WO2013182751A1 - A method for fractionating lignin - Google Patents

A method for fractionating lignin Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013182751A1
WO2013182751A1 PCT/FI2013/050607 FI2013050607W WO2013182751A1 WO 2013182751 A1 WO2013182751 A1 WO 2013182751A1 FI 2013050607 W FI2013050607 W FI 2013050607W WO 2013182751 A1 WO2013182751 A1 WO 2013182751A1
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Prior art keywords
lignin
present
fraction
organic solvent
fractions
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PCT/FI2013/050607
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Kati Eskelinen
Sanna VALKONEN
Suvi Pietarinen
Original Assignee
Upm-Kymmene Corporation
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Publication date
Application filed by Upm-Kymmene Corporation filed Critical Upm-Kymmene Corporation
Priority to US14/405,873 priority Critical patent/US9896469B2/en
Priority to EP13732596.5A priority patent/EP2859006B1/en
Priority to BR112014029231-0A priority patent/BR112014029231B1/en
Priority to CA2872333A priority patent/CA2872333C/en
Priority to EP18248025.1A priority patent/EP3495375A1/en
Publication of WO2013182751A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013182751A1/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07G—COMPOUNDS OF UNKNOWN CONSTITUTION
    • C07G1/00—Lignin; Lignin derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08H—DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08H6/00—Macromolecular compounds derived from lignin, e.g. tannins, humic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
    • C08L23/06—Polyethene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L97/00—Compositions of lignin-containing materials
    • C08L97/005—Lignin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
    • C09J197/00—Adhesives based on lignin-containing materials
    • C09J197/005—Lignin
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
    • D01F9/08—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments of inorganic material
    • D01F9/12—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof
    • D01F9/14—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments
    • D01F9/16—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from products of vegetable origin or derivatives thereof, e.g. from cellulose acetate
    • D01F9/17—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from products of vegetable origin or derivatives thereof, e.g. from cellulose acetate from lignin

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for frac- tionating lignin, to a lignin fraction, and to the use thereof .
  • Lignin is a natural polymer, which can be ex- tracted from e.g. wood.
  • lignin is a natural biopol- ymer its use as a component in e.g. glues instead of synthetic materials has been investigated in order to come up with more environmentally friendly applica ⁇ tions.
  • it has been attempted to fractionate lignin according to the molecular weight of lignin in order to come up with lignin with specific properties to be used in specific applications. For example ul ⁇ trafiltration, nanofiltration and sequential precipitation have been used for fractionating lignin.
  • Alkaline solutions such as alkaline sodium hydroxide solutions have been used in relation to the ultrafiltration process.
  • an alkaline solution increases the ash content in the lignin solution. This affects the further processing of the lignin and results e.g. in need of diafiltration or of using additional sulphuric acid in order to obtain lignin fractions suitable for further processing.
  • the procedure for fractionating lignin becomes complicated and costly.
  • the purpose of the invention is to provide a new type of method for fractionating lignin. Especially the purpose is to provide lignin fractions with different molecular weights and therefore having dif ⁇ ferent properties for different applications.
  • the lignin fraction with a predetermined mo ⁇ lecular weight according to the present invention is characterized by what is presented in claim 12.
  • Fig. 1 is a flow chart illustration of a method according to one embodiment of the present in ⁇ vention ;
  • Fig. 2 is a flow chart illustration of a method according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 3 is a flow chart illustration of a method according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematical illustration of one embodiment of the ultrafiltration step according to the present invention.
  • the present invention relates to a method for fractionating lignin, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
  • step (ii) ultrafiltrating the mixture formed in step (i) through one or more filtration membranes for producing a predetermined number of lignin fractions, wherein each fraction contains lignin with a molecular weight within a predetermined range.
  • lignin should be understood as any lignin suitable to be used in the present inven ⁇ tion including essentially pure lignin as well as lig- nin derivatives and lignin modifications.
  • essentially pure lignin should be understood as at least 70 % pure lignin, preferably at least 90 % pure lignin.
  • the essentially pure lignin comprises at most 30 %, preferably at most 10 %, of other components.
  • Inorganic matter, extractives and carbohydrates such as hemicelluloses can be men ⁇ tioned as examples of such other components.
  • Ultrafiltration is a variety of membrane fil- tration in which hydrostatic pressure forces a liquid against a semipermeable membrane.
  • a drawback of frac ⁇ tionating lignin by ultrafiltration has been the use of an alkaline solvent, e.g. alkaline sodium hydroxide solution, in the filtration.
  • the alkaline solvent causes an increase in the ash content of the solution comprising dissolved lignin.
  • the expression "ash content of lignin” or any corresponding expression should be understood in this specification, unless otherwise stated, as the content of inorganic matter in the lig- nin used.
  • the increased ash content of the lignin so ⁇ lution has resulted in the need of further diafiltra- tion or of using additional sulphuric acid in the fur ⁇ ther processing of the lignin fraction.
  • the lignin fractionated in step (ii) by the ultrafiltration treatment according to the present in- vention can contain impurities and/or inorganic mate ⁇ rial .
  • the method further comprises the following step: (iii) subjecting at least one of the fractions formed in step (ii) to ion exchange treatment.
  • the inventors surprisingly found out that by subjecting the fraction formed as a result of the ultrafiltration step to ion exchange treatment, it was possible to decrease the ash content of the lignin fraction.
  • Step (iii) of sub- jecting a lignin fraction to ion exchange treatment according to the present invention enables the produc ⁇ tion of a lignin fraction having a decreased ash content compared to untreated lignin.
  • the method further comprises the following step: (iii) subjecting at least one of the fractions formed in step (ii) to ion exchange treatment for reducing the ash content of lignin.
  • ion exchange treatment for reducing the content of inorganic components in lignin.
  • Ion exchange is a procedure wherein ions can be exchanged between two electrolytes or between an electrolyte solution and a complex.
  • the ion exchange treatment comprises the use of one or more ion exchange resins.
  • the ion ex ⁇ change resin comprises a cation exchange resin, an an ⁇ ion exchange resin or an amphoteric exchange resin.
  • the cation exchange resin exchange positively charged ions (cations)
  • the anion exchange resin exchange neg ⁇ atively charged ions (anions)
  • the amphoteric ex ⁇ change resin is able to exchange both cations and ani ⁇ ons simultaneously.
  • the ion exchange treatment comprises the use mixed beds that contain a mixture of anion and cation exchange resins.
  • step (iii) comprises the use of one or more different ion exchange resins.
  • step (iii) comprises the use of cation and anion exchange resins by turns.
  • the method comprises the step of diluting at least one of the fractions obtained from step (ii) before step (iii) .
  • at least one fraction is diluted with water.
  • step (iii) is carried out at a temperature of 20 - 80 °C.
  • the method further comprises the following step: (iv) removing the organic solvent from at least one of the fractions obtained from step (ii) or obtained from step (iii) for precipitating lignin.
  • the lignin is precipitated in the water phase of the mixture.
  • step (iv) comprises evaporating the organic solvent.
  • the method comprises decreasing the temperature to room temperature before, during and/or after step (iv) . Decreasing the temperature to room temperature may have advantageous effects on the precipitation of lignin.
  • room temperature should be understood in this specification, unless otherwise stated, as a temperature of 20 - 25 °C .
  • the method further comprises the following step: (v) filtrating the precipitated lignin.
  • 100 weight-%, preferably 30 - 90 weight-% of the lignin is dissolved in the mixture containing organic solvent and water.
  • step (i) is performed at a temperature of 20 - 120 °C, preferably at a temperature of 20 - 90 °C, and more preferably at a temperature of 50 - 70 °C .
  • lignin is dissolved into a mixture of organic solvent and water in step (i) .
  • lignin is dissolved into a mixture con ⁇ sisting of organic solvent and water in step (i) .
  • the organic solvent is selected from a group consist ⁇ ing of acetone, acetonitrile, butylacetate, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) , dimethylformamide (DMF) , tetrahydro- furan (THF) , propylene carbonate, ethanol, isopropa- nol, n-propanol, n-butanol, and any combination there- of.
  • the or ⁇ ganic solvent is an alcohol.
  • step (ii) comprises preventing evaporation of the or ⁇ ganic solvent during ultrafiltration.
  • step (ii) comprises refluxing organic solvent evapo ⁇ rated during ultrafiltration.
  • the filtration membrane is a ceramic membrane or a polymer membrane.
  • two or more filtration membranes having different cut ⁇ off values are used in step (ii) .
  • step (ii) comprises passing the mixture formed in step (i) through two or more filtration membranes arranged one after the other such that the cut-off value of the preceding filtration membrane is higher than the cutoff value of the following filtration membrane.
  • the number of the filtration membranes used in step (ii) can be selected based on the desired num ⁇ ber of lignin fractions to be formed.
  • the cut-off val ⁇ ues of the filtration membranes used in the step (ii) can be selected based on which kind of lignin frac ⁇ tions are to be formed. I.e. the cut-off values can be selected based on the ranges of the molecular weight of the produced lignin fractions one wish to obtain.
  • step (ii) of ultrafiltration is continued until a de ⁇ sired volume reduction factor (VRF) is achieved.
  • VRF de ⁇ sired volume reduction factor
  • the lignin to be fractionated is selected from a group consisting of kraft lignin, biomass originating lignin, lignin from alkaline pulping process, lignin from soda process, lignin from organosolv pulping, chemi- cally modified lignin, and any combination thereof.
  • kraft lignin is to be understood in this specification, unless otherwise stated, lignin that originates from kraft black liquor.
  • Black liquor is an alkaline aqueous solution of lignin residues, hemicel- lulose, and inorganic chemicals used in a kraft pulp ⁇ ing process.
  • the black liquor from the pulping process comprises components originating from different soft ⁇ wood and hardwood species in various proportions.
  • Lig ⁇ nin can be separated from the black liquor by different techniques including e.g. precipitation and filtration. Lignin usually begins precipitating at pH values below 11 - 12. Different pH values can be used in order to precipitate lignin fractions with different properties.
  • lignin fractions differ from each other by molecular weight distribution, e.g. Mw and Mn, polydispersity, hemicellulose and extractive contents.
  • Mw and Mn molecular weight distribution
  • polydispersity e.g. Mw
  • hemicellulose e.g. Mn
  • extractive contents e.g. Mw and Mn
  • the molar mass of lignin precipitated at a higher pH value is higher than the molar mass of lignin precipitated at a lower pH value.
  • the mo ⁇ lecular weight distribution of lignin fraction precipitated at a lower pH value is wider than of lignin fraction precipitated at a higher pH value.
  • the dry matter content of the lignin is below 98 %, preferably 40 - 80 %, and more preferably 50 - 70 %.
  • the lignin is separated from pure biomass.
  • the separa ⁇ tion process can begin with liquidizing the biomass with strong alkali followed by a neutralization process. After the alkali treatment the lignin can be precipitated in a similar manner as presented above.
  • the separa ⁇ tion of lignin from biomass comprises a step of enzyme treatment. The enzyme treatment modifies the lignin to be extracted from biomass. Lignin separated from pure biomass is sulphur-free and thus valuable in further processing.
  • the method of the present invention results in fractions of lignin with different molecular weights and properties being formed.
  • it is possi ⁇ ble to produce fractions of lignin with specific prop ⁇ erties for specific applications.
  • lignin of low molecular weight being more reactive is more favorable to be used while in other ap ⁇ plications lignin of high molecular weight results in better properties of the final product.
  • using both low molecular weight lignin and high molecular weight lignin in the production of a binder composition results in advantageous binder properties.
  • the present invention further relates to a lignin fraction comprising lignin with a molecular weight within a predetermined range obtainable by the method according to the present invention.
  • the lignin fractions formed by the method ac ⁇ cording to the present invention may have different properties.
  • E.g. the solubility, polarity, Tg value, melting point, purity level, molecular weight, reac ⁇ tivity or the functional groups may vary between the fractions formed. Depending on the specific properties of the formed lignin fractions, they can be used in different applications.
  • a lignin fraction is used as a thermo- set or a thermoplastic additive, as a filler for plas ⁇ tics, as a precursor for carbon fiber, as an additive for polyolefins, as a dispersant, as a surfactant, as a fire-retardant , or for the production of a cross- linking or a coupling agent.
  • the present invention further relates to the use of the lignin fraction according to the present invention for the production of a binder composition or an adhesive composition.
  • the present invention further relates to the use of the lignin fraction according to the present invention for the production of carbon fiber.
  • the present invention further relates to the use of the lignin fraction according to the present invention as an additive for thermoset plastic or thermoplastic.
  • the formed lignin fractions can be chemically modified to produce lignin with desired properties.
  • the chemically modified lignin can be used in the ap ⁇ plications mentioned above.
  • One or more lignin fractions produced by the method according to the present invention can be used together with e.g. a polymerizable substance, cross- linking agent, and a catalyst for producing a binder composition.
  • the produced binder composition can be used as a part of an adhesive composition together with one or more adhesive components selected from a group consisting of other binders, extenders, addi ⁇ tives, catalysts and fillers.
  • the binder composition and/or the adhesive composition can be used for gluing applications.
  • a layered composite structure can be formed of two or more layers including at least one wood veneer layer, wherein the layers are arranged the one above the oth ⁇ er and combined by means of gluing with the binder composition and/or the adhesive composition.
  • wood veneer is used to address a veneer, which can be formed of any material, e.g. wood-based material, fiber material, composite material or the like.
  • the thickness of the wood veneer can be varied. Typically the thickness of wood veneer is below 3 mm.
  • the layered composite structure can be se ⁇ lected from a group consisting of a wood panel prod ⁇ uct, a plywood product, a composite product, and a pressed panel product.
  • the layered composite structure can be formed of a number of layers, preferably wood ve- neer layers, in which the layers are laid one upon the other and glued together.
  • the layered composite struc ⁇ ture can also be formed of a number of paper or fiber mat layers.
  • the formed adhesive composition can be used for gluing a wood product.
  • the wood product can be selected from a group consisting of a wood board, a wood ve ⁇ neer, and a wood bar.
  • a method, a fraction or a use, to which the invention is related, may comprise at least one of the embodi ⁇ ments of the invention described hereinbefore.
  • An advantage of the method according to the present invention is that by using a mixture contain ⁇ ing organic solvent and water it is possible to dis ⁇ solve almost 100 % of a lignin sample to be used for the fractionation procedure into the mixture to be ul- trafiltrated .
  • An advantage of the organic solvent is that the content of inorganic material in the lignin mixture is not increased due to the used solvent. This has advantageous effects of e.g. reducing the number of method steps or materials needed for fractionating and purifying lignin, thus simplifying the overall procedure and decreasing the costs involved.
  • An advantage of using ultrafiltration together with ion exchange in accordance with the present invention is that lignin fractions having reduced ash content can be produced.
  • An advantage of the lignin treated in accord- ance with the method of the present invention is its better suitability in chemical syntheses such as in polymerizing reactions compared to untreated lignin.
  • An advantage of the method according to the present invention is that it results in purified lig- nin fractions with predetermined molecular weight ranges.
  • the method according to the present invention results in fractions of lignin having different molec ⁇ ular weight and properties such as reactivity.
  • An ad ⁇ vantage of the present invention is that lignin frac- tions produced by the method according to the present invention and having specific properties can be se ⁇ lected based on these properties for specific applica ⁇ tions .
  • Figure 1 illustrates a method according to one embodiment of the present invention for producing a predetermined number of lignin fractions with dif ⁇ ferent molecular weight ranges.
  • the source and amounts of the components are chosen before dissolving lignin into a mixture containing organic solvent and water. Especially the source of the lignin to be fractionated is selected.
  • step (i) is carried out by dissolving the selected lignin into a mixture containing organic solvent and water.
  • the mix- ture can comprise e.g. a 50 weight-% acetone water mixture.
  • the step (i) of dissolving lignin can be carried out at a temperature of e.g. 20 - 60 °C .
  • step (ii) is carried out.
  • the formed mixture is passed through a predetermined num ⁇ ber of filtration membranes in an ultrafiltration process.
  • the formed mixture can be passed through a pre ⁇ determined number of filtration membranes being ar- ranged one after the other such that the cut-off value of the preceding filtration membrane is higher than the cut-off value of the following filtration membrane .
  • step (i) dif- ferent lignin fractions, each of which comprises lig ⁇ nin having a molecular weight within a predetermined range, are produced.
  • lignin fractions can be further processed in a desired manner to be used in different applications.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a method according to another embodiment of the present invention for frac ⁇ tionating lignin.
  • the method according to the embodiment of Fig. 2 begins in a similar manner as in the embodiment of Fig. 1. I.e. the selected lignin is dissolved in step (i) into a mixture containing organic solvent and water, after which it is ultrafiltrated in step (ii) in a manner as discussed above in relation to Fig. 1.
  • the organ- ic solvent used is removed, e.g. by evaporation, from each of the different lignin fractions formed. During the evaporation, the lignin is precipitated.
  • the pre ⁇ cipitated lignin can then be filtrated from the solu ⁇ tion in step (v) by using e.g. a pressure or a vacuum filter.
  • step (i) a predetermined number of lignin fractions, each of which comprises lignin having a mo ⁇ lecular weight within a predetermined range, are pro- prised.
  • lignin fractions can be further used for different applications.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a method according to still another embodiment of the present invention for fractionating lignin.
  • Fig. 3 begins in a similar manner as in the embodiment of Fig. 1. I.e. the selected lignin is dissolved in step (i) into a mixture containing organic solvent and water, after which it is ultrafiltrated in step (ii) as discussed above in relation to Fig. 1.
  • step (iii) comprises subjecting at least one of the fractions formed in step (ii) to ion exchange treatment for decreasing the content of inor ⁇ ganic material in lignin.
  • ion exchange treatment Prior to subjecting said fractions to the ion exchange treatment they can be diluted, if needed, after which they are treated by cation and anion exchange resins.
  • the ion exchange treatment is carried out at a temperature of 20 - 80
  • step (iv) is carried out, i.e. the re ⁇ sidual organic solvent is removed, e.g. by evapora ⁇ tion, from the treated lignin fractions. During the evaporation, lignin starts to precipitate. The precip- itated lignin can then be filtrated from the solution in step (v) .
  • step (i) As a result of step (i) , step (ii) , step (iii) , step (iv) , and step (v) different lignin frac ⁇ tions, each of which comprises lignin with a molecular weight within a predetermined range, are produced. Es ⁇ pecially, as a result of the method according to the embodiment of Fig. 3. lignin with a reduced ash con ⁇ tent or content of inorganic material is formed. These lignin fractions can be further used for different ap- plications.
  • the ultrafiltration step of the method ac ⁇ cording to one embodiment of the present invention can be realized in a manner as illustrated schemtically in Fig. 4.
  • an ultrafiltration step with three filtration membranes is illustrated.
  • step (ii) of ultrafiltrating the mixture obtained from step (i) , comprising dissolved lignin is firstly passed through a first filtration membrane having a cut-off value of 50 kDa, whereby a concentrate a) and a permeate b) is formed.
  • the perme ⁇ ate b) is then passed through a filtration membrane of 15 kDa, whereby a permeate c) is formed.
  • lignin is fractionated in accordance with the embodiment presented in Fig. 2. The following components and their amounts were used: amount (kg)
  • a mixture containing acetone and wa ⁇ ter was formed such that the acetone concentration was 50 weight-%.
  • the lignin was then dissolved into the mixture having a temperature of 60 °C . 98 % of the lignin was dissolved into the mixture containing ace- tone and water.
  • the formed mixture was ultrafiltrated by feeding the mixture through three successive ceram ⁇ ic membranes having cut-off values of 50 kDa, 15 kDa and 5 kDa, respectively, in a manner as illustrated in Fig. 4.
  • the membranes having cut-off values of 50 kDa and 5 kDa were Tami Industries' FiltaniumTM membranes and the membrane having a cut-off value of 15 kDa was an Inside CeRAMTM ceramic membrane. Evaporation of the acetone during the filtration procedure was prevented by sealing the filtration equipment. The acetone that nevertheless was being evaporated was refluxed such that the increase of pressure was prevented.
  • the permeate from the 50 kDa filtration membrane was used as a feed in the 15 kDa filtration membrane and similarly the per ⁇ meate from the 15 kDa filtration membrane was used as a feed in the 5 kDa filtration membrane.
  • This set of filtration membranes resulted in the formation of four different lignin fractions, i.e. the concentrate from the 50 kDa membrane, in the concentrate from the 15 kDa membrane, in the concentrate from the 5 kDa mem ⁇ brane, and in the permeate from the 5 kDa membrane.
  • acetone was evaporated from each of these four fractions re ⁇ sulting in lignin being precipitated in the water phase.
  • the precipitated lignin was recovered by filtration using a vacuum filter.
  • a mixture containing ethanol and wa ⁇ ter was formed such that the ethanol concentration was 50 weight-%.
  • the lignin was then dissolved into the mixture having a temperature of 65 °C . 98 % of the lignin was dissolved into the mixture containing etha ⁇ nol and water.
  • the formed mixture was ultrafiltrated by feeding the mixture through two successive polymer- ic membranes having the following cut-off values: 100 kDa, and 30 kDa .
  • the ultrafiltration was performed with polymeric membranes purchased from Microdyn Na ⁇ dir. Evaporation of the ethanol during the filtration procedure was prevented by sealing the filtration equipment. The ethanol that despite sealing the equip ⁇ ment was still being evaporated was refluxed such that an increase in pressure was prevented.
  • the permeate from the 100 kDa filtration mem ⁇ brane was used as a feed in the 30 kDa filtration mem ⁇ brane.
  • This set of filtration membranes resulted in the formation of three different lignin fractions, i.e. the concentrate from the 100 kDa filtration mem ⁇ brane, in the concentrate from the 30 kDa filtration membrane, and in the permeate of the 30 kDa filtration membrane .
  • each of the formed lignin fractions was subjected to an ion exchange procedure by using Finex's resin.
  • the lignin fractions were diluted with water before being sub ⁇ jected to said procedure.
  • the ion exchange procedure resulted in inorganic material being removed from the lignin. I.e. so-called ash-free lignin was formed.
  • the HMW-lignin fraction (high molecular weight lignin fraction) comprised lignin from the concentrate from the 50 kDa membrane of the ultrafiltra ⁇ tion step.
  • the LMW-lignin fraction (low molecular weight lignin fraction) comprised lignin from the permeate of the 5 kDa membrane of the ultrafiltration step.
  • the cooking was continued at the temperature of 75 °C un ⁇ til the viscosity of the formed composition was about 305 cP. Then the composition was cooled resulting in a final viscosity of 350 cP. The viscosity was measured at a temperature of 25 °C .
  • phenol and formaldehyde are used are used as examples of polymerizable substance and crosslinking agent, respectively.
  • any other polymerizable substance or crosslinking agent can be equally well used in the binder composition production method.
  • the polymerizable substance can be selected e.g.
  • the crosslinking agent can be selected e.g. from a group consisting of an aldehyde, a derivative of an aldehyde, an aldehyde forming compound and combina ⁇ tions thereof.
  • the crosslinking agent can be selected e.g.
  • Example 3 the binder composition produced in Example 3 was used for the production of an adhesive composition.
  • the binder composition was mixed with extenders, fillers, catalysts, additives, as ex ⁇ amples of which e.g. starch, wood flour and hardener (e.g. tannin or carbonates) can be mentioned, thus forming the adhesive composition.
  • extenders, fillers, catalysts, additives as ex ⁇ amples of which e.g. starch, wood flour and hardener (e.g. tannin or carbonates) can be mentioned, thus forming the adhesive composition.
  • hardener e.g. tannin or carbonates
  • the lignin fraction from the concentrate of the 15 kDa membrane from Example 1 was melt spinned to carbon fiber at a temperature of 20-95 °C above the Tg of the lignin fraction by HAAKE MiniLab II CTW5 and collected on a bobbin (TUS) in a manner as described in "Ida Nordberg, Carbon fibers from kraft lignin, Doctoral Thesis, 2012".

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Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for fractionating lignin, wherein the method comprises the following steps: (i) dissolving lignin into a mixture containing organic solvent and water; and (ii) ultrafiltrating the mixture formed in step (i) through one or more filtration membranes for producing a predetermined number of lignin fractions, wherein each fraction contains lignin with a molecular weight within a predetermined range. The present invention further relates to a lignin fraction and to the uses thereof.

Description

A METHOD FOR FRACTIONATING LIGNIN
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a method for frac- tionating lignin, to a lignin fraction, and to the use thereof .
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Lignin is a natural polymer, which can be ex- tracted from e.g. wood. As lignin is a natural biopol- ymer its use as a component in e.g. glues instead of synthetic materials has been investigated in order to come up with more environmentally friendly applica¬ tions. Further, it has been attempted to fractionate lignin according to the molecular weight of lignin in order to come up with lignin with specific properties to be used in specific applications. For example ul¬ trafiltration, nanofiltration and sequential precipitation have been used for fractionating lignin.
Alkaline solutions such as alkaline sodium hydroxide solutions have been used in relation to the ultrafiltration process. However, the use of an alkaline solution increases the ash content in the lignin solution. This affects the further processing of the lignin and results e.g. in need of diafiltration or of using additional sulphuric acid in order to obtain lignin fractions suitable for further processing. Thus the procedure for fractionating lignin becomes complicated and costly.
The inventors have therefore recognized a need for a more simple and effective method, which would result in fractionated lignin and especially in fractionated lignin having a reduced content of inor¬ ganic material and thus having suitable properties for use in different applications. PURPOSE OF THE INVENTION
The purpose of the invention is to provide a new type of method for fractionating lignin. Especially the purpose is to provide lignin fractions with different molecular weights and therefore having dif¬ ferent properties for different applications.
SUMMARY
The method according to the present invention is characterized by what is presented in claim 1.
The lignin fraction with a predetermined mo¬ lecular weight according to the present invention is characterized by what is presented in claim 12.
The uses according to the present invention are characterized by what is presented in claims 13, 14, 15 and 16.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and constitute a part of this specification, illus¬ trate some embodiments of the invention and together with the description helps to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
Fig. 1 is a flow chart illustration of a method according to one embodiment of the present in¬ vention ;
Fig. 2 is a flow chart illustration of a method according to another embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is a flow chart illustration of a method according to still another embodiment of the present invention; and Fig. 4 is a schematical illustration of one embodiment of the ultrafiltration step according to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for fractionating lignin, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
(i) dissolving lignin into a mixture contain- ing organic solvent and water; and
(ii) ultrafiltrating the mixture formed in step (i) through one or more filtration membranes for producing a predetermined number of lignin fractions, wherein each fraction contains lignin with a molecular weight within a predetermined range.
In this specification, unless otherwise stat¬ ed, the expression "lignin" should be understood as any lignin suitable to be used in the present inven¬ tion including essentially pure lignin as well as lig- nin derivatives and lignin modifications.
By the expression "essentially pure lignin" should be understood as at least 70 % pure lignin, preferably at least 90 % pure lignin. In one embodi¬ ment of the present invention the essentially pure lignin comprises at most 30 %, preferably at most 10 %, of other components. Inorganic matter, extractives and carbohydrates such as hemicelluloses can be men¬ tioned as examples of such other components.
Ultrafiltration is a variety of membrane fil- tration in which hydrostatic pressure forces a liquid against a semipermeable membrane. A drawback of frac¬ tionating lignin by ultrafiltration has been the use of an alkaline solvent, e.g. alkaline sodium hydroxide solution, in the filtration. The alkaline solvent causes an increase in the ash content of the solution comprising dissolved lignin. The expression "ash content of lignin" or any corresponding expression should be understood in this specification, unless otherwise stated, as the content of inorganic matter in the lig- nin used. The increased ash content of the lignin so¬ lution has resulted in the need of further diafiltra- tion or of using additional sulphuric acid in the fur¬ ther processing of the lignin fraction.
The inventors surprisingly found out that by using a mixture containing organic solvent and water, wherein the lignin is dissolved, for ultrafiltrating lignin instead of an alkaline solution the ash content of the mixture to be ultrafiltrated was not increased by the use of the solvent.
The lignin fractionated in step (ii) by the ultrafiltration treatment according to the present in- vention can contain impurities and/or inorganic mate¬ rial .
In one embodiment of the present invention the method further comprises the following step: (iii) subjecting at least one of the fractions formed in step (ii) to ion exchange treatment. The inventors surprisingly found out that by subjecting the fraction formed as a result of the ultrafiltration step to ion exchange treatment, it was possible to decrease the ash content of the lignin fraction. Step (iii) of sub- jecting a lignin fraction to ion exchange treatment according to the present invention enables the produc¬ tion of a lignin fraction having a decreased ash content compared to untreated lignin. In one embodiment of the present invention the method further comprises the following step: (iii) subjecting at least one of the fractions formed in step (ii) to ion exchange treatment for reducing the ash content of lignin. In one embodiment of the present invention an ash free lignin fraction is produced. The present invention further relates to the use of the method according to the present invention for reducing the content of inorganic components in lignin. Ion exchange is a procedure wherein ions can be exchanged between two electrolytes or between an electrolyte solution and a complex. In one embodiment of the present invention the ion exchange treatment comprises the use of one or more ion exchange resins. In one embodiment of the present invention the ion ex¬ change resin comprises a cation exchange resin, an an¬ ion exchange resin or an amphoteric exchange resin. The cation exchange resin exchange positively charged ions (cations) , the anion exchange resin exchange neg¬ atively charged ions (anions) , and the amphoteric ex¬ change resin is able to exchange both cations and ani¬ ons simultaneously. In embodiment of the present in¬ vention the ion exchange treatment comprises the use mixed beds that contain a mixture of anion and cation exchange resins. In one embodiment of the present in¬ vention step (iii) comprises the use of one or more different ion exchange resins. According to one embod¬ iment of the present invention step (iii) comprises the use of cation and anion exchange resins by turns.
In one embodiment of the present invention the method comprises the step of diluting at least one of the fractions obtained from step (ii) before step (iii) . In one embodiment of the present invention at least one fraction is diluted with water.
In one embodiment of the present invention step (iii) is carried out at a temperature of 20 - 80 °C.
In one embodiment of the present invention the method further comprises the following step: (iv) removing the organic solvent from at least one of the fractions obtained from step (ii) or obtained from step (iii) for precipitating lignin. In one embodiment of the present invention the lignin is precipitated in the water phase of the mixture. In one embodiment of the present invention step (iv) comprises evaporating the organic solvent. In one embodiment of the present invention the method comprises decreasing the temperature to room temperature before, during and/or after step (iv) . Decreasing the temperature to room temperature may have advantageous effects on the precipitation of lignin. The expression "room temperature" should be understood in this specification, unless otherwise stated, as a temperature of 20 - 25 °C .
In one embodiment of the present invention the method further comprises the following step: (v) filtrating the precipitated lignin.
In one embodiment of the present invention 10 100 weight-%, preferably 30 - 90 weight-% of the lignin is dissolved in the mixture containing organic solvent and water.
In one embodiment of the present invention step (i) is performed at a temperature of 20 - 120 °C, preferably at a temperature of 20 - 90 °C, and more preferably at a temperature of 50 - 70 °C .
In one embodiment of the present invention lignin is dissolved into a mixture of organic solvent and water in step (i) . In one embodiment of the pre¬ sent invention lignin is dissolved into a mixture con¬ sisting of organic solvent and water in step (i) .
In one embodiment of the present invention the mixture containing organic solvent and water com¬ prises 30 - 70 weight-%, preferably 45 - 55 weight-% of organic solvent.
In one embodiment of the present invention the organic solvent is selected from a group consist¬ ing of acetone, acetonitrile, butylacetate, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) , dimethylformamide (DMF) , tetrahydro- furan (THF) , propylene carbonate, ethanol, isopropa- nol, n-propanol, n-butanol, and any combination there- of. In one embodiment of the present invention the or¬ ganic solvent is an alcohol. In one embodiment of the present invention step (ii) comprises preventing evaporation of the or¬ ganic solvent during ultrafiltration.
In one embodiment of the present invention step (ii) comprises refluxing organic solvent evapo¬ rated during ultrafiltration.
In one embodiment of the present invention the filtration membrane is a ceramic membrane or a polymer membrane.
In one embodiment of the present invention two or more filtration membranes having different cut¬ off values are used in step (ii) .
In one embodiment of the present invention step (ii) comprises passing the mixture formed in step (i) through two or more filtration membranes arranged one after the other such that the cut-off value of the preceding filtration membrane is higher than the cutoff value of the following filtration membrane.
The number of the filtration membranes used in step (ii) can be selected based on the desired num¬ ber of lignin fractions to be formed. The cut-off val¬ ues of the filtration membranes used in the step (ii) can be selected based on which kind of lignin frac¬ tions are to be formed. I.e. the cut-off values can be selected based on the ranges of the molecular weight of the produced lignin fractions one wish to obtain.
In one embodiment of the present invention step (ii) of ultrafiltration is continued until a de¬ sired volume reduction factor (VRF) is achieved.
In one embodiment of the present invention the lignin to be fractionated is selected from a group consisting of kraft lignin, biomass originating lignin, lignin from alkaline pulping process, lignin from soda process, lignin from organosolv pulping, chemi- cally modified lignin, and any combination thereof.
By "kraft lignin" is to be understood in this specification, unless otherwise stated, lignin that originates from kraft black liquor. Black liquor is an alkaline aqueous solution of lignin residues, hemicel- lulose, and inorganic chemicals used in a kraft pulp¬ ing process. The black liquor from the pulping process comprises components originating from different soft¬ wood and hardwood species in various proportions. Lig¬ nin can be separated from the black liquor by different techniques including e.g. precipitation and filtration. Lignin usually begins precipitating at pH values below 11 - 12. Different pH values can be used in order to precipitate lignin fractions with different properties. These lignin fractions differ from each other by molecular weight distribution, e.g. Mw and Mn, polydispersity, hemicellulose and extractive contents. The molar mass of lignin precipitated at a higher pH value is higher than the molar mass of lignin precipitated at a lower pH value. Further, the mo¬ lecular weight distribution of lignin fraction precipitated at a lower pH value is wider than of lignin fraction precipitated at a higher pH value.
In one embodiment of the present invention the dry matter content of the lignin is below 98 %, preferably 40 - 80 %, and more preferably 50 - 70 %.
In one embodiment of the present invention the lignin is separated from pure biomass. The separa¬ tion process can begin with liquidizing the biomass with strong alkali followed by a neutralization process. After the alkali treatment the lignin can be precipitated in a similar manner as presented above. In one embodiment of the present invention the separa¬ tion of lignin from biomass comprises a step of enzyme treatment. The enzyme treatment modifies the lignin to be extracted from biomass. Lignin separated from pure biomass is sulphur-free and thus valuable in further processing.
The method of the present invention results in fractions of lignin with different molecular weights and properties being formed. Thus, by the method according to the present invention it is possi¬ ble to produce fractions of lignin with specific prop¬ erties for specific applications. E.g. in some appli- cation lignin of low molecular weight being more reactive is more favorable to be used while in other ap¬ plications lignin of high molecular weight results in better properties of the final product. As an example it can be mentioned that using both low molecular weight lignin and high molecular weight lignin in the production of a binder composition results in advantageous binder properties.
Using ultrafiltration together with the ion exchange treatment in accordance with the present in- vention surprisingly results in the formation of fractionated lignin with reduced ash content. Without lim¬ iting the invention to any specific theory about why the method of the present inventions results in the aforementioned advantage, it is to be considered that the use of the organic solvent during the ultrafiltra¬ tion step ensures that said step does not increase the ash content of the mixture or fraction to a level, which would be too high in order to the ion exchange step to be performed for said mixture or fraction. The use of ultrafiltration and ion exchange in accordance with the present invention thus surprisingly enables the production of so-called ash-free lignin, i.e. lig¬ nin having a reduced content of inorganic material.
The present invention further relates to a lignin fraction comprising lignin with a molecular weight within a predetermined range obtainable by the method according to the present invention.
The lignin fractions formed by the method ac¬ cording to the present invention may have different properties. E.g. the solubility, polarity, Tg value, melting point, purity level, molecular weight, reac¬ tivity or the functional groups may vary between the fractions formed. Depending on the specific properties of the formed lignin fractions, they can be used in different applications. In one embodiment of the pre¬ sent invention a lignin fraction is used as a thermo- set or a thermoplastic additive, as a filler for plas¬ tics, as a precursor for carbon fiber, as an additive for polyolefins, as a dispersant, as a surfactant, as a fire-retardant , or for the production of a cross- linking or a coupling agent.
The present invention further relates to the use of the lignin fraction according to the present invention for the production of a binder composition or an adhesive composition.
The present invention further relates to the use of the lignin fraction according to the present invention for the production of carbon fiber.
The present invention further relates to the use of the lignin fraction according to the present invention as an additive for thermoset plastic or thermoplastic.
The formed lignin fractions can be chemically modified to produce lignin with desired properties. The chemically modified lignin can be used in the ap¬ plications mentioned above.
One or more lignin fractions produced by the method according to the present invention can be used together with e.g. a polymerizable substance, cross- linking agent, and a catalyst for producing a binder composition. The produced binder composition can be used as a part of an adhesive composition together with one or more adhesive components selected from a group consisting of other binders, extenders, addi¬ tives, catalysts and fillers.
The binder composition and/or the adhesive composition can be used for gluing applications. E.g. a layered composite structure can be formed of two or more layers including at least one wood veneer layer, wherein the layers are arranged the one above the oth¬ er and combined by means of gluing with the binder composition and/or the adhesive composition. In this specification, unless otherwise stated, the term "wood veneer" is used to address a veneer, which can be formed of any material, e.g. wood-based material, fiber material, composite material or the like. In this con¬ text, the thickness of the wood veneer can be varied. Typically the thickness of wood veneer is below 3 mm.
The layered composite structure can be se¬ lected from a group consisting of a wood panel prod¬ uct, a plywood product, a composite product, and a pressed panel product. The layered composite structure can be formed of a number of layers, preferably wood ve- neer layers, in which the layers are laid one upon the other and glued together. The layered composite struc¬ ture can also be formed of a number of paper or fiber mat layers.
The formed adhesive composition can be used for gluing a wood product. The wood product can be selected from a group consisting of a wood board, a wood ve¬ neer, and a wood bar.
The embodiments of the invention described hereinbefore may be used in any combination with each other. Several of the embodiments may be combined to¬ gether to form a further embodiment of the invention. A method, a fraction or a use, to which the invention is related, may comprise at least one of the embodi¬ ments of the invention described hereinbefore.
An advantage of the method according to the present invention is that by using a mixture contain¬ ing organic solvent and water it is possible to dis¬ solve almost 100 % of a lignin sample to be used for the fractionation procedure into the mixture to be ul- trafiltrated . An advantage of the organic solvent is that the content of inorganic material in the lignin mixture is not increased due to the used solvent. This has advantageous effects of e.g. reducing the number of method steps or materials needed for fractionating and purifying lignin, thus simplifying the overall procedure and decreasing the costs involved.
An advantage of using ultrafiltration together with ion exchange in accordance with the present invention is that lignin fractions having reduced ash content can be produced.
An advantage of the lignin treated in accord- ance with the method of the present invention is its better suitability in chemical syntheses such as in polymerizing reactions compared to untreated lignin.
An advantage of the method according to the present invention is that it results in purified lig- nin fractions with predetermined molecular weight ranges. The method according to the present invention results in fractions of lignin having different molec¬ ular weight and properties such as reactivity. An ad¬ vantage of the present invention is that lignin frac- tions produced by the method according to the present invention and having specific properties can be se¬ lected based on these properties for specific applica¬ tions . EXAMPLES
Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
The description below discloses some embodi- ments of the invention in such a detail that a person skilled in the art is able to utilize the invention based on the disclosure. Not all steps of the embodi¬ ments are discussed in detail, as many of the steps will be obvious for the person skilled in the art based on this specification.
Figure 1 illustrates a method according to one embodiment of the present invention for producing a predetermined number of lignin fractions with dif¬ ferent molecular weight ranges.
Before dissolving lignin into a mixture containing organic solvent and water, the source and amounts of the components are chosen. Especially the source of the lignin to be fractionated is selected.
Following various preparations, step (i) is carried out by dissolving the selected lignin into a mixture containing organic solvent and water. The mix- ture can comprise e.g. a 50 weight-% acetone water mixture. The step (i) of dissolving lignin can be carried out at a temperature of e.g. 20 - 60 °C .
When about 98 weight-% of the lignin has been dissolved into the mixture containing organic solvent and water, step (ii) is carried out. In step (ii) the formed mixture is passed through a predetermined num¬ ber of filtration membranes in an ultrafiltration process. The formed mixture can be passed through a pre¬ determined number of filtration membranes being ar- ranged one after the other such that the cut-off value of the preceding filtration membrane is higher than the cut-off value of the following filtration membrane .
As a result of step (i) , and step (ii) , dif- ferent lignin fractions, each of which comprises lig¬ nin having a molecular weight within a predetermined range, are produced. These lignin fractions can be further processed in a desired manner to be used in different applications.
Figure 2 illustrates a method according to another embodiment of the present invention for frac¬ tionating lignin.
The method according to the embodiment of Fig. 2 begins in a similar manner as in the embodiment of Fig. 1. I.e. the selected lignin is dissolved in step (i) into a mixture containing organic solvent and water, after which it is ultrafiltrated in step (ii) in a manner as discussed above in relation to Fig. 1.
Following step (ii) of subjecting the mixture from step (i) to ultrafiltration treatment, the organ- ic solvent used is removed, e.g. by evaporation, from each of the different lignin fractions formed. During the evaporation, the lignin is precipitated. The pre¬ cipitated lignin can then be filtrated from the solu¬ tion in step (v) by using e.g. a pressure or a vacuum filter.
As a result of step (i) , step (ii) , step (iv) , and step (v) a predetermined number of lignin fractions, each of which comprises lignin having a mo¬ lecular weight within a predetermined range, are pro- duced. These lignin fractions can be further used for different applications.
Figure 3 illustrates a method according to still another embodiment of the present invention for fractionating lignin.
The method according to the embodiment of
Fig. 3 begins in a similar manner as in the embodiment of Fig. 1. I.e. the selected lignin is dissolved in step (i) into a mixture containing organic solvent and water, after which it is ultrafiltrated in step (ii) as discussed above in relation to Fig. 1.
Following step (ii) of subjecting the mixture from step (i) to ultrafiltration treatment, step (iii) is carried out. Step (iii) comprises subjecting at least one of the fractions formed in step (ii) to ion exchange treatment for decreasing the content of inor¬ ganic material in lignin. Prior to subjecting said fractions to the ion exchange treatment they can be diluted, if needed, after which they are treated by cation and anion exchange resins. The ion exchange treatment is carried out at a temperature of 20 - 80 Then, step (iv) is carried out, i.e. the re¬ sidual organic solvent is removed, e.g. by evapora¬ tion, from the treated lignin fractions. During the evaporation, lignin starts to precipitate. The precip- itated lignin can then be filtrated from the solution in step (v) .
As a result of step (i) , step (ii) , step (iii) , step (iv) , and step (v) different lignin frac¬ tions, each of which comprises lignin with a molecular weight within a predetermined range, are produced. Es¬ pecially, as a result of the method according to the embodiment of Fig. 3. lignin with a reduced ash con¬ tent or content of inorganic material is formed. These lignin fractions can be further used for different ap- plications.
The ultrafiltration step of the method ac¬ cording to one embodiment of the present invention can be realized in a manner as illustrated schemtically in Fig. 4. In this embodiment of the present invention an ultrafiltration step with three filtration membranes is illustrated. In step (ii) of ultrafiltrating the mixture, obtained from step (i) , comprising dissolved lignin is firstly passed through a first filtration membrane having a cut-off value of 50 kDa, whereby a concentrate a) and a permeate b) is formed. The perme¬ ate b) is then passed through a filtration membrane of 15 kDa, whereby a permeate c) is formed. Finally, the permeate c) is passed through a filtration membrane of 5 kDa, whereby a permeate d) is formed. Thus, as a re- suit of the ultrafiltration step four lignin fractions are formed. Each of these fractions comprises lignin within a specific molecular weight range and having specific properties. EXAMPLE 1 - Fractionating lignin In this example lignin was fractionated in accordance with the embodiment presented in Fig. 2. The following components and their amounts were used: amount (kg)
water 50
acetone 50
lignin 10
Firstly, a mixture containing acetone and wa¬ ter was formed such that the acetone concentration was 50 weight-%. The lignin was then dissolved into the mixture having a temperature of 60 °C . 98 % of the lignin was dissolved into the mixture containing ace- tone and water.
Then, the formed mixture was ultrafiltrated by feeding the mixture through three successive ceram¬ ic membranes having cut-off values of 50 kDa, 15 kDa and 5 kDa, respectively, in a manner as illustrated in Fig. 4. The membranes having cut-off values of 50 kDa and 5 kDa were Tami Industries' Filtanium™ membranes and the membrane having a cut-off value of 15 kDa was an Inside CeRAM™ ceramic membrane. Evaporation of the acetone during the filtration procedure was prevented by sealing the filtration equipment. The acetone that nevertheless was being evaporated was refluxed such that the increase of pressure was prevented.
In the ultrafiltration step the permeate from the 50 kDa filtration membrane was used as a feed in the 15 kDa filtration membrane and similarly the per¬ meate from the 15 kDa filtration membrane was used as a feed in the 5 kDa filtration membrane. This set of filtration membranes resulted in the formation of four different lignin fractions, i.e. the concentrate from the 50 kDa membrane, in the concentrate from the 15 kDa membrane, in the concentrate from the 5 kDa mem¬ brane, and in the permeate from the 5 kDa membrane. After the ultrafiltration procedure, acetone was evaporated from each of these four fractions re¬ sulting in lignin being precipitated in the water phase. Finally, the precipitated lignin was recovered by filtration using a vacuum filter.
The procedure of example 1 resulted in the formation of four lignin fractions with different mo¬ lecular weights. EXAMPLE 2 - Producing ash free lignin fractions
In this example ash free lignin fractions were produced in accordance with the embodiment pre¬ sented in Fig. 3. The following components and their amounts were used: amount (kg)
water 25
ethanol 75
lignin 10
Firstly, a mixture containing ethanol and wa¬ ter was formed such that the ethanol concentration was 50 weight-%. The lignin was then dissolved into the mixture having a temperature of 65 °C . 98 % of the lignin was dissolved into the mixture containing etha¬ nol and water.
Then, the formed mixture was ultrafiltrated by feeding the mixture through two successive polymer- ic membranes having the following cut-off values: 100 kDa, and 30 kDa . The ultrafiltration was performed with polymeric membranes purchased from Microdyn Na¬ dir. Evaporation of the ethanol during the filtration procedure was prevented by sealing the filtration equipment. The ethanol that despite sealing the equip¬ ment was still being evaporated was refluxed such that an increase in pressure was prevented. The permeate from the 100 kDa filtration mem¬ brane was used as a feed in the 30 kDa filtration mem¬ brane. This set of filtration membranes resulted in the formation of three different lignin fractions, i.e. the concentrate from the 100 kDa filtration mem¬ brane, in the concentrate from the 30 kDa filtration membrane, and in the permeate of the 30 kDa filtration membrane .
After the ultrafiltration procedure, each of the formed lignin fractions was subjected to an ion exchange procedure by using Finex's resin. The lignin fractions were diluted with water before being sub¬ jected to said procedure. The ion exchange procedure resulted in inorganic material being removed from the lignin. I.e. so-called ash-free lignin was formed.
Thereafter, residual ethanol was evaporated from each of the lignin fractions resulting in the lignin being precipitated. The lignin solution was cooled to room temperature and the precipitated lignin was filtrated from the solution by using a pressure filter .
The procedure of example 2 resulted in the formation of three lignin fractions with different mo¬ lecular weights being formed. Especially, the proce- dure of example 2 resulted in the formation of so- called ash-free lignin, which can advantageously be used in different applications.
EXAMPLE 3 - The use of different lignin fractions in the production of a binder composition
In this example a binder composition was pro¬ duced using the lignin fractionated in accordance with example 1. The following components and their amounts were used: concentration amount (g) water 179
NaOH-I 50 % 102
HMW-lignin fraction 97 % 146
LMW-lignin fraction 97% 72
phenol (polymerizable substance)
90 % 123
formaldehyde (crosslinking agent)
40 % 370
NaOH-II 50 % 51
The HMW-lignin fraction (high molecular weight lignin fraction) comprised lignin from the concentrate from the 50 kDa membrane of the ultrafiltra¬ tion step. The LMW-lignin fraction (low molecular weight lignin fraction) comprised lignin from the permeate of the 5 kDa membrane of the ultrafiltration step.
Firstly, water, the first part of NaOH (NaOH- I) and HMW-lignin were mixed under heating such that a dispersion was formed. Then the temperature was ad¬ justed to 50 °C, the phenol was added and then the formaldehyde was added in a stepwise manner during a period of one hour. The temperature was kept under 75 °C . After the formaldehyde had been added the second part of the NaOH (NaOH-II) was added. After the addi¬ tion of NaOH-II, the composition was cooked at 75 °C until the viscosity of the composition was 100 cP. Then the LMW-lignin was added to the composition. The cooking was continued at the temperature of 75 °C un¬ til the viscosity of the formed composition was about 305 cP. Then the composition was cooled resulting in a final viscosity of 350 cP. The viscosity was measured at a temperature of 25 °C . In this example, phenol and formaldehyde are used are used as examples of polymerizable substance and crosslinking agent, respectively. However, any other polymerizable substance or crosslinking agent can be equally well used in the binder composition production method. The polymerizable substance can be selected e.g. from a group consisting of phenol, cre- sol, resorcinol and combinations thereof, bio-based hydroxyphenols and their derivatives, lignin and tan- nin. The crosslinking agent can be selected e.g. from a group consisting of an aldehyde, a derivative of an aldehyde, an aldehyde forming compound and combina¬ tions thereof. The crosslinking agent can be selected e.g. from a group consisting of formaldehyde, hexa- methylenetetramine, paraformaldehyde, trioxane, aro¬ matic aldehyde, glyoxal, furfuryl alcohol, caprolac- tam, glycol compounds and any combinations thereof. The aromatic aldehyde can be furfuryl aldehyde. EXAMPLE 4 - Preparing an adhesive composition
In this example the binder composition produced in Example 3 was used for the production of an adhesive composition. The binder composition was mixed with extenders, fillers, catalysts, additives, as ex¬ amples of which e.g. starch, wood flour and hardener (e.g. tannin or carbonates) can be mentioned, thus forming the adhesive composition. EXAMPLE 5 - Preparing carbon fiber
In this example the lignin fraction from the concentrate of the 15 kDa membrane from Example 1 was melt spinned to carbon fiber at a temperature of 20-95 °C above the Tg of the lignin fraction by HAAKE MiniLab II CTW5 and collected on a bobbin (TUS) in a manner as described in "Ida Nordberg, Carbon fibers from kraft lignin, Doctoral Thesis, 2012".
EXAMPLE 6 - The use of a lignin fraction as an addi- tive in thermoplastics
In this example 30 weight-% of the lignin ob¬ tained from the concentrate of the 5 kDa membrane from Example 1 was mixed with 70 weight-% of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) (LD152BW ExxonMobile/Dupont) by a double screw mixer (DSM Xplore micro mixer and extrud¬ er) at a temperature of 160 °C and then injection molded . EXAMPLE 7 - The use of a lignin fraction as an additive in thermoplastics
In this example 30 weight-% of lignin ob¬ tained from the concentrate of the 5 kDa membrane from Example 1 was mixed with 10 weight-% of maleate graft¬ ed polyethylene (PE) (Fusabond E226) and 60 weight-% of LDPE (LD152BW ExxonMobile/Dupont) by a double screw mixer (DSM Xplore micro mixer and extruder) at a temperature of 160 °C and then injection molded.
It is obvious to a person skilled in the art that with the advancement of technology, the basic idea of the invention may be implemented in various ways. The invention and its embodiments are thus not limited to the examples described above; instead they may vary within the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for fractionating lignin, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the method comprises the following steps:
(i) dissolving lignin into a mixture containing organic solvent and water; and
(ii) ultrafiltrating the mixture formed in step (i) through one or more filtration membranes for producing a predetermined number of lignin fractions, wherein each fraction contains lignin with a molecular weight within a predetermined range.
2. The method of claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the method further comprises the fol¬ lowing step:
(iii) subjecting at least one of the frac¬ tions formed in step (ii) to ion exchange treatment.
3. The method of any one of claims 1 - 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the method further com¬ prises the following step:
(iv) removing the organic solvent from at least one of the fractions obtained from step (ii) or obtained from step (iii) for precipitating lignin.
4. The method according to claim 3, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the method further comprises the following step:
(v) filtrating the precipitated lignin.
5. The method of any one of claims 1 - 4, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that 10 — 100 weight—%, preferably 30 - 90 weight-% of the lignin is dissolved in the mixture containing organic solvent and water.
6. The method of any one of claims 1 - 5, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that step (i) is performed at a temperature of 20 - 120 °C, preferably at a tem¬ perature of 20 - 90 °C, and more preferably at a tem- perature of 50 - 70 °C .
7. The method of any one of claims 1 - 6, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the organic solvent is selected from a group consisting of acetone, acetoni- trile, butylacetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylfor- mamide, tetrahydrofuran, propylene carbonate, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, and any combina- tion thereof.
8. The method of any one of claims 1 - 7, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that step (ii) comprises preventing evaporation of the organic solvent during ultrafiltration.
9. The method of any one of claims 1 - 8, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the filtration membrane is a ceramic membrane or a polymer membrane.
10. The method of any one of claims 1 - 9, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that two or more filtration membranes having different cut-off values are used in step (ii) .
11. The method of any one of claim 1 - 10, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that step (ii) comprises passing the mixture formed in step (i) through two or more filtration membranes arranged one after the other such that the cut-off value of the preceding filtra¬ tion membrane is higher than the cut-off value of the following filtration membrane.
12. A lignin fraction comprising lignin with a molecular weight within a predetermined range ob¬ tainable by the method of any one of claims 1 - 11.
13. The use of a lignin fraction of claim 12 for the production of a binder composition or an adhesive composition.
14. The use of a lignin fraction of claim 12 for the production of carbon fiber.
15. The use of a lignin fraction of claim 12 as an additive for thermoset plastic or thermoplastic.
16. The use of the method of claim 2 for re- ducing the content of inorganic components in lignin.
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