WO2014049522A1 - Functionalized siliceous filters for sampling and purification of organic compounds - Google Patents
Functionalized siliceous filters for sampling and purification of organic compounds Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014049522A1 WO2014049522A1 PCT/IB2013/058813 IB2013058813W WO2014049522A1 WO 2014049522 A1 WO2014049522 A1 WO 2014049522A1 IB 2013058813 W IB2013058813 W IB 2013058813W WO 2014049522 A1 WO2014049522 A1 WO 2014049522A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- halogenated
- filters
- filter
- sampling
- anyone
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 30
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 43
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 39
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- -1 polycyclic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- RMVRSNDYEFQCLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiophenol Chemical compound SC1=CC=CC=C1 RMVRSNDYEFQCLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007810 chemical reaction solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000005372 silanol group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002148 esters Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001540 azides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005865 ionizing radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004469 siloxy group Chemical group [SiH3]O* 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical class OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical class OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005210 alkyl ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorous acid Chemical class OCl=O QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002271 geminal diols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorite Chemical class Cl[O-] WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003951 lactams Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004291 polyenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000008442 polyphenolic compounds Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013824 polyphenols Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- UUCCCPNEFXQJEL-UHFFFAOYSA-L strontium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Sr+2] UUCCCPNEFXQJEL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001866 strontium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfite Chemical class [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003511 tertiary amides Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004072 triols Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 125000003808 silyl group Chemical group [H][Si]([H])([H])[*] 0.000 claims 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 48
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 31
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 23
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 23
- 239000012491 analyte Substances 0.000 description 22
- GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoranthene Chemical compound C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=C22)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 17
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 16
- BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CC3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C43 BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000002414 normal-phase solid-phase extraction Methods 0.000 description 13
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 description 12
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229920005830 Polyurethane Foam Polymers 0.000 description 9
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- TXVHTIQJNYSSKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzo[e]pyrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C34 TXVHTIQJNYSSKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000011496 polyurethane foam Substances 0.000 description 9
- FMMWHPNWAFZXNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benz[a]pyrene Chemical compound C1=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=C(C=C3)C2=C2C3=CC=CC2=C1 FMMWHPNWAFZXNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000005526 G1 to G0 transition Effects 0.000 description 8
- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 8
- DXBHBZVCASKNBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Benz(a)anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C=CC2=C1 DXBHBZVCASKNBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- HXGDTGSAIMULJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetnaphthylene Natural products C1=CC(C=C2)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 HXGDTGSAIMULJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 7
- 150000003071 polychlorinated biphenyls Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 125000005575 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 238000002444 silanisation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 7
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- CWRYPZZKDGJXCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N acenaphthene Chemical compound C1=CC(CC2)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CWRYPZZKDGJXCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 6
- 125000005605 benzo group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004455 differential thermal analysis Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002290 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000000622 liquid--liquid extraction Methods 0.000 description 5
- ZCYXXKJEDCHMGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonane Chemical compound CCCC[CH]CCCC ZCYXXKJEDCHMGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- BKIMMITUMNQMOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N normal nonane Natural products CCCCCCCCC BKIMMITUMNQMOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 5
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000004819 silanols Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 5
- JCVQKRGIASEUKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(phenyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C1=CC=CC=C1 JCVQKRGIASEUKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- GYFAGKUZYNFMBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzo[ghi]perylene Chemical group C1=CC(C2=C34)=CC=C3C=CC=C4C3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C43 GYFAGKUZYNFMBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- WDECIBYCCFPHNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chrysene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C=CC3=C21 WDECIBYCCFPHNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001212 derivatisation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000004827 dibenzo-1,4-dioxins Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 4
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 125000004054 acenaphthylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC2=CC=CC3=CC=CC1=C23)* 0.000 description 3
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 3
- LHRCREOYAASXPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenz[a,h]anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C=C3C=CC=4C(C3=C3)=CC=CC=4)=C3C=CC2=C1 LHRCREOYAASXPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- CKAPSXZOOQJIBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexachlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1Cl CKAPSXZOOQJIBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-OUBTZVSYSA-N Cobalt-60 Chemical compound [60Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isooctane Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)(C)C NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012494 Quartz wool Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910008051 Si-OH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910006358 Si—OH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- RYYVLZVUVIJVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caffeine Chemical compound CN1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C2=C1N=CN2C RYYVLZVUVIJVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N catechol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1O YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloromethane Chemical compound ClC NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrimethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)Cl IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004826 dibenzofurans Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- JVSWJIKNEAIKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl-hexane Natural products CCCCCC(C)C JVSWJIKNEAIKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005227 gel permeation chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005040 ion trap Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004811 liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002957 persistent organic pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SCPYDCQAZCOKTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silanol Chemical compound [SiH3]O SCPYDCQAZCOKTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002553 single reaction monitoring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000003738 xylenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- FOIBFBMSLDGNHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2OC3=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C3OC2=C1Cl FOIBFBMSLDGNHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RHIROFAGUQOFLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzofuran Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2C3=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C3OC2=C1Cl RHIROFAGUQOFLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WCLNVRQZUKYVAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzodioxin Chemical compound O1C2=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2OC2=C1C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2Cl WCLNVRQZUKYVAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WDMKCPIVJOGHBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2C(C=C(C(=C3Cl)Cl)Cl)=C3OC2=C1Cl WDMKCPIVJOGHBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEZCTZWLJYWARH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran Chemical compound O1C2=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2C2=C1C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2Cl VEZCTZWLJYWARH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WCYYQNSQJHPVMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzodioxin Chemical compound O1C2=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2OC2=C1C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2 WCYYQNSQJHPVMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LVYBAQIVPKCOEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran Chemical compound O1C2=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2C2=C1C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2 LVYBAQIVPKCOEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCLUIPQDHHPDJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzodioxin Chemical compound O1C2=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C2OC2=C1C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2Cl YCLUIPQDHHPDJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JEYJJJXOFWNEHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran Chemical compound O1C2=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C2C2=C1C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2Cl JEYJJJXOFWNEHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LGIRBUBHIWTVCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzodioxin Chemical compound O1C2=CC(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2OC2=C1C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2Cl LGIRBUBHIWTVCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYUSJFJVDVSXIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzofuran Chemical compound O1C2=CC(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2C2=C1C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2Cl PYUSJFJVDVSXIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FSPZPQQWDODWAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzodioxin Chemical compound O1C2=CC(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2OC2=C1C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2 FSPZPQQWDODWAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBMIVUVRFPGOEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran Chemical compound O1C2=CC(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2C2=C1C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2 SBMIVUVRFPGOEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CHRJZRDFSQHIFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C CHRJZRDFSQHIFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNSDLXPSAYFUHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S(O)(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC HNSDLXPSAYFUHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XTAHLACQOVXINQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C=C2C(C=C(C(=C3Cl)Cl)Cl)=C3OC2=C1Cl XTAHLACQOVXINQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGBQILNBLMPPDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran Chemical compound O1C2=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C2C2=C1C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2 OGBQILNBLMPPDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003026 Acene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000936 Agarose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000030634 Anthene Species 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000858 Cyclodextrin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002307 Dextran Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- LPHGQDQBBGAPDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isocaffeine Natural products CN1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C2=C1N(C)C=N2 LPHGQDQBBGAPDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000388 Polyphosphate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910002808 Si–O–Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000001241 acetals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000809 air pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100001243 air pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004996 alkyl benzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- RQPZNWPYLFFXCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ba+2] RQPZNWPYLFFXCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007767 bonding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- FQEKAFQSVPLXON-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl(trichloro)silane Chemical compound CCCC[Si](Cl)(Cl)Cl FQEKAFQSVPLXON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001948 caffeine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VJEONQKOZGKCAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N caffeine Natural products CN1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C2=C1C=CN2C VJEONQKOZGKCAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005251 capillar electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 229950005499 carbon tetrachloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- GZGREZWGCWVAEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro-dimethyl-octadecylsilane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[Si](C)(C)Cl GZGREZWGCWVAEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DBKNGKYVNBJWHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro-dimethyl-octylsilane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC[Si](C)(C)Cl DBKNGKYVNBJWHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008422 chlorobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013375 chromatographic separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001846 chrysenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940097362 cyclodextrins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzofuran Chemical class C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005594 diketone group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000005264 electron capture Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001211 electron capture detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004710 electron pair approximation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003480 eluent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005251 gamma ray Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002373 hemiacetals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003987 high-resolution gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001477 hydrophilic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004895 liquid chromatography mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004949 mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- 238000002423 nitrogen--phosphorus detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004005 nitrosamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MSRJTTSHWYDFIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N octyltriethoxysilane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC MSRJTTSHWYDFIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003493 octyltriethoxysilane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001181 organosilyl group Chemical group [SiH3]* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000005054 phenyltrichlorosilane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005498 phthalate group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003022 phthalic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002504 physiological saline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005547 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001205 polyphosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011176 polyphosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005373 porous glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000899 pressurised-fluid extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012521 purified sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003376 silicon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006884 silylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003381 solubilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- FKHIFSZMMVMEQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N talc Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O FKHIFSZMMVMEQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004885 tandem mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004809 thin layer chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- PYJJCSYBSYXGQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloro(octadecyl)silane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[Si](Cl)(Cl)Cl PYJJCSYBSYXGQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ORVMIVQULIKXCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloro(phenyl)silane Chemical compound Cl[Si](Cl)(Cl)C1=CC=CC=C1 ORVMIVQULIKXCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010463 virgin olive oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D39/08—Filter cloth, i.e. woven, knitted or interlaced material
- B01D39/086—Filter cloth, i.e. woven, knitted or interlaced material of inorganic material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/56—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with multiple filtering elements, characterised by their mutual disposition
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
- B01J20/103—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate comprising silica
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28002—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J20/28004—Sorbent size or size distribution, e.g. particle size
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
- B01J20/28023—Fibres or filaments
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/281—Sorbents specially adapted for preparative, analytical or investigative chromatography
- B01J20/286—Phases chemically bonded to a substrate, e.g. to silica or to polymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/3071—Washing or leaching
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/3085—Chemical treatments not covered by groups B01J20/3007 - B01J20/3078
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
- B01J20/3202—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the carrier, support or substrate used for impregnation or coating
- B01J20/3204—Inorganic carriers, supports or substrates
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
- B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
- B01J20/3242—Layers with a functional group, e.g. an affinity material, a ligand, a reactant or a complexing group
- B01J20/3244—Non-macromolecular compounds
- B01J20/3246—Non-macromolecular compounds having a well defined chemical structure
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
- B01J20/3291—Characterised by the shape of the carrier, the coating or the obtained coated product
- B01J20/3293—Coatings on a core, the core being particle or fiber shaped, e.g. encapsulated particles, coated fibers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
- G01N1/2202—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state involving separation of sample components during sampling
- G01N1/2205—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state involving separation of sample components during sampling with filters
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
- G01N1/2202—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state involving separation of sample components during sampling
- G01N1/2214—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state involving separation of sample components during sampling by sorption
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
- B01J2220/50—Aspects relating to the use of sorbent or filter aid materials
- B01J2220/54—Sorbents specially adapted for analytical or investigative chromatography
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
- Y10T436/25375—Liberation or purification of sample or separation of material from a sample [e.g., filtering, centrifuging, etc.]
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to filtering systems comprising filters consisting of fibers of silanized siliceous material for environmental sampling, in particular of pollutants.
Description
Functionalized siliceous filters for sampling and purification of organic compounds
Background of the invention
The present invention refers to the field of environmental sampling, in particular of pollutants, and more precisely to filter systems allowing the simultaneous highly efficient sampling of organic pollutants in liquid or aeriform matrices.
The sampling of organic pollutants in atmosphere is performed on filters that leave out the gaseous fraction of pollutants and therefore these systems are suitable only for the sampling of particulate matter. For this reason, the sampling of semivolatile organic compounds in aeriform matrices is performed by putting, after the filter, an adsorbent or absorbent material, able to retain the gaseous fraction not retained by the filter. Similarly, the sampling of organic compounds in liquid matrices is performed on filtering and adsorbing systems.
The filtering systems of the present invention allow to extract concurrently the organic compounds in fluids, by means of a single filtering and adsorbing system, requiring less time and less amount of extracting solvent. The filtering systems of the present invention are disposable avoiding risks of contamination, are very less bulky and easier to be used in automated sampling systems, are less hygroscopic so that they can be weighed very easily to determinate the mass of total particulate matter.
State of the art
Enrichment of organic compounds from fluid matrices
The sampling of semivolatile organic compounds in atmosphere on a common filters (of quartz, paper or teflon) completely leaves out the gaseous fraction of pollutant, which can pass through the filter itself without being retained. Said filters are suitable for sampling of undispersed material on an aeriform matrix. Furthermore filters of quartz have the drawback of being weight with difficulty to determinate the mass of total particulate material because of their high hygroscopy.
The sampling in air of organic semi-volatile compounds is carried out placing after the filter an absorbing/adsorbing material able to retain the vapour fraction of the analyte which is not retained by the filter. Said sampling system can consist for example of an
air sampler equipped with a quartz fiber filter with thickness of 102 mm, followed by a polyurethane foam (PUF) adsorbent with a thickness of 50 mm and a density of 0,22 g/cm3. The sampling time is 24 hour, with a flux of 225 L/min, for a total of 300 m3 sampled.
For example, the above type of filtering system is used in the methods of sampling developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) : the method T0-4A for the determination in air of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) by means of sampling on PUF (polyurethane foam) followed by gas- chromatography/multidetector (GC/MD) ; the method TO-9A for determination in air of polychlorinated, polybrominated and brominated/chlorinated dibenzo-_p-dioxins and the method T0-13A for determination in air of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon by means of gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) .
The same sampling system is used in method TO-4A, which applies to the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and pesticides. The filter and the PUF are extracted together in a Soxhlet apparatus with a mixture of hexane with 10% of diethyl ether for at least 16 hours. The extracted is then purified by using a column of alumina, or, if the separation needs to be increased, a column of silica and magnesium oxide (Florisil®) and sodium sulphate can be used. The purified and separated fractions are concentrated to a few of microliters (μΐ) and injected in the gas-chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer for the analysis of PCB, or to an electron capture detector for the analysis of HCB; for pesticides, other kinds of detector are used.
The same system for collecting analytes is used in method TO-9A for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuranes (PCDF), which uses a Soxhlet apparatus, extracting the filter and PUF together with benzene or toluene as the extraction solvent for 16 hours. The extract firstly undergo to a liquid-liquid extraction with an acid and a base, followed by a purification with a column of silica, then of alumina, and lastly of carbon. The sample is concentrated to a volume of few microliters (μΐ) and injected in the gas- chromatograph with a high-resolution mass spectrometer detector. The same system for collecting analytes is used in method TO-13A, useful for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) . The extraction is carried out by using a 10% mixture diethyl
ether/hexane and analysing the filter and the d PUF in the Soxhlet for 18 hours. The extracted is purified in a column of silica gel. After being concentrated, the sample is injected in a gas- chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. The PUF has a low recovery for lighter PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphtylene, acenaphtene) , because of their high vapour pressure, making them able to volatilize.
The above methods allow to sample the totality of semi-volatile compounds in atmosphere, but they have some limitations. The clean-up of adsorbent and the extraction of analytes from the same require a large consumption of time and reagents and if the extracted adsorbent is reused, there are serious risks of contamination .
The use of two sampling system, constituted by a filtering system and an adsorbing system makes the automation of the sampling difficult, because it is necessary to substitute both systems for every measure. Moreover, also in single and not automated samplings, the encumbrance due to the adsorbent makes the sampling inconvenient, especially if a personal sampler is used for industrial hygiene studies. The described methods do not allow to determinate the ratio between the gaseous fraction and the fraction associated with the particulate matter, because the analytes originally e associated with the particulate matter retained by the filter are partially desorbed and then retained by the adsorbent/absorbent material, therefore, sampling on a single sampling system do not lead to a loss of information on partitioning between particulate phase and homogeneous phase with the, liquid or gaseous, matrix, because this information is anyway not available.
For liquid matrices, it is known a type of device which is constituted of a filter with microparticles of silica derivatized with octadecyl or octyl groups dispersed on it (ENVI-Disk™, Sigma Aldrich™) , commonly used for solid phase extraction (SPE) of organic compounds from liquid samples, for example aqueous matrices (J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 9642-9651, Multiresidue Method for Determination of 35 Pesticides in Virgin Olive Oil by Using Liquid-Liquid Extraction Techniques Coupled with Solid-Phase Extraction Clean Up and Gas Chromatography with Nitrogen Phosphorus Detection and Electron Capture Detection; E. G. Amvrazi and T . A. Albanis) .
It may be also possible to use these type of device for sampling organic compounds in atmosphere, but the disadvantage of these type of filters is that the microparticles on which analytes are adsorbed, because they are not bonded to the filtering support, are lost during the time elapsing between sampling and analysis.
Urbe I, Ruana J., 1997, J Chromatogr A. "Application of solid- phase extraction discs with a glass fiber matrix to fast determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water", 778 (1-2) : 337-45 discloses solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with ENVI-Disk™.
US2003/209146 discloses a filtering system comprising filters made of fibers together with silica particles, wherein the latter are generated from polymerisation of tetraethoxysilane and subsequent silanization with octadecylsilane . Said filter is a little variation of ENVI-Disk™, prepared by treating the surface of the fibers with sodium hydroxide IN to bound oligosilica spheres generated from the polymerization of tetraethoxysilane and silanizing said oligosilica particles with an octadecyl groups. Said system is used for example for sampling caffeine in a physiological saline solution, or for sampling benzene from air.
Another type of support for solid phase extraction (SPE) of organic compounds from liquid matrices is Empore™ systems produced by 3M™. They are constituted by adsorbent particle, for example divinylbenzene spheres or spheres of silica derivatized with octadecyl groups, spheres of carbon incorporated in a polytetrafluoroethylene (teflon PTFE) network. Empore™ disks are commonly used for solid phase extraction of organic compounds from liquid matrices (Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 2916-2926, Quantitative Determination of Total Molar Concentrations of Bioaccumulatable Organic Micropollutants in Water Using C18 Empore Disk and Molar Detection Techniques; W. M. G. M. van Loon, F. G. Wijnker, M. E. Verwoerd, and J. L. M. Hermens) . Empore™ disks have been used as passive samplers of organic micropollutants (Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 4639-4645 Determination of Nitroaromatic Compounds in Air Samples at Femtogram Level Using C18 Membrane Sampling and On-Line Extraction with LC-MS, C. Sanchez, H. Carlsson, A. Colmsjo, C. Crescenzi, and R. Batlle; Journal of Chromatography A, 1129 (2006) 1-8 Air sampling with Empore solid phase extraction membranes and online single-channel desorption/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis: Determination of volatile and semi-volatile organophosphate esters Johanna Tollback, Davide Tamburro, Carlo
Crescenzi, Hakan Carlsson) . The resistance and impedance of Empore™ disks allow to sample the air only with low linear speed (flow rate per unit area) , unsuitable for the sampling of many semivolatile organic micropollutant, because of their very low concentration.
Are also known the filters named "sandwich filters", produced by Horizon Technologies™ and named Atlantic SPE disks™, based on the same principle of Empore™ disks, but in this case, the adsorbent material is not incorporated in a teflon network but is located between two layers of quartz or paper. Also in this case, the adsorbent material can consist of microsphere of silica derivatised for example with octadecyl groups, styrene/divinylbenzene or carbon. These devices are used for solid phase extraction of organic compounds from liquid matrices (J. Agrrc. Food Chem., 2006, 54 (3), pp 645-649, "Semiautomated Determination of Pesticides in Water Using Solid Phase Extraction Disks and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry" Cristiana C. Leandro, Dawn A. Bishop, Richard J. Fussell, Frankie D. Smith, Brendan J. Keely) . Their impedance, which is higher than that of Empore™ disks, forces to use fluxes so low that they are unusable for sampling of most of the organic compounds of interest in atmosphere. Moreover, said sandwich disks have a thickness of more than 5 millimeters, contrary to Envi-Disks or Empore disks which have a thickness of about 1 millimeter, so that they can be hardly inserted in the presently used air sampler.
Functionalized chromatographic supports
In the field of chromatography, columns are constituted by adsorbent or absorbent materials (stationary phases) , on which several mobile phases such as, for example aqueous solvents, organic solvents, gases flow. Choosing appropriate stationary and mobile phases allows to selectively retain or elute the different compounds. Stationary phases made of functionalized silica microspheres are known. In particular, functionalization by silylatmg agents of siliceous materials is known.
The general reaction is as follows:
n -Si-OH + Xn-SiRm → -(Si-0)nSiRm + n HX
where -Si-OH is a silanol of the surface, -(Si-O)- is the functionalized fraction of the surface, X is the leaving group, R means other groups bonded to the silicon atom, n and m are integers wherein n+m=4, n>0, m>0.
The most used leaving groups are halides (-C1, -Br etc.), alkoxy (-OCH3, -OCH2CH3 etc.), which are left as hydrogen halides (HC1, HBr etc.) and alcohols (CH3OH, CH3CH2OH etc.) respectively.
A silylating agent may contain from one to three leaving groups, and according to this number may form from one to three bonds with the siliceous surface, on condition that the surface concentration of silanols allows it.
Silanization of silica microspheres is used for the construction of stationary phases for chromatography, as those used in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) .
For example, US patent N. 3002823 discloses a gel chromatography method on silica gel for separating compounds having different molecular weights in aqueous phase, by using an uncharged granular gel consisting of a tridimensional network of molecules bonded to aliphatic radicals with from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, with a content of -OH groups of at least 12% of dry weight of the gel obtained from polymerization of uncharged hydroxylated organic substances with halogenated or epoxy organic substances. US Patent N. 4118316 discloses a method of gel chromatography for separating compounds having different molecular weight, by means of porous silica supports functionalized and silylised with quaternary ammonium groups. US Patent N. 4539399 discloses a silica gel functionalized with cyclodextrins by a chemical bond with silanols, to be used for thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) .
US Patent N. 5221447 discloses capillary surfaces containing silica, like quartz or silica capillaries used in capillary electrophoresis, activated by a bonding agent so that silanols form Si-O-Si bonds and end with acrylic and vinyl groups. Said surfaces are reacted with a hydrophilic polymer such as methylcellulose, pol (vinyl) alcohol, dextran, starch and agarose, to form a hydrophilic polymeric coating.
Ya-Show Chen, Chao-Shuan Chang, Shing-Yi Suen, 2007, Journal of Membrane Science, "Protein adsorption separation using glass fiber membranes modified with short-chain organosilicon derivatives", Volume 305, Issues 1-2, pages 25-135 discloses porous glass fiber membranes modified with silanization agents to prepare hydrophobic membranes to be used in the chromatographic separation of proteins, wherein the silanization agents are octyltriethoxysilane, octyldimethylchlorosilane, butyltrichlorosilane and buthyldimethylchlorosilane, thus
obtaining membranes are derivatized with octyl, buthyl and methyl groups .
The prior art documents Urbe I, Ruana J., 1997, J Chromatogr A. ; "Application of solid-phase extraction discs with a glass fiber matrix to fast determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water", 77'8 (1-2) : 337-45 , US2003/209146 and Ya-Show Chen, Chao- Shuan Chang, Shing-Yi Suen, 2007, Journal of Membrane Science , "Protein adsorption separation using glass fiber membranes modified with short-chain organosilicon derivatives", Volume 305, Issues 1-2, pages 25-135 may be considered as the prior art closest to the present invention.
The present invention differs from US2003/209146 and Urbe et al, 1997 because the filter is made only of silanized fibers and does not comprise silanized silica particles.
The present invention differs from Ya-Show Chen et al, 2007, because the fibers are not grafted with a generic and non-specific hydrophobic moiety, but they are grafted with groups chosen in order to specifically retain the desired analytes.
The distinguishing feature of the present invention is that the filter consists of fibers which are directly silanized with specific silylating agents.
The technical effect is that the chemical characteristics of the silylating agents lead to obtain a filter allowing the retention of semivolatile organic compounds from liquid and aeriform matrices.
Technical problem
It is self-evident that are not currently available filtering systems capable of simultaneously retain organic compounds from liquid and aeriform matrices in order to obtain an environmental sampling with high efficiency.
The present inventors have surprisingly developed filtering systems capable of retaining semivolatile organic compounds from aeriform matrices together with particulate matter, or organic compounds from liquid matrices. The filtering systems of the present invention show improved performances, because they have a high sampling efficiency even with high fluxes of sampled fluid: so that it is possible to sample with higher flow rates, therefore reducing the limit of detection for a given sampling time, or reducing the sampling time for a given limit of detection.
For example, it is possible to sample polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in less than 24 hours with a flux of sampled air (linear speed) higher than 0.3 m/s.
Although at first sight it may seem possible to compare stationary phases employed in chromatographic columns with the filtering systems of this invention, as for example the stationary phases of chromatographic columns with the organic group which filters are functionalized with, there are some marked differences, which do not allow to apply the knowledge in the field of chromatography to the field of filtering systems employed in the field of environmental sampling of the present invention.
The aim of sampling is to collect a fraction of the matrix to be analysed, thus the obtained sample should be homogeneous and representative of the matrix from which it was sampled. In the case of fluid matrices, it is possible to sample the whole matrix or to sample only one analyte in an enrichment system. The sampling of the analyte in the enrichment system also requires the measurement or the estimate of the sampled volume, but is the only one available for the analytes present at low concentrations. Alternatively, it would be necessary to sample enormous volumes of matrix in order to reach the limit of detection. The sampling of the analyte on the enrichment system can be both passive or active: in the first case, the analyte reaches the enrichment system by diffusion, in the second case by means of pumps. In case of very diluted analytes, it is necessary to sample large volumes of matrix in order to exceed the limit of quantification (LOQ) : in these cases, in order to sample in reasonably short times, i.e. from 24 to 300 hours, in practice it is compulsory to use an active sampling on an enrichment system, also known as capitation system. An ideal enrichment system totally retains the analyte and leaves out the remaining matrix; a real enrichment system retains a good fraction of analyte together with the other compounds of the matrix (interfering agents) . The efficiency of an enrichment system is defined as the ratio between the amount of the retained analyte and the total amount of analyte which passes through it. The capacity of an enrichment system is defined as the maximum amount of analyte which it can retain before it saturates and loses /changes its efficiency.
Therefore, the obtained sample is constituted by the enrichment system with analyte and interfering agents, and the value of sampled volume is associated to it. The analyte is extracted from
the sample by a mixture of solvents selected so that the maximum amount of analyte and the minimum amount of interfering agents are extracted. It may be necessary to further purify the sample before proceeding with the analysis.
An alternative to extraction with solvents is the thermal desorption when the analyte is enough volatile, the enthalpy of desorption is less than the energy necessary to degrade the analyte, and interfering agents are less volatile or absent.
Unlike sampling, to which the present invention refers to, chromatography can be defined as the physicochemical phenomenon whereby the individual components of a mixture are separated thanks to their different partitioning between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. During chromatography, each compound is distributed between the two phases with its own characteristic distribution ratio, depending on the different affinity for the two phases; consequently, the volume of mobile phase required to elute a compound, i.e. to make it reach the end of the stationary phase, is a characteristic of the compound itself and is defined retention volume. Similarly, the time in which the compound is eluted is defined as retention time. The aim of chromatography, in the separation and purification of the compounds present in very low quantities and/or concentrations in a sample (analytical chemistry) , is to separately elute all the compounds of interest, with the maximum separation between them and the minimum possible retention volume/time.
Conversely, the aim of sampling, to which the present invention refers to, is that the elution of the analyte takes place with the maximum possible retention volume/time.
The person skilled in the art could not have found the solution of the technical problem of the present invention in the field of chromatography, because the aim of chromatography is to separately elute compounds with maximum separation between them and minimum retention volume/time for the purposes of separation and purification of the mixture and not, as in the present invention, to elute the analyte with a maximum retention volume/time in order to sample the analyzed matrix. Therefore, the person skilled in the art could not find any suggestion on how to modify the filter systems known in the art on the basis of knowledge of chromatography, because although the field of chromatography seems apparently close, it does not refer to the technical problem characterizing the systems for environmental sampling. Therefore,
the skilled person could not have had a reasonable expectation of success in obtaining a filter capable of retaining compounds both from the solid matrix and from the fluid matrix, by modifying the silica fiber filters by functionalization.
The filtering systems of the present invention differ from the stationary phases used in chromatography columns because they are not functionalized flat surfaces, spherical or capillary, but they are fibers so to obtain filters capable of retaining the organic compounds from mixed phases .
The process of functionalization known in the field of chromatography for flat surfaces cannot be merely applied on a fiber, since in chromatography this process aims primarily to keep as much as possible regular surfaces, so as not to lose resolution of the chromatographic peak. Conversely, the aim of the derivatization of the sampling system of the present invention is to bind to the fibers the maximum possible quantity of organic groups, because said fibers, which constitute the filter, show a decreased ability to react, compared to common supports for chromatography columns.
Therefore, the same inventors have modified and implemented the functionalization reaction in order to allow the fibers to react more effectively and in order to bind the maximum possible quantity of organic groups.
Unlike functionalization of chromatographic columns, wherein the surface is activated with acids, in the present invention the quartz fibers were activated with suitable alkali reactants, in order to increase the surface concentration of silanols, before functionalization of the same fibers with the appropriate organic groups .
Also the selection of the organic groups in the functionalization reaction is based on different criteria compared to what happens in chromatography.
In fact, while in chromatography groups are selected in order to allow the separation of the analytes in the shortest time (volume of eluent) , in the case of the present invention the organic group with which the fibers are functionalized is selected on the basis of the ability to retain as much as possible all analytes.
Object of the invention
It is an object of the invention a filtering system comprising filters consisting of fibers of silanized siliceous material.
It is an object of the present invention the process for the preparation of the filtering system comprising filters consisting of fibers of siliceous material silanized on hydroxyl groups, wherein the filters are purified from organic impurities, treated to maximize the surface concentration of free silanol groups by treatment with a suitable basic reactive, dehydrated, are treated with the silylating agent, cleaned from the excess of silylating agent with a suitable solvent.
It is an object of the invention a filtering system comprising filters consisting of fibers of siliceous material silanized on hydroxyl groups, obtained by the method wherein the filters are treated to maximize the surface concentration of free silanol groups by treatment with a suitable basic reactive and treated with the silylating agent.
It is an object of the present invention the use of the filtering system comprising filters consisting of fibers of siliceous material silanized on hydroxyl groups for the simultaneous sampling of organic compounds in liquid and aeriform matrices.
It is a further object of the invention the device for environmental sampling comprising the filtering system comprising filters consisting of fibers of siliceous material silanized on hydroxyl groups .
Still a further object of the invention is the method of sampling of the pollutants in a sample of air using the above filtering system comprising a first sampling step on the filter inserted in a sampler, wherein by means of a suction pump, an air flow containing vapors and particulate matter on the filter that retains the organic compounds to be analyzed is created, and subsequent steps of extraction of analytes from the filter, optionally preceded by a weighing phase of the filter to determine the total amount of particulate matter, and a subsequent quantification step of organic compounds present in the sample.
Further features of the invention will be clear from the following detailed description with reference to experimental examples and attached figures.
Short description of figures
Figure 1 shows the simultaneous differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry of an untreated filter. The analysis was performed with a speed of 5 degrees per minute, in air, with a calorimeter/thermobalance SDT Q600, produced by TA Instrument. The
dashed line represents the change of weight as a percentage in function of temperature. The continuous line identifies the temperature difference measured.
Figure 2 shows the simultaneous differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry of a filter treated with phenyltrietoxysilane . The analysis was performed with a speed of 5 degrees per minute, in air, with a calorimeter/thermobalance SDT Q600, produced by TA Instrument. The dashed line represents the change of weight as a percentage in function of temperature. The continuous line identifies the temperature difference measured. At about 225 °C, the rapid weight loss associated with a calorimetric peak is due to oxidation of phenyls covalently bound to the surface.
Detailed description of the invention
Definitions
Within the content of the present invention, silanization (or functionalization) means the process allowing to bind to the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the fiber the organic groups R able to retain the analytes to be sampled from gaseous and liquid matrices by means of a covalent bond of Si-0-Si-Rm type, wherein - (Si-O) - is the fraction of functionalized surface. The reaction takes place by means of a derivative of silicon (silylating agent) Xn-SiRm, containing from one to three leaving groups X, for example alkoxy or halide, while the R groups remain bound to the fiber. The meaning of R depends on the analyte in the liquid or gaseous matrices to be sampled.
Within the content of the present invention silylating or functionalizing agent means as a compound of the Xn-SiRm type wherein n and m are integers and n + m = 4, n > 0, m > 0, reacting with the surface of the fiber to obtain the covalent bond between the surface of the fiber and the organic group capable of retaining analytes in the liquid or gaseous matrices to be sampled, wherein the silylating agent is a derivative of silicon containing n outgoing groups X, and m organic groups R, remaining bound to the fiber.
In the compound with general formula (I)
XnSiRm (n+m=4, n>0, m>0)
R is an organic groups capable of retaining the analytes from gaseous and liquid matrices to be sampled, bound to the central atom of silicon of the silylating agent, and remaining bound to it even after the silanisation reaction.
Preferably R, equal or different, is selected from the group comprising : hydrogen or a moiety comprising at least one halogenated or non- -halogenated alkyl and/or at least one halogenated or non- ■halogenated alkene and/or at least one halogenated or non-halogenated aromatic ring and/or at least one halogenated or non-halogenated alcoholic group and/or at least one nitrile and/or at least one ammine group and/or at least one carbonyl group.
More preferably R, equal or different, is selected from the group comprising: hydrogen, linear, branched, cyclic and polycyclic alkanes, cumulative conjugated and unconjugated alkenes, cumulative conjugated and unconjugated polyenes, aromatic rings, polyaromatic rings, alkyl vinyl alkynyl aryl acyl halides, moieties containing a bond between a carbon atom and a halogen, primary secondary tertiary and cyclic non-cyclic aromatic non-aromatic amines and their salts, alkylammonium salts, haloamines (i.e. amines in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a halogen) , primary secondary tertiary amides and their salts, lactams, nitriles (i.e. moieties containing the -CN group), alcohols comprising vinyl alcohols although considered as tautomers of ketones and alkynyl alcohols, polyols comprising geminal and non-geminal diols and geminal and non-geminal triols, phenols, polyphenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, anhydrides, esters, lactones, carboxylic acids and their salts, polycarboxylic and their salts.
Merely as an example, R may be -CH2-Sn-C6H6, -(COO" Zn++ ~00C)-, diketones, diols, polyols, acetals, polyphosphates, cyanohydrin, - CH2CH2-COO- CH2 CH2-SO3, nitrosamines, hemiacetals .
X is a leaving group bonded to the central silicon of the silylating agent, that under appropriate conditions is separated from it, allowing the formation of a bond between the central atom of silicon of the silylating agent and the oxygen atom of the silanol of the surface of the filter.
The leaving groups X equal or different, are preferably selected from the group comprising: halide or alkoxy or phenol or allyl or carboxy or silyl or siloxy or alkilthiol or phenylthiol or sulphate or 2-pyridine or 1-imidazole or amino or N-amide or 0- amide or azide.
Preferably the leaving groups X equal or different, are halide or alkoxy.
The filters of siliceous material may be selected from the group including quartz fiber filters, glass fiber filters, filters of sintered silica, preferably quartz fiber.
The fibers of the filters retain the particulate matter, and the filters are characterized by a percentage of retention of the powders with diameter greater than 0.3 μιτι higher than 80%, preferably higher than 99.98%.
Within the meaning of the present invention the value percentage of retention of the powders with diameter greater than a certain diameter is evaluated by means the method of the America Society for Testing and Material ASTM D 2986-91 and the European Method EN 1822.
Their thickness is in the range between 0.01 and 50 mm, preferably between 0.2 and 2 millimeters.
The filters have an area from 0.1 cm2 to 2500 cm, preferably from 15 to 750 cm2.
Preferably the filters are quartz fiber filters.
The filters made of fibers of siliceous material are functionalized on hydroxyl groups of the surface with organic groups R by means of a covalent bond of the type Si-0-Si-Rm, wherein -(Si-O)- is the fraction of surface functionality and R is an organic group capable of retaining the analytes present in the liquid or gaseous matrix to be sampled, preferably R is as previously defined.
The organic compounds which can be sampled are all the classes of compounds of interest for analytical chemistry, for example polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and dibenzofurans , chlorobenzenes , alkylbenzenes, alkanes, esters of phthalic acids, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, perfluoroalkyl substances, drugs, active substances, metabolites.
Merely as an example, for the sampling of aromatic compounds R may be phenyl, for the sampling of alkanes R may be octyl or octadecyl, for the sampling of amines R may be carboxyl or sulfonic acid, for the sampling of phthalates R may be alkylamine.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the filtering system is a quartz fiber filter with diameter 47 mm, thickness 1 mm, percentage of retention of the powders having a diameter greater
than 0.3 μπι higher than 99.98%, and the fibers are functionalized with phenyls .
The process for the preparation of the filters provides that they may are purified from organic impurities with commonly used methods wherein the most appropriate can be easily chosen by the person skilled in the field and treated in such a way as to maximize the surface concentration of free silanols, by treatment with an appropriate basic reagent. The so activated filters are then dehydrated, preferably by subsequent dives in appropriate dehydrating agents, or mixture thereof.
The basic reactive used to treat the fibers so as to hydrolyze the maximum number of siloxane bridges to free silanols are selected from the group comprising solutions of NH3r NaOH, KOH, LiOH Ca(OH)2, Be (OH) 2, Mg(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, carbonates and bicarbonates of alkali and alkaline-earth metals, sulfites and bisulfites of alkali and alkaline-earth metals, phosphates of alkali and alkaline-earth metals, hypochlorites and chlorites of alkali and alkaline-earth metals, CH30"Na+, CH30"K+, (CH30") 2Ca++, CH3CH20"Na+, CH3CH20~K+, (CH3CH20~) 2Ca++, organic amines, and mixtures thereof; preferably the alkaline reagent is a solution of NaOH. The dehydrating agents may be appropriately selected by a person with ordinary skills in the field from the commonly used organic solvents, marely as an example they can be selected from the group comprising anhydrous methanol, anhydrous ethanol, anhydrous 1-propanol, anhydrous 2-propanol, anhydrous acetone, anhydrous N- Dimethylformaldehyde, anhydrous ethyl acetate, anhydrous chloromethane, anhydrous dichloromethane, anhydrous chloroform, anhydrous tetrachloromethane, anhydrous toluene, anhydrous xylenes, anhydrous pentane, anhydrous cyclopentane, anhydrous hexane, heptane, anhydrous cyclohexane, anhydrous isooctane, anhydrous nonane, anhydrous pyridine, anhydrous tetrahydrofuran .
Then, the filters are treated with the silylating or functionalizing agent selected according to the classes of compounds to be sampled.
Within the content of the present invention, silylating agent or functionalizing agent means the compound of XnSiRm type wherein n and m are integers and n + m = 4, n > 0, m > 0 and R has the meaning as previously described.
The treatment conditions with the silylating or functionalizing agent depend on the selected agent.
The selected reaction solvent should not interfere with the reaction and should have a boiling temperature (Teb) equal to or greater than the reaction temperature, preferably Teb is greater than or equal to 80 ° C.
The person with ordinary skills a in the field is able to select the suitable reaction solvent among those known in the art, merely as an example the solvent may be toluene or isooctane or nonane or pyridine or tetrahydrofuran or xylenes .
The reaction can be catalyzed by temperature, the reaction temperature is between room temperature and the boiling temperature of the silylating agent or of the solvent, preferably the temperature is 80 ° C.
The reaction can be catalyzed by irradiation with ionizing radiation such as gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet C radiation, ultraviolet B radiation, preferably gamma rays.
The treatment with the silylating agent or functionalizing agent may be carried out by immersion in a solution of the same or by depositing on the filter of the vapors of the heated functionalizing agent.
In the case of the silanization, treatment is preferably carried out by immersion in a solution of it, as silylating compounds are easily flammable below their boiling temperature.
After functionalization, the filters are cleaned by the excess of silylating agent with a solvent capable of solubilizing the silylating agent used, and are ready to sample organic compounds.
For example, if the silylating agent is trietoxyphenylsilane, the solvent may be ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, toluene, xylenes or pyridine .
In one embodiment of the present invention, the filters were purified from organic impurities by heating at 400 °C for 48 hours, and were activated by immersion in an aqueous solution of 0.2 M NaOH for 24 hours at room temperature. The activated filters were cleaned and dehydrated by successive immersions in distilled water, anhydrous acetone and anhydrous toluene, and were immersed for 24 hours in solutions of toluene and phenyltriethoxysilane (silylating agent) 95:5, at a temperature of 80 ° C, using as an activator of the reaction a gamma ray source (cobalt 60) . After derivatization, the filters have been cleaned for subsequent dives in toluene, acetone and water.
The so obtained filters are inserted into a sampler that, by means of a suction pump, determines a controlled air flow (vapors and particulate matter) on the filter. The structure of filters allows to retain the particulate matter, on which is present a fraction of the organic compounds, while the groups added with the derivatization allow to adsorb the fraction present in the vapor phase: it is therefore possible to sample on a single support the totality of the compound considered.
The analytes can be extracted from the filter with the common extraction techniques, and then it is possible to proceed to quantification .
Extraction can be carried out by means of appropriate solvent or by thermal desorption.
Before analysis it is possible to weigh the filter to determine the total quantity of particulate matter.
In one embodiment, prior to the operation of weighing, the disks are confined for 48 hours in an environment with controlled temperature and humidity (25 °C, 50% relative humidity) ; generally each weighing is repeated five times.
The functionalized filters of quartz or glass allow a better determination of the weight, compared to the filters of quartz or glass not treated. In fact the treatment of derivatization of the hydroxyl groups makes the filter less hygroscopic. This translates into a smaller change in weight of the filter during operation of gravimetric determination.
The functionalized filters may also be used for the sampling of organic compounds in liquid matrices, by flowing the sample on the filter, which retains the organic compounds letting pass the rest of the liquid. Subsequently, with a suitable solvent or by thermal desorption, the organic compounds are selectively eluted from the filter and can be analyzed.
In one embodiment of the present invention, a functionalized quartz fiber filter with a diameter 47 mm, thickness 2 mm, percentage of retention of powder equal to 99, 98%, has been inserted into a sampler with a flow rate of sampling of 38.33 L/min in order to sample atmospheric air pollutants: naphthalene, acenaphtylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo (a) anthracene, chrysene, benzo (b+j +k) fluoranthene, benzo (e) pyrene, benzo (a) pyrene,
perylene, indeno ( 1 , 2 , 3 , c, d) pyrene, dibenzo (a, h) anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene.
The present invention is further illustrated by the following non- limitative examples.
Examples
Example 1
The optimal conditions for binding to filters the best amount of organic substance have been identified. It was evaluated the effect of pre-treatment with acids and/or bases at different concentrations (HC1 and/or NaOH at increasing concentrations from 0.1 to 2 M) and temperatures to increase the availability of free silanoiles .
Reaction conditions have been optimized: concentration (from 1% to 5%) , time (from 12 to 48 hours) and temperature (25 or 80 ° C) .
In Table 1 the increases in weight obtained with the silylating agent phenyltrietoxysilane in toluene are shown.
Table 1
The temperature has a significant effect on the reaction and the best results are obtained when the reaction takes place at 80 ° C
The reaction solvent must not interfere with the reaction and have a boiling temperature equal to or greater than 80 ° C.
Among the commonly used solvents not interfering with the reaction, toluene has a suitable boiling temperature and then has been chosen as the reaction solvent. Other high-boiling solvents are available, such as nonane or pyridine, but are more expensive and risky. Furthermore, it has been experimentally observed that
many silylating agents not solubilize in nonane because it is too apolar. Furthermore it is known that the toxicity of pyridine is greater than that of the other solvents indicated.
The use of gamma rays as an alternative reaction activator has been also evaluated, by using a source of Cobalt 60. The results obtained are shown in the following Table 2.
Table 2
The derivatized filters were characterized with thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis.
The silanized filters were used to sample polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air, obtaining recoveries higher than those of untreated filters, and comparable to those of the filter/absorbent systems, currently used.
The sampling was performed on Skypost P HV (Tecora) at a flow rate of 38.33 L / min. Downstream of the filter (silanized or not) was placed a cartridge of polyurethane foam to collect the fraction of analyte lost from the filters. The ratio of analyte collected on the filter and analyte collected on the cartridge provides the efficiency per cent, as shown in Table 3 below.
Table 3
Efficiency % of Efficiency % of untreated filters treated filters
Acenaphthylene 5 30
Acenaphthene 28 41
Fluorene 5 56
Phenanthrene 5 51
Anthracene 4 42
Fluoranthene 19 29
Pyrene 35 66
Benzo (a) anthracen
e 71 62
Chrisene 85 81
Benzo (b+j+k) fluor
anthene 98 95
Benzo (e) pyrene 95 96
Benzo (a) pyrene 87 98
Perylene 96 98
Indeno ( 1 , 2 , 3 , c, d)
pyrene 100 97
Dibenzo (a, h) anthr
acene 96 95
Benzo(g,h,i)peryl
ene 93 92
Specifically, filters in quartz fiber with a diameter of 47 and 100 millimeters provided from Munktel™ and filters in quartz wool 50 millimeter (Horizon TechnologyTM) have been used. The filters were purified from organic impurities by heating at 400 ° C for 48 hours, and activated by immersion in an aqueous solution of 0.2 M NaOH for 24 hours at room temperature. The filters in quartz wool 50 mm (Atlantics) were discarded because they could not stand the pre-treatment . The activated filters were cleaned and dehydrated by successive immersions in distilled water, anhydrous acetone and toluene, and were immersed for 24 hours in solutions of and toluene and silylating agent (95:5), at a temperature of 80 ° C. The silylation agents used are phenyltriethoxysilane, phenyltrichlorosilane , octadecyltrichlorosilane, chlorodimethyloctadecylsilane, chlorotrimethylsilane and 4- aminopropyltriethoxysilane .
The phenyltriethoxysilane gave the best results for the sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, fluorene, Phenanthrene , anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo (a) anthracene, chrysene, benzo (b+j+k) fluoranthene, benzo (e) pyrene, benzo (a) pyrene, Perylene,
indeno ( 1 , 2 , 3 , c, d) pyrene, dibenzo ( a, h) anthracene, benzo (g, h, I , perylene, as shown in the following table 4.
Table 4
After functionalization, the filters have been cleaned for subsequent dives in toluene, acetone and water. The filters obtained in this way were characterized and then used for sampling pollutants .
Figure 1 shows the simultaneous differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry of a filter untreated. The analysis was performed with a speed of 5 degrees per minute, in air, with a calorimeter/thermobalance SDT Q600, produced by TA Instrument. The dashed line represents the change of weight as a percentage in function of temperature. The continuous line identifies the temperature difference measured.
Figure 2 shows the simultaneous differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry of a filter treated with phenyltrietoxysilane . The analysis was performed with a speed of 5 degrees per minute, in air, with a calorimeter/thermobalance SDT Q600, produced by TA Instrument. The dashed line represents the change of weight as a percentage in function of temperature. The continuous line identifies the temperature difference measured. At about 225 °C, the rapid weight loss associated with a calorimetric peak is due to oxidation of phenyls covalently bound to the surface.
Afterwards, the need of an acid treatment subsequent or alternative to the basic one has been investigated. The obtained results indicate that, for this type of support, the basic treatment is required while the acid one is unnecessary or harmful . The following Table 5 shows the percent increases in weight of the filters (Munktell 47 mm) in function of the type of
activation treatment of the surface. Subsequently, the filters were dried and silanized with phenyltriethoxysilane.
Table 5
After having selected a basic treatment, the concentration of sodium hydroxide and the immersion time has been optimized, for the particular case of filters considered, always considering the percent increase in weight with phenyltriethoxysilane, as shown in Tables 6 and 7.
It has been chosen to operate with 0.2 M NaOH for 24 hours.
Furthermore, the possibility of the silanisation reaction to occur by irradiation with ionizing radiation has been also investigated, by immersing the activated and cleaned filters in solutions of silylatmg agent 5% in hexane or toluene and irradiating with gamma rays at doses of 50 and 200 kGy.
The obtained results are shown in Table 8:
Table 8
Example 2
The filters of Example 1 have been used for sampling.
For the sampling, samplers Skypost PM HV (Tecora) have been used. The flow rates of sampling were placed at 38.33 L/min, and a sampling head has been used in order to select the Mi0.
At least 24 hours before the extraction with solvent, the filters were marked with an extraction/purification standard, for example with 25 ng of perdeuterated PAHs (PAH-ES Crescent) . An accelerated solvent extraction has been performed with an ASE 200 (Dionex) . The sample was preheated to 100 °C and 2000 psi. The extraction solvent (dichloromethane : acetone=80 : 20) was added to the cell containing the sample and maintained at 100 °C and 2000 psi for 5 minutes, and then was collected. The extraction was repeated for other 4 cycles .
The extract of about 40 mL was concentrated up to 5 mL through the use of a waterbath at 40 °C under a stream of nitrogen. The extract was purified. In our case, we used an automated system based on gel permeation AccuPrep MPS™ & AccuVap Inline™ (J2 Scientific, USA) characterized by:
Column: 45 cm, internal diameter 2 cm.
Resin: Bio-Beads S-X3 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA), 200-400 mesh, PM (exclusion limit) 2.000, PM (operating range) from 2.000 to 100 Mobile phase: Dichloromethane (Romil, UK); Application: High purity process solvent (Assay> 99.9% * Water <0.01% Residue <0.0005%)
Flow rate of mobile phase: 5 mL/min
Loaded sample volume: 5 mL
Method used:
Dump: 18.5 min
Collect: 9.5 min
Wash: 5 min
The purified sample was concentrated by AccuVap and resumed with a hexane solution with 1% of nonane. At this point the standard syringe was added, 20 ng of perdeuterated benzo (e) pyrene and perdeuterated chrysene (PAH-IS, Crescent) . Subsequently the GC / MS analysis was performed. For the instrumental analysis, an Ultra Trace GC coupled to a triple quadrupole TSQ ( Termofisher) has been employed, using the following parameters:
Meta.XLB chromatographic column (TR-330262-Teknokroma) 0.25 mm x 60m with 0.25 μη phase, 1.0 ml / min flow of He in splitless mode for 1 minute at 280 ° C.
GC Ramp :
60 °C for one minute
20 ° / min up to 250 ° C, maintained for 10 minutes.
15 ° / min up to 300 ° C, maintained for 15 minutes.
5 ° / mm up to 325 ° C, maintained for 10 minutes.
Acquisition windows of the TSQ (Q3 MS) :
from 8.5 minutes to 2.5 minutes: 128.1, 136.1
from 11 minutes to 2.5 minutes: 152.1, 154.1, 160.1, 164.1, 166.1, 176.1
from 13.5 minutes to 2.5 minutes: 178.1, 188.1;
from 16 minutes to 9.5 minutes: 202.1, 212.1;
from 25.5 minutes to 2.5 minutes: 228.1, 240.1;
from 28 minutes to 12 minutes: 252.1, 264.1;
from 40 minutes to 14 minutes: 276.1, 278.1, 288.1, 292.1.
The results obtained are shown in Table 9.
Table 9
Concentration in air (ng/Nm3)
Naftalene 0, 61
Acenaphthylene 0,08
Acenaphthene 0,12
Fluorene 0,15
Phenanthrene 0,18
Anthracene 0, 12
Fluoranthene 0,23
Pyrene 0,18
Benzo (a) anthracene 0,11
Chrisene 0, 32
Benzo (b+j+k) fluoranthene 0,47
Benzo (e) pyrene 0, 34
Benzo (a) pyrene 0, 18
Perylene 0,08
Indeno ( 1 , 2 , 3 , c, d) pyrene 0, 52
Dibenzo (a, h) anthracene 0, 63
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 0, 54
The inventors did not performed a direct comparison on sampling with the filters of the present invention and those known in the art (ENVIdisk™, Empore™ disks, Atlantic SPE disk™) because the filters known in the art cannot be used in sampling with a flow rate of 38.33 L / min, used in the sampler. Sampling at a different flow rate, in addition to losing the aerodynamic cutting would provide not comparable results because the sampling efficiency is a function of the linear speed (flow rate per surface) .
However, it is possible to state that none of those systems (ENVIdisk™, Empore™ disks, Atlantic SPE disk™) allows to sample the atmosphere with the common samplers.
Example 3
The filters of Example 1 have been used for sampling in water of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) .
A very highly PCDD/Fs contaminated sample of water was used. In this kind of liquid, the PCDD/Fs are both dissolved in the water and associated to particles suspended in the water, as well as in Example 2 the PAH were both in vapour phase and associated to
suspended particles in the air. The concentration of PCDD/Fs (measured with a liquid-liquid extraction with methylene chloride in a separatory funnel, according with EPA Method 1613) in the water was the following (table 10) :
Table 10
By means of a hollow punch, filters with 10 mm diameter were obtained starting from the filters with 47 mm diameter of Example 1.
An exact volume (50 mL) of contaminated water was passed through one filter by gravity: at the end of this step, the PCDD/F were sampled and retained on the filter. Then, the PCDD/F were extracted from the filter by eluting with 10 mL of dichloromethane .
The dichloromethane with the PCB eluted was spiked with an extraction/purification standard (400 pg of Wellington™ EN-1948ES, a 13C-labeled PCDD/F mixture) . After this step, the extracted and spiked sample was dehydrated by elution with 5 mL of dichloromethane on a cartridge made of 1 gram of anhydrous sodium sulphate. Finally, the extracted, spiked and dehydrated sample was concentrated to 200 \i and analized with high resolution gas
chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, using a Ultra Trace GC™ coupled to a triple quadrupole TSQ™ (Thermo Fisher™) , using the following parameters:
Meta.XLB chromatographic column (TR-330262-Teknokroma) 0.25 mm x 60m with 0.25 μη phase, 1.0 ml / min flow of He in splitless mode for 1 minute at 290 ° C.
GC Ramp :
150 °C for 1,6 minutes
20 ° / min up to 210 ° C, maintained for zero minutes.
3 ° / mm up to 275 ° C, maintained for 12 minutes.
15 ° / min up to 300 ° C, maintained for 8 minutes
15 ° / min up to 330 ° C, maintained for 8 minutes.
The mass-spectrometric detection of PCDD/F has been performed in SRM (single reaction monitoring) : the loss of C0C1 was monitored in the triple quadrupole.
The results obtained are shown in the following table 11.
Table 11
Compound Amount (pg) Concentration calculated (ng/L)
2, 3, 7, 8-TCDF 293,1 5, 9
2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD 366,3 7,3
1, 2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDF 719,3 14,4
2,3,4,7, 8-PeCDF 851, 6 17,0
1, 2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDD 952,3 19, 0
1,2,3,4,7, 8-HxCDF 491, 4 9,8
1,2,3,6,7, 8-HxCDF 697,2 13, 9
2,3,4,6,7, 8-HxCDF 731,1 14,6
1,2,3,4,7, 8-HxCDD 739,9 14,8
1,2,3,6,7, 8-HxCDD 724,5 14,5
1,2,3,7,8, 9-HxCDD 777,8 15,6
1,2,3,7,8, 9-HxCDF 719,5 14,4
1,2,3,4,6, 7, 8-HpCDF 1367, 0 27,3
1,2,3,4,6, 7, 8-HpCDD 1399, 8 28,0
1,2,3,4,7,8, 9-HpCDF 937, 4 18,7
OCDD 1227, 9 24, 6
OCDF 1250, 4 25, 0
Average 838,0 16, 8
The results are in good agreement with the measurement performed with the liquid-liquid extraction with methylene chloride in a separatory funnel, previously shown.
Moreover, in order to measure the sampling efficiency, the water passed through the silylated filter (supposed to be without PCDD/F) was collected and analyzed (by liquid-liquid extraction with methylene chloride in a separatory funnel) . The amount of PCDD/F not retained by the silylated filter is shown in table 12, and the sampling efficiency is calculated as the ratio between the amount collected on the filter and the amount remained in the water .
Table 12
Example 4
Silylated filters with an aminopropylic moyety have been used in the sampling of phenols in air.
The silylated filters have been obtained from the following procedure. Glass fiber filters purchased from Whatman™ (GFF-C, 47 mm diameter) have been purified by heating at 400 °C and then
activated by immersion in NaOH 0,5 M for 24 hours at room temperature. Then, the filters have been washed with water followed by anhydrous acetone followed by anhydrous toluene. After these washings, the filters have been silylated by immersion in a solution of aminopropyltrietoxysilane (5% in toluene) at 80 °C for 24 hours. The aminopropyltrietoxysilane was purchased from Sigma Aldrich™. Finally, the silylated filters have been washed with toluene and acetone .
The sampling of phenols from air has been performed on the silylated filters with a Tecora™ Skypost™ air sampler, with a flow rate of 38,33 liters per minute. A Mn02 _based ozone scrubber was used in the sampling. In order to evaluate the sampling efficiency, a back-up silylated filter was used: the two filters was then analized separately.
Phenols were extracted from the filter by sonication with a mixture of acetone and toluene (50:50) and analized by GC-MS, using a gascromatograph Ultra Trace GC™ coupled to a ion trap mass spectrometer ITQ™ (Thermo Fisher™) , using the following parameters .
Meta.XLB chromatographic column (TR-330262-Teknokroma) 0.25 mm x 60m with 0.25 μιτι phase, 1.5 ml / min flow of He in splitless mode for 1 minute at 250 ° C.
GC Ramp :
150 °C for 1 minute
15 ° / min up to 170 ° C, maintained for 5 minutes.
15 0 / min up to 230 0 C, maintained for 10 minutes.
15 ° / min up to 270 ° C, maintained for 5 minutes
10 ° / min up to 300 ° C, maintained for 5 minutes.
The mass-spectrometric detection of phenols has been performed in in the ion trap using a full scan from 50 to 150 Th.
The sampling efficiency, expressed as the ratio between the amount collected on the first and on the second filter, is shown in table 13.
Table 13
Analyte Sampling efficiency
Phenol 68%
Catechol 77%
Resorcinol 82%
Hydroquinone 88%
Average 79%
Claims
1. Filtering system comprising filters consisting of fibers of siliceous material silanized with the (Si-O)nSiRm group wherein - (Si-O)- is the fraction of functionalized surface and R, equal or different, is hydrogen or a moiety comprising at least one halogenated or non-halogenated alkyl and/or at least one halogenated or non-halogenated alkene and/or at least one halogenated or non-halogenated aromatic ring and/or at least one halogenated or non-halogenated alcoholic group and/or at least one nitrile and/or at least one ammine group and/or at least one carbonyl group, and n and m are integers wherein n + m = 4, n > 0, m > 0.
2. Filtering system of claim 1 wherein the filters are selected from the group comprising quartz fiber filters, glass fiber filters, filters of sintered silica.
3. Filtering system of claim 1 or 2 wherein the filters have a percentage of retention of the powders with diameter greater than 0.3 μιιι higher than 80%.
4. Filtering system of anyone of claims from 1 to 3 wherein the filters have a thickness in the range between 0.01 and 50 mm.
5. Filtering system of anyone of claims from 1 to 4 wherein the filters have an area from 0.1 cm2 to 2500 cm2.
6. Filtering system of anyone of claims from 1 to 5 wherein R, equal or different, is selected from the group comprising: hydrogen, linear, branched, cyclic and polycyclic alkanes, cumulative conjugated and unconjugated alkenes, cumulative conjugated and unconjugated polyenes, aromatic rings, polyaromatic rings, alkyl vinyl alkynyl aryl acyl halides, primary secondary tertiary and cyclic non-cyclic aromatic non-aromatic amines and their salts, alkylammonium salts, haloamines, primary secondary tertiary amides and their salts, lactams, nitriles, alcohols comprising vinyl alcohols, alkynyl alcohols, polyols comprising geminal and non-geminal diols and geminal and non-geminal triols, phenols, polyphenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, anhydrides, esters, lactones, carboxylic acids and their salts, polycarboxylic and their salts.
7. Process for the preparation of the filtering system of anyone of claims from 1 to 5 comprising the following steps:
a) purification of the filter;
b) treatment of the filter with basic reactants to maximize the surface concentration of free silanol groups;
c) dehydration of the filter;
d) treatment with a silylating agent Xn-SiRm wherein n and m are integers and n + m = 4, n > 0, m > 0, X equal or different are halide or alkoxy or phenol or allyl or carboxy or silyl or siloxy or alkilthiol or phenylthiol or sulphate or 2- pyridine or 1-imidazole or amino or N-amide or 0-amide or azide and R, equal or different, is hydrogen or a moiety comprising at least one halogenated or non-halogenated alkyl and/or at least one halogenated or non-halogenated alkene and/or at least one halogenated or non-halogenated aromatic ring and/or at least one halogenated or non-halogenated alcoholic group and/or at least one nitrile and/or at least one ammine group and/or at least one carbonyl group;
e) cleaning from the excess of silylating agent with a solvent.
Process of claim 7 wherein in step b) the basic reactant is selected from the group comprising solution of NH3, NaOH, KOH, LiOH Ca(OH)2, Be (OH) 2, g(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(0H)2, carbonates and bicarbonates of alkali and alkaline-earth metals, sulfites and bisulfites of alkali and alkaline-earth metals, phosphates of alkali and alkaline-earth metals, hypochlorites and chlorites of alkali and alkaline-earth metals, CH30"Na+, CH30"K+, (CH30~) 2Ca++, CH3CH20"Na+, CH3CH20~K+, (CH3CH20~) 2Ca++, organic amines, and mixtures thereof .
Process of claims 7 or 8 wherein in step d) the reaction temperature is between room temperature and the boiling temperature of the silylating agent or of the reaction solvent.
0. Process of anyone of claims from 7 to 9 wherein in step d) the solvent have a boiling temperature equal to or greater than the reaction temperature.
1. Process of anyone of claims from 7 to 10 wherein the reaction in step d) is catalyzed by irradiation with ionizing radiation.
2. Process of anyone of claims from 7 to 11 wherein in step d) the treatment with the silylating agent is carried out by immersion in a solution of the same.
3. Process of anyone of claims from 7 to 12 wherein in step d) the treatment with the silylating agent is carried out by depositing on the filter of the vapors of the heated silylating agent.
14. Process of anyone of claims from 7 to 13 wherein in step d) X, equal or different, are halide or alkoxy.
15. Filtering system comprising filters of fibers of siliceous material obtained by the process comprising the following steps: a) purification of the filter;
b) treatment of the filter with basic reactants to maximize the surface concentration of free silanol groups;
c) dehydration of the filter;
d) treatment with a silylating agent Xn-SiRm wherein n and m are integers and n + m = 4, n > 0, m > 0, X is a leaving group bonded to the central silicon of the silylating agent, X equal or different is halide or alkoxy or phenol or allyl or carboxy or silyl or siloxy or alkilthiol or phenylthiol or sulphate or 2-pyridine or 1-imidazole or amino or N-amide or O-amide or azide and R, equal or different, is hydrogen or a moiety comprising at least one halogenated or non-halogenated alkyl and/or at least one halogenated or non-halogenated alkene and/or at least one halogenated or non-halogenated aromatic ring and/or at least one halogenated or non- halogenated alcoholic group and/or at least one nitrile and/or at least one ammine group and/or at least one carbonyl group .
e) cleaning from the excess of silylating agent with a solvent.
16. Filtering system of claim 14 obtained by the process of anyone of claims from 7 to 13.
17. Use of the filtering system of anyone of claims from 1 to 6 and from 15 to 16 for the simultaneous sampling of organic compounds in liquid and aeriform matrices.
18. Device for environmental sampling comprising the filtering system of anyone of claims from 1 to 6 and from 15 to 16.
19. Method for sampling pollutants in a sample of air by means of the device of claim 18 comprising the following steps:
a) sampling on a filter of anyone of claims from 1 to 6 and from 15 to 16 inserted in the device for environmental sampling of claim 18, by means of a suction pump creating an air flow containing vapors and particulate matter on the filter, b) extraction of the organic compounds to be analyzed is created retained by the filter,
c) quantification of organic compounds.
Method for sampling of claim 19 wherein after step b) and before step c) weighing of the filter to determine the total amount of particulate matter is carried out.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP13801779.3A EP2900366B1 (en) | 2012-09-28 | 2013-09-24 | Functionalized siliceous filters for sampling and purification of organic compounds |
US14/430,753 US20150246339A1 (en) | 2012-09-28 | 2013-09-24 | Functionalized siliceous filters for sampling and purification of organic compounds |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ITRM2012A000464 | 2012-09-28 | ||
IT000464A ITRM20120464A1 (en) | 2012-09-28 | 2012-09-28 | SILICONE DERIVATIZED FILTERS FOR SAMPLING AND PURIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2014049522A1 true WO2014049522A1 (en) | 2014-04-03 |
Family
ID=47146544
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IB2013/058813 WO2014049522A1 (en) | 2012-09-28 | 2013-09-24 | Functionalized siliceous filters for sampling and purification of organic compounds |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20150246339A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2900366B1 (en) |
IT (1) | ITRM20120464A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2014049522A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2016054585A1 (en) * | 2014-10-02 | 2016-04-07 | Brigham Young University | Autonomous ambient air sampling system for monitoring semi- volatile/non-volatile organic compounds |
JP7156146B2 (en) * | 2019-04-10 | 2022-10-19 | 株式会社島津製作所 | Method for making hydrophilic material hydrophobic |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US200400A (en) | 1878-02-19 | Improvement in car-wheels | ||
US3002823A (en) | 1958-04-16 | 1961-10-03 | Pharmacia Ab | Process of separating materials having different molecular weights and dimensions |
US4118316A (en) | 1976-10-13 | 1978-10-03 | Calgon Corporation | Quaternized siliceous supports for gel permeation chromatography |
US4539399A (en) | 1984-07-27 | 1985-09-03 | Advanced Separation Technologies Inc. | Bonded phase material for chromatographic separations |
US5221447A (en) | 1991-12-06 | 1993-06-22 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Hydrophilic polymer coating of high pH stability for silica surfaces for suppression of electroendomosis and solute adsorption |
US20030209146A1 (en) | 2000-12-07 | 2003-11-13 | Takao Tsuda | Material for capturing chemical substance, method for producing the same, and chemical substance-capturing tube |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2008021161A2 (en) * | 2006-08-11 | 2008-02-21 | Porous Media Corporation | Method of surface modification for the reduction of trace component dissolution |
-
2012
- 2012-09-28 IT IT000464A patent/ITRM20120464A1/en unknown
-
2013
- 2013-09-24 EP EP13801779.3A patent/EP2900366B1/en active Active
- 2013-09-24 US US14/430,753 patent/US20150246339A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-09-24 WO PCT/IB2013/058813 patent/WO2014049522A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US200400A (en) | 1878-02-19 | Improvement in car-wheels | ||
US3002823A (en) | 1958-04-16 | 1961-10-03 | Pharmacia Ab | Process of separating materials having different molecular weights and dimensions |
US4118316A (en) | 1976-10-13 | 1978-10-03 | Calgon Corporation | Quaternized siliceous supports for gel permeation chromatography |
US4539399A (en) | 1984-07-27 | 1985-09-03 | Advanced Separation Technologies Inc. | Bonded phase material for chromatographic separations |
US5221447A (en) | 1991-12-06 | 1993-06-22 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Hydrophilic polymer coating of high pH stability for silica surfaces for suppression of electroendomosis and solute adsorption |
US20030209146A1 (en) | 2000-12-07 | 2003-11-13 | Takao Tsuda | Material for capturing chemical substance, method for producing the same, and chemical substance-capturing tube |
Non-Patent Citations (11)
Title |
---|
C. SANCHEZ; H. CARLSSON; A. COLMSJO; C. CRESCENZI; R. BATLLE: "Determination of Nitroaromatic Compounds in Air Samples at Femtogram Level Using C18 Membrane Sampling and On-Line Extraction with LC-MS", ANAL. CHEM., vol. 75, 2003, pages 4639 - 4645, XP007915719, DOI: doi:10.1021/ac034278w |
CELIA D. KELLER ET AL: "Collection of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organics with a glass fiber filter-polyurethane foam system", ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (1967), vol. 18, no. 4, 1 January 1984 (1984-01-01), pages 837 - 845, XP055098318, ISSN: 0004-6981, DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(84)90269-5 * |
CHEN ET AL: "Protein adsorption separation using glass fiber membranes modified with short-chain organosilicon derivatives", JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, ELSEVIER SCIENTIFIC PUBL.COMPANY. AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 305, no. 1-2, 6 October 2007 (2007-10-06), pages 125 - 135, XP022288014, ISSN: 0376-7388, DOI: 10.1016/J.MEMSCI.2007.07.047 * |
CRISTIANA C. LEANDRO; DAWN A. BISHOP; RICHARD J. FUSSELL; FRANKIE D. SMITH; BRENDAN J. KEELY: "Semiautomated Determination of Pesticides in Water Using Solid Phase Extraction Disks and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry", J. AGRIC. FOOD CHEM., vol. 54, no. 3, 2006, pages 645 - 649 |
E. G. AMVRAZI; T. A. ALBANIS: "Multiresidue Method for Determination of 35 Pesticides in Virgin Olive Oil by Using Liquid-Liquid Extraction Techniques Coupled with Solid-Phase Extraction Clean Up and Gas Chromatography with Nitrogen Phosphorus Detection and Electron Capture Detection", J. AGRIC. FOOD CHEM., vol. 54, 2006, pages 9642 - 9651 |
GUO W ET AL: "Modified glass fiber membrane and its application to membrane affinity chromatography", JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, ELSEVIER SCIENTIFIC PUBL.COMPANY. AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 215, no. 1-2, 15 April 2003 (2003-04-15), pages 141 - 155, XP004418278, ISSN: 0376-7388, DOI: 10.1016/S0376-7388(02)00609-9 * |
JOHANNA TOLLBACK; DAVIDE TAMBURRO; CARLO CRESCENZI; HAKAN CARLSSON: "Air sampling with Empore solid phase extraction membranes and online single-channel desorption/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis: Determination of volatile and semi-volatile organophosphate esters", JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A, vol. 1129, 2006, pages 1 - 8 |
URBE I; RUANA J.: "Application of solid-phase extraction discs with a glass fiber matrix to fast determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water", J CHROMATOGR A, vol. 778, no. 1-2, 1997, pages 337 - 45, XP005900428, DOI: doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00539-6 |
URBE I; RUANA J.: "Application of solid-phase extraction discs with a glass fiber matrix to fast determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water", J CHROMATOGR A., vol. 778, no. 1-2, 1997, pages 337 - 45, XP005900428, DOI: doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00539-6 |
W. M. G. M. VAN LOON; F. G. WIJNKER; M. E. VERWOERD; J. L. M. HERMENS: "Quantitative Determination of Total Molar Concentrations of Bioaccumulatable Organic Micropollutants in Water Using C18 Empore Disk and Molar Detection Techniques", ANAL. CHEM., vol. 68, 1996, pages 2916 - 2926 |
YA-SHOW CHEN; CHAO-SHUAN CHANG; SHING-YI SUEN: "Protein adsorption separation using glass fiber membranes modified with short-chain organosilicon derivatives", JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, vol. 305, no. 1-2, 2007, pages 25 - 135, XP022288014, DOI: doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2007.07.047 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2900366A1 (en) | 2015-08-05 |
US20150246339A1 (en) | 2015-09-03 |
ITRM20120464A1 (en) | 2014-03-29 |
EP2900366B1 (en) | 2020-09-16 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Wu et al. | Single-walled carbon nanotubes coated fibers for solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometric determination of pesticides in Tea samples | |
Chen et al. | Sorptive extraction techniques in sample preparation for organophosphorus pesticides in complex matrices | |
Camel et al. | Trace enrichment methods for the determination of organic pollutants in ambient air | |
Jiang et al. | Carbon nanotube-coated solid-phase microextraction metal fiber based on sol–gel technique | |
van Pinxteren et al. | Silicone rod and silicone tube sorptive extraction | |
Liu et al. | β-Cyclodextrin molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction coatings for selective recognition of polychlorophenols in water samples | |
Azari et al. | A novel needle trap device with nanoporous silica aerogel packed for sampling and analysis of volatile aldehyde compounds in air | |
Zuo et al. | Preparation of malathion MIP-SPE and its application in environmental analysis | |
Kabir et al. | Parts per quadrillion level ultra-trace determination of polar and nonpolar compounds via solvent-free capillary microextraction on surface-bonded sol–gel polytetrahydrofuran coating and gas chromatography–flame ionization detection | |
Mokhtari et al. | Solid-phase extraction and microextraction of chlorophenols and triazine herbicides with a novel hydrazone-based covalent triazine polymer as the adsorbent | |
Soutoudehnia Korrani et al. | Simultaneous preconcentration of polar and non‐polar organophosphorus pesticides from water samples by using a new sorbent based on mesoporous silica | |
Hu et al. | Hollow mesoporous carbon spheres-based fiber coating for solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | |
Feng et al. | Chemical bonding of oxygenated carbon nitride nanosheets onto stainless steel fiber for solid-phase microextraction of phthalic acid esters | |
Wang et al. | Fabrication of metal–organic framework MOF-177 coatings on stainless steel fibers for head-space solid-phase microextraction of phenols | |
Li et al. | A hollow microporous organic network as a fiber coating for solid-phase microextraction of short-chain chlorinated hydrocarbons | |
Atapattu et al. | Solid-phase analytical derivatizations | |
Kusch et al. | Analysis of residual styrene monomer and other volatile organic compounds in expanded polystyrene by headspace solid‐phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry | |
Gadzała-Kopciuch et al. | Silicon dioxide surfaces with aryl interaction sites for chromatographic applications | |
Saraji et al. | A simple approach for the preparation of simazine molecularly imprinted nanofibers via self-polycondensation for selective solid-phase microextraction | |
EP2900366B1 (en) | Functionalized siliceous filters for sampling and purification of organic compounds | |
Gholivand et al. | A hexagonally ordered nanoporous silica-based fiber coating for SPME of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water followed by GC–MS | |
Ueta et al. | A newly designed solid-phase extraction-type collection device for precise determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air | |
Ueta et al. | Polydimethylsiloxane‐coated partitioning sample collection device for the precise quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air | |
Huang et al. | Evaluation of three sorbent‐phase extraction techniques based on hyper‐crosslinked polymer for the extraction of five endocrine disrupters in water | |
Yue et al. | A needle extraction device packed with molecularly imprinted polymer functionalized fiber for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in water |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 13801779 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2013801779 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 14430753 Country of ref document: US |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |