuse receptables, e.g. bags, sacks
    • B65F1/002Flexible refuse receptables, e.g. bags, sacks with means for opening or closing of the receptacle
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65FGATHERING OR REMOVAL OF DOMESTIC OR LIKE REFUSE
    • B65F1/00Refuse receptacles; Accessories therefor
    • B65F1/14Other constructional features; Accessories
    • B65F1/141Supports, racks, stands, posts or the like for holding refuse receptacles
    • B65F1/1415Supports, racks, stands, posts or the like for holding refuse receptacles for flexible receptables, e.g. bags, sacks
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2272/00Resin or rubber layer comprising scrap, waste or recycling material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/50Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
    • B32B2307/582Tearability
    • B32B2307/5825Tear resistant
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/70Other properties
    • B32B2307/716Degradable
    • B32B2307/7163Biodegradable
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2439/00Containers; Receptacles
    • B32B2439/02Open containers
    • B32B2439/06Bags, sacks, sachets
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2439/00Containers; Receptacles
    • B32B2439/40Closed containers
    • B32B2439/46Bags
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D33/00Details of, or accessories for, sacks or bags
    • B65D33/002Rolls, strips or like assemblies of bags
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D33/00Details of, or accessories for, sacks or bags
    • B65D33/16End- or aperture-closing arrangements or devices
    • B65D33/1691End- or aperture-closing arrangements or devices using adhesive applied to attached closure elements
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65FGATHERING OR REMOVAL OF DOMESTIC OR LIKE REFUSE
    • B65F2210/00Equipment of refuse receptacles
    • B65F2210/167Sealing means
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65FGATHERING OR REMOVAL OF DOMESTIC OR LIKE REFUSE
    • B65F2250/00Materials of refuse receptacles
    • B65F2250/105Biodegradable
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W90/00Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
    • Y02W90/10Bio-packaging, e.g. packing containers made from renewable resources or bio-plastics

Definitions

  • FIGS. 33 A-E illustrate an exemplary process for fabricating a pleated bag, according to some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • Various apparatus and methods provide for holding a bag.
  • a bag is held using frictional forces, which may be distributed over an area of the bag (e.g., near the bag opening) large enough that the frictional forces support the bag and contents during use. Frictional forces may be increased by compression between male and female parts of the bag holder, with a bag gripped between compressing faces of the male and female parts.
  • a surface of a face (e.g., surface finish, roughness, material, coating, and the like) is chosen according to an expected type of bag to be used.
  • a female face has a surface chosen to enhance friction with a bag having a paper surface against the face
  • a male face is chosen to enhance friction with a polymer surface against the face.
  • Some faces are chosen to grip a composite bag (e.g., a bag having an exterior paper surface and an interior polymer surface, or vice versa).
  • Opening 120 may receive protuberance 160, such that protuberance 160 may be tightly, yet removably, inserted into opening 120.
  • Opening 120 may be at least partially defined by one or more female faces (or surfaces). In some cases, several discrete female faces define an opening 120. In some cases, a substantially continuous female face may define an opening 120. One or more portions of a face may be defined by a normal (i.e., a vector that is orthogonal to that portion of the face). Opening 120 may include a first female face 122, which may be at least partially defined by a first female normal 132. Opening 120 may include a second female face 124, which may be at least partially defined by a second female normal 134. In exemplary FIG. 1, first female normal 132 is coplanar, but is not parallel to, second female normal 134.
  • a bag holder may include male and female parts having at least two pairs of matching faces, which may be rectangular faces.
  • Male part 150 may include (or even be shaped as) one or more protuberances 160.
  • a protuberance may be at least partially defined by one or more faces (e.g., surfaces), which may include discrete faces and/or a continuous face.
  • protuberance 160 includes a first male face 162, which may be at least partially defined by a first male normal 172.
  • Protuberance 160 may also include a second male face 164, which may be at least partially defined by a second male normal 174.
  • the female part may be shaped to receive the male part, and the protuberance may be shaped to be inserted into the opening of the female part. At least a portion of the face of the protuberance may match at least a portion of the face of the opening.
  • a first male normal may be within a tolerance of parallel to a first female normal
  • a second male normal may be substantially parallel to (e.g., within a tolerance of parallel to) a second female normal.
  • a tolerance may be within 20 degrees of parallel, within 10 degrees of parallel, within 5 degrees of parallel, within 1 degree of parallel, within 0.5 degrees of parallel, or even within 0.1 degree of parallel.
  • first male normal 172 is substantially parallel to first female normal 132
  • second male normal 174 is substantially parallel to second female normal 134.
  • a protuberance comprises a plurality of substantially planar faces, of which two or more may be trapezoidal.
  • a face may be triangular, square, rectangular, parallelogram, or otherwise shaped.
  • a protuberance may be shaped to form a friction fit with an opening by matching the shapes of corresponding faces.
  • a first angle 140 may at least partially define both opening 120 and protuberance 160
  • a second angle 142 may at least partially define both opening 120 and protuberance 160.
  • First angle 140 may be greater or lesser than second angle 142.
  • first angle 140 and second angle 142 are different; they may be complementary (e.g., have mirror symmetry) and they may sum to 180 degrees.
  • Suitable alignment of opposing faces may enable a "wedging" of a male part into a female part, i.e. by sliding the male part 150 into the opening 120 of the female part 1 10.
  • Wedging a male part into a female part may include a compressive force (e.g., to grip a bag between faces) and a shear force to frictionally retain the male part within the female part.
  • Alignment of faces may be described using one or more normals (e.g., a first normal for a first face and a second normal for a second face). The first and second normals are not parallel to each other in some embodiments.
  • first and second normals are not coplanar, and they may be not parallel and not coplanar.
  • First and second normals may be coplanar.
  • the first and second normals may be parallel to each other.
  • at least a component of normal 132 is opposite at least a component of normal 134 (and,
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a bag holder, according to some embodiments.
  • Bag holder 300 may comprise male part 150 inserted into female part 110. Insertion of male part 150 into female part 110 may induce one or more forces 310 (e.g., compressive and shear forces) across a contact area between matching male and female faces (FIGS. 1 and 2).
  • an optional alignment indicia 302 is incorporated into the male part, the female part, or both. Alignment indicia 302 (e.g., a groove, a ridge, a divot, a bump, a label, and the like) may help a user orient the male part for insertion into the female part.
  • a width 180 between opposing faces may be chosen to match (e.g., be slightly smaller than) a bag opening.
  • a bag may have an opening large enough to fit a dinner plate (e.g., 20-30 cm wide.
  • Width 180 may be sized to hold the bag in a manner that opens the opening of the bag (e.g., opening the bag 3-6 cm in the forward direction), such that food waste may be deposited into the held bag.
  • a bag holder may be sized to have a width 380 that is within 30%, 20% or even within 10% of the width of a bag to be held.
  • a depth 320 and height 330 may be chosen according to the mass of material to be held (e.g., with a larger contact area for heavier loads).
  • first distances 144 and/or 154 are more than 50%, or even more than 70%, of depth 320.
  • a compact bag holder may have a thickness 320 that is less than 30%, less than 20%, or even less than 10% of width 380.
  • a bag holder may have a width 380 between 30 - 40 cm, a depth 320 between 1 and 3 cm, and height 330 between 2 and 5 cm.
  • a bag holder may have a width 380 between 10 and 15cm, a depth 320 between 1 and 2 cm, and a height 330 between 1.5 and 3 cm.
  • a bag holder may be designed to hold a particular size of bag.
  • a compact bag holder may be one that fits inside the bag for which the bag holder is designed to hold.
  • two, five, ten, or even twenty compact bag holders may be arranged (e.g., stacked) to fit within a bag for which the bag holders were designed, e.g. due to the fact that merely a fraction of the total surface of the bag is needed to safely "grip" the bag by the holder.
  • a bag holder may be fabricated from cellulose (e.g., a wood such as oak, mahogany, ironwood, ash, teak, larch, birch, beech, maple, pine, and the like).
  • a bag holder may be fabricated from a metal (e.g., aluminum, stainless steel), a plastic (e.g.,
  • a bag holder may be fabricated from a renewable polymer (e.g., a polymer manufactured from biomass).
  • a bag holder may be fabricated from a composite material (e.g., a fiber reinforced polymer).
  • a male part may be fabricated from a different material than that used for the female part, and either part may be fabricated from a combination of materials (e.g., a metal frame with a plastic face).
  • a female and/or a male part may include a mounting feature.
  • through-holes are drilled through a part, through which screws may be used to attach the part to an object.
  • Double sided tape e.g., with a protective film
  • a user may remove the protective film to affix the part to an object (e.g., a door or wall) using the tape.
  • two or more countersunk through-holes are incorporated into female face 126.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an implementation of a bag holder, according to some embodiments.
  • a male or female part may be mounted to an object, and a bag may be suspended by the bag holder attached to the object.
  • a male part is affixed to an object, and the female part is removably attached to the male part to grip the bag.
  • a female part is mounted to an object, and the male part is removably attached to the female part to grip the bag.
  • female part 110 is affixed (e.g., screwed, glued, taped, hung, and the like) to an object 500.
  • Object 500 may include a door (e.g., a cabinet door, a closet door, and the like).
  • Object 500 may include a wall, a bracket, and/or other object to which a bag holder may be affixed (e.g., to mount a bag on the object).
  • Object 500 may include a piece of equipment (e.g., agricultural equipment, maintenance equipment, a lawnmower, and the like).
  • a bag 510 (e.g., a biodegradable bag as described herein) may be held by disposing the bag 510 between male part 150 and female part 1 10 (e.g., near an opening 520).
  • a width 522 associated with male part 150 may be sized to match a bag (e.g., bag
  • a bag holder may hold the bag sufficiently open that material may be easily deposited into the bag (e.g., an approximately elliptical opening). Bag holder 300 may be sized to "hold open” bag 510 by being large enough to open opening 520, and small enough that opening 520 is not too tightly stretched (e.g., to the point of being shut).
  • An exemplary household waste bag holder may have a width 522 between 10 and 50 cm, including between 15 and 30 cm.
  • An exemplary yard waste bag holder may have a width 522 between 30 and 100 cm, including between 40 and 80 cm.
  • An exemplary larger bag may have a width 522 between 1 -5 meters.
  • Forces 310 across contact areas between the male and female faces may support bag 510.
  • the mass of bag 510 e.g., including the mass of material within the bag 510) may be distributed over a relatively large contact area, which may reduce localized stress on the bag, which may reduce tearing, stretching, and/or other deformation.
  • a bag holder may be compact (e.g., in comparison to a size of the bag to be held).
  • a compact bag holder may hold open the opening to a bag without the need for a rigid circumferential "ring” or “cage” or “can” having a diameter similar to a diameter of the bag opening.
  • a flexible bag may be suspended or hung, and may flex or compress to fit into relatively constrained enclosures (e.g., beneath a kitchen cabinet, or behind an airline seat).
  • a compact bag holder may provide for convenient packaging with a bag (e.g., a roll of bags, which may have a width similar to that of the bag holder).
  • a width 180 may be 10%, 20%, 50%, 70% or even 90% smaller than a width of an opening of a bag to be held.
  • at least one dimension (e.g., first distance 154) of a bag holder is substantially smaller (e.g., 50%, 80%, 90%, or even 95% smaller) than a width of the opening to a bag.
  • at least two dimensions are substantially smaller.
  • An exemplary household waste bag having an opening approximately 20cm wide x 12cm deep when "open" enough for use, may (until it's full) collapse to below 2 cm deep.
  • An exemplary corresponding bag holder may be 1 -3 cm deep and have a first distance 154 12-18 cm wide, with a shape of the male/female faces that "opens" the held bag (e.g., using the stiffness of the bag material) during use, yet allows for collapse of the bag during storage.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate exemplary male and female parts of a bag holder, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a bag holder having more than two (e.g., three) gripping faces, each identified by its respective normal.
  • three or more normals e.g., not parallel to each other
  • first female normal 132 and second female normal 134 are not coplanar.
  • Complementary angles 620 and 622 may be used to at least partially direct normals 132 and 134 inward (toward the rear).
  • a third female face 126 may be at least partially defined by a third female normal 136 (in this case, pointing forward).
  • a component of each of normals 132 and 134 may be opposite a component of normal 136, and a component of normal 132 may be opposite a component of normal 134.
  • Faces 122, 124, and 126 may be in compression with respect to each other.
  • male normals 172 and 174 may be substantially parallel to their respective female normals 132 and 134.
  • Third male face 166 may be at least partially defined by third male normal 176, which may be substantially parallel to third female normal 136.
  • Some embodiments may enable a combination of forces across the contact areas between three pairs of face normals.
  • a rear contact area may be associated with the intersection of the areas of third male face 166 and third female face 126.
  • an area associated with third female face 136 and third male face 166 may be defined using width 167 and height 168 (and in this case, angles 620 and 622).
  • the contact areas associated with normals 132/172, 134/174, and 136/176 may transfer a combination of forces between the male and female parts that "grips" or “locks” or otherwise holds male part 650 in female part 610 using compressive and frictional forces that are distributed over a wide surface area of the bag.
  • stress e.g., from a load in the bag
  • a bag may be "hung" from a holder via compressive and shear forces distributed over a large area, preferably over an area larger than 4000 mm .
  • FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary bag holder, according to some embodiments.
  • Bag holder 800 may comprise male part 650 and female part 610.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a perspective view of a bag holder, according to some embodiments.
  • An inserted male part 650 may interact with female part 610 via three or more contact areas, illustrated as contact areas 400, 400' and 400" in FIG. 9.
  • Contact areas 400, 400', and 400" may be at least partially defined by their respective normals, which may be non parallel and non coplanar in some embodiments.
  • Dimensions of bag holder 800 may be chosen according to a desired bag and load combination.
  • FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate exemplary handles, according to some embodiments.
  • a handle may include a ledge (e.g., handle 1010, FIG. 10A), a handle 1020 (FIG. 10B), a divot, and/or another feature to enhance use of a bag holder.
  • a handle may be used to remove a male part from a female part.
  • a handle may also be used as a ledge upon which objects may be tamped or hit (e.g., to dislodge material into a held bag).
  • a handle may be used to pull a male part up and/or push male part down.
  • a handle may increase a stiffness of a part (e.g., against deformation induced by insertion forces or bag loads).
  • a handle 1010 is disposed on a front face of a female part, has a length within 20%, or even 10%, of width 167, and stiffens the male part against a compressive force (e.g., opposite normal 176).
  • a handle or other feature may also be associated with a female part.
  • FIGS. 16A, 16B, and 16C illustrate a bag holder, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 16A illustrates a female part 1610.
  • Female part 1610 may have a conical opening 120.
  • female part 1610 includes a conical outer surface 1660, which may be sized to fit within a hole (e.g., to receive the bag holder).
  • FIG. 16B illustrates a corresponding male part 1650, which may be sized to match female part 1610.
  • two handles 1020 may be used to remove male part 1650 from female part 1610, and may also be used as surface against which a container (e.g., from an espresso machine) may be tamped to remove its contents into a held bag.
  • a container e.g., from an espresso machine
  • Some bags may include an outer surface that is different than an inner surface.
  • An outer surface may have a different composition, a different roughness, a different finish, a different level of fiber and/or coating level.
  • Exemplary bag 1700 may include an outer surface 1730 and an inner surface 1720.
  • bag 1700 may comprise a paper outer surface 1730 and a polymer (e.g., a waterproof) inner surface 1720.
  • male and female surfaces of a bag holder e.g., roughness, texture, coating, surface finish, and the like
  • male faces may have a coating that has a high coefficient of friction with inner surface 1720
  • female faces may have a surface texture (e.g., ridges) that grip outer surface 1730.
  • the paper side may comprise a dried pulp, a paper, or another fibrous
  • a paper may include a multilayer paper (e.g., having two or more separate papers).
  • a laminate of paper and polymer may have a weight between 22 - 190 g/m .
  • An exemplary household waste bag (e.g., having a volume of approximately 10 liters) may have a laminate weight
  • a polymer may include a pigment (e.g., Ti0 2 , carbon black) for color and/or opacity.
  • a polymer may include an extender (e.g., to lower cost, change density, adjust decomposition and the like).
  • Exemplary extenders include organic particles.
  • An extender may include a mineral (e.g. to modify pH).
  • a basic mineral e.g. , with CaCC , dolomite, and the like
  • An extender such as kaolin may decrease pH.
  • a polymer may include a plasticizer and/or an additive to change the melting point, elastic properties, permeability, tear strength, decomposition behavior, and the like.
  • a polymer may include a dispersant and/or a coupling agent (e.g., to improve bonding to extenders mixed into the polymer).
  • a polymer 1930 is affixed to paper 1910 using an adhesive 1905.
  • Adhesive 1905 may be sprayed, brushed, rolled, extruded (as shown), or otherwise applied to one or both of paper 1910 and a film of polymer 1930.
  • a roller 1901 may apply pressure to a sandwich comprised of paper and polymer affixed together using an adhesive to form a laminate.
  • FIG. 20 is a schematic illustration of a forming apparatus, according to some embodiments.
  • Rolls 2000 and 2002 may include laminates 2010 and 2012
  • Removal of protection layer 2064 may expose adhesion layer
  • FIGS. 21A and 21B illustrate examples of different seam combinations.
  • rolls 2000 and 2002 unroll laminates 2010 and 2012 to form a sandwich 2100, with polymer 1930 (not shown) facing polymer 1932.
  • Seams 2110 may be formed by bonding a portion of the facing polymers in sandwich 2100 to form one or more bags 2102, which may be formed as a continuous sheet 2130 of bags.
  • a perforation 2120 may be oriented to cut across sandwich 2100, allowing a user to separate adjacent bags 2102 by tearing one bag from the next.
  • perforation 2120 also forms an opening to bag 2102.
  • a rolls 2000 and 2002 may be continuously laminated and bonded to form a continuous sheet 2130 of bags (in this example, of bags 2102) which may be rolled and/or cut and stacked.
  • a perforation 2120 may be torn to separate one bag 2402 from the next bag 2402, and in this example, form an opening into bag 2402.
  • fold 2430 may be oriented at the "side" of bag 2404 (with respect to perforation 2120 creating an opening at the
  • FIGS. 26A and 26B illustrate exemplary bags made with a folded laminate, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 26A illustrates a bag 2402 having an opening at the top and a fold 2430 at the side.
  • FIG. 26B illustrates a bag 2404 having an opening at the top and a fold 2430 at the bottom.
  • FIG. 26B also illustrates an optional implementation of adhesive tape 0260.
  • FIG. 30 illustrates an exemplary bag and forming process, according to some embodiments.
  • Some bags may have a single seam, and may be fabricated from a single laminate.
  • Exemplary bag 3000 may be made by folding a laminate 2010, and bonding the folded laminate to form a seam 2110. Bag 3000 may be detached via a perforation (not shown) or by cutting (not shown).
  • a shape of the laminate to be folded may be chosen to yield a flap 2210 operable to close opening 2150 (e.g., by refolding bag 3000 as shown).
  • FIGS. 31 A-E illustrate an exemplary process for fabricating a pleated bag, according to some embodiments.
  • a laminate 2010 is folded over and bonded using seam 2110 (see FIG. 24 A), forming a tube 3100.
  • Tube 3100 may be folded in the directions shown by the dotted arrows in FIG. 31 A.
  • a pleat 31 10 may be formed (in this case, on a side away from seam 2110).
  • the pleat 3110 may be flattened, as shown in FIG. 31C (e.g., by rolling).
  • a tube 3100 having flattened pleat 3110 may be periodically bonded as shown in FIG. 31 C.
  • FIGS. 32A-E illustrate an exemplary process for fabricating a pleated bag, according to some embodiments.
  • a laminate 2010 is folded over and bonded using seam 2110 (see FIG. 24 A), forming a tube 3100.
  • Tube 3100 may be folded in the directions shown by the dotted arrows in FIG. 32A.
  • two pleats 31 10 may be formed. In some embodiments, three, four, six, or more pleats may be formed.
  • the pleats 31 10 may be flattened, as shown in FIG. 32C (e.g., by rolling).
  • Tube 3100 having flattened pleats pleats 31 10 may be periodically bonded as shown in FIG. 32C to form a plurality of bags.
  • FIGS. 33A-D illustrate an exemplary process for fabricating a pleated bag, according to some embodiments.
  • a sandwich e.g., a pair of laminates 2010 and 2012 with polymer surfaces facing each other
  • Tube 3300 may be folded in the directions shown by the dotted arrows in FIG. 33A.
  • two pleats 31 10 may be formed.
  • three, four, six, or more pleats may be formed.
  • the pleats 31 10 may be flattened, as shown in FIG. 33C (e.g., by rolling).
  • Tube 3300 having flattened pleats 3110 may be periodically bonded with seams 21 10 as shown in FIG. 33C to form a plurality of bags. Bags may be cut apart (not shown). Bags may be separated by perforations 2120, as shown in FIG. 33C.
  • FIG. 33D illustrates a pleated bag 3320 formed from pleated tube 3300 using this process, with the pleats expanded.
  • FIG. 33E is a schematic perspective illustration of pleated bag 3320.

Abstract

Various apparatus and methods describe a bag holder to hold a bag. In some cases, a bag may be gripped between male and female parts of a bag holder. Contact areas between the male and female parts may distribute force over an area of the bag that may reduce tearing and/or undesired deformation of the bag. Frictional forces may hold a bag between male and female parts, and may at least partially result from compression between male and female parts. Various aspects provide for making a biodegradable bag. A laminate may be folded into a bag shape, and a seam between two polymer sides of the laminate may be bonded to form a bag. A bag may be fabricated from one laminate, from two laminates or more laminates. A roll of laminate may be formed into a roll of bags, and a perforation may be used to separate bags.

Description

A bag holder, a method for installing a bag in a holder, a disposable bag, a roll comprising at least two bags, an apparatus, a method of holding a bag and a method of making a bag
BACKGROUND
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates generally to holding a bag, and more particularly to gripping a bag using friction. The present invention also relates generally to bags, and more particularly to biodegradable bags, compostable bags, and bags
manufactured from renewable materials.
DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART
[0002] Various materials may be deposited in a sack, an envelope, a pocket, and the like (hereinafter: a bag). Many applications require that a bag be held open and/or otherwise set up for use (e.g., to be filled). Some bags are thin, flexible, or otherwise difficult to maintain in a convenient position for filling (e.g., with an opening to the bag "held open").
[0003] As a bag is filled, stress on the bag may increase. For a bag that is held by hanging the bag (e.g., from a hook or rod), increased stress may be concentrated at small points of contact between a bag and a holder. Prior bag holders may use a rod, a wire or other relatively thin hanger. These concentrated regions of high stress may cause the bag to fail (e.g., stretch, tear, or break) as the weight of the bag increases. Further, US 5,088,667 and US 3,091,422 show that it is known to use a linear clamping action to hold a bag. However, also a linear clamping may lead to tearing of a bag, e.g. if a force is applied near an edge portion. Moreover both holders use pivotal movements during attachment which may cause damages.
[0004] Efforts to minimize the production of waste or improve post-use processes (e.g., breakdown) may promote the use of particularly thin bags, which may be susceptible to failure when held by existing bag holders. Paper bags may be particularly susceptible to stress concentration, and a small tear in a paper bag may readily result in failure of the bag. In such cases, it may be advantageous to hold the bag in a manner that does not concentrate stress around small contact areas.
[0005] Some bags may be breathable, and may contain products that benefit from the bag's breathability. For example, household food waste may decompose to create noxious odors when contained in a non -breathable bag, but may create less objectionable odors when contained in a breathable bag. However, placing a breathable bag in a non- breathable container (e.g., a trash can) may impair breathability. A bag holder that holds a bag suspended (e.g., with air flow around the bag) may improve breathability of the bag, which may benefit the contents of the bag.
[0006] Various waste products may be described as biodegradable waste, which may include compostable waste. Biodegradable waste may contain a variety of
components, including food waste, gardening waste, sanitary waste, agriculture waste, forestry waste, and/or other forms of materials. Biodegradable waste may be decomposed (e.g., oxidized) during disposal. In some cases, decomposition occurs via various living organisms and/or enzymes. Biodegradable waste may be decomposed aerobically (e.g., to form compost). Biodegradable waste may be decomposed anaerobically (e.g., to form biogas).
[0007] It may be convenient to gather and/or transport biodegradable waste in a biodegradable container, which may decompose in the decomposition environment envisioned for the material carried by the container. In some cases, it may be preferable to use a biodegradable container that is manufactured mainly, or even entirely, from renewable materials (e.g., materials that are not synthesized from fossil fuels).
[0008] Many biodegradable wastes are moist (e.g., grass clippings) or even wet (e.g., sanitary waste). Even within a given category (e.g., food waste) biodegradable waste may range from dry (e.g., peanut shells) to wet (e.g., rotten fruit). A container for carrying biodegradable waste may need to contain waste over a wide range of moisture
concentrations, yet still decompose during disposal. A container may need to allow gases and/or vapor to pass through the walls of the container, yet contain liquids within.
[0009] A container's response to moisture presents a challenge. It may be desirable that a biodegradable container decompose in a moist environment, yet the container should not break down during use, (e.g., from having been in contact with wet waste contained within). Prior containers (e.g., paper bags) have often sacrificed
"containment performance" for "easy decomposition." Prior containers (e.g., polymer bags) have often sacrificed ease of handling, ease of use, and ease of post-use processing (e.g., maceration) for "container performance." Often, a bag that is sufficiently waterproof is not sufficiently breathable (e.g., to avoid formation of noxious gases during use). In general prior bags have forced a user to choose between (for example) a bag that readily biodegrades and a bag that effectively holds biodegradable materials Moreover, an appropriate laminate containing fibers may provide the advantage to be relatively easy to tear and/or shred, compared to a polymer bag, which may be a significant aspect in some applications, e.g. in relation to efficient disposal handling.
[0010] Many existing bags are not adapted to existing bag holders. A combination of bag and holder designed to work together may facilitate use.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] Various apparatus and methods provide for holding a bag. In some cases, a bag is gripped or sandwiched between male and female parts of a bag holder. Contact areas between the male and female parts may distribute force over an area of the bag (e.g., near the bag opening) that may reduce tearing and/or undesired deformation of the bag. Frictional forces may hold a bag between male and female parts, and may at least partially result from compression between male and female parts. A bag may be suspended from a bag holder, allowing for ventilation around the bag, convenient access, and the like. Undesired tearing, stretching, or other deformation associated with a load in the bag may be reduced by distributing the load over a large area of the bag by gripping the area between male and female faces of the bag holder.
[0012] A bag holder may comprise a female part and a male part. The Female part may have one or more openings. An opening may have a female face (e.g., two or more female faces). At least a portion of a female face may be defined by a female normal (i.e., a vector perpendicular to that portion). An opening may have a first female face at least partially defined by a first female normal, and a second female face at least partially defined by a second female normal. The second female normal may be not parallel to the first female normal, and in some cases, they are not coplanar.
[0013] The male part may include a protuberance that is shaped to be inserted into the opening of the female part. The protuberance may have a first male face at least partially defined by a first male normal, and a second male face at least partially defined by a second male normal. The male normals may not be parallel, and in some cases are not coplanar with, each other.
[0014] The male and female faces may match, such that the protuberance may be inserted into the opening in a manner that removably holds a bag between the corresponding male and female faces. The corresponding male and female normals may be substantially parallel to each other (e.g., within 10 degrees, 5 degrees, or even within 1 degree of parallel). In some embodiments, an opening in the female part includes two or more female faces (with non-parallel, non-coplanar normals) and the corresponding protuberance of the male part includes three or more male faces (with non-parallel, non- planar normals). A face may be substantially planar. A face may be curved (e.g., cylindrical, conical, and the like).
[0015] A bag holder may include a handle or grip (e.g., to aid disassembly of male and female parts). A bag holder may include a ledge or other feature against which something may be tapped or hit to aid emptying contents into the bag. A bag holder may include a scraper (e.g., to scrape food off a plate being emptied into the bag).
[0016] Various aspects provide a biodegradable bag comprising one or more laminates. In some cases, a laminate includes a paper layer and a polymer layer. The polymer may be biodegradable and/or manufactured from renewable materials. The laminate may comprise a composite material, in which properties of the polymer and paper complement each other. In some embodiments, a paper layer increases the stiffness of the polymer, which may reduce the polymer's tendency to be overstretched and/or punctured during use. A laminate comprising a fiber layer such as paper may provide for improved tearability or shredability during post-use processing of the bag (e.g., during maceration at a waste processing facility). The polymer may improve the performance of the paper, and in some cases, the polymer creates a moisture barrier between the paper and moist material contained by the bag. A polymer block liquid (e.g., water) and may be permeable enough to provide a desired gas phase transport rate (e.g., of water vapor, oxygen, and the like), which e.g. may provide the significant advantage that the weight of the disposals within the bag may diminish thanks to evaporation. In some cases, the thickness of the polymer needed for a moisture barrier is less than the thickness needed were the bag to be fabricated from a polymer alone (e.g., a plastic bag). A bag fabricated from laminate may need less polymer than a comparable plastic bag. In some cases, the polymer in a laminate bag may reduce an amount and/or cost of paper needed to achieve similar performance, as compared to a paper bag and also indeed diminish the total amount of needed grammage/m , e.g. a
paper/polymer laminate of 50g/m (40/10) may fulfill the same need as a paper bag of 75 g/m . Further, in combination with a bag holder as described above the dimensions of the bag may be made smaller, since it eliminates the need to fold in upper parts of the bag around a container.
[0017] A bag may be fabricated from one or more laminates. Each laminate may include a polymer (e.g., a coating) on a fibrous material (e.g., a paper, non woven textile, a board, and the like). A laminate may have a paper side and a polymer side. A laminate may include an adhesive layer (e.g., between the paper and polymer).
[0018] A sandwich of laminates may be formed. A laminate may be folded, such that a sandwich comprises different portions of the same laminate. A sandwich may be formed from different laminates. A sandwich may comprise a first polymer side of a first laminate facing (e.g., contacting) a second polymer side of a second laminate. In some embodiments, a laminate comprises a biopolymer coating on paper, and a sandwich comprises two laminates, with the biopolymer coating of one laminate facing the biopolymer coating of the other laminate. In some cases, two laminates may have different polymers and/or different papers. Some sandwiches include a first laminate that is thicker than a second laminate.
[0019] One or more seams may be fabricated by bonding a portion of the sandwich. In some cases, a seam comprises a weld between the facing polymers of two laminates. A polymer to polymer bond may be fabricated by heating the seam to a temperature at which diffusion between polymers occurs, to a temperature above a glass transition temperature of at least one of the polymers, and/or a temperature above a melting point of at least one of the polymers. A bond may include an ultrasonically formed bond and/or a bond formed by pressure and vibration. A bond may be formed by wrinkling (e.g., to form a seam having an accordion-like or "sawtooth" shape). In some cases, a bond may be formed by gluing (e.g., with an applied adhesive). A bond may be formed by applying pressure to a portion of a laminate. Tests have shown that a polymer to polymer bond may provide a significant quality aspect, in that it may eliminate undesired capillary wetting which may occur in fibrous sheets.
[0020] Seams and/or fold may define a bag. A sandwich may be fabricated into a bag and/or a sheet of bags. A perforation may be incorporated into the sandwich (e.g., to separate bags and/or facilitate opening a bag). A sheet of bags may be rolled into a roll of bags.
[0021] In some embodiments, a flap may be incorporated into a bag, which may be operable to close an opening of the bag. An adhesive tape may be added to facilitate closing the bag (e.g., after use).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0022] FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate male and female parts, respectively, of an exemplary bag holder, according to some embodiments. [0023] FIG. 3 illustrates a bag holder, according to some embodiments.
[0024] FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of a bag holder, according to some embodiments.
[0025] FIG. 5 illustrates an implementation of a bag holder, according to some embodiments.
[0026] FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate exemplary male and female parts of a bag holder, according to some embodiments.
[0027] FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary bag holder, according to some embodiments.
[0028] FIG. 9 illustrates a perspective view of a bag holder, according to some embodiments.
[0029] FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate exemplary handles, according to some embodiments.
[0030] FIGS. 11A, 1 IB, and 11C illustrate a scraper, according to some embodiments.
[0031] FIG. 12A and 12B illustrate male and female parts of a bag holder, according to some embodiments.
[0032] FIG. 13A and 13B illustrate male and female parts of a bag holder, according to some embodiments.
[0033] FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate female and male parts of a bag holder, according to some embodiments.
[0034] FIG. 15A and 15B illustrate male and female parts of a bag holder, according to some embodiments.
[0035] FIGS. 16A, 16B, and 16C illustrate a bag holder, according to some embodiments.
[0036] FIG. 17 illustrates an exemplary implementation, according to some embodiments.
[0037] FIG. 18 illustrates a method, according to some embodiments.
[0038] FIGS. 19A-C illustrate various processes that may be used to form a laminate, according to some embodiments.
[0039] FIG. 20 is a schematic illustration of a forming apparatus, according to some embodiments.
[0040] FIGS. 21 A and 21 B illustrate bag and bag roll fabrication according to various embodiments. [0041] FIG. 22 is a schematic illustration of a forming apparatus, according to some embodiments.
[0042] FIGS. 23A and 23B illustrate exemplary rolls of bags, according to some embodiments.
[0043] FIGS. 24A and 24B illustrate an exemplary fabrication using a single laminate, according to some embodiments.
[0044] FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate exemplary bags, according to some embodiments.
[0045] FIGS. 26A and 26B illustrate exemplary bags made with a folded laminate, according to some embodiments.
[0046] FIG. 27 illustrates an exemplary bag having a flap according to some embodiments.
[0047] FIG. 28 illustrates an exemplary bag having a flap according to some embodiments.
[0048] FIG. 29 illustrates a method, according to some embodiments.
[0049] FIG. 30 illustrates an exemplary bag and forming process, according to some embodiments.
[0050] FIGS. 31 A-E illustrate an exemplary process for fabricating a pleated bag, according to some embodiments.
[0051] FIGS. 32A-E illustrate an exemplary process for fabricating a pleated bag, according to some embodiments.
[0052] FIGS. 33 A-E illustrate an exemplary process for fabricating a pleated bag, according to some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0053] Various apparatus and methods provide for holding a bag. In some cases, a bag is held using frictional forces, which may be distributed over an area of the bag (e.g., near the bag opening) large enough that the frictional forces support the bag and contents during use. Frictional forces may be increased by compression between male and female parts of the bag holder, with a bag gripped between compressing faces of the male and female parts.
[0054] In some cases, a surface of a face (e.g., surface finish, roughness, material, coating, and the like) is chosen according to an expected type of bag to be used. In an exemplary embodiment, a female face has a surface chosen to enhance friction with a bag having a paper surface against the face, and a male face is chosen to enhance friction with a polymer surface against the face. Some faces are chosen to grip a composite bag (e.g., a bag having an exterior paper surface and an interior polymer surface, or vice versa).
[0055] FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate male and female parts, respectively, of an exemplary bag holder, according to some embodiments. A bag holder may comprise a female part 110 (FIG. 1) and a male part 150 (FIG. 2), which in relation to each other form slidable parts, preferably totally separate parts, (alternatively loosely held by a string or similar device). Each of FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrates a top view (i.e., a plan view from above) view and a front view (i.e., a view from the front), as shown by the view reference arrows.
[0056] A female part 110 may include one or more openings 120, which may be shaped to at least partially match a protuberance 160 associated with male part 150.
Opening 120 may receive protuberance 160, such that protuberance 160 may be tightly, yet removably, inserted into opening 120.
[0057] Opening 120 may be at least partially defined by one or more female faces (or surfaces). In some cases, several discrete female faces define an opening 120. In some cases, a substantially continuous female face may define an opening 120. One or more portions of a face may be defined by a normal (i.e., a vector that is orthogonal to that portion of the face). Opening 120 may include a first female face 122, which may be at least partially defined by a first female normal 132. Opening 120 may include a second female face 124, which may be at least partially defined by a second female normal 134. In exemplary FIG. 1, first female normal 132 is coplanar, but is not parallel to, second female normal 134. A bag holder may include male and female parts having at least two pairs of matching faces, which may be rectangular faces.
[0058] Male part 150 may include (or even be shaped as) one or more protuberances 160. A protuberance may be at least partially defined by one or more faces (e.g., surfaces), which may include discrete faces and/or a continuous face. In exemplary FIG. 1, protuberance 160 includes a first male face 162, which may be at least partially defined by a first male normal 172. Protuberance 160 may also include a second male face 164, which may be at least partially defined by a second male normal 174.
[0059] The female part may be shaped to receive the male part, and the protuberance may be shaped to be inserted into the opening of the female part. At least a portion of the face of the protuberance may match at least a portion of the face of the opening. A first male normal may be within a tolerance of parallel to a first female normal, and a second male normal may be substantially parallel to (e.g., within a tolerance of parallel to) a second female normal. A tolerance may be within 20 degrees of parallel, within 10 degrees of parallel, within 5 degrees of parallel, within 1 degree of parallel, within 0.5 degrees of parallel, or even within 0.1 degree of parallel. In exemplary FIG. 1, first male normal 172 is substantially parallel to first female normal 132, and second male normal 174 is substantially parallel to second female normal 134.
[0060] In some embodiments, a protuberance comprises a plurality of substantially planar faces, of which two or more may be trapezoidal. A face may be triangular, square, rectangular, parallelogram, or otherwise shaped. A protuberance may be shaped to form a friction fit with an opening by matching the shapes of corresponding faces. In exemplary FIGS. 1 and 2, a first angle 140 may at least partially define both opening 120 and protuberance 160, and a second angle 142 may at least partially define both opening 120 and protuberance 160. First angle 140 may be greater or lesser than second angle 142. In some cases, first angle 140 and second angle 142 are different; they may be complementary (e.g., have mirror symmetry) and they may sum to 180 degrees.
[0061] Faces on matching male and female parts may contact each other to create a contact area. A bag may be gripped between the male and female parts over the contact area. Insertion of the male part into the female part may generate sufficient normal and shear forces across the contact area that a bag may be gripped by the contact area. In FIG. 1, a first distance 144 and a second distance 146 may at least partially define a contact area of first female face 122, and corresponding dimensions (not shown) may at least partially define a contact area of second female face 124. In FIG. 2, a first distance 154 and a second distance 156 may at least partially define a contact area of first male face 162, and corresponding dimensions (not shown) may at least partially define a contact area of second male face 164. A bag may be held by inserting protuberance 160 into an opening of a bag such that the bag is held between first male and female faces, and between second male and female faces.
[0062] Suitable alignment of opposing faces (e.g., 122 & 162 vs. 124 & 164) may enable a "wedging" of a male part into a female part, i.e. by sliding the male part 150 into the opening 120 of the female part 1 10. Wedging a male part into a female part may include a compressive force (e.g., to grip a bag between faces) and a shear force to frictionally retain the male part within the female part. Alignment of faces may be described using one or more normals (e.g., a first normal for a first face and a second normal for a second face). The first and second normals are not parallel to each other in some embodiments. In some cases, the first and second normals are not coplanar, and they may be not parallel and not coplanar. First and second normals may be coplanar. The first and second normals may be parallel to each other. In some embodiments, at least a component of normal 132 is opposite at least a component of normal 134 (and,
respectively, their corresponding normals 172 and 174), which may enable a compressive force between these faces (e.g., when the male part is inserted into the female part).
[0063] FIG. 3 illustrates a bag holder, according to some embodiments. Bag holder 300 may comprise male part 150 inserted into female part 110. Insertion of male part 150 into female part 110 may induce one or more forces 310 (e.g., compressive and shear forces) across a contact area between matching male and female faces (FIGS. 1 and 2). In some embodiments, an optional alignment indicia 302 is incorporated into the male part, the female part, or both. Alignment indicia 302 (e.g., a groove, a ridge, a divot, a bump, a label, and the like) may help a user orient the male part for insertion into the female part.
[0064] In some cases, a width 180 between opposing faces may be chosen to match (e.g., be slightly smaller than) a bag opening. For example, for a bag used for household food waste, a bag may have an opening large enough to fit a dinner plate (e.g., 20-30 cm wide. Width 180 may be sized to hold the bag in a manner that opens the opening of the bag (e.g., opening the bag 3-6 cm in the forward direction), such that food waste may be deposited into the held bag. A bag holder may be sized to have a width 380 that is within 30%, 20% or even within 10% of the width of a bag to be held. A depth 320 and height 330 may be chosen according to the mass of material to be held (e.g., with a larger contact area for heavier loads). In some holders, first distances 144 and/or 154 (FIGS. 1 & 2) are more than 50%, or even more than 70%, of depth 320. A compact bag holder may have a thickness 320 that is less than 30%, less than 20%, or even less than 10% of width 380. In an exemplary embodiment, a bag holder may have a width 380 between 30 - 40 cm, a depth 320 between 1 and 3 cm, and height 330 between 2 and 5 cm. In some cases, a bag holder may have a width 380 between 10 and 15cm, a depth 320 between 1 and 2 cm, and a height 330 between 1.5 and 3 cm. A bag holder may be designed to hold a particular size of bag. A compact bag holder may be one that fits inside the bag for which the bag holder is designed to hold. In some cases, two, five, ten, or even twenty compact bag holders may be arranged (e.g., stacked) to fit within a bag for which the bag holders were designed, e.g. due to the fact that merely a fraction of the total surface of the bag is needed to safely "grip" the bag by the holder.
[0065] A bag holder may be fabricated from cellulose (e.g., a wood such as oak, mahogany, ironwood, ash, teak, larch, birch, beech, maple, pine, and the like). A bag holder may be fabricated from a metal (e.g., aluminum, stainless steel), a plastic (e.g.,
polyethylene, polypropylene, ABS, polystyrene), and the like. A bag holder may be fabricated from a renewable polymer (e.g., a polymer manufactured from biomass). A bag holder may be fabricated from a composite material (e.g., a fiber reinforced polymer). A male part may be fabricated from a different material than that used for the female part, and either part may be fabricated from a combination of materials (e.g., a metal frame with a plastic face).
[0066] A female and/or a male part may include a mounting feature. In some cases, through-holes are drilled through a part, through which screws may be used to attach the part to an object. Double sided tape (e.g., with a protective film) may be affixed to a part, and a user may remove the protective film to affix the part to an object (e.g., a door or wall) using the tape. In an exemplary embodiment, two or more countersunk through-holes are incorporated into female face 126.
[0067] FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of a bag holder, according to some embodiments. A contact area 400 between first male face 162 and matching first female face 122 (FIG. 1) may transmit forces 310 (FIG. 3) between male part 150 and female part 1 10. In some cases, male part 150 may be "wedged" into female part 1 10 (e.g., with compression and shear forces). In an exemplary use, forces 310 result from a user installing male part 150 with a downward force, counteracted by an upward force on female part 1 10 (e.g., provided by an object to which female part 110 is affixed or mounted). In some embodiments, a male part slightly extends from a female part (e.g., as shown for illustrative clarity in FIGS. 3, 4 and various other figures). In some embodiments, the exterior surfaces of the male part are flush with those of the female part (e.g., distances 144 and 154 are within 5%, 1%, or even 0.1% of each other, and distances 146 and 156 are within 5%, 1%, or even 0.1% of each other). In some embodiments, a bag holder has six smooth faces.
[0068] FIG. 5 illustrates an implementation of a bag holder, according to some embodiments. A male or female part may be mounted to an object, and a bag may be suspended by the bag holder attached to the object. In some cases (not shown), a male part is affixed to an object, and the female part is removably attached to the male part to grip the bag. In some cases, a female part is mounted to an object, and the male part is removably attached to the female part to grip the bag. In exemplary FIG. 5, female part 110 is affixed (e.g., screwed, glued, taped, hung, and the like) to an object 500. Object 500 may include a door (e.g., a cabinet door, a closet door, and the like). Object 500 may include a wall, a bracket, and/or other object to which a bag holder may be affixed (e.g., to mount a bag on the object). Object 500 may include a piece of equipment (e.g., agricultural equipment, maintenance equipment, a lawnmower, and the like).
[0069] A bag 510 (e.g., a biodegradable bag as described herein) may be held by disposing the bag 510 between male part 150 and female part 1 10 (e.g., near an opening 520). A width 522 associated with male part 150 may be sized to match a bag (e.g., bag
510). A bag holder may hold the bag sufficiently open that material may be easily deposited into the bag (e.g., an approximately elliptical opening). Bag holder 300 may be sized to "hold open" bag 510 by being large enough to open opening 520, and small enough that opening 520 is not too tightly stretched (e.g., to the point of being shut). An exemplary household waste bag holder may have a width 522 between 10 and 50 cm, including between 15 and 30 cm. An exemplary yard waste bag holder may have a width 522 between 30 and 100 cm, including between 40 and 80 cm. An exemplary larger bag may have a width 522 between 1 -5 meters.
[0070] Forces 310 (FIG. 3) across contact areas between the male and female faces may support bag 510. In some cases, the mass of bag 510 (e.g., including the mass of material within the bag 510) may be distributed over a relatively large contact area, which may reduce localized stress on the bag, which may reduce tearing, stretching, and/or other deformation.
[0071] A bag holder according to various embodiments may be compact (e.g., in comparison to a size of the bag to be held). A compact bag holder may hold open the opening to a bag without the need for a rigid circumferential "ring" or "cage" or "can" having a diameter similar to a diameter of the bag opening. As such, a flexible bag may be suspended or hung, and may flex or compress to fit into relatively constrained enclosures (e.g., beneath a kitchen cabinet, or behind an airline seat). A compact bag holder may provide for convenient packaging with a bag (e.g., a roll of bags, which may have a width similar to that of the bag holder).
[0072] In some bag holders, a width 180 may be 10%, 20%, 50%, 70% or even 90% smaller than a width of an opening of a bag to be held. In some cases, at least one dimension (e.g., first distance 154) of a bag holder is substantially smaller (e.g., 50%, 80%, 90%, or even 95% smaller) than a width of the opening to a bag. In some embodiments, at least two dimensions (e.g., first distance 154 and second distance 156) are substantially smaller. An exemplary household waste bag having an opening approximately 20cm wide x 12cm deep when "open" enough for use, may (until it's full) collapse to below 2 cm deep. An exemplary corresponding bag holder may be 1 -3 cm deep and have a first distance 154 12-18 cm wide, with a shape of the male/female faces that "opens" the held bag (e.g., using the stiffness of the bag material) during use, yet allows for collapse of the bag during storage.
[0073] FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate exemplary male and female parts of a bag holder, according to some embodiments. FIG. 6 illustrates a bag holder having more than two (e.g., three) gripping faces, each identified by its respective normal. In some embodiments, three or more normals (e.g., not parallel to each other) may be used to locate a bag in three dimensions (e.g., hold a bag with respect to vertical, forward/backward, and left/right forces).
[0074] In exemplary female part 610, first female normal 132 and second female normal 134 are not coplanar. Complementary angles 620 and 622 may be used to at least partially direct normals 132 and 134 inward (toward the rear). A third female face 126 may be at least partially defined by a third female normal 136 (in this case, pointing forward). As such, a component of each of normals 132 and 134 may be opposite a component of normal 136, and a component of normal 132 may be opposite a component of normal 134. Faces 122, 124, and 126 may be in compression with respect to each other.
[0075] In corresponding male part 650, male normals 172 and 174 may be substantially parallel to their respective female normals 132 and 134. Third male face 166 may be at least partially defined by third male normal 176, which may be substantially parallel to third female normal 136. When male part 650 is inserted into female part 610, by sliding it down into the opening 120 having the third male face 166 substantially parallel with, and in contact with, the third female face 126, a wedging action will occur, whereby compressive forces (e.g., in the directions of female normals 132 and 134) may be balanced by corresponding compressive forces across the contact area between third male face 166 and third female face 136, wedging the male part into the female part.
[0076] Some embodiments may enable a combination of forces across the contact areas between three pairs of face normals. A rear contact area may be associated with the intersection of the areas of third male face 166 and third female face 126. For simplicity, an area associated with third female face 136 and third male face 166 may be defined using width 167 and height 168 (and in this case, angles 620 and 622). In FIGS. 6 and 7, the contact areas associated with normals 132/172, 134/174, and 136/176 may transfer a combination of forces between the male and female parts that "grips" or "locks" or otherwise holds male part 650 in female part 610 using compressive and frictional forces that are distributed over a wide surface area of the bag. As a result, stress (e.g., from a load in the bag) may not be concentrated (which could tear the bag), and a bag may be "hung" from a holder via compressive and shear forces distributed over a large area, preferably over an area larger than 4000 mm .
[0077] FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary bag holder, according to some embodiments. Bag holder 800 may comprise male part 650 and female part 610. FIG. 9 illustrates a perspective view of a bag holder, according to some embodiments. An inserted male part 650 may interact with female part 610 via three or more contact areas, illustrated as contact areas 400, 400' and 400" in FIG. 9. Contact areas 400, 400', and 400" may be at least partially defined by their respective normals, which may be non parallel and non coplanar in some embodiments. Dimensions of bag holder 800 may be chosen according to a desired bag and load combination.
[0078] FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate exemplary handles, according to some embodiments. A handle may include a ledge (e.g., handle 1010, FIG. 10A), a handle 1020 (FIG. 10B), a divot, and/or another feature to enhance use of a bag holder. In some cases, a handle may be used to remove a male part from a female part. A handle may also be used as a ledge upon which objects may be tamped or hit (e.g., to dislodge material into a held bag). A handle may be used to pull a male part up and/or push male part down. A handle may increase a stiffness of a part (e.g., against deformation induced by insertion forces or bag loads). In an exemplary embodiment, a handle 1010 is disposed on a front face of a female part, has a length within 20%, or even 10%, of width 167, and stiffens the male part against a compressive force (e.g., opposite normal 176). A handle or other feature may also be associated with a female part.
[0079] FIGS. 11A, 1 IB, and 11 C illustrate a scraper, according to some embodiments. A scraper 11 10 may comprise an extension (e.g., from male part 650) inward or forward (e.g., toward an opening of a bag held by the bag holder). A scraper may include a thin shelf, which may be flexible or relatively stiff. A curvature 1 120 of the scraper may be used to make the scraper stiff in one direction (e.g., to an upward force) and flexible in another direction (e.g., to a downward force). In exemplary scraper 1 120, a downward curvature (e.g., concave down) may allow the scraper to scrape material drawn upward, and allow the scraper to flex downward (e.g., to fold down against the front face of male part 650). A scraper may be detachable (e.g., for easy cleaning). In some embodiments, a male part of a bag holder may include an opening 120 that receives a protuberance 160 of a scraper. A scraper may be "wedged" or otherwise removably attached to a male or female part in a manner similar to that in which a male part is inserted into a female part. A part of a bag holder may include a portion associated with a male part (e.g., a protuberance) and a portion associated with a female part (e.g., an opening).
[0080] Another "extra device" that may be preferred to use in some applications is the use of an extra holder device (not shown) attached to the female part (normally fixed part) for holding one or more unused bags 510 at a practical location.
[0081] FIG. 12A and 12B illustrate male and female parts of a bag holder, according to some embodiments. A bag holder may include a plurality of openings and corresponding protuberances. Exemplary female part 1210 includes three openings 120. Corresponding male part 1250 may include three corresponding protuberances 160. In this example, male part 1250 includes two handles 1020, which may be formed via gaps in male part 1250.
[0082] FIG. 13 A and 13B illustrate male and female parts of a bag holder, according to some embodiments. Openings and their associated faces may be curved. Protuberances and their associated faces may be curved. In some cases, an opening and its corresponding protuberance may be cylindrical. Exemplary female part 1310 includes four conical openings 120. Corresponding male part 1350 may include four conical
protuberances 160.
[0083] A cylindrical combination of opening and protuberance may provide for a large number (theoretically infinite) of non parallel normals (e.g., all pointing toward or away from the axis of the cylinder. A conical combination of opening and protuberance may offer non coplanar normals. For simplicity, exemplary normals are illustrated only for a single protuberance 160. Male normals 172, 174, and 176 may be non parallel and non coplanar, and may be associated with corresponding female normals 132, 134, and 136, respectively. In male part 1350, handles 1020 may be divots in the front face (e.g., the face that faces an interior of a held bag).
[0084] FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate female and male parts of a bag holder, according to some embodiments. Female part 1410 and male part 1450 may include a cant 1420, that may characterize an angle between a contact area (e.g., the front/rear contact area) and a surface of the bag holder (e.g., a vertical surface). A bag holder from male part 1450 and female part 1410 may facilitate filling some bags, in some cases, angle 1420 may be chosen according to an expected stiffness of a bag, such that the held bag is flexed by the bag holder in a manner that facilitates using the bag.
[0085] FIG. 15 A and 15B illustrate male and female parts of a bag holder, according to some embodiments. Female part 1510 may include a plurality (in this case, three) of openings 120. Openings 120 may be disposed in a non-planar array (e.g., in a curved array as in female part 1510). Corresponding male part 1550 may include similarly disposed protuberances 160. A curved array of openings may be used to create a combination of forces across the various contact areas that holds a bag. In exemplary male part 1550, a scraper 11 10 may be thick enough (e.g., stiff enough) that it may also be used as a handle and/or a tamping surface.
[0086] FIGS. 16A, 16B, and 16C illustrate a bag holder, according to some embodiments. FIG. 16A illustrates a female part 1610. Female part 1610 may have a conical opening 120. In some embodiments, female part 1610 includes a conical outer surface 1660, which may be sized to fit within a hole (e.g., to receive the bag holder). FIG. 16B illustrates a corresponding male part 1650, which may be sized to match female part 1610. In this example, two handles 1020 may be used to remove male part 1650 from female part 1610, and may also be used as surface against which a container (e.g., from an espresso machine) may be tamped to remove its contents into a held bag.
[0087] FIG. 16C is a perspective view of a portion of a bag holder, according to some embodiments. Bag holder 1600 may include male part 1650 and female part 1610. A contact area between the male and female parts may be characterized by their respective normals. In some cases, a male face and female face may be within a tolerance of one or more angles or radii (e.g., angle 1620). A bag may be gripped between the matching male and female faces of male part 1650 and female part 1610, respectively.
[0088] A friction fit between bag holder 1600 and an object (e.g., a hole in a countertop) may use an angle 1630 (e.g., forming a conical outer surface of female part 1610). In some cases, angle 1630 is greater than (e.g.., closer to 90 degrees than) angle 1620. Angle 1630 may be less than angle 1620.
[0089] FIG. 17 illustrates an exemplary implementation, according to some embodiments. Bag holder 1600 may comprise male part 1650 and female part 1610. Bag holder 1600 may hold bag 1700 (e.g., near opening 1710). Handles 1020 may be used to generate forces (e.g., compression and shear) across a conical contact area between male and female parts. As a result of a force distributed over a relatively large contact area, bag 1700 may hold a large amount of material without failing at localized stress concentrations associated with the bag holder. When full, handles 1020 may be lifted to separate male part 1650 from female part 1610 to remove bag 1700. [0090] Angle 1630 (FIG. 16) may result in a smaller diameter 1705 at a bottom of bag holder 1700 than at a top diameter 1707 of bag holder 1700, which may facilitate installation (e.g., by wedging the bag holder into a cylindrical hole in a mounting surface).
[0091] Some bags may include an outer surface that is different than an inner surface. An outer surface may have a different composition, a different roughness, a different finish, a different level of fiber and/or coating level. Exemplary bag 1700 may include an outer surface 1730 and an inner surface 1720. In some cases, bag 1700 may comprise a paper outer surface 1730 and a polymer (e.g., a waterproof) inner surface 1720. In some cases, male and female surfaces of a bag holder (e.g., roughness, texture, coating, surface finish, and the like) may be chosen according to an expected surface of a bag to be held by the bag holder. In exemplary bag holder 1600, male faces may have a coating that has a high coefficient of friction with inner surface 1720, and female faces may have a surface texture (e.g., ridges) that grip outer surface 1730.
[0092] FIG. 18 illustrates a method, according to some embodiments. Method 1800 may include steps 1810, 1820, 1830, optional step 1840, and 1850. In step 1810, a bag holder is used to grip a bag (e.g., an empty bag) by separating the male and female parts of the bag holder, placing the bag between the corresponding male and female faces, and inserting the male part into the female part to grip the bag between the matching male and female faces. In step 1820, the bag is used (e.g., filled with material). In step 1830, the male part of the bag holder may be extracted from the female part (or vice versa, according to how the bag holder is mounted) to release the bag. In optional step 1840 the bag may be sealed. In step 1850 the bag may be disposed of.
[0093] Various aspects provide for making a biodegradable container, such as an envelope, a pocket, a sack, a sleeve, and the like (as used herein: a bag). A
biodegradable laminate may include a fiber layer and a polymer layer (e.g., a paper layer and a biodegradable polymer coating on the paper). The polymer may be extruded onto the paper. The laminate may be formed by affixing (e.g., welding or gluing) a polymer film to the paper. The laminate may be folded or otherwise shaped into a desired shape, and a seam between two facing polymer sides of the laminate may be bonded (e.g., welded) to form a bag. A roll of laminate may be formed into a roll of bags. In some cases, a perforation may be used to separate bags.
[0094] FIGS. 19A-C illustrate various processes that may be used to form a laminate, according to some embodiments. A roll of biodegradable material (e.g., a fibrous material, a paper, a felt, dried pulp, a molded pulp, a so-called "nonwoven" paper, and the like, hereinafter: paper) may be coated with a biodegradable polymer to form a laminate. In some cases, a polymer is coated directly onto a paper (e.g., by painting, spraying, extruding, or otherwise depositing a liquid polymer onto the paper). In some cases, a polymer film is affixed to the paper (e.g., welded or glued to the paper). A polymer film may be affixed to a paper by "hot rolling" a sandwich of the paper and polymer at a temperature and pressure sufficient to bond the polymer to the paper. The polymer may be attached to the paper using an adhesive. The polymer may be disposed as a uniform coating on the paper. In some cases, the polymer is disposed as a combination of affixed portions and portions not affixed to the paper (e.g., an affixed film containing many small air bubbles between the polymer and paper). A thickness of the polymer may be 2-50 g/m , including 2-15 g/m2, including 4-10 g/m2, including 6-9 g/m2.
[0095] The paper side may comprise a dried pulp, a paper, or another fibrous
2 2 material, which may have weight between 20-140 g/m , including 40 - 100 g/m . A paper may include a multilayer paper (e.g., having two or more separate papers). A laminate of paper and polymer may have a weight between 22 - 190 g/m . An exemplary household waste bag (e.g., having a volume of approximately 10 liters) may have a laminate weight
2 2
between 30 - 90 g/m , including between 50 - 80 g/m . An exemplary household waste bag
, 2 2 may have 8-15 (e.g. 10) g/m polymer on a 30-70 (e.g., 35-50, including 40) g/m paper. An exemplary yard waste bag or agricultural waste bag (e.g., having a volume of approximately 100 -200 liters) may have a laminate weight between 50 - 150 g/m ,
2
including between 70 - 110 g/m . An exemplary yard waste bag may have 10 - 25 (e.g., 12 - 18, including 14-16, including 15) g/m polymer on 45 - 85 (e.g., 50 - 75, including 55 - 65, including 60) g/m paper. A bag may include a laminate having a weight between 40 and 90, including between 60 and 80 g/m . The polymer side may comprise a
biodegradable polymer, and may include a compostable polymer. The polymer side may include a non-biodegradable polymer.
[0096] The polymer may strengthen the paper, improve moisture resistance, and/or modify transport through the paper. Some laminates are waterproof. Some laminates are waterproof and breathable. In some applications, a bag comprises a laminate that is sufficiently breathable that gas (e.g., water vapor, oxygen, C02, and the like) passes through the laminate, yet liquids (e.g., water) may be contained by the bag. In some implementations, a laminate is waterproof to liquid water, but has a water vapor permeability between 25 and 10,000 g/m -24hr at 30 degrees Celsius, preferably between 600 and 9,000 g/m2-24hr at 30 degrees Celsius. [0097] A polymer may include a carbohydrate-based polymer (e.g., a polysaccharide, such as a starch-based polymer). A polymer may be synthesized from a fatty acid (e.g., an ester-based polymer). A polymer may include a polymer synthesized from biogas (e.g., "green" polyethylene, polypropylene, PVA, and the like). A polymer may include a TPS (thermoplastic starch) which may include a polyester. Exemplary polymers include PLA (polylactic acid), PHB (poly-3 -hydroxybutrate), chitin, lignin, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), PBS polybutylensuccinate and the like. A neat polymer may be used. In some cases, a polymer may be compounded or otherwise mixed with one or more ingredients to improve properties.
[0098] A polymer may include a pigment (e.g., Ti02, carbon black) for color and/or opacity. A polymer may include an extender (e.g., to lower cost, change density, adjust decomposition and the like). Exemplary extenders include organic particles. An extender may include a mineral (e.g. to modify pH). In an exemplary polymer, a basic mineral (e.g. , with CaCC , dolomite, and the like) may be added to increase the local pH during decomposition of the laminate. An extender such as kaolin may decrease pH. A polymer may include a plasticizer and/or an additive to change the melting point, elastic properties, permeability, tear strength, decomposition behavior, and the like. A polymer may include a dispersant and/or a coupling agent (e.g., to improve bonding to extenders mixed into the polymer).
[0099] In FIG. 19A, a roll 1900 of paper 1910 may be coated with a polymer
1930 to form a laminate having a "polymer side" and a "paper side." In some cases, an extruder 1920 may extrude polymer 1930 onto paper 1910. A polymer may be sprayed, rolled, brushed, or otherwise coated on the paper. A polymer may be disposed as a substantially contiguous coating. In some cases, a polymer is disposed in a texture or pattern (e.g., a fishnet pattern, Crosshatch pattern, and/or a mesh pattern) providing for thick regions and thin regions (or even regions without polymer). In some cases, a thick region provides for mechanical strength, and a thin region provides for improved breathability and/or biodegradability. In some cases, a bonded region forms a boundary around, or even "surrounds" an unbonded region (e.g., constraining the unbonded region laterally, even though the unbonded region may slightly separate from the paper).
[00100] In FIG. 19B, a film of polymer 1930 is affixed to paper 1910 using a hot roller 1901. In some embodiments, a smooth roller may apply a uniform pressure to affix a polymer to a paper. In some embodiments, a textured roller (e.g., a roller with optional ridges 1903 as shown, bumps (not shown) or other pattern (not shown) may affix certain portions and leave other portions unattached.
[00101] In FIG. 19C, a polymer 1930 is affixed to paper 1910 using an adhesive 1905. Adhesive 1905 may be sprayed, brushed, rolled, extruded (as shown), or otherwise applied to one or both of paper 1910 and a film of polymer 1930. A roller 1901 may apply pressure to a sandwich comprised of paper and polymer affixed together using an adhesive to form a laminate.
[00102] FIG. 20 is a schematic illustration of a forming apparatus, according to some embodiments. Rolls 2000 and 2002 may include laminates 2010 and 2012
(respectively) which may include a fiber layer (as used herein: a paper) and a polymer layer. Rolls 2000 and 2002 may be configured to unroll laminates 2010 and 2012 in an orientation in which a first polymer side faces a second polymer side. In exemplary FIG. 20, the first polymer side comprises polymer 1930 on laminate 2010 and the second polymer side comprises polymer 1932 on laminate 2012. The first and second polymers may be the same. Laminates 2010 and 2012 may comprise the same materials (e.g., the same paper and polymer) or different materials. Polymer 1930 may be the same or different than polymer 1932, and the paper may be the same or different. In some case, one roll has a thicker paper than the other. In some cases, one roll has a thicker polymer than the other.
[00103] Laminate 2010 may have a width 2020 that is substantially the same as (e.g., within 5% of, or even 1% of) the width 2022 of laminate 2012. In some cases, widths 2020 and 2022 may be different (e.g., more than 5%, 10%, or even 20% different.
[00104] In some applications, a bag may include a closure mechanism, such as a folded pattern, an adhesive tape, and the like. In exemplary FIG. 20, optional roll 2050 unrolls adhesive tape 2060 onto laminate 2012 (in this case, on the polymer side of laminate 2012). Adhesive tape 2060 may have a width 2066 that is smaller (e.g., less than 10% of) widths 2020 and/or 222. Adhesive tape 2060 may have a back side that bonds to a laminate (e.g., to polymer 1932 in FIG. 20). Adhesive tape 2060 may include an adhesion layer 2062, which may be protected by a protection layer 2064. Protection layer 2064 may prevent accidental adhesion to adhesion layer 2062 (e.g., during fabrication or use).
Removal of protection layer 2064 (e.g., when a bag is full) may expose adhesion layer
2062, which may be used to affix a portion of a laminate in a manner that closes an opening to a bag. Adhesion layer 2062 may be attached to a paper side and/or a polymer side of a laminate, and may itself affix a paper and/or a polymer to close the bag. [00105] FIGS. 21 A and 2 IB illustrate bag fabrication according to various embodiments. In some embodiments, laminates are sandwiched (e.g., polymer to polymer) and bags are formed by bonding (e.g., welding and/or gluing) a portion of the sandwiched laminates to form a seam. The seam may at least partially define a shape of a bag. The bonded, sandwiched laminates may then be rolled into a roll of bags. In some cases, the bonded, sandwiched laminates are cut and stacked into a stack of bags (not shown).
[00106] A perforation, scoring, and or other weakening of the laminate may be incorporated to provide for easy separation of one bag from another (e.g., by a user). In some cases, a user tears away one bag from the next using the perforation. A perforation may be operated by a user to open a bag.
[00107] FIGS. 21A and 21B illustrate examples of different seam combinations. In FIG. 21 A, rolls 2000 and 2002 unroll laminates 2010 and 2012 to form a sandwich 2100, with polymer 1930 (not shown) facing polymer 1932. Seams 2110 may be formed by bonding a portion of the facing polymers in sandwich 2100 to form one or more bags 2102, which may be formed as a continuous sheet 2130 of bags. A perforation 2120 may be oriented to cut across sandwich 2100, allowing a user to separate adjacent bags 2102 by tearing one bag from the next. In bag 2102, perforation 2120 also forms an opening to bag 2102. In some implementations, a rolls 2000 and 2002 may be continuously laminated and bonded to form a continuous sheet 2130 of bags (in this example, of bags 2102) which may be rolled and/or cut and stacked.
[00108] In FIG. 21 B, rolls 2000 and 2002 unroll laminates 2010 and 2012 (respectively) to form a sandwich 2100. Seams 2110 may be formed by bonding a portion of the facing polymers in sandwich 2100 to form one or more bags 2104. A perforation 2120 may be oriented to cut across sandwich 2100, allowing a user to separate adjacent bags 2104 by tearing one bag from the next. In exemplary bags 2104, one side of sandwich 2100 is left unbonded to form an opening 2150 into bag 2104. Bags 2104 may be fabricated in a substantially continuous sheet 2130 of bags.
[00109] FIG. 22 is a schematic illustration of a forming apparatus, according to some embodiments. In exemplary FIG. 22, rolls 2000 and 2002 have different widths, with roll 2002 having a width 2024 that is larger than width 2020 of roll 2000 by a distance 2220. Seams 2110 may define a sheet 2130 of bags 2204, which may include openings 2150. A bag 2204 may be separated from an adjacent bag 2204 using perforation 2120. Distance 2220 may at least partially define a flap 2210, which may be operated to close opening 2150 (e.g., after the bag has been filled). [00110] In exemplary FIG. 22, roll 2050 disposes adhesive tape 2060 on the paper side of laminate 2010, which in this example forms the outside of bag 2204. A distance 2230 of adhesive tape 2060 from opening 2150 may be less than distance 2220, allowing flap 2210 to be folded over to cover opening 2150 and be affixed to the outside of bag 2204 by adhesive tape 2060. In some applications, a flap 2210 may be used to hold a bag (e.g., suspending a bag by the flap) for use. A bag holder according to some embodiments may be used to hold a bag according to some embodiments (e.g., via flap 2210).
[00111] FIGS. 23A and 23B illustrate exemplary rolls of bags, according to some embodiments. In some implementations, it may be convenient to distribute, transport, package, and/or sell bags as a roll of bags. In FIG. 23 A, a bags 2102 are rolled into a roll
2300 of bags. In FIG. 23B, bags 2104 are rolled into a roll 2310 of bags.
[00112] FIGS. 24A and 24B illustrate an exemplary fabrication using a single laminate, according to some embodiments. A roll 2000 of laminate 2010 may have a width 2410 that is larger than an expected bag dimension. Laminate 2010 may be folded over on itself (in this case, with polymer 1930 facing inwards) to form a sandwich having a width
2420 (which may be a desired bag dimension). Fold 2430 may combine with seams 2110 to at least partially define bags 2402, which may be rolled into a roll 2400 of bags. In FIG.
24 A, a perforation 2120 may be torn to separate one bag 2402 from the next bag 2402, and in this example, form an opening into bag 2402. In this example, fold 2430 may be oriented at the "side" of bag 2404 (with respect to perforation 2120 creating an opening at the
"top"), which may improve performance in some cases.
[00113] FIG. 24B illustrates an example in which a fold 2430 and seams 2120 at least partially define a bag 2404 having an opening 2150 associated with an unbonded portion. Perforations 2120 may be used to separate adjacent bags 2404. Bags 2404 may be rolled into a roll 2411 of bags. In this example, fold 2430 may be oriented at the "bottom" of bag 2404, which may improve performance in some cases.
[00114] FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate exemplary bags, according to some embodiments. FIG. 25 A illustrates a bag 2102 oriented with the opening (e.g., made by tearing a perforation) at the top. FIG. 25B illustrates a bag 2104 oriented with the opening
2150 at the top. A width of an opening may be sized to match other components of a waste stream. For example, a bag to contain household food waste may have an opening slightly larger than a dinner plate (e.g., 20-40cm wide, including 25-35 cm wide). A bag may be sized to fit a bag holder (and vice versa). [00115] FIGS. 26A and 26B illustrate exemplary bags made with a folded laminate, according to some embodiments. FIG. 26A illustrates a bag 2402 having an opening at the top and a fold 2430 at the side. FIG. 26B illustrates a bag 2404 having an opening at the top and a fold 2430 at the bottom. FIG. 26B also illustrates an optional implementation of adhesive tape 0260. In an exemplary method of use, adhesive tape 2060 retains protection layer 2064 (not shown) to protect adhesion layer 2062 (not shown) until bag 2404 is sufficiently filled. After filling, protection layer 2064 may be removed and adhesion layer 2062 may be used to affix the opposite face of the bag to close the bag.
[00116] FIG. 27 illustrates an exemplary bag having a flap according to some embodiments. In this example, bag 2700 includes fold 2430 and seams 21 10, and has an opening that may be closed with flap 2210. In this example, an adhesive tape 2060 is shown on the inside of bag 900. Adhesive tape 2060 may be used to affix flap 2210 to the outside of bag 900, closing the bag.
[00117] FIG. 28 illustrates an exemplary bag having a flap according to some embodiments. In this example, bag 2800 has an opening that may be closed with flap 2210. In this example, an adhesive tape 2060 is shown on the outside of bag 2800. Adhesive tape 2060 may be used to affix flap 2210 to the outside of bag 2800 (e.g., when the bag is full).
[00118] FIG. 29 illustrates a method, according to some embodiments. In some implementations, a roll of laminate is received and formed into a roll of bags. In some cases, a fibrous or other biodegradable material (e.g., a roll of paper) is coated with a polymer to form a laminate. FIG. 29 illustrates a combination of these methods. In exemplary method 2900, steps 2910, 2920, 2930, optionally step 2940, 2950, and 2960 may be performed. In step 2910 a roll of paper or other fibrous material is provided. In step 2920, a polymer (e.g., a biodegradable polymer) is coated onto the paper to form a laminate. In step 2930, a sandwich is formed from one or more laminates. A sandwich may comprise a polymer from one laminate facing the polymer from another laminate. A seam may be formed by bonding a portion of the sandwich to define a bag. A plurality of bags may be incorporated into a sheet of bags, which may be rolled into a roll of bags.
Optionally, the sheet of bags may be perforated.
[00119] FIG. 30 illustrates an exemplary bag and forming process, according to some embodiments. Some bags may have a single seam, and may be fabricated from a single laminate. Exemplary bag 3000 may be made by folding a laminate 2010, and bonding the folded laminate to form a seam 2110. Bag 3000 may be detached via a perforation (not shown) or by cutting (not shown). A shape of the laminate to be folded may be chosen to yield a flap 2210 operable to close opening 2150 (e.g., by refolding bag 3000 as shown). An opening and flap as shown in FIG. 30 may also provide an opening having a back (e.g., flap 410) that supports or protects contents of the bag (e.g., cut flowers, a loaf of bread) and a front that lets a user see the contents of the bag (e.g,. a loaf of bread may lay on a countertop, protected from the countertop by flap 2210, yet be at least partially visible by sticking out of the opening 2150). A flap may be folded to close the opening (e.g., without the use of an adhesive). A flap may incorporate an adhesive to close the opening.
[00120] In some implementations, an optional comer fold 3010 may be incorporated into a bag (e.g., bag 3000). A corner fold may push the back surface of the bag away from a mounting surface, which may improve ventilation around the bag. A corner fold may anchor or otherwise support the bottom of the bag. A corner fold may improve the moisture resistance and or strength of a corner of a bag.
[00121] FIGS. 31 A-E illustrate an exemplary process for fabricating a pleated bag, according to some embodiments. In FIG. 31 A, a laminate 2010 is folded over and bonded using seam 2110 (see FIG. 24 A), forming a tube 3100. Tube 3100 may be folded in the directions shown by the dotted arrows in FIG. 31 A. In FIG. 3 IB, a pleat 31 10 may be formed (in this case, on a side away from seam 2110). The pleat 3110 may be flattened, as shown in FIG. 31C (e.g., by rolling). A tube 3100 having flattened pleat 3110 may be periodically bonded as shown in FIG. 31 C. Folds and pleats comprising polymer to polymer faces may be bonded in a single step (e.g., with a single hot iron). Bonded, pleated tubes may be separated to form bags, which may be separated by cutting (not shown). In some embodiments, bags may be separated by perforations 2120, as shown in FIG. 31C. FIG. 3 ID illustrates a separated bag 3120 formed from pleated tube 3100, expanded to show pleat 31 10 and bottom seam 2110. FIG. 3 IE illustrates a perspective view of a pleated bag 3120 formed using this process.
[00122] FIGS. 32A-E illustrate an exemplary process for fabricating a pleated bag, according to some embodiments. In FIG. 32A, a laminate 2010 is folded over and bonded using seam 2110 (see FIG. 24 A), forming a tube 3100. Tube 3100 may be folded in the directions shown by the dotted arrows in FIG. 32A. In FIG. 32B, two pleats 31 10 may be formed. In some embodiments, three, four, six, or more pleats may be formed. The pleats 31 10 may be flattened, as shown in FIG. 32C (e.g., by rolling). Tube 3100 having flattened pleats pleats 31 10 may be periodically bonded as shown in FIG. 32C to form a plurality of bags. Bags may be cut apart (not shown). Bags may be separated by perforations 2120, as shown in FIG. 32C. FIG. 32D illustrates a pleated bag 3220 formed from pleated tube 3100 using this process, with bag 3220 expanded to show seams 21 10. FIG. 32E is a schematic perspective illustration of bag 3220.
[00123] FIGS. 33A-D illustrate an exemplary process for fabricating a pleated bag, according to some embodiments. In FIG. 33 A, a sandwich (e.g., a pair of laminates 2010 and 2012 with polymer surfaces facing each other) is bonded using two seams 21 10, forming a tube 3300. Tube 3300 may be folded in the directions shown by the dotted arrows in FIG. 33A. In FIG. 33B, two pleats 31 10 may be formed. In some embodiments, three, four, six, or more pleats may be formed. The pleats 31 10 may be flattened, as shown in FIG. 33C (e.g., by rolling). Tube 3300 having flattened pleats 3110 may be periodically bonded with seams 21 10 as shown in FIG. 33C to form a plurality of bags. Bags may be cut apart (not shown). Bags may be separated by perforations 2120, as shown in FIG. 33C. FIG. 33D illustrates a pleated bag 3320 formed from pleated tube 3300 using this process, with the pleats expanded. FIG. 33E is a schematic perspective illustration of pleated bag 3320.
[00124] A bag may be biodegradable in different environments, such as through composting or in the soil (e.g., in accordance with European Standard EN 13432, EN14995, ASTM D6400, GreenPLA, and the like). A biodegradable bag may be used for applications not necessarily requiring biodegradability. Some laminates comprise food grade paper and/or food grade polymers. For example, a bread bag may include a paper laminate having a semi-permeable membrane (e.g., to prevent the bread from drying out, but not sealing the bread within an impermeable barrier). A bag for pipetting cake frosting may include a polymer that does not affect the taste of the frosting (e.g., by being fat-resistant and moisture resistant). Some laminates comprise sterile paper and/or sterile polymers.
[00125] Exemplary polymers include one or more members of the "Mater-Bi" family of products, (Novamont S.p.A., Via G. Fauser 8, 28100 Novara, Italy), various polymers (e.g., PHA) from Metabolix, Inc., (21 Erie Street, Cambridge, MA), various polymers from Sumitomo Chemical Company (Osaka, JP) and the like.
[00126] The above description is illustrative and not restrictive. Many variations of the invention will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon review of this disclosure. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined not with reference to the above description, but instead should be determined with reference to the appended claims along with their full scope of equivalents.

Claims

1. A bag holder sized to hold a bag, the bag holder comprising:
a female part (110) including:
at least one opening (120), the opening having:
a first female face (122) at least partially defined by a first female normal
(132); and
a second female face (124) at least partially defined by a second female
normal (134) that is not parallel with the first female normal; and
a male part (150) including:
at least one protuberance (160), the protuberance having:
a first male face (162) at least partially defined by a first male normal (172);
and
a second male face (164) at least partially defined by a second male normal
(174) that is not parallel with the first male normal;
the female part shaped to receive the male part, the protuberances of the received male part matching the female faces of the female part;
the first male normal within 10 degrees of parallel to the first female normal; and the second male normal within 10 degrees of parallel to the second female normal, and the opening has a third female face (126) at least partially defined by a third female normal (136) that is not parallel with at least one of the first and second female normals; the protuberance has a third male face (166) at least partially defined by a third male normal (176) that is not parallel with at least one of the first and second male normal, and wherein insertion and removal of the one part (110, 150) from the other is arranged to, at least partly, occur in parallel with, at least a portion of, said third female face (126) and/or said third male face (166).
2. The bag holder of claim 1, wherein:
the first female normal is not coplanar with the second female normal; and
the first male normal is not coplanar with the second male normal.
3. The bag holder of claim either of claims 1 and 2, wherein:
the third female normal is within 10 degrees of parallel to the third male normal.
4. The bag holder of claim 3, wherein the third female normal is not parallel with either of the first and second female normals, and the third male normal is not parallel with either of the first and second male normals.
5. The bag holder of either of claims 3 and 4, wherein the first, second, and third female normals are not coplanar, and the first, second, and third male normals are not coplanar.
6. The bag holder of any of the preceding claims, further comprising a plurality of female parts and a matching plurality of male parts.
7. The bag holder of any of the preceding claims, wherein the opening is at least partially curved, and the protuberance is at least partially curved.
8. The bag holder of any of the preceding claims, wherein the male and openings are at least partially conical.
9. The bag holder of any of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of the male and female parts includes at least one of a grip and a handle.
10. The bag holder of any of the preceding claims, further comprising a scraper shaped to scrape off material into a bag held by the bag holder.
11. The bag holder of any of the preceding claims, wherein within 10 degrees of parallel includes within 5 degrees, preferably within 1 degree, preferably within 0.5 degrees of parallel.
12. The bag holder of any of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of the male and female parts comprises a conical mounting surface shaped to affix the bag holder to an object.
13. The bag holder of any of the preceding claims, further comprising at least one of a handle and a grip associated with at least one of the male and female parts.
14. The bag holder of any of the preceding claims, having a width (522) between 10 and 30, preferably between 12 and 20 cm.
15. The bag holder of any of claims 1 - 14, having a width (522) between 30 and 80 cm.
16. A method comprising:
providing a bag holder according to any of the preceding claims;
separating the male and female parts;
placing at least a portion of a bag between the male and female parts;
inserting the male part into the female part at least partly in a movement parallel with, at least a portion of, a third female face (126) and/or a third male face (166).
; and
gripping the portion of the bag between the protuberance and opening.
17. A disposable bag comprising:
one or more laminates, each laminate comprising a paper side and a polymer side, the paper side comprising a biodegradable paper, the polymer side comprising a biodegradable polymer;
a seam comprising a first polymer side contacting a second polymer side, the seam at least partially defining a bag having an inside and an outside; and
an opening into the inside from the outside,
wherein the paper has a weight between 30 and 120 g/m , and the first polymer has a weight between 2 - 25 g/m .
18. The bag of claim 17, wherein:
the one or more laminates includes a first laminate and a second laminate;
the first polymer side is part of the first laminate; and
the second polymer side is part of the second laminate.
19. The bag of claim 17, wherein the first and second polymer sides are part of the same laminate.
20. The bag of any of claims 17-19, wherein the first polymer side includes a first biodegradable polymer, and the second polymer side includes a second biodegradable polymer different from the first biodegradable polymer.
21. The bag of any of claims 17-20, wherein the paper has a weight between 40 and 90 g/m 2 , and/or the first polymer has a weight between 4 - 20 g/m 2 , preferably 4 - 15 g/m .
22. The bag of any of claims 17-21, wherein the paper has a weight between 70 and 110 g/m 2 , and the first polymer has a weight between 10 - 25 g/m 2 , preferably between 12
- 20 g/m2.
23. The bag of any of claims 17-22, wherein the polymer comprises a renewable polymer, preferably a biopolymer, more preferred a polysaccharide-based polymer.
24. The bag of any of claims 17-23, wherein the polymer is extruded onto to the paper.
25. The bag of any of claims 17-24, wherein the first polymer side and second polymer side are welded together along the seam.
26. The bag of any of claims 17-25, wherein the first and second polymer sides face the inside of the container.
27. The bag of any of claims 17-26, further comprising an adhesive tape disposed to
provide for a closing of the opening by a user.
28. The bag of claim 27, wherein the adhesive tape includes an adhesion layer and a
protection layer.
29. The bag of any of claims 17-28, further comprising a flap shaped to be operable to cover the opening.
30. A roll comprising at least two bags according to any of claims 17-29, further comprising a perforation between two bags, the perforation operable to separate the two bags via a tearing force exerted on the two bags.
31. A roll comprising at least two bags according to any of claims 17-29, further
comprising a perforation operable to form the opening of at least one of the two bags via a tearing force exerted on the two bags.
32. The bag of any of claims 17-29, wherein at least a portion of at least one polymer is disposed as a textured coating having a varying thickness over the portion.
33. The bag of any of claims 17-29 and 32, wherein the one or more laminates is
compostable.
34. An apparatus comprising:
a bag holder according to any of claims 1-15 and;
a bag according to any of claims 17-29 and 32-33.
35. A method of holding a bag, the method comprising:
providing a bag holder according to any of claims 1-15; and
mounting a bag according to any of claims 17-29 and 32-33 in the bag holder.
36. A method comprising:
providing one or more rolls of laminate, each laminate comprising a paper side and a polymer side, the paper side comprising a biodegradable paper, the polymer side comprising a biodegradable polymer;
folding the one or more laminates into a bag shape, the bag shape having at least one seam in which a first polymer side contacts a second polymer side; and welding the first polymer side to the second polymer side along the seam to form a bag.
37. A method comprising:
fabricating two or more bags according to claim 36, and
perforating at least one laminate to form a perforation between two adjacent bags.
38. The method of either of claims 36 and 37, further comprising rolling the two or more bags into a roll of bags.
PCT/SE2014/050183 2013-03-12 2014-02-14 A bag holder, a method for installing a bag in a holder, a disposable bag, a roll comprising at least two bags, an apparatus, a method of holding a bag and a method of making a bag. WO2014142729A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE1350293 2013-03-12
SE1350293-5 2013-03-12
SE1350298 2013-03-13
SE1350298-4 2013-03-13

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2014142729A1 true WO2014142729A1 (en) 2014-09-18

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ID=51537195

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/SE2014/050183 WO2014142729A1 (en) 2013-03-12 2014-02-14 A bag holder, a method for installing a bag in a holder, a disposable bag, a roll comprising at least two bags, an apparatus, a method of holding a bag and a method of making a bag.

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
TWI683770B (en) * 2018-10-19 2020-02-01 日商正晃社工業所有限公司 The container hanger
BE1027512B1 (en) * 2019-08-19 2021-03-23 Tom Rosa C Claes Reinforced household waste bag

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US4270788A (en) * 1980-03-10 1981-06-02 Ronald Overholt Bag holding device
US5088667A (en) * 1990-07-26 1992-02-18 Olson Ralph C Trash bag holding and spreading device
US6129213A (en) * 1998-07-22 2000-10-10 Edwards; Richard E. Magnetic trash container lid with plate scraper
WO2001070600A2 (en) * 2000-03-22 2001-09-27 Wong Stephen King Tong Method and device for holding a flexible bag

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE119949C1 (en) *
US3091422A (en) * 1962-01-08 1963-05-28 Jack W Hobbs Bag holder
US4270788A (en) * 1980-03-10 1981-06-02 Ronald Overholt Bag holding device
US5088667A (en) * 1990-07-26 1992-02-18 Olson Ralph C Trash bag holding and spreading device
US6129213A (en) * 1998-07-22 2000-10-10 Edwards; Richard E. Magnetic trash container lid with plate scraper
WO2001070600A2 (en) * 2000-03-22 2001-09-27 Wong Stephen King Tong Method and device for holding a flexible bag

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
TWI683770B (en) * 2018-10-19 2020-02-01 日商正晃社工業所有限公司 The container hanger
TWI717935B (en) * 2018-10-19 2021-02-01 日商正晃社工業所有限公司 The container hanger
BE1027512B1 (en) * 2019-08-19 2021-03-23 Tom Rosa C Claes Reinforced household waste bag

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