WO2014011471A1 - Ventilating system for an electrical equipment cabinet and associated methods - Google Patents
Ventilating system for an electrical equipment cabinet and associated methods Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014011471A1 WO2014011471A1 PCT/US2013/049232 US2013049232W WO2014011471A1 WO 2014011471 A1 WO2014011471 A1 WO 2014011471A1 US 2013049232 W US2013049232 W US 2013049232W WO 2014011471 A1 WO2014011471 A1 WO 2014011471A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- damper
- cabinet
- electrical equipment
- equipment cabinet
- sensor
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
- H05K7/20—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating
- H05K7/20009—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating using a gaseous coolant in electronic enclosures
- H05K7/20209—Thermal management, e.g. fan control
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
- H05K7/20—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating
- H05K7/20709—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating for server racks or cabinets; for data centers, e.g. 19-inch computer racks
- H05K7/20836—Thermal management, e.g. server temperature control
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a ventilating system and, more particularly, to a ventilating system for regulating a property, such as a pressure or temperature, of an electrical equipment cabinet.
- Cabinets generally include a variety of devices, e.g., patch panels, electrical equipment, and the like. Cabinets can further include a plurality of cables interconnecting the various devices mounted within or with respect to the cabinet.
- a cabinet In many instances, devices mounted within or with respect to a cabinet require a supply of cool air to ensure that a moderate operating temperature is maintained within the device.
- Cold air can be supplied to a cabinet by, e.g., a plurality of fans, a computer room air conditioning unit (CRAC), and the like, and can further be exhausted from the equipment by one or more equipment fans.
- Warm air can generally be exhausted through vents in the cabinet into, e.g., a space, a corridor, a return plenum, and the like.
- Passive chimneys generally allow direct access to a negative plenum pressure and allow the short cycling of the CRAC unit.
- Chimneys used in conjunction with fans generally, e.g., increase power consumption, contribute to short cycling of the CRAC unit, contribute to noise pollution within the data center, and result in other non-desirable effects.
- the exemplary ventilating systems generally include at least one damper mounted with respect to the at least one duct.
- the exemplary ventilating systems generally further include at least one sensor mounted with respect to at least one of the electrical equipment cabinet and the at least one duct. The at least one sensor can generally be effective to generate signals related to the property of the electrical equipment cabinet.
- a mounting position of the duct with respect to the electrical equipment cabinet can be variably adjustable.
- the ventilating systems include a duct extension mounted with respect to the duct.
- the duct can be configured and dimensioned to be mounted with respect to a return plenum.
- the ventilating systems include a second sensor mounted outside of the electrical equipment cabinet and the duct.
- the second sensor can be effective to generate signals related to an outer property of the electrical equipment cabinet.
- the sensor and the second sensor may be at least one of, e.g., a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, an airflow sensor, a transducer, and the like.
- the property and the outer property of the electrical equipment cabinet may be at least one of, e.g., a temperature, a pressure, an airflow, and the like.
- the ventilating systems generally include an actuating mechanism configured and dimensioned to throttle the damper based at least in part upon the generated signals related to the property.
- the ventilating systems include an actuating mechanism configured and dimensioned to throttle the damper based at least in part upon the generated signals related to the property and the outer property of the electrical equipment cabinet, e.g., a difference between the property and the outer property.
- the actuating mechanism can be, e.g., a pressure switch, a mechanical drive, a contractible wire, and the like.
- the damper can be, e.g., a variable damper, and the like. Throttling of the damper can generally be effective to maintain a substantially zero pressure or temperature environment in the electrical equipment cabinet.
- the exemplary methods generally include mounting at least one damper with respect to the at least one duct.
- the exemplary methods include mounting at least one sensor with respect to at least one of the electrical equipment cabinet and the at least one duct.
- the sensor can be effective to generate signals related to a property of the electrical equipment cabinet.
- the methods generally include sensing the property based on at least one signal generated by the sensor.
- the methods generally further include throttling the damper based at least in part upon the sensed property of the electrical equipment cabinet.
- the exemplary methods generally include variably adjusting a mounting position of the duct with respect to the electrical equipment cabinet.
- the methods include mounting a duct extension with respect to the duct.
- the methods include generating signals related to an outer property of the electrical equipment cabinet with a second sensor mounted outside of the electrical equipment cabinet and the duct.
- the methods generally include throttling the damper based at least in part upon the signals generated by the sensor and the second sensor.
- the methods include throttling the damper with an actuating mechanism, e.g., a pressure switch, a mechanical drive, a contractible wire, and the like.
- the methods include providing a voltage to the contractible wire to regulate a position of the damper by contracting and expanding the contractible wire. Throttling the damper can be effective to maintain a substantially zero pressure or temperature environment inside the electrical equipment cabinet. In some embodiments, the methods can include removing one or more side or divider panels of the electrical equipment cabinet to create a common return plenum to equalize temperature or pressure within the electrical equipment cabinet.
- exemplary ventilating systems are provided for an electrical equipment cabinet, generally including at least one duct configured and dimensioned to be mounted with respect to the electrical equipment cabinet.
- a mounting position of the at least one duct with respect to the electrical equipment cabinet can be variably adjustable.
- exemplary methods of assembly of a ventilating system for an electrical equipment cabinet are also provided, generally including mounting at least one duct with respect to the electrical equipment cabinet.
- the exemplary methods generally further include variably adjusting a mounting position of the at least one duct with respect to the electrical equipment cabinet.
- FIGS. 1A and B show exemplary embodiments of stand-alone and bayed cabinets with exemplary ventilating systems
- FIGS. 2 A and B show exemplary embodiments of stand-alone and bayed cabinets with exemplary ventilating systems including a damper;
- FIG. 3 shows a short cycle of an exemplary embodiment of bayed cabinets and a cooling unit with exemplary ventilating systems
- FIG. 4 shows an exemplary embodiment of bayed cabinets and a cooling unit with exemplary ventilating systems including a damper
- FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a control system for a cabinet with an exemplary ventilating system including a damper;
- FIG. 6 shows a flow chart of an exemplary embodiment of a control system for a cabinet with an exemplary ventilating system including a damper;
- FIG. 7 shows a chart of pressure versus damper control voltage of an exemplary embodiment of a cabinet and a cooling unit with an exemplary ventilating system including a damper;
- FIGS. 8A-8C show charts of actuation of a damper in an exemplary ventilating system.
- the exemplary ventilating systems generally include at least one damper mounted with respect to the at least one duct.
- the exemplary ventilating systems generally further include at least one sensor mounted with respect to at least one of the electrical equipment cabinet and the at least one duct. The at least one sensor can generally be effective to generate signals related to the property of the electrical equipment cabinet.
- FIGS. 1A and IB exemplary embodiments of stand-alone and bayed cabinets with exemplary ventilating systems according to the present disclosure are provided, i.e., cabinet and chimney assemblies 100 and 100', respectively.
- FIG. 1A schematically depicts a stand-alone cabinet 102 and a chimney assembly 104.
- the chimney assembly 104 generally includes a chimney base 106, i.e., at least one duct configured and dimensioned to be mounted with respect to the cabinet 102.
- the chimney assembly 104 can include a chimney extension 108 for extending the height of the chimney assembly 104.
- the chimney assembly 104 can include, e.g., one, two, three, four, five, and the like, chimney extensions 108.
- the exemplary chimney assembly 104 can be mounted to or with respect to the cabinet 102 by, e.g., attaching chimney flanges (not shown) to the cabinet 102, and the like.
- the mounting position of the chimney assembly 104 can be mounted with respect to the cabinet 102 in a variable adjustable manner, e.g., an off-set manner, and the like.
- the mounting position of the chimney assembly 104 can be aligned with at least one of, e.g., a right side 110, a left side 112, a rear side 114, a front side 116, and the like, of the cabinet 102.
- the chimney assembly 104 can be centered with respect to the top surface of the cabinet 102.
- the adjustable positioning and/or justification of the chimney assembly 104 relative to the cabinet 102 allows the creation of an entry/egress 118 opening.
- the adjustable positioning functionality of the exemplary chimney assembly 104 allows the entry/egress 118 to be utilized for mounting of, e.g., a cable tray, a fiber duct, fire suppression, lighting, a bus duct, cable management, lighting, heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) ducts, electrical distribution ducts, and the like, perpendicular to the cabinet 102 and/or within aisles of the cabinet 102.
- HVAC heating ventilation and air conditioning
- the entry/egress 118 may be implemented to pass a plurality of cables to and from electrical equipment located in the cabinet 102.
- a cabinet and chimney assembly 100' is provided for bayed cabinets 102'.
- the cabinet and chimney assembly 100' of FIG. IB is substantially similar in structure and/or function to that of FIG. 1A.
- the cabinet and chimney assembly 100' generally includes cabinets 102' and chimney assemblies 104'.
- the chimney assemblies 104' include chimney bases 106' and may optionally include chimney extensions 108'.
- an entry/egress 114' can be created and implemented for passage of, e.g., cables, and the like.
- the chimney assembly 104' may be justified and/or positioned at various mounting positions on a cabinet 102', thereby permitting a variable positioning and/or creation of the entry/egress 114'.
- the cabinet and chimney assembly 100' can include, e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, and the like, cabinets 102' positioned and/or linked relative to each other.
- FIG. 2A illustrates a stand-alone cabinet and chimney assembly 200 which generally includes a cabinet 202 and a chimney assembly 204 substantially similar in structure and/or function to those of FIGS. 1A and IB.
- the exemplary chimney assembly 204 includes a chimney base 206 and, optionally, a chimney extension 208.
- the chimney assembly 204 can include at least one damper 210, e.g., a variable damper, and the like.
- the mounting position of the chimney assembly 204 with respect to the front side 216, right side 212, left side 214, and/or rear side 218 of the cabinet 202 can be such that an entry/egress 220 may be created for, e.g., passage of a plurality of cables to and from the electrical equipment located inside the cabinet 202.
- At least one sensor can be mounted, e.g., within the cabinet 202, within the chimney base 206, within the chimney extension 208, outside of the cabinet 202, outside of the chimney base 206, outside of the chimney extension 208, and the like.
- the sensor can be, e.g., a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, an airflow sensor, and the like.
- the sensor can be effective to generate at least one signal related to at least one cabinet property, e.g., a temperature, a pressure, an airflow, and the like.
- At least one pressure switch, drive mechanism and/or contractible wire can be mounted within, e.g., the cabinet 202, the chimney base 206, the chimney extension 208, the damper 210, and the like, for throttling the damper 210 based at least in part upon the generated signals related to the at least one cabinet property.
- the pressure switch can throttle, i.e., regulate, adjust, and the like, the opening and/or closing of the damper 210 such that a predetermined cabinet 202 environment can be maintained.
- the predetermined cabinet 202 environment can be, e.g., a cabinet 202 pressure, a cabinet 202 temperature, a cabinet 202 airflow, and the like.
- the at least one pressure switch, drive mechanism and /or contractible wire can throttle the damper 210 based at least in part upon the generated signals related to the property measured within the cabinet 202 and the property measured outside of the cabinet 202, e.g., a difference between the property within and outside of the cabinet 202. For example, based on a difference between a temperature signal generated by the sensor inside of the cabinet 202 and outside of the cabinet 202, the damper 210 can be throttled to open and/or close the damper 210 such that a predetermined cabinet 202 environment can be maintained.
- the stand-alone cabinet and chimney assembly 200 may be combined into a bayed cabinet and chimney assembly 200'.
- the cabinet and chimney assembly 200' generally includes a plurality of cabinets 202' and a plurality of chimney assemblies 204'.
- Each chimney assembly 204' generally includes a chimney base 206' and, optionally, a chimney extension 208'.
- the chimney assembly 204' also includes a damper 210', e.g., a variable damper, and the like.
- a damper 210' e.g., a variable damper, and the like.
- the mounting position of the chimney assembly 204' with respect to the cabinet 202' generally permits the creation of an entry/egress 220' for, e.g., passing a plurality of cables to and from the electrical equipment located inside the cabinet 202'.
- the cabinet and chimney assembly 200' can include, e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, and the like, cabinets 220' interconnected and/or positioned relative to each other.
- the assembly 300 of FIG. 3 generally includes a cooling unit 302, e.g., a CRAC unit, and the like, a cabinet and chimney assembly 100', and a return plenum 304.
- a cooling unit 302 e.g., a CRAC unit, and the like
- a cabinet and chimney assembly 100' e.g., a CRAC unit, and the like
- a return plenum 304 e.g., a return plenum 304.
- the assembly 300 can include, e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, and the like, cabinets 102' and chimney assemblies 104'.
- the chimney assembly 104' generally terminates to the return plenum 304, thereby delivering the exhausted warm air from the cabinet 102' to the return plenum 304.
- the cooling unit 302 generally includes a collar 306 which terminates to the return plenum 304, thereby receiving the exhausted warm air to be cooled and released into the space housing the assembly 300.
- the chimney assemblies 104' closest to the cooling unit 302 generally create a passive short cycle of recirculated air.
- the air being exhausted from the chimney assemblies 104' closest to the cooling unit 302 cycles through the return plenum 304 and into the cooling unit 302.
- the chimney assembly 104' farthest from the cooling unit 302 generally creates a stagnant and/or recirculating area of air flow in the return plenum 304 which fails to pass to the cooling unit 302.
- the air exhausted from the chimney assembly 104' farthest from the cooling unit 302 remains in the area of the return plenum 304 above the farthest chimney assembly 104' and fails to travel along the return plenum 304 to the cooling unit 302.
- the distribution of airflow through the return plenum 304 is generally not equal due to the positioning of the chimney assemblies 104' relative to the cooling unit 302.
- the assembly 400 of FIG. 4 generally includes a cooling unit 402, e.g., a CRAC unit, and the like, a cabinet and chimney assembly 200', and a return plenum 404.
- the assembly 400 can include, e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, and the like, cabinets 202' and chimney assemblies 204'.
- the chimney assembly 204' generally terminates to the return plenum 404, thereby delivering the exhausted warm air form the cabinet 202' to the return plenum 404.
- the cooling unit 402 generally includes a collar 406 which terminates to the return plenum 404, thereby receiving the exhausted warm air to be cooled and released into the space housing the assembly 400.
- the dampers 210' in the chimney assemblies 204' generally control and/or maintain the environment in the cabinets 202', e.g., the pressure, temperature, airflow, and the like, such that substantially equal distribution of negative plenum pressure exists across the row of cabinets 202'.
- the equal distribution of negative plenum pressure creates an evenly distributed flow of air through the return plenum 404 and into the cooling unit 402.
- the exemplary chimney assembly 204 opening area can be, e.g., approximately 16
- the chimney assembly 204 can be placed and/or attached on top of a cabinet 202. Further, the chimney assembly 204 can be justified with, e.g., the right side 212, the left side 214, the front side 216, and/or the rear side 218 of the cabinet 202, with the remaining area to be utilized for cable and/or power entry/egress through the entry/egress 220. For example, the exemplary chimney assembly 204 may be justified on the left side 214 or the right side of the cabinet 202. In some embodiments, the chimney assembly 204 can be centered relative to the top surface of the cabinet 202.
- the order of mounting the damper 210, the chimney base 206, and/or the chimney extension 208 relative to the cabinet 202 may be interchanged.
- the chimney base 206 can be mounted to the cabinet 202 and the damper 210 can further be mounted to the chimney base 206.
- One or more chimney extensions 208 may further be implemented to extend the height of the chimney assembly 204 to a desired height, e.g., a height necessary to reach a return plenum.
- Each chimney assembly 204 can generally be utilized passively and/or in conjunction with a damper 210, e.g., a variable damper, which can be cycled or throttled with an actuating mechanism, such as a pressure switch, a drive mechanism and/or a contractible wire (not shown).
- the actuating mechanism generally allows the cabinet 102 to maintain a substantially zero pressure and/or temperature environment in the rear of the cabinet 202.
- the actuating mechanism can be actuated, e.g., automatically, manually, and the like, to throttle the damper 210. Throttling of the damper 210 generally optimizes the performance of the axial fans located within the IT equipment.
- the fans within the IT equipment located in the cabinet 102 generally will not lose performance by, e.g., attempting to overcome a positive head pressure, and the like, and will not be overdriven due to, e.g., exposure to a negative plenum pressure, and the like.
- Utilizing the chimney assembly 204 and at least one damper 210 in a complete row generally ensures that the exposure of the cabinet 202 to the negative plenum can be substantially distributed throughout the row of cabinets 202.
- utilizing the chimney assembly 204 and the damper 210 in a complete row can ensure that the exposure of the cabinet 202 to the negative plenum can be correctly balanced based on the cabinet 202 loads and the location of the cabinet 202 relative to the cooling unit 402.
- This balancing can regulate airflow through each cabinet 202 to correctly compensate for the varying return plenum 404 pressures driven by the location of the cabinet 202 to the cooling unit 402.
- the return plenum 404 can include higher negative pressure closer to the cooling unit 402, which can lead to short cycling.
- the substantially distributed negative plenum pressure in the row of cabinets 202 generally replaces a high negative plenum pressure above the cabinet 202 closest to the cooling unit 402 and/or replaces a positive plenum pressure above the cabinet 202 that is the furthest away from the cooling unit 402.
- Regulating the airflow through the cabinet 202 generally allows the heat from the exhausted air to transfer from the equipment, e.g., IT equipment, and the like, to the cold air and/or return to the cooling unit 402.
- This transfer of exhausted warm air generally allows the equipment located inside the cabinet 202 to perform approximately at the manufacturer's recommended specifications, thereby optimizing the efficiency of the cooling unit 402, e.g., a variable speed CRAC unit, and the like.
- the exemplary chimney assembly 204 can be implemented in conjunction with, e.g., a bottom panel, a top panel, a gasketed rear door, blanking panels, an air dam kit, and the like.
- an angular device (not shown) can be mounted on the bottom rear of the cabinet 202 to facilitate airflow.
- the cable entry/egress 220 opening can generally be sealed with, e.g., a brush strip, a non-permeable material, and the like, to prevent bypass airflow and/or particulate contamination within the cabinet 202.
- the controls for the damper 210 can be, e.g., a power cord, a control board containing at least one sensor, a pressure switch, a mechanical drive mechanism, a contractible wire, and the like.
- one sensor can be positioned inside the cabinet 202.
- one sensor can be positioned inside the cabinet 202 and another sensor can be positioned inside the chimney assembly 204 in order to generate signals and/or calculate a differential in signals to control the damper 201, e.g., a temperature differential, a pressure differential, an airflow differential, and the like.
- one sensor can be positioned inside the cabinet 202 and another sensor can be positioned outside of the cabinet 202 in order to generate signals and/or calculate a differential in signals to control the damper 201.
- the damper 210 generally opens and/or closes based on the input of a sensor located in the rear of the cabinet 202 with the goal of maintaining and/or creating a substantially zero pressure and/or temperature atmosphere in the cabinet 202, e.g., in the rear of the cabinet 202, and the like.
- the zero pressure and/or temperature atmosphere can be the pressure and/or temperature specified by a manufacturer for the equipment.
- the variable damper 210 regulation generally allows the equipment fans to function approximately per a manufacturer' s specification and/or not to be overdriven by a negative plenum pressure.
- the equipment fans generally do not suffer from a reduced performance while trying to overcome a positive pressure due to the location of the cabinet 202 in reference to the cooling unit 402. Segregating the hot air from the cold air streams within the data canter, i.e., cabinet 202, generally increases efficiency, predictability and/or repeatability of deployed equipment.
- the exemplary chimney assembly 204 can generally be implemented in a variety of environments, including when the infrastructure contains a slab floor, where a cold aisle containment is generally not feasible and a hot aisle containment is generally rebuffed due to undesirable human conditions, i.e., working within an approximately 100°F hot aisle.
- the exemplary chimney assembly 204 equipped with a sensor-based damper 210 when utilized with air dam kits and/or blanking panels, generally forces substantially all of the cold air to pass through the equipment at a substantially regulated flow.
- the regulated flow of cold air generally remediates and/or reduces, e.g., hot spots, over temperature alarms, the data center's PUE, and the like.
- the damper 210 can remain in a substantially closed position, thereby not allowing air to migrate down the chimney assembly 204 and into the cabinet 202 in positive plenum pressure environments.
- the damper 210 in cabinets 202 with low pressure, can variably throttle to a position that will not allow air to migrate down the chimney assembly 204.
- the exemplary chimney assembly 202 can also be used in, e.g., a stratification deployment, a passive fashion, and the like.
- the command and/or control of the cycling of the damper 210 can be based on the sensed cabinet property, e.g., a temperature, a pressure, and the like, in the rear of the cabinet 202.
- an input signal would generally be derived from at least one sensor, e.g., a temperature sensor, and the like.
- the damper 210 can be cycled from the temperature differential, i.e., a ⁇ , from the intake temperature and the exhaust temperature based on sensor readings from within the cabinet 202 and the chimney assembly 204.
- the temperature differential can be determined based on a temperature inside of the cabinet 202 and outside of the cabinet 202.
- a preset and/or predetermined value such as a maximum temperature
- the damper 210 can be opened until the temperature differential falls below a baseline setting.
- a temperature differential reaches a present and/or predetermined value, such as a minimum temperature
- the damper 210 can be closed or regulated into a partially open position until the temperature differential increases to a baseline setting.
- the damper 210 can be regulated to, e.g., close, remain partially open, fully open, and the like, such that the temperature inside of the cabinet 202 remains at the desired value.
- the damper 210 can be cycled and/or regulated based on a pressure differential, i.e., a ⁇ .
- a pressure differential i.e., a ⁇ .
- a primary pressure sensor can reside, e.g., outside of the cabinet 202, inside the chimney assembly 204 above the damper 210 location, in the return plenum 404, and the like.
- a secondary pressure sensor can reside in the rear of the cabinet 202.
- a pressure differential reaches a preset and/or predetermined value, such as a maximum pressure
- the damper 210 can be closed or partially opened until the pressure increases to the baseline setting.
- a preset and/or predetermined value such as a minimum pressure
- the damper 210 can be regulated to, e.g., close, remain partially open to a desired degree, fully open, and the like, such that the pressure inside of the cabinet 202 remains at the desired value.
- the damper 210 can be cycled and/or regulated based on an airflow differential, i.e., a AAF, based on at least one airflow sensor.
- the damper 210 can be regulated and/or cycled based on a predetermined algorithm using the cubic feet per minute as the input signal from one airflow sensor.
- the damper 210 can also be regulated and/or cycled based on the airflow differential calculated from signals generated by at least two airflow sensors placed above and below the damper 210. This type of application generally balances the plenum with the rear of the cabinet 202.
- the damper 210 can be closed or partially opened until the airflow differential reaches a baseline setting.
- the damper 210 can be opened or the angle of the partially opened damper 210 can be increased until the airflow differential reaches a baseline setting.
- the damper 210 can be regulated to, e.g., close, remain partially open to a desired degree, fully open, and the like, such that the airflow inside the cabinet 202 remains at the desired value.
- the damper 210 can be cycled and/or regulated based on an input signal from the power distribution unit (PDU).
- PDU power distribution unit
- the ratio between power consumption and heat load generation is approximately 1 to 1.
- the amount of power being consumed within the cabinet 202 at any given time can generally be used as the variable input from the PDU to control and/or cycle the damper 210.
- damper 210 can be configured to accept an auxiliary input command signal from, e.g., a fire suppression system.
- the damper 210 could be regulated and/or cycled to open and/or close in response to a pre-charge in the fire suppression system or when the fire suppression system is activated.
- the control of the damper 210 can be, e.g., IP based, and the like, and connected to a network using any sensor input discussed herein, e.g., temperature, pressure, airflow, and the like.
- the damper 210 system can be deployed on bayed and/or ganged cabinets 202 with and/or without divider panels.
- the exemplary chimney assembly 204 and/or cabinet 202 can generally contain a "kill" switch to remove the power source from the damper 210.
- the damper 210 can be automatically or manually actuated into an open and/or closed position when the power source has been removed, thus permitting, e.g., maintenance, testing, and the like.
- regulation of the damper 210 can be based on one or more of the sensed properties or input signals.
- regulation of the damper 210 can be based on the pressure and temperature differentials within and outside of the cabinet 202.
- the control for the damper 210 can be, e.g., motor driven, mechanically actuated, and the like.
- a motor can receive an auxiliary input command signal to regulate the position of the damper 210.
- the damper 210 can be a weighted damper 210 which allows flow of air in one direction only and prevents the return of air through the damper 210 in an opposite direction.
- the weighted damper 210 can allow air to flow out of the cabinet 202 and into the return plenum, while preventing air to flow from the return plenum back into the cabinet 202.
- the damper 210 can be controlled by a wire which contracts or shrinks when the wire is electrically driven, e.g., a FLEXINOL ® wire which contracts by approximately 4% of the wire length when a voltage is applied.
- the wire can be anchored on one end to a fixed position, e.g., an inner wall of the cabinet 202, and can terminate at a spring on the opposing end.
- the spring can be connected to the wire on one end and connected to a mechanical linkage fastened to the damper 210 on the opposing end.
- a sensor measures a cabinet 202 property
- a pressure sensor measures a varying pressure
- a temperature sensor measures a varying temperature
- an airflow sensor measures a varying airflow
- the supply of voltage to the wire can be adjusted.
- a microprocessor receiving the signals generated by the sensor can, in turn, output a signal to an actuating mechanism such that the supply of voltage to the wire can be adjusted.
- the variation in voltage supplied to the wire can cause the wire to lengthen or shrink depending on the current state of the wire.
- the wire can exert or release a force on the spring which, in turn, can open and close the damper 210.
- the position of the damper 210 can thereby be regulated to adjust the pressure, temperature and/or airflow in the cabinet 202.
- FIG. 5 a block diagram of an exemplary control system 500 for a cabinet 502 and a chimney assembly 504 is provided.
- the chimney assembly 504 includes a damper 506 and a chimney 508, and the control system 500 can be implemented to regulate the position of the damper 506, e.g., fully open, partially open to a desired degree, and fully closed.
- the cabinet 502 generally includes at least one sensor 510, e.g., a barometric pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, an airflow sensor, and the like. Although illustrated as positioned within the cabinet 502, in some embodiments, the sensor 510 can be positioned within the damper 506 portion of the chimney assembly 504 and/or within the chimney 508.
- the system 500 generally includes a modulatable damper control actuator 512, a digital converter amplifier 514 (DC amplifier 514), and a digital-to-analog converter 516 (DAC 516).
- a built in pulse width modulation (PWM) capability of a microcontroller board can be used to modulate the FLEXINOL ® wire current using a power transistor, thereby controlling the opening and closing of the damper 506.
- PWM pulse width modulation
- an electrician ® Nano microcontroller board with a built in PWM capability can be used to modulate the current being supplied to the contractible wire.
- the system 500 includes a microprocessor 518 (MP 518), e.g., a processing device, a voltage regulator 520 and a power supply 522, e.g., a 24 VDC power supply.
- MP 518 e.g., a processing device
- a voltage regulator 520 e.g., a 24 VDC power supply.
- the damper control actuator 512 can be modulated between approximately 0 VDC to approximately 10 VDC.
- Power can be supplied to the damper control actuator 512, the internal components of the damper control actuator 512, and the DC amplifier 514 via a serial link connected to the power supply 522.
- the power supply 522 can be further electrically connected to the voltage regulator 520 which, in turn, can provide a regulated voltage to the microprocessor 518.
- the microprocessor 518 can also receive a signal from the sensor 510 indicating a measured pressure, temperature and/or airflow within the cabinet 502 for regulating opening and closing of the damper 506. Based on the received signal from the sensor 510, the microprocessor 518 can send a signal through the DAC 516 to the DC amplifier 514. In some embodiments, in addition to the signal received from the sensor 510, the microprocessor 518 can receive a signal from a sensor 524, e.g., an ambient sensor, which measures a pressure and/or temperature outside of the cabinet 502.
- a sensor 524 e.g., an ambient sensor
- a pressure and/or temperature differential signal can be generated and sent by the microprocessor 518 through the DAC 516 to the DC amplifier 514 to regulate opening and closing of the damper 506.
- the DC amplifier 514 can, in turn, provide the necessary voltage to the damper control actuator 512, e.g., a motor controller, which can regulate the position of the damper 506 within the chimney assembly 504.
- the damper control actuator 512 can include limit switches, e.g., a fully open limit switch 526 and a fully closed limit switch 528, therein which can send signals to the microprocessor 518 to indicate a position of the damper 506.
- the microprocessor 518 can send the appropriate control signal to the damper control actuator 512 to actuate the damper 506 into a more open position.
- the microprocessor 518 can send the appropriate control signal to the damper control actuator 512 to actuate the damper 506 into a more closed position to regulate the temperature within the cabinet 502.
- the microprocessor 518 can send the appropriate control signal to the damper control actuator 512 to actuate the damper 506 into a more open position.
- the microprocessor 518 can send the appropriate control signal to the damper control actuator 512 to actuate the damper 506 into a more closed position to regulate the temperature within the cabinet 502.
- a flow chart of an exemplary control system 600 for a cabinet 502 with a chimney assembly 504 including a damper 502 is provided.
- the control system 600 can be used for regulating a position of the damper 502 with a motor controller.
- the control system 600 can be used for regulating a position of the damper 502 with a contractible wire, e.g., a FLEXINOL ® wire.
- the system 600 can be powered on, which defines the input/output (I/O) pins and constants of the system 600 (602).
- powering on the system 600 can run software which defines the analog and digital I/O pins of the microprocessor 518, allows communication setup between the sensors 510, 524 and the microprocessor 518, and/or allows communication setup between the PWM and the microprocessor 518.
- powering on the system 600 can set up the fully open and fully closed limit switches 526, 528 to indicate the position of the damper 506 to the microprocessor 518 and sets up the I/O pins to allow the microprocessor 518 to receive signals from the fully open and fully closed limit switches 526, 528.
- Powering on the system 600 can further define the constants, such as a predetermined property (e.g., a predetermine pressure, a predetermined temperature, a predetermined airflow, and the like) for the system 600.
- a predetermined property e.g., a predetermine pressure, a predetermined temperature, a predetermined airflow, and the like
- the system 600 can be reset via a reset button (604). It should be understood that resetting the system 600 powers the system 600 and also defines the I/O pins and constants of the system 600.
- the DAC 516 can be initialized (606).
- the system 600 can determine whether the damper 506 is in a fully open position (612). If the damper 506 is not in a fully open position, the system 600 can actuate the damper 506 into the fully open position and can check the damper 506 position again (614). If the damper 506 is in a fully open position, the system 600 can actuate a light-emitting diode (LED) in a graphical user interface, e.g., an interface visible to the user from the outside of the cabinet 502, to indicate that the damper 506 is in a fully open position (616). In some embodiments, rather than or in combination with an LED, the system 600 can indicate that the damper 506 is in a fully open position via alternative visual and/or auditory means, e.g., a signal.
- alternative visual and/or auditory means e.g., a signal.
- the system 600 can calculate a change in pressure PA and/or temperature TA within the cabinet 502 (618). For example, as the damper 506 is positioned in a fully open position, a change in pressure PA and/or temperature TA within the cabinet 502 can be calculated based on a signal received by the microprocessor 518 from a sensor 510 positioned on the inside of the cabinet 502 and a sensor 510 positioned on the outside of the cabinet 502. The system 600 can then check for errors with respect to calculation of a change in pressure PA and/or temperature TA within the cabinet 502 (620, 622).
- the system 600 can again calculate a change in pressure PA and/or temperature ⁇ ⁇ within the cabinet 502. If no errors occur in the calculation of the change in pressure PA and/or temperature TA within the cabinet 502, the system 600 can implement the algorithms discussed below to control the chimney assembly 504 airflow metric. In particular, the system 600 can determine whether the change in pressure PA and/or temperature TA is greater than or equal to a predetermined property value ⁇ (626).
- the predetermined property value ⁇ can represent a manufacturer's recommended pressure and/or temperature for the equipment inside the cabinet 502.
- the system 600 can determine whether the damper 506 is in a fully closed position (628). An indication that the change in pressure PA and/or temperature TA within the cabinet 502 is less than the predetermined property value ⁇ generally indicates that the cabinet 502 is being sufficiently cooled or overcooled relative to the desired pressure or temperature for the equipment. If the damper 506 is fully closed, the system 600 can actuate an LED in a graphical user interface to indicate to the user that the damper 506 is in a fully closed position (630).
- the system 600 can then recalculate the change in pressure PA and/or temperature TA within the cabinet 502 to determine the status of the change in pressure PA and/or temperature TA relative to the predetermined property value ⁇ (618). If the damper 506 is not in a fully closed position, i.e., fully open or partially open, the damper 506 can be actuated to fully close (632). For example, the damper 506 can be actuated into a fully closed position to prevent the equipment within the cabinet 502 from being overcooled. By actuating the damper 506 into a fully closed position, the pressure or temperature in the cabinet 502 can increase until the predetermined property value ⁇ has been reached.
- the damper 506 can be actuated to a partially open position at an angle of opening less than the previous angle of opening.
- the system 600 can further recalculate the change in pressure PA and/or temperature TA within the cabinet 502 to determine the status of the change in pressure PA and/or temperature TA relative to the predetermined property value ⁇ (618).
- the system 600 can check the damper 506 position to determine if the damper 506 should be regulated to bring the pressure PA and/or temperature ⁇ ⁇ within the cabinet 502 below the predetermined property value ⁇ (634). For example, the system 600 can determine if the damper 506 is in a fully open position (636). If the damper 506 is fully open and the change in pressure PA and/or temperature ⁇ within the cabinet 502 is still above the predetermined property value ⁇ , an LED indicating that the damper 506 is in the fully open position can be actuated (638). The system 600 can then recalculate the change in pressure PA and/or temperature ⁇ within the cabinet 502 to determine the status of the change in pressure PA and/or temperature TA relative to the predetermined property value ⁇ (618).
- the system 600 can determine whether the change in pressure PA and/or temperature TA within the cabinet 502 is equal to the predetermined property value ⁇ (640). If the change in pressure PA and/or temperature TA within the cabinet 502 is equal to the predetermined property value ⁇ , an LED can be actuated to indicate the set position of the damper 506 (642). For example, the LED can indicate the degree to which the damper 506 is partially open.
- the system 600 can then recalculate the change in pressure ⁇ ⁇ and/or temperature ⁇ ⁇ within the cabinet 502 to determine the status of the change in pressure PA and/or temperature TA relative to the predetermined property value ⁇ (618). Thus, the user can be notified that the pressure or temperature in the cabinet 502 is at the desired predetermined property value ⁇ and the damper 506 has been maintained in the current position until the pressure or temperature in the cabinet 502 increases or decreases.
- the damper 506 can be actuated to open at a greater angle (644).
- the damper 506 can be actuated to open at an angle between the partially open position and the fully open position.
- the damper 506 can be actuated via a motor drive and/or a contractible wire with a variable voltage applied to the wire.
- the position of the damper 506 can be regulated to increase the amount of ventilation within the cabinet 502 to decrease the pressure or temperature within the cabinet 502.
- the system 600 can recalculate the change in pressure ⁇ ⁇ and/or temperature ⁇ ⁇ within the cabinet 502 to determine the status of the change in pressure ⁇ ⁇ and/or temperature ⁇ ⁇ relative to the predetermined property value ⁇ (618).
- the damper 506 can then be regulated as needed to reach the predetermined property value ⁇ .
- the damper 506 can be automatically actuated into a fully open position, i.e., a default position, to ensure that the temperature and/or pressure within the cabinet 502 does not exceed to a point of damaging the equipment within the cabinet 502.
- a fully open position i.e., a default position
- the implementation of the system 600 can be based on one sensor positioned within the cabinet 502.
- the actions of the system 600 can be performed based on a pressure and/or temperature value within the cabinet 502.
- a chart showing an exemplary change in pressure PA with respect to voltage input V D for damper 506 control is provided.
- a substantially similar chart can represent the change in temperature TA with respect to voltage input VD for damper 506 control.
- curve (a) indicates the desired pressure designated by a manufacturer at which the electrical equipment and fans should operate in combination for the maximum efficiency, e.g., the predetermined property value ⁇ .
- Curve (a) can therefore be represented as PFANS + PCRAC, i-e., pressure for the fans and pressure for the computer room air conditioning unit in combination.
- Curve (b) of FIG. 7 represents the change in pressure PA as the damper 506 is regulated by increasing or decreasing the voltage input VD between, for example, 0 VDC and 10 VDC.
- regulation of the damper 506 can be performed via, e.g., a motor drive, a contractible wire, and the like.
- the change in pressure PA in the cabinet 502 can fluctuate as regulation of the damper 506 increases or decreases the airflow within the cabinet 502, gradually stabilizing the pressure PA in the cabinet 502 at point A at a value substantially equal to the predetermined pressure value, i.e., curve (a).
- Curve (c) of FIG. 7 represents the pressure PCRAC at which the CRAC unit operates over the manufacturer's suggested pressure as the damper 506 is regulated and the pressure PA in the cabinet 502 is gradually stabilized at the ideal cabinet 502 pressure. It should be understood that if the ideal operating pressure for the fans and the CRAC unit in combination is maintained, the pressure PCRAC can be at substantially 0. As can be seen from FIG. 7, when the pressure PA in the cabinet 502 is initially high, the pressure PCRAC for the CRAC unit can also be high. As the pressure PA in the cabinet 502 is reduced to and approaches curve (a), the pressure PCRAC can gradually stabilize at point A at a value substantially equal to 0. Once the ideal pressure for the cabinet 502 has been reached, the damper 506 can be regulated by the system 600 to ensure that the pressure PA does not substantially deviate from the pressure PFANS + PCRAC-
- the wire current was decreased and the wire voltage was set to a maximum of approximately 3.50 VDC.
- the wire voltage was set to a maximum of approximately 3.50 VDC.
- the wire remained at the maximum contraction, thereby positioning the damper 506 in a fully closed position.
- the maximum contraction of the wire can be approximately 4% of the original wire length.
- the wire was expanded which, in turn, actuated the damper 506 opening to increase from approximately 0 inches to approximately 0.63 inches.
- the wire current was increased from approximately 0 A to approximately 1.08 A and the voltage was increased from approximately 0 VDC to a maximum of approximately 3.50 VDC.
- the expansion of the wire was reduced, i.e., the wire was contracted, until the damper 506 opening was reduced back to a fully closed position.
- the exemplary data provided in Table 1 should not be construed as limiting and, in some embodiments, the current and/or voltage applied to the contractible wire can be greater than or less than the current and/or voltage shown in Table 1 to increase or decrease the damper 506 opening.
- the damper 506 can be closed by decreasing the wire voltage and current.
- FIGS. 8A-8C are charts illustrating the data points of Table 1.
- FIG. 8A illustrates the data points for the damper 506 opening, the wire voltage and the wire current as the damper 506 is actuated into a closed and open position by varying the current and/or voltage applied to the contractible wire
- FIG. 8B illustrates the data points for the damper 506 opening and the wire current applied to the contractible wire
- FIG. 8C illustrates the data points for the damper 506 opening and the wire voltage applied to the contractible wire.
- the damper 506 opening can be increased.
- control system 500 fails at any time for any reason, voltage and/or current will not be applied to the contractible wire, thereby expanding the wire to a maximum length which, in turn, can actuate the damper 506 into a fully open position, i.e., a default position, to ensure that the temperature and/or pressure within the cabinet 502 does not exceed to a point of damaging the equipment within the cabinet 502.
- the FLEXINOL ® wire may become heated when the voltage is applied and further cools when the voltage is removed. It was noted that the time lapse in the cooling process of the contractible wire may create hysteresis in the mechanical linkage and/or spring associated with the contractible wire which positions the damper 506 into an open, a partially open or a closed position. However, the hysteresis created, if any, generally does not affect the operation of the control system 600.
- the microprocessor 518 continuously calculates and monitors the change between the ambient pressure and/or temperature outside of the cabinet 502 and the pressure and/or temperature in the rear of the cabinet 502.
- the calculated difference in pressure and/or temperature can be further used by the microprocessor 518 to adjust the position of the damper 506 to maintain the ideal pressure and/or temperature of the cabinet 502, e.g., a "zero" air pressure and/or temperature position, with a specific or predetermined tolerance.
- the continuous monitoring of the pressure and/or temperature and regulation of the damper 506 acts as a self-correcting function of the system 600 which can appropriately adjust the position of the damper 506 as the contractible wire cools.
- the hysteresis created, if any, generally does not affect the operation of the system 600.
- the cabinet 202' to which the chimney assembly 204' attaches can include vertically split side/divider panels.
- the rear side/divider panels can be removed such that the rear of the cabinets 202' can advantageously act as a common return plenum.
- the creation of a common return plenum at the rear of the bayed cabinets 202' may promote equal pressure distribution within the row of cabinets 202', promote equal temperature distribution within the row of cabinets 202', and/or allow cable management between the cabinets 202' without the need to exit the individual cabinets 202' or without the need for opening a side/divider panel each time a cable passage is desired.
- passage of cables directly through the row of cabinets 202' can act as a security measure to ensure that the cables cannot be disconnected or damaged from the outside of the cabinet 202'.
- front-to-real airflow can be maintained within the cabinets 202' by installing front divider/side panels.
- a common return plenum located in the rear of the cabinets 202' can allow the end user to place a chimney assembly 204' on, e.g., each cabinet 202', every other cabinet 202', sporadically in the row of cabinets 202' as needed, and the like.
- the spacing of the chimney assemblies 204' can be determined to allow for spray patterns of fire suppression devices to function as required to meet the applicable fire codes. For example, the spacing of the chimney assemblies 204' can be selected such that the requisite distance surrounding each fire suppression equipment nozzle is permitted.
- Removing the rear side/divider panels can also allow a redundancy of the exemplary cooling solution.
- the common return plenum located in the rear of the cabinets 202' can allow the heat load to be distributed to the remaining chimney assemblies 204' via the open pathway between the cabinets 202', while maintaining the front-to-rear airflow with the front side/divider panels installed.
- the common return plenum can assist in maintaining the desired temperature, pressure and/or airflow within the cabinets 202'.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Cooling Or The Like Of Electrical Apparatus (AREA)
- Ventilation (AREA)
- Duct Arrangements (AREA)
- Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA2878560A CA2878560C (en) | 2012-07-09 | 2013-07-03 | Ventilating system for an electrical equipment cabinet and associated methods |
MX2015000341A MX346743B (en) | 2012-07-09 | 2013-07-03 | Ventilating system for an electrical equipment cabinet and associated methods. |
JP2015521664A JP2015529886A (en) | 2012-07-09 | 2013-07-03 | Ventilation system for electrical equipment cabinet and related method |
EP13817126.9A EP2870840A4 (en) | 2012-07-09 | 2013-07-03 | Ventilating system for an electrical equipment cabinet and associated methods |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US201261669217P | 2012-07-09 | 2012-07-09 | |
US61/669,217 | 2012-07-09 | ||
US13/934,479 | 2013-07-03 | ||
US13/934,479 US10021810B2 (en) | 2012-07-09 | 2013-07-03 | Ventilating system for an electrical equipment cabinet and associated methods |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2014011471A1 true WO2014011471A1 (en) | 2014-01-16 |
Family
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PCT/US2013/049232 WO2014011471A1 (en) | 2012-07-09 | 2013-07-03 | Ventilating system for an electrical equipment cabinet and associated methods |
Country Status (6)
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US (1) | US10021810B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2870840A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2015529886A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2878560C (en) |
MX (1) | MX346743B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2014011471A1 (en) |
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US9851726B2 (en) * | 2013-09-04 | 2017-12-26 | Panduit Corp. | Thermal capacity management |
US9538689B2 (en) * | 2013-09-25 | 2017-01-03 | Globalfoundries Inc. | Data center cooling with critical device prioritization |
US9936614B2 (en) * | 2015-02-11 | 2018-04-03 | Dell Products, Lp | System and method for automated open loop fan control |
US10456878B2 (en) | 2015-04-09 | 2019-10-29 | Ortronics, Inc. | Equipment cabinet and associated methods |
AU2017279999B2 (en) * | 2016-06-20 | 2020-07-23 | Schneider Electric Solar Inverters Usa, Inc. | Systems and methods for thermal management in utility scale power inverters |
US11076509B2 (en) | 2017-01-24 | 2021-07-27 | The Research Foundation for the State University | Control systems and prediction methods for it cooling performance in containment |
US10939587B2 (en) * | 2017-02-16 | 2021-03-02 | Dell Products, L.P. | System and method for injecting cooling air into servers in a server rack |
CN109740258B (en) * | 2019-01-03 | 2023-04-14 | 中核控制系统工程有限公司 | Sectional type thermal analysis method for forced air cooling cabinet |
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US6574970B2 (en) * | 2000-02-18 | 2003-06-10 | Toc Technology, Llc | Computer room air flow method and apparatus |
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US7500911B2 (en) * | 2002-11-25 | 2009-03-10 | American Power Conversion Corporation | Exhaust air removal system |
US6957544B2 (en) * | 2003-07-18 | 2005-10-25 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Method and apparatus for regulating the operating temperature of electronic devices |
US7383691B2 (en) * | 2005-01-26 | 2008-06-10 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Modular networked sensor assembly |
US7804685B2 (en) * | 2005-09-19 | 2010-09-28 | Chatsworth Products, Inc. | Ducted exhaust equipment enclosure |
US7643291B2 (en) * | 2007-08-30 | 2010-01-05 | Afco Systems | Cabinet for electronic equipment |
US9681587B2 (en) * | 2007-08-30 | 2017-06-13 | Pce, Inc. | System and method for cooling electronic equipment |
US20090129014A1 (en) | 2007-11-19 | 2009-05-21 | Ortronics, Inc. | Equipment Rack and Associated Ventilation System |
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US20140206273A1 (en) | 2007-11-19 | 2014-07-24 | Ortronics, Inc. | Equipment Rack and Associated Ventilation System |
US10058011B2 (en) * | 2008-06-19 | 2018-08-21 | Panduit Corp. | Passive cooling systems for network cabinet |
US8434804B2 (en) * | 2008-12-04 | 2013-05-07 | I O Data Centers, LLC | System and method of providing computer resources |
-
2013
- 2013-07-03 EP EP13817126.9A patent/EP2870840A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2013-07-03 US US13/934,479 patent/US10021810B2/en active Active
- 2013-07-03 JP JP2015521664A patent/JP2015529886A/en active Pending
- 2013-07-03 CA CA2878560A patent/CA2878560C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-07-03 WO PCT/US2013/049232 patent/WO2014011471A1/en active Application Filing
- 2013-07-03 MX MX2015000341A patent/MX346743B/en active IP Right Grant
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US5000160A (en) * | 1989-12-07 | 1991-03-19 | Maytag Corporation | Proximity ventilated cooking system |
US6514138B2 (en) * | 2001-01-09 | 2003-02-04 | Kevin Estepp | Demand ventilation module |
US20110014061A1 (en) * | 2003-03-20 | 2011-01-20 | Huntair, Inc. | Fan array control system |
US20100252233A1 (en) * | 2007-06-12 | 2010-10-07 | Thomas Absalom | Cooling system |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2870840A4 (en) | 2016-06-15 |
US20140011437A1 (en) | 2014-01-09 |
CA2878560C (en) | 2019-06-11 |
MX346743B (en) | 2017-03-30 |
MX2015000341A (en) | 2015-10-29 |
JP2015529886A (en) | 2015-10-08 |
CA2878560A1 (en) | 2014-01-16 |
US10021810B2 (en) | 2018-07-10 |
EP2870840A1 (en) | 2015-05-13 |
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