WO2014124316A2 - Specific sites for modifying antibodies to make immunoconjugates - Google Patents
Specific sites for modifying antibodies to make immunoconjugates Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014124316A2 WO2014124316A2 PCT/US2014/015393 US2014015393W WO2014124316A2 WO 2014124316 A2 WO2014124316 A2 WO 2014124316A2 US 2014015393 W US2014015393 W US 2014015393W WO 2014124316 A2 WO2014124316 A2 WO 2014124316A2
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- antibody
- light chain
- positions
- substitution
- cysteine
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
- A61K47/6835—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site
- A61K47/6871—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site the antibody targeting an enzyme
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
- C07K16/2863—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against receptors for growth factors, growth regulators
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/32—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against translation products of oncogenes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
- C07K2317/24—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin containing regions, domains or residues from different species, e.g. chimeric, humanized or veneered
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
- C07K2317/31—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency multispecific
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
- C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
- C07K2317/94—Stability, e.g. half-life, pH, temperature or enzyme-resistance
Definitions
- An immunoconjugate comprising a modified antibody or antibody fragment thereof, wherein said modified antibody or antibody fragment comprises a substitution of one or more amino acids with cysteine on its constant region at a site selected from positions 121, 124, 152, 171, 174, 258, 292, 333, 334, 360, 375, and 392 of a heavy chain of said antibody or antibody fragment, and wherein said positions are numbered according to the EU system.
- the immunoconjugate of embodiment 1, wherein the substitution of one or more amino acids with cysteine is selected from positions 121, 124, 152, 258, 334, 360, and 392.
- the modified antibody or antibody fragment of embodiment 40 wherein said substitution is two to six cysteines, wherein said cysteines are at positions selected from positions 107, 108, 142, 145, 159, 161, and 165 of a light chain, wherein said positions are numbered according to the EU system, and wherein said light chain is a human kappa light chain.
- said substitution is at least one cysteine, selected from positions 143, 147, 159, 163, and 168 of a light chain, wherein said positions are numbered according to the Kabat system, and wherein said light chain is a human lambda light chain.
- unnatural amino acid does not include the natural occurring 22 nd proteinogenic amino acid pyrrolysine (Pyl) as well as its demethylated analog pyrroline-carboxy-lysine (Pel), because incorporation of both residues into proteins is mediated by the unmodified, naturally occurring pyrrolysyl- tRNA/tRNA synthetase pair and because Pyl and Pel are generated biosynthetically (see, e.g., Ou et al, (2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
- antibody refers to a polypeptide of the immunoglobulin family that is capable of binding a corresponding antigen non-covalently, reversibly, and in a specific manner.
- a naturally occurring IgG antibody is a tetramer comprising at least two heavy (H) chains (also referred to as “antibody heavy chain”) and two light (L) chains (also referred to as “antibody light chain”) inter- connected by disulfide bonds.
- H heavy
- L light chains
- Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as V H ) and a heavy chain constant region.
- the heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CHI, CH2 and CH3.
- monoclonal antibody or “monoclonal antibody composition” as used herein refers to polypeptides, including antibodies and antibody fragments that have substantially identical amino acid sequence or are derived from the same genetic source. This term also includes preparations of antibody molecules of single molecular composition. A monoclonal antibody composition displays a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope.
- humanized antibody refers to an antibody that retains the reactivity of a non-human antibody while being less immunogenic in humans. This can be achieved, for instance, by retaining the non-human CDR regions and replacing the remaining parts of the antibody with their human counterparts. See, e.g., Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81 :6851-6855 (1984); Morrison and Oi, Adv. Immunol, 44:65-92 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science, 239:1534-1536 (1988); Padlan, Molec. Immun., 28:489-498 (1991); Padlan, Molec. Immun., 31(3): 169-217 (1994).
- epitopes refers to an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that finds and interacts (e.g., binds) with its epitope, whether that epitope is linear or conformational.
- epitope refers to a site on an antigen to which an antibody or antigen binding fragment of the invention specifically binds.
- Epitopes can be formed both from contiguous amino acids or noncontiguous amino acids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of a protein. Epitopes formed from contiguous amino acids are typically retained on exposure to denaturing solvents, whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding are typically lost on treatment with denaturing solvents.
- affinity refers to the strength of interaction between antibody and antigen at single antigenic sites. Within each antigenic site, the variable region of the antibody “arm” interacts through weak non-covalent forces with antigen at numerous sites; the more interactions, the stronger the affinity.
- a “comparison window”, as used herein, includes reference to a segment of any one of the number of contiguous positions selected from the group consisting of from 20 to 600, usually about 50 to about 200, more usually about 100 to about 150 in which a sequence may be compared to a reference sequence of the same number of contiguous positions after the two sequences are optimally aligned.
- Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well known in the art. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482c (1970), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol.
- BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms Two examples of algorithms that are suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity are the BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms, which are described in Altschul et ah, Nuc. Acids Res. 25:3389-3402, 1977; and Altschul et ah, J. Mol. Biol. 215:403- 410, 1990, respectively.
- Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information. This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et ah, supra).
- the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin and Altschul, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5787, 1993).
- One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance.
- P(N) the smallest sum probability
- a nucleic acid is considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid to the reference nucleic acid is less than about 0.2, more preferably less than about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.
- Examples of such analogs include, without limitation, phosphorothioates, phosphoramidates, methyl phosphonates, chiral-methyl phosphonates, 2-O-methyl ribonucleotides, peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs).
- operably linked in the context of nucleic acids refers to a functional relationship between two or more polynucleotide (e.g., DNA) segments. Typically, it refers to the functional relationship of a transcriptional regulatory sequence to a transcribed sequence.
- a promoter or enhancer sequence is operably linked to a coding sequence if it stimulates or modulates the transcription of the coding sequence in an appropriate host cell or other expression system.
- promoter transcriptional regulatory sequences that are operably linked to a transcribed sequence are physically contiguous to the transcribed sequence, i.e., they are cis-acting.
- some transcriptional regulatory sequences, such as enhancers need not be physically contiguous or located in close proximity to the coding sequences whose transcription they enhance.
- immunoconjugate or "antibody conjugate” as used herein refers to the linkage of an antibody or an antibody fragment thereof with another agent, such as a chemotherapeutic agent, a toxin, an immunotherapeutic agent, an imaging probe, a spectroscopic probe, and the like.
- the linkage can be through one or multiple covalent bonds, or non-covalent interactions, and can include chelation.
- linkers many of which are known in the art, can be employed in order to form the immunoconjugate.
- the immunoconjugate can be provided in the form of a fusion protein that may be expressed from a polynucleotide encoding the immunoconjugate.
- subject includes human and non-human animals.
- Non-human animals include all vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as non-human primates, sheep, dog, cow, chickens, amphibians, and reptiles. Except when noted, the terms “patient” or “subject” are used herein interchangeably.
- cytotoxin refers to any agent that is detrimental to the growth and proliferation of cells and may act to reduce, inhibit, or destroy a cell or malignancy.
- a drug moiety is selected from a V-ATPase inhibitor, a HSP90 inhibitor, an IAP inhibitor, an mTor inhibitor, a microtubule stabilizer, a microtubule destabilizers, an auristatin, a dolastatin, a maytansinoid, a MetAP (methionine aminopeptidase), an inhibitor of nuclear export of proteins CRM1, a DPPIV inhibitor, an inhibitor of phosphoryl transfer reactions in mitochondria, a protein synthesis inhibitor, a kinase inhibitor, a CDK2 inhibitor, a CDK9 inhibitor, a proteasome inhibitor, a kinesin inhibitor, an HDAC inhibitor, a DNA damaging agent, a DNA alkylating agent, a DNA intercalator, a DNA minor groove binder and a DHFR inhibitor.
- a MetAP methionine aminopeptidase
- an inhibitor of nuclear export of proteins CRM1, a DPPIV inhibitor an inhibitor of phosphoryl transfer reactions in mitochondria
- a payload can be a biophysical probe, a fluorophore, a spin label, an infrared probe an affinity probe, a chelator, a spectroscopic probe, a radioactive probe, a lipid molecule, a polyethylene glycol, a polymer, a spin label, DNA, RNA, a protein, a peptide, a surface, an antibody, an antibody fragment, a nanoparticle, a quantum dot, a
- a homogenous conjugation sample having a DAR of 4 can contain within that sample antibodies that have more or fewer than four moieties conjugated at about a DAR of four.
- "Most of the sample” means have at least over 70%, or at least over 80% or at least over 90% of the antibodies in the sample will be conjugated to four moieties.
- An immuno conjugate having a "drug antibody ratio of about 2" refers to sample of immuno conjugates where in the drug antibody ratio can range from about 1.6-2.4
- moieties/antibody 1.8-2.3 moieties/antibody, or 1.9-2.1 moieties/antibody.
- moieties/antibody 3.8-4.3 moieties/antibody, or 3.9-4.1 moieties/antibody.
- moieties/antibody 5.8-6.3 moieties/antibody, or 5.9-6.1 moieties/antibody.
- An immuno conjugate having a "drug antibody ratio of about 8" refers to sample of
- immunoconjugates where in the drug antibody ratio can range from about 7.6-84
- Tumor refers to neoplastic cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all pre-cancerous and cancerous cells and tissues.
- a 1 : 1 mixture of a pair of enantiomers is a "racemic" mixture.
- the term is used to designate a racemic mixture where appropriate.
- "Diastereoisomers” are stereoisomers that have at least two asymmetric atoms, but which are not mirror-images of each other.
- the absolute stereochemistry is specified according to the Cahn-lngold-Prelog R-S system. When a compound is a pure enantiomer the stereochemistry at each chiral carbon may be specified by either R or S.
- Resolved compounds whose absolute configuration is unknown can be designated (+) or (-) depending on the direction (dextro- or levorotatory) which they rotate plane polarized light at the wavelength of the sodium D line.
- the compounds can be present in the form of one of the possible isomers or as mixtures thereof, for example as pure optical isomers, or as isomer mixtures, such as racemates and diastereoisomer mixtures, depending on the number of asymmetric carbon atoms.
- the present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, including racemic mixtures, diasteriomeric mixtures and optically pure forms.
- Optically active (R)- and (5)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or may be resolved using conventional techniques. If the compound contains a double bond, the substituent may be E or Z configuration. If the compound contains a disubstituted cycloalkyl, the cycloalkyl substituent may have a cis- or trans-configuration. All tautomeric forms are also intended to be included.
- salt refers to an acid addition or base addition salt of a compound of the invention.
- Salts include in particular “pharmaceutical acceptable salts”.
- pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the compounds of this invention and, which typically are not biologically or otherwise undesirable.
- the compounds of the present invention are capable of forming acid and/or base salts by virtue of the presence of amino and/or carboxyl groups or groups similar thereto.
- Organic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, and the like.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be formed with inorganic and organic bases.
- Inorganic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, ammonium salts and metals from columns I to XII of the periodic table.
- the salts are derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, silver, zinc, and copper; particularly suitable salts include ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium salts.
- the term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, surfactants, antioxidants, preservatives (e.g., antibacterial agents, antifungal agents), isotonic agents, absorption delaying agents, salts, preservatives, drug stabilizers, binders, excipients, disintegration agents, lubricants, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, dyes, and the like and combinations thereof, as would be known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. Mack Printing Company, 1990, pp. 1289- 1329). Except insofar as any conventional carrier is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions is contemplated.
- a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention refers to an amount of the compound of the present invention that will elicit the biological or medical response of a subject, for example, reduction or inhibition of an enzyme or a protein activity, or ameliorate symptoms, alleviate conditions, slow or delay disease progression, or prevent a disease, etc.
- the term "a therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of a compound of the present invention that, when administered to a subject, is effective to at least partially alleviate, inhibit, prevent and/or ameliorate a condition, or a disorder or a disease, or at least partially inhibit activity of a targeted enzyme or receptor.
- thiol-maleimide as used herein describes a group formed by reaction of a thiol with maleimide, having this general formula
- Y and Z are groups to be connected via the thiol-maleimide linkage and can be linker units, and can be attached to antibodies or payloads.
- Y is an engineered antibody according to the invention, and the sulfur atom shown in the formula is from a cysteine at one of the substitution sites described herein; while Z represents a linker unit connected to a payload.
- Non-cleavable refers to a linker or linker unit (LU) that is not susceptible to breaking down under physiological conditions. While the linker may be modified physiologically, it keeps the payload connected to the antibody until the antibody is substantially degraded, i.e., the antibody degradation precedes cleavage of the linker in vivo.
- Cyclooctene refers to an 8-membered ring containing at least one double bond, especially a trans-double bond.
- the ring is optionally fused to one or two phenyl rings, which may be substituted with 1-4 Ci_ 4 alkyl, Ci_ 4 alkoxy, halo, hydroxyl, COOH, COOLi, -C(0)NH-Li, O-Li, or similar groups, and which may contain N, O or S as a ring member.
- cyclooctene can be an isolated Cs hydrocarbon ring that is saturated aside from the trans double bond and is optionally substituted with F or Hydroxy, and may be linked to a linker or LU via -0-, -C(O), C(0)NH, or C(0)0.
- FIG. 2 Location of selected 92 TAG mutations in the structure of a human IgGl with a kappa light chain. Selected residues for TAG mutations are shown in black on only one of the two heavy chains and for one of the two kappa light chains (lHZH.pdb). Structures are shown using PyMOL, an open-source molecular modeling package (The PyMOL Molecular Graphics System, Version 1.5.0. Schrodinger. LLC).
- FIG. 3 The amino acid sequence alignment of the heavy chain constant regions of trastuzumab and antibody 14090. Residues mutated to Cys in the trastuzumab antibody and in antibody 14090 are underlined. Amino acid residues in heavy chain are numbered by Eu numbering system (Edelman et al., 1969).
- FIG. 5 The amino acid sequence alignment of the constant regions of human kappa and lambda light chains.
- FIG. 6 Analysis of trastuzumab Cys antibodies by non-reducing SDS-PAGE.
- FIG. 7 Size exclusion chromatography of the trastuzumab LC-S156C mutant antibody (dashed line) and wild-type trastuzumab (solid line).
- FIG. 8 Analysis of wild-type trastuzumab (A) and the trastuzumab LC-E158C mutant antibody (B) by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).
- FIG. 10 Structure of MC-MMAF.
- FIG. 11 Analysis of conjugation mixtures of trastuzumab Cys antibodies with MC-MMAF by RP-HPLC.
- RP-HPLC traces of the conjugation mixtures are shown as dashed lines.
- RP-HPLC traces of unmodified antibodies are shown as solid lines.
- FIG. 12 Analysis of conjugation mixtures of trastuzumab Cys antibodies with MC-MMAF by RP-HPLC.
- RP-HPLC traces of the conjugation mixtures are shown as dashed lines.
- RP-HPLC traces of unmodified antibodies are shown as solid lines.
- trastuzumab HC-K290C-MMAF ADC short dashed line
- trastuzumab LC-R142C-MMAF ADC dashed line
- trastuzumab LC-L154C-MMAF ADC dotted line
- FIG. 14 Thermal melting curve of unmodified wild-type trastuzumab and trastuzumab HC- T335C-MMAF, trastuzumab HC-S337C-MMAF and trastuzumab HC-K360C-MMAF ADCs.
- FIG. 15 Cell proliferation assays for trastuzumab LC-S159C-MMAF with A. HCC1954, B. MDA-MB231 clone 16 and C. MDA-MB231 clone 40 cells.
- FIG. 16 ICso of trastuzumab Cys-MMAF ADCs in MDA-MB231 clone 16 cell proliferation assay.
- FIG. 19 Pharmacokinetics study of trastuzumab HC-Cys-MMAF ADCs displaying no significant drug lost.
- FIG. 20 Pharmacokinetics study of trastuzumab Cys-MMAF ADCs displaying significant drug lost.
- FIG. 21 Pharmacokinetics study of two trastuzumab Cys-MMAF ADCs displaying fast clearance in vivo.
- FIG. 23 Retention times of trastuzumab Pel MMAF DAR 2 ADCs as measured by
- Antibody 14090 is mouse cross-reactive and therefore is cleared more rapidly that then the trastuzumab ADCs which do not bind to any mouse antigens.
- the present invention provides methods of site-specific labeling of antibodies or antibody fragments by replacing one or more amino acids of a parental antibody or antibody fragment at specific positions with cysteine amino acids ("Cys"), such that the engineered antibodies or antibody fragments are capable of conjugation to various agents (e.g., cytotoxic agents).
- Cys cysteine amino acids
- the present invention also provides immunoconjugates that are produced by using the methods described herein.
- cysteine When a cysteine is engineered into a parental antibody or antibody fragment, the modified antibody or antibody fragment is first recovered from the expression medium with cysteine or glutathione (GSH) attached at the engineered cysteine site(s) via a disulfide linkage (Chen et ah, (2009) mAbs 16, 353-571). The attached cysteine or GSH is then removed in a reduction step, which also reduces all native inter-chain disulfide bonds of the parental antibody or antibody fragment. In a second step these disulfide bonds are re-oxidized before conjugation occurs.
- GSH cysteine or glutathione
- the present invention provides methods of preparation of homogeneous immunoconjugates with a defined drug-to-antibody ratio for use in cancer therapy and other indications as well as imaging reagents.
- the present invention also provides immunoconjugates prepared thereby, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising these immunoconjugates.
- the methods of the instant invention can be used in combination with other conjugation methods known in the art.
- Ab represents an antibody or antibody fragment comprising at least one cysteine residue at one of the preferred cysteine substitution sites described herein;
- LU is a linker unit as described herein;
- X is a payload or drug moiety
- n is an integer from 1 to 16. In these embodiments, n is preferably about 2, about 4, about 6, or about 8.
- LU is typically a group of formula -L1 -L2-L3-L4-L5-L6-, wherein Li , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 and L 6 are independently selected from -Ai-, -A1X 2 - and -X 2 -;
- each R 5 is independently selected from H, Ci_ 4 alkyl, phenyl or substituted with
- each R 6 is independently selected from H, fluoro, benzyloxy substituted
- R 7 is independently selected from H, Ci_ 4 alkyl, phenyl, pyrimidine and pyridine;
- R 9 is independently selected from H and
- each n is independently selected from 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, and
- the immunoconjugate comprises a group of the formula
- the antibodies (e.g., a parent antibody, optionally containing one or more non- canonical amino acids) of the present invention are numbered according to the EU numbering system as set forth in Edelman et al., (1969) Proc. Natl. Acad. USA 63:78-85, except that the lambda light chain is numbered according to the Kabat numbering system as set forth in Kabat et al., (1991) Fifth Edition. NIH Publication No. 91-3242.
- Human IgGl constant region is used as a representative throughout the application. However, the invention is not limited to human IgGl ; corresponding amino acid positions can be readily deduced by sequence alignment. For example, FIG.
- IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 heavy chain constant regions show sequence alignment of human IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 heavy chain constant regions, so that an identified Cys engineering site in the IgGl constant region can be readily identified for IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 as shown in FIG. 4.
- IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 are the same.
- Table 1 lists the amino acid positions in the constant region of the heavy chain of an antibody that can be replaced by a cysteine.
- Table 2 lists the amino acid positions in the constant region of the kappa light chain of an antibody that can be replaced by a cysteine.
- Table 3 lists the amino acid positions in the constant region of the lambda light chain of an antibody that can be replaced by a cysteine.
- the parental antibody (antibody without cysteine substitution) is an IgG, IgM, IgE, or IgA antibody.
- the parental antibody is an IgGl antibody.
- the parental antibody is an IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 antibody.
- the present invention also provides modified antibodies or antibody fragments thereof comprising a substitution of one or more amino acids on its heavy chain constant region chosen from positions identified in Table 1.
- the present invention provides modified antibodies or antibody fragments thereof comprising a substitution of one or more amino acids on its light chain constant region chosen from positions identified in Table 2 or Table 3.
- the modified antibodies or antibody fragments provided herein are labeled using the methods of the invention in combination with other conjugation methods known in the art including, but not limited to, chemoselective conjugation through lysine, histidine, tyrosine, formyl-glycine, pyrrolysine, pyrroline-carboxy-lysine, unnatural amino acids, and protein tags for enzyme-mediated conjugation (e.g., S6 tags).
- conjugation methods including, but not limited to, chemoselective conjugation through lysine, histidine, tyrosine, formyl-glycine, pyrrolysine, pyrroline-carboxy-lysine, unnatural amino acids, and protein tags for enzyme-mediated conjugation (e.g., S6 tags).
- each R is independently H or Ci
- the Linker Unit can be any suitable chemical moiety that covalently attaches the thiol-reactive group (e.g., maleimide, alpha-halo carbonyl, vinyl carbonyl (e.g., acrylate or acrylamide), vinyl sulfone, vinylpyridine, or thiol) to a payload.
- thiol-reactive group e.g., maleimide, alpha-halo carbonyl, vinyl carbonyl (e.g., acrylate or acrylamide), vinyl sulfone, vinylpyridine, or thiol
- LU can be comprised of one, two, three, four, five, six, or more than six linkers referred to herein as Li, L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 and L 6 .
- the LU comprises a linker selected from a non-enzymatically cleavable linker, a non-cleavable linker, an enzymatically cleavable linker, a photo-stable linker, a photo-cleavable linker or any combination thereof, and the LU optionally contains a self-immolative spacer.
- L L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 and L 6 can be selected from:
- each R 5 is independently selected from H, Ci_ 4 alkyl, phenyl or substituted with
- each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, and
- At least one of L L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 and L 6 is a stable, or non- cleavable, linker.
- the enzymatically cleavable linker is one readily cleaved by a peptidase: The Val-Cit linker (valine-citrulline), a dipeptide of two known amino acids, is one such linker.
- the enzymatically cleavable linker is one that is triggered by activity of a glucuronidase:
- linker which also comprises a self-immolative spacer that falls apart spontaneously under physiological conditions once glucuronidase cleaves the glycosidic linkage.
- the immunoconjugate of the invention comprises a modified cysteine residue of the formula IIA or IIB:
- L 2 is a bond.
- L 2 is NH or O.
- L 3 is selected from (CH 2 )i_io and (CH 2 CH 2 0)i_6.
- L4, L 5 and L6 are additional optional linkers selected from those described herein.
- the Linker Unit is -Li-L 2 -L 3 -L 4 -, wherein:
- L 2 is a bond, a non-enzymatically cleavable linker, a non-cleavable linker, an enzymatically cleavable linker, a photo-stable linker or a photo-cleavable linker;
- L 3 is a bond, a non-enzymatically cleavable linker, a non-cleavable linker, an enzymatically cleavable linker, a photo-stable linker or a photo-cleavable linker
- L 4 is a bond, a non-enzymatically cleavable linker, a non-cleavable linker, an enzymatically cleavable linker, a photo-stable linker, a photo-cleavable linker or a linker that comprises a self-immolative spacer.
- the Linker Unit is -Li-L 2 -L 3 -L 4 -, wherein
- L 2 is a bond, a non-enzymatically cleavable linker, a non-cleavable linker, an enzymatically cleavable linker, a photo-stable linker or a photo-cleavable linker;
- L 3 is a bond, a non-enzymatically cleavable linker, a non-cleavable linker, an enzymatically cleavable linker, a photo-stable linker or a photo-cleavable linker, and
- L 4 is a bond, a non-enzymatically cleavable linker, a non-cleavable linker, an enzymatically cleavable linker, a photo-stable linker, a photo-cleavable linker or a linker that comprises a self-immolative spacer.
- At least one of L ls L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 and L 6 is a cleavable linker, and LU is considered cleavable.
- at least one of Li, L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 and L 6 is a non-cleavable linker.
- each linker of LU is non-cleavable, and LU is considered non-cleavable.
- Li, L 2 , L 3 and L 4 are linkers selected from -Ai-, -AiX 2 - and -X 2 -;
- each R 5 is independently selected from H, Ci_ 4 alkyl, phenyl or substituted with
- each R 6 is independently selected from H, fluoro, benzyloxy substituted
- R 7 is independently selected from H, Ci_ 4 alkyl, phenyl, pyrimidine and pyridine;
- R is independently selected
- R 9 is independently selected from H and
- each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, and
- each m is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
- Li is a bond, -A , -A1X 2 - or -X 2 -;
- each R 5 is independently selected from H, Ci_ 4 alkyl, phenyl or substituted with 1 to 3 -OH groups;
- R 7 is independently selected from H, Ci_ 4 alkyl, phenyl, pyrimidine and pyridine;
- R 9 is independently selected from H and
- each n is independently selected from 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, and
- L 2 is a bond, a non-enzymatically cleavable linker, a non-cleavable linker, an enzymatically cleavable linker, a photo-stable linker or a photo-cleavable linker;
- L 3 is a bond, a non-enzymatically cleavable linker, a non-cleavable linker, an enzymatically cleavable linker, a photo-stable linker or a photo-cleavable linker, and
- L 4 is a bond, a non-enzymatically cleavable linker, a non-cleavable linker, an enzymatically cleavable linker, a photo-stable linker, a photo-cleavable linker or a linker that comprises a self-immolative spacer.
- the Linker Unit is -Li-L 2 -L 3 -L 4 -, wherein
- Li is a bond, -A , -AiX 2 - or -X 2 -;
- each X 2 is independently selected from a bond, R*
- each R 5 is independently selected from H, Ci_ 4 alkyl, phenyl or substituted with 1 to 3 -OH groups;
- R 7 is independently selected from H, Ci_ 4 alkyl, phenyl, pyrimidine and pyridine;
- R is independently selected
- R 9 is independently selected from H and
- each n is independently selected from 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, and
- each m is independently selected from 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9;
- L 2 is a bond, a non-enzymatically cleavable linker, a non-cleavable linker, an enzymatically cleavable linker, a photo-stable linker or a photo-cleavable linker;
- L 3 is a bond, a non-enzymatically cleavable linker, a non-cleavable linker, an enzymatically cleavable linker, a photo-stable linker or a photo-cleavable linker;
- L 4 is a bond, a non-enzymatically cleavable linker, a non-cleavable linker, an enzymatically cleavable linker, a photo-stable linker, a photo-cleavable linker or a linker that comprises a self-immolative spacer.
- the Linker Unit is -L1-L2-L3-L4-, wherein
- Li is a bond, -A , -A1X 2 - or -X 2 -;
- R 7 is independently selected from H, Ci_ 4 alkyl, phenyl, pyrimidine and pyridine;
- each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, and
- each m is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
- Li is a bond, -A , -AiX 2 - or -X 2 -;
- L 3 is a bond, -A 3 -, or -A 3 X 2 -;
- R 9 is independently selected from H and
- each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, and
- Lj is and L 2 , L 3 and L 4 each represent a bond.
- LU comprises a val-cit linker of this formula, wherein X represents a payload, typically a drug moiety such as one having anticancer activity:
- a "linker” is any chemical moiety that is capable of connecting an antibody or a fragment thereof to an X group (payload) to form an immuno conjugate.
- Linkers can be susceptible to cleavage, such as, acid-induced cleavage, light-induced cleavage, peptidase-induced cleavage, esterase-induced cleavage, and disulfide bond cleavage, at conditions under which the compound or the antibody remains active.
- linkers can be substantially resistant to cleavage.
- a linker may or may not include a self-immolative spacer.
- Non-limiting examples of the non-enzymatically cleavable linkers as used herein to conjugate an X 1 group to the modified antibodies or antibody fragment thereof provided herein include, acid-labile linkers, linkers containing a disulfide moiety, linkers containing a triazole moiety, linkers containing a hydrazone moiety, linkers containing a thioether moiety, linkers containing a diazo moiety, linkers containing an oxime moiety, linkers containing an amide moiety and linkers containing an acetamide moiety.
- Non-limiting examples of the enzymatically cleavable linkers as used herein to conjugate an X group to the modified antibodies or antibody fragment thereof provided herein include, but are not limited to, linkers that are cleaved by a protease, linkers that are cleaved by an amidase, and linkers that are cleaved by -glucuronidase or another glycosidase.
- the first or third moiety is an enzyme cleavable group, and this cleavage results from an enzymatic reaction, while in other embodiments the first or third moiety is an acid labile group and this cleavage occurs due to a change in pH.
- the second moiety is the "Payload" group as defined herein.
- cleavage of the first or third moiety from the self-immolative spacer results from cleavage by a proteolytic enzyme, while in other embodiments it results from cleaved by a hydrolase. In certain embodiments, cleavage of the first or third moiety from the self-immolative spacer results from cleavage by a cathepsin enzyme or a glucuronidase.
- the peptide moiety is cleaved from the tripartate molecule which initiates the self-immolating character of the spacer moiety, resulting in spontaneous cleavage of the bond covalently linking the spacer moiety to the drug moiety, to thereby effect release of the drug in pharmacologically active form.
- a linker comprises a self-immolative spacer that connects to the peptide, either directly or indirectly at one end, and to a payload at the other end; and the spacer is attached to a third moiety that can be cleaved from the spacer enzymatically, such as by a glucuronidase. Upon cleavage of the third moiety, the spacer degrades or rearranges in a way that causes the payload to be released.
- linker with this type of self-immolative spacer is this glucuronidase-cleavable linker, where hydrolysis of the acetal catalyzed by glucoronidase releases a phenolic compound that spontaneously decomposes under physiological conditions:
- Non-limiting examples of the self-immolative spacer optionally used in the conjugation of an X 1 group to the modified antibodies or antibody fragment thereof provided herein include, but are not limited to, moieties which include a benzyl carbonyl moiety, a benzyl ether moiety, a 4-aminobutyrate moiety, a hemithioaminal moiety or a N-acylhemithioaminal moiety.
- self-immolative spacers include, but are not limited to, p- aminobenzyloxy carbonyl groups, aromatic compounds that are electronically similar to the p- aminobenzyloxy carbonyl group, such as 2-aminoimidazol-5 -methanol derivatives and ortho or para-aminobenzylacetals.
- self-immolative spacers used herein which undergo cyclization upon amide bond hydrolysis include substituted and unsubstituted 4- aminobutyric acid amides and 2-aminophenylpropionic acid amides.
- the self-immolative spacer is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoe-immolative spacer
- ere n is 1 or 2. In other embodiments the self-immolative
- n 1 or 2.
- the self- immolative spacer is
- the self-immolative spacer is , where n is 1 or 2.
- the self-immolative spacer is , where n is 1 or 2.
- Schemes (2a-2c) illustrate the post-translational modification of the modified antibodies or antibody fragment thereof provided herein wherein the Linker Unit (LU) is -Li-L 2 -L 3 -L 4 -, and LI in each case is the group that reacts with the new Cys.
- LU Linker Unit
- the starting material is the replacement Cys residue in an antibody or antibody fragment modified as described herein, where the dashed bonds indicate connection to adjoining residues of the antibody or antibody fragment; each R is H or C 1 .4 alkyl, typically H or methyl; L 2 , L 3 and L 4 are components of the linking unit LU, such as those described above; X is the payload; and the group connecting L 2 to the sulfur of the substitute Cys of the invention is Li.
- X is a reactive functional group that can be used to connect the conjugated antibody to another chemical moiety, by interacting with a suitable complementary functional group.
- Table 4 depicts some examples of reactive functional groups that X can represent, along with a complementary functional group that can be used to connect a conjugate comprising X to another compound.
- Methods for using X to connect to the corresponding complementary functional group are well known in the art. Connections using azide are typically done using 'Click' or copper- free click chemistry; reactions involving hydrazines, alkoxyamines or acyl hydrazines typically proceed through the formation of a Schiff base with one of the carbonyl functional groups.
- X Complementary Reactive Functional Group for X X Complementary Reactive Functional Group for X a thiol, a maleimide, a haloacetamide, a vinyl
- Y 1 represents an antibody of the invention
- Ai represents a linking unit (LU) connecting the antibody to payload X a
- -L 2 -L 3 -L 4 - in Formula Il-a represents a linker unit that can be present in a molecule to be connected to the conjugated antibody via X a
- X 1 represents a payload.
- Payload X a is a reactive functional group
- X b on Formula Il-a is the corresponding complementary functional group
- Formula Il-a itself represents a molecule to be connected to the conjugated antibody.
- the third column in Table 5 depicts a product from reaction of X a with X b .
- the payload to antibody ratio has an exact value for a specific conjugate molecule, it is understood that the value will often be an average value when used to describe a sample containing many molecules, due to some degree of inhomogeneity, typically in the conjugation step.
- the average loading for a sample of an immuno conjugate is referred to herein as the drug to antibody ratio, or DAR.
- the DAR is between about 1 and about 16, and typically is about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8.
- at least 50% of a sample by weight is compound having the average ratio plus or minus 2, and preferably at least 50% of the sample is a conjugate that contains the average ratio plus or minus 1.
- Preferred embodiments include immunoconjugates wherein the DAR is about 2 or about 8, e.g., about 2, about 4, about 6 or about 8.
- a DAR of 'about n' means the measured value for DAR is within 10% of n (in Formula (I)).
- the present invention provides site-specific labeled immunoconjugates.
- the immunoconjugates of the invention may comprise modified antibodies or antibody fragments thereof that further comprise modifications to framework residues within V H and/or V L , e.g. to improve the properties of the antibody.
- framework modifications are made to decrease the immunogenicity of the antibody.
- one approach is to "back-mutate" one or more framework residues to the corresponding germline sequence.
- an antibody that has undergone somatic mutation may contain framework residues that differ from the germline sequence from which the antibody is derived. Such residues can be identified by comparing the antibody framework sequences to the germline sequences from which the antibody is derived.
- Another type of framework modification involves mutating one or more residues within the framework region, or even within one or more CDR regions, to remove T-cell epitopes to thereby reduce the potential immunogenicity of the antibody. This approach is also referred to as “deimmunization” and is described in further detail in U.S. Patent Publication No.
- antibodies of the invention may be engineered to include modifications within the Fc region, typically to alter one or more functional properties of the antibody, such as serum half-life, complement fixation, Fc receptor binding, and/or antigen-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
- modifications within the Fc region typically to alter one or more functional properties of the antibody, such as serum half-life, complement fixation, Fc receptor binding, and/or antigen-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
- an antibody of the invention may be chemically modified (e.g., one or more chemical moieties can be attached to the antibody) or be modified to alter its glycosylation, again to alter one or more functional properties of the antibody.
- the hinge region of CHI is modified such that the number of cysteine residues in the hinge region is altered, e.g., increased or decreased.
- This approach is described further in U.S. Patent No. 5,677,425 by Bodmer et al.
- the number of cysteine residues in the hinge region of CHI is altered to, for example, facilitate assembly of the light and heavy chains or to increase or decrease the stability of the antibody.
- the Fc hinge region of an antibody is mutated to decrease the biological half-life of the antibody. More specifically, one or more amino acid mutations are introduced into the CH2-CH3 domain interface region of the Fc-hinge fragment such that the antibody has impaired Staphylococcyl protein A (SpA) binding relative to native Fc-hinge domain SpA binding.
- SpA Staphylococcyl protein A
- the Fc region is altered by replacing at least one amino acid residue with a different amino acid residue to alter the effector functions of the antibody.
- one or more amino acids can be replaced with a different amino acid residue such that the antibody has an altered affinity for an effector ligand but retains the antigen-binding ability of the parent antibody.
- the effector ligand to which affinity is altered can be, for example, an Fc receptor or the CI component of complement. This approach is described in, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,624,821 and 5,648,260, both by Winter et al.
- one or more amino acids selected from amino acid residues can be replaced with a different amino acid residue such that the antibody has altered Clq binding and/or reduced or abolished complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
- CDC complement dependent cytotoxicity
- Allotypic amino acid residues also include, but are not limited to, the constant region of the heavy chain of the IgGl, IgG2, and IgG3 subclasses as well as the constant region of the light chain of the kappa isotype as described by Jefferis et ah, MAbs. 1 :332-338 (2009).
- the Fc region is modified to increase the ability of the antibody to mediate antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and/or to increase the affinity of the antibody for an Fey receptor by modifying one or more amino acids.
- ADCC antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
- This approach is described in, e.g., the PCT Publication WO 00/42072 by Presta.
- the binding sites on human IgGl for FcyRl, FcyRII, FcyRIII and FcRn have been mapped and variants with improved binding have been described (see Shields et ah, J. Biol. Chem.
- the glycosylation of an antibody is modified.
- an aglycosylated antibody can be made (i.e., the antibody lacks glycosylation).
- Glycosylation can be altered to, for example, increase the affinity of the antibody for "antigen.”
- Such carbohydrate modifications can be accomplished by, for example, altering one or more sites of glycosylation within the antibody sequence.
- one or more amino acid substitutions can be made that result in elimination of one or more variable region framework glycosylation sites to thereby eliminate glycosylation at that site.
- Such aglycosylation may increase the affinity of the antibody for antigen.
- Such an approach is described in, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,714,350 and 6,350,861 by Co et ah
- an antibody can be made that has an altered type of glycosylation, such as a hypofucosylated antibody having reduced amounts of fucosyl residues or an antibody having increased bisecting GlcNac structures. Such altered glycosylation patterns have been demonstrated to increase the ADCC ability of antibodies.
- carbohydrate modifications can be accomplished by, for example, expressing the antibody in a host cell with altered glycosylation machinery.
- Cells with altered glycosylation machinery have been described in the art and can be used as host cells in which to express recombinant antibodies of the invention to thereby produce an antibody with altered glycosylation.
- EP 1,176,195 by Hang et ah describes a cell line with a functionally disrupted FUT8 gene, which encodes a fucosyl transferase, such that antibodies expressed in such a cell line exhibit hypofucosylation.
- PCT Publication WO 99/54342 by Umana et ah describes cell lines engineered to express glycoprotein-modifying glycosyl transferases (e.g., beta(l ,4)-N acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnTIII)) such that antibodies expressed in the engineered cell lines exhibit increased bisecting GlcNac structures which results in increased ADCC activity of the antibodies (see also Umana et ah, Nat. Biotech. 17: 176-180, 1999).
- the antibody is modified to increase its biological half-life.
- Various approaches are possible.
- one or more of the following mutations can be introduced: T252L, T254S, or T256F, as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,277,375 to Ward.
- the antibody can be altered within the CHI or C L region to contain a salvage receptor binding epitope taken from two loops of a CH2 domain of an Fc region of an IgG, as described in U.S. Patents 5,869,046 and 6,121,022 by Presta et al.
- the present invention provides site-specific labeling methods, modified antibodies and antibody fragments thereof, and immunoconjugates prepared accordingly.
- a modified antibody or antibody fragments thereof can be conjugated to a label, such as a drug moiety, e.g., an anti-cancer agent, an autoimmune treatment agent, an antiinflammatory agent, an antifungal agent, an antibacterial agent, an anti-parasitic agent, an antiviral agent, or an anesthetic agent, or an imaging reagent, such as a chelator for PET imaging, or a fluorescent label, or a MRI contrast reagent.
- An antibody or antibody fragments can also be conjugated using several identical or different labeling moieties combining the methods of the invention with other conjugation methods.
- the immunoconjugates of the present invention comprise a drug moiety selected from a V-ATPase inhibitor, a HSP90 inhibitor, an IAP inhibitor, an mTor inhibitor, a microtubule stabilizer, a microtubule destabilizer, an auristatin, a dolastatin, a maytansinoid, a MetAP (methionine aminopeptidase), an inhibitor of nuclear export of proteins CRM1, a DPPIV inhibitor, proteasome inhibitors, an inhibitor of phosphoryl transfer reactions in mitochondria, a protein synthesis inhibitor, a kinase inhibitor, a CDK2 inhibitor, a CDK9 inhibitor, an HDAC inhibitor, a DNA damaging agent, a DNA alkylating agent, a DNA intercalator, a DNA minor groove binder, topoisomerase inhibitors, RNA synthesis inhibitors, kinesin inhibitors, inhibitors of protein-protein interactions, and a DHFR inhibitor.
- a drug moiety selected from a V-ATP
- the modified antibodies or antibody fragments of the present invention may be conjugated to a drug moiety that modifies a given biological response.
- Drug moieties are not to be construed as limited to classical chemical therapeutic agents.
- the drug moiety may be an immune modulator, such as an immune potentiator, a small molecule immune potentiator, a TLR agonist, a CpG oligomer, a TLR2 agonist, a TLR4 agonist, a TLR7 agonist, a TLR9 agonist, a TLR8 agonist, a T-cell epitope peptide or a like.
- WO 01/49698 taxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, colchicine, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1 -dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, and puromycin and analogs or homologs thereof.
- modified antibodies or antibody fragments thereof can also be conjugated to a radioactive isotope to generate cytotoxic radiopharmaceuticals, referred to as radioimmunoconjugates.
- radioactive isotopes that can be conjugated to antibodies for use diagnostically or therapeutically include, but are not limited to, iodine 131 , indium 111 , yttrium 90 , and lutetium 177 . Methods for preparing radioimmunoconjugates are established in the art.
- radioimmunoconjugates are commercially available, including ZevalinTM (DEC Pharmaceuticals) and BexxarTM (Corixa Pharmaceuticals), and similar methods can be used to prepare radioimmunoconjugates using the antibodies of the invention.
- the macrocyclic chelator is 1, 4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- N,N',N",N"'-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) which can be attached to the antibody via a linker molecule.
- linker molecules are commonly known in the art and described in Denardo et al, (1998) Clin. Cancer Res. 4(10):2483-90; Peterson et al, (1999) Bioconjug. Chem.
- the present invention further provides modified antibodies or fragments thereof that specifically bind to an antigen.
- the modified antibodies or fragments may be conjugated or fused to a heterologous protein or polypeptide (or fragment thereof, preferably to a polypeptide of at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90 or at least 100 amino acids) to generate fusion proteins.
- the invention provides fusion proteins comprising an antibody fragment described herein (e.g., a Fab fragment, Fd fragment, Fv fragment, F(ab)2 fragment, a V H domain, a V H CDR, a V L domain or a V L CDR) and a heterologous protein, polypeptide, or peptide.
- modified antibody fragments without antigen binding specificity such as but not limited to, modified Fc domains with engineered cysteine residue(s) according to the present invention, are used to generate fusion proteins comprising such an antibody fragment (e.g., engineered Fc) and a heterologous protein, polypeptide, or peptide.
- DNA shuffling may be employed to alter the activities of antibodies of the invention or fragments thereof (e.g., antibodies or fragments thereof with higher affinities and lower dissociation rates). See, generally, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,605,793, 5,811,238, 5,830,721, 5,834,252, and 5,837,458; Patten et al, (1997) Curr. Opinion Biotechnol. 8:724-33; Harayama, (1998) Trends Biotechnol.
- Antibodies or fragments thereof, or the encoded antibodies or fragments thereof may be altered by being subjected to random mutagenesis by error-prone PCR, random nucleotide insertion or other methods prior to recombination.
- a polynucleotide encoding an antibody or fragment thereof that specifically binds to an antigen may be recombined with one or more components, motifs, sections, parts, domains, fragments, etc. of one or more heterologous molecules.
- the modified antibodies or antibody fragments thereof of the present invention can be conjugated to marker sequences, such as a peptide to facilitate purification.
- the marker amino acid sequence is a hexa-histidine peptide, such as the tag provided in a pQE vector (QIAGEN, Inc., 9259 Eton Avenue, Chatsworth, CA, 91311), among others, many of which are commercially available.
- hexa-histidine provides for convenient purification of the fusion protein.
- peptide tags useful for purification include, but are not limited to, the hemagglutinin ("HA") tag, which corresponds to an epitope derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein (Wilson et ah, (1984) Cell 37:767), and the "FLAG” tag (A. Einhauer et ah, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 49: 455—465, 2001).
- HA hemagglutinin
- FLAG A. Einhauer et ah, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 49: 455—465, 2001.
- antibodies or antibody fragments can also be conjugated to tumor-penetrating peptides in order to enhance their efficacy.
- bioluminescent materials such as but not limited to, luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin;
- the dosage administered to a patient may be 0.0001 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of the patient's body weight.
- the dosage may be between 0.0001 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, 0.0001 and 2 mg/kg, 0.0001 and 1 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg and 0.75 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg to 0.25 mg/kg, 0.0001 to 0.15 mg/kg, 0.0001 to 0.10 mg/kg, 0.001 to 0.5 mg/kg, 0.01 to 0.25 mg/kg or 0.01 to 0.10 mg/kg of the patient's body weight.
- the dosage of the antibodies or fragments thereof of the invention may be calculated using the patient's weight in kilograms (kg) multiplied by the dose to be administered in mg/kg.
- the route of administration may be by, e.g., topical or cutaneous application, injection or infusion by intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracerebral, intramuscular, intraocular, intraarterial, intracerebrospinal, intralesional, or by sustained release systems or an implant (see, e.g., Sidman et al., Biopolymers 22:547-556, 1983; Langer et al., J. Biomed. Mater. Res.
- a composition of the present invention may also be administered via one or more routes of administration using one or more of a variety of methods known in the art.
- routes and/or mode of administration will vary depending upon the desired results.
- Selected routes of administration for the immunoconjugates of the invention include intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, spinal or other parenteral routes of administration, for example by injection or infusion.
- Parenteral administration may represent modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous,
- a pump may be used to achieve controlled or sustained release (see Langer, supra; Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref Biomed. Eng. 14:20, 1987; Buchwald et al., Surgery 88:507, 1980; Saudek et al, N. Engl. J. Med. 321 :574, 1989).
- Polymeric materials can be used to achieve controlled or sustained release of the therapies of the invention (see e.g., Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise (eds.), CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Fla., 1974; Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug Product Design and Performance, Smolen and Ball (eds.), Wiley, New York, 1984; Ranger and Peppas, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. 23:61, 1983; see also Levy et al., Science 228:190, 1985; During et al., Ann. Neurol. 25:351, 1989; Howard et al., J. Neurosurg. 7 1 :105, 1989; U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,377; U.S. Pat. No.
- a controlled or sustained release system can be placed in proximity of the prophylactic or therapeutic target, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138, 1984).
- immunoconjugates of the invention are administered topically, they can be formulated in the form of an ointment, cream, transdermal patch, lotion, gel, shampoo, spray, aerosol, solution, emulsion, or other form well-known to one of skill in the art. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences and Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 19th ed., Mack Pub. Co., Easton, Pa. (1995).
- Moisturizers or humectants can also be added to pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms if desired. Examples of such additional ingredients are well-known in the art.
- compositions comprising the immunoconjugates are administered intranasally, it can be formulated in an aerosol form, spray, mist or in the form of drops.
- prophylactic or therapeutic agents for use according to the present invention can be conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with a suitable propellant (e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas).
- a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
- the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
- a second therapeutic agent e.g., a cytokine, steroid, chemotherapeutic agent, antibiotic, or radiation
- a second therapeutic agent e.g., a cytokine, steroid, chemotherapeutic agent, antibiotic, or radiation
- a second therapeutic agent e.g., a cytokine, steroid, chemotherapeutic agent, antibiotic, or radiation
- the immunoconjugates of the invention can be formulated to ensure proper distribution in vivo.
- the blood-brain barrier excludes many highly hydrophilic compounds.
- the therapeutic compounds of the invention cross the BBB (if desired)
- they can be formulated, for example, in liposomes.
- liposomes For methods of manufacturing liposomes, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,522,811; 5,374,548; and 5,399,331.
- the liposomes may comprise one or more moieties which are selectively transported into specific cells or organs, thus enhance targeted drug delivery (see, e.g., Ranade, (1989) J. Clin.
- targeting moieties include folate or biotin (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,016 to Low et al.); mannosides (Umezawa et al, (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153:1038); antibodies (Bloeman et al, (1995) FEBS Lett. 357:140; Owais et al, (1995) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:180); surfactant protein A receptor (Briscoe et al., (1995) Am. J. Physiol. 1233:134); p 120 (Schreier et al, (1994) J. Biol.
- the invention provides protocols for the administration of pharmaceutical composition comprising immunoconjugates of the invention alone or in combination with other therapies to a subject in need thereof.
- the therapies e.g., prophylactic or therapeutic agents
- the therapy e.g., prophylactic or therapeutic agents
- the combination therapies of the present invention can also be cyclically administered.
- Cycling therapy involves the administration of a first therapy (e.g., a first prophylactic or therapeutic agent) for a period of time, followed by the administration of a second therapy (e.g., a second prophylactic or therapeutic agent) for a period of time and repeating this sequential administration, i.e., the cycle, in order to reduce the development of resistance to one of the therapies (e.g., agents) to avoid or reduce the side effects of one of the therapies (e.g., agents), and/or to improve, the efficacy of the therapies.
- a first therapy e.g., a first prophylactic or therapeutic agent
- a second therapy e.g., a second prophylactic or therapeutic agent
- the therapies e.g., prophylactic or therapeutic agents
- the combination therapies of the invention can be administered to a subject concurrently.
- each therapy may be administered to a subject at the same time or sequentially in any order at different points in time; however, if not administered at the same time, they should be administered sufficiently close in time so as to provide the desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect.
- Each therapy can be administered to a subject separately, in any appropriate form and by any suitable route.
- the therapies are administered to a subject less than 15 minutes, less than 30 minutes, less than 1 hour apart, at about 1 hour apart, at about 1 hour to about 2 hours apart, at about 2 hours to about 3 hours apart, at about 3 hours to about 4 hours apart, at about 4 hours to about 5 hours apart, at about 5 hours to about 6 hours apart, at about 6 hours to about 7 hours apart, at about 7 hours to about 8 hours apart, at about 8 hours to about 9 hours apart, at about 9 hours to about 10 hours apart, at about 10 hours to about 1 1 hours apart, at about 1 1 hours to about 12 hours apart, 24 hours apart, 48 hours apart, 72 hours apart, or 1 week apart.
- two or more therapies are administered to a within the same patient visit.
- the prophylactic or therapeutic agents of the combination therapies can be administered to a subject in the same pharmaceutical composition.
- the prophylactic or therapeutic agents of the combination therapies can be administered concurrently to a subject in separate pharmaceutical compositions.
- the prophylactic or therapeutic agents may be administered to a subject by the same or different routes of administration.
- Example 1 Selection of surface accessible sites for Cys mutation in human IgGl heavy chain and kappa light chain. Surface exposed residues in the constant region of human IgGl heavy and human kappa light chains were identified in a crystal structure of an hlgGl /kappa antibody (Protein Databank structure entry lHZH.pdb, Table 6, Table 7, FIG. 1) using the computer program Surface Racer 5.0, as described by Tsodikov et al, "A novel computer program for fast exact calculation of accessible and molecular surface areas and average surface curvature," J. Comput. Chem., 23, 600-609 (2002).
- 88 residues were selected for Cys substitution, 59 sites in hlgG heavy chain and 29 in human kappa light chain, based on the following criteria: 1) select residues in CHI, CH2 and CH3 domains of the constant regions of heavy chain and the constant regions of light chain; 2) select surface exposed residues but circumvent globally exposed residues and the C- terminal region to avoid inter-antibody dimer formation; 3) focus on polar or charged residues such as Ser, Thr, Lys, Arg, Glu, and Asp; and 4) exclude residues in FcRn binding domain, Protein A binding domain, and heavy chain hinge region.
- Criterion 1) namely the selection of Cys substitution sites in the constant region of the antibody, assures transferability of the conjugation sites to many different antibodies.
- Criterion 2) is based on observation of inter-antibody dimer formation for Cys substitutions of prominently exposed residues (residues excluded based on this criteria are listed in Table 6). Based on the IgG crystal structure, the putative orientation of the Cys side chain was taking into consideration: residues for which the Cys side chain may be partially shielded from interactions with another antibody but may still be reactive with a small molecular payload, were favored over residues with larger surface accessibility but with an orientation that may enable interactions with a large macromolecule such as dimer formation.
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PL14706739T PL2953976T3 (en) | 2013-02-08 | 2014-02-07 | Specific sites for modifying antibodies to make immunoconjugates |
DK14706739.1T DK2953976T3 (en) | 2013-02-08 | 2014-02-07 | SPECIFIC MODIFICATION PLACES IN ANTIBODIES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNE CONJUGATES |
JP2015557139A JP6609477B2 (en) | 2013-02-08 | 2014-02-07 | Specific sites for modified antibodies to prepare immunoconjugates |
BR112015018899-0A BR112015018899B1 (en) | 2013-02-08 | 2014-02-07 | IMMUNOCONJUGATES, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION, MODIFIED IGG ANTIBODIES OR MODIFIED ANTIBODY FRAGMENTS THEREOF AND THEIR METHOD OF PRODUCTION, AND HOST CELL |
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