WO2013166992A1 - 无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉和焚烧炉炉体 - Google Patents

无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉和焚烧炉炉体 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013166992A1
WO2013166992A1 PCT/CN2013/075481 CN2013075481W WO2013166992A1 WO 2013166992 A1 WO2013166992 A1 WO 2013166992A1 CN 2013075481 W CN2013075481 W CN 2013075481W WO 2013166992 A1 WO2013166992 A1 WO 2013166992A1
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Prior art keywords
incinerator
furnace
solid waste
zone
flue gas
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PCT/CN2013/075481
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
袁永扬
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Yuan Yongyang
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Publication of WO2013166992A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013166992A1/zh

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/027—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
    • F23G5/0276—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage using direct heating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/04—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment drying
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/08—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
    • F23G5/14—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion
    • F23G5/16—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion in a separate combustion chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/44—Details; Accessories
    • F23G5/442—Waste feed arrangements
    • F23G5/444—Waste feed arrangements for solid waste
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/44—Details; Accessories
    • F23G5/46—Recuperation of heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2215/00—Preventing emissions
    • F23J2215/10—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2215/00—Preventing emissions
    • F23J2215/50—Carbon dioxide
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2219/00—Treatment devices
    • F23J2219/20—Non-catalytic reduction devices
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of solid waste incinerators, in particular to a solid waste incinerator and an incinerator body for smokeless gas discharge. Background technique
  • Solid waste includes: urban road cleaning garbage, household garbage, food waste, medical waste, agricultural product processing waste, manure, waste plastics, tires, organic sludge and hazardous waste such as tannery sludge, electroplating sludge, printing and dyeing Sludge, etc.
  • the incinerators of existing waste incineration power plants generally burn garbage in the range of 800 to 900 °C. It is impossible to incinerate wastes such as medical waste or sludge incinerators of waste incineration power plants, and it is impossible to incinerate the dangers. Waste. Medical waste incinerators generally require a furnace temperature of 1200 °C.
  • the existing medical waste incinerators need to add a large amount of fuel to assist combustion, and the operation cost is high, so it is not possible to be used for domestic waste incineration.
  • waste materials such as sludge with high water content
  • furnace incineration treatment there is no special furnace incineration treatment, and it is generally used for post-drying and landfill treatment.
  • domestic waste, medical waste, organic sludge and hazardous waste cannot be incinerated in the same incinerator, and must be treated separately with a dedicated incinerator.
  • These special incinerators only use a small part of the heat energy of the combustion process, and there must be a large amount of flue gas emissions and secondary pollution during the incineration process.
  • incinerators for solid waste treatment mainly include mechanical grate furnaces, fluidized bed incinerators, rotary incinerators, static pyrolysis incinerators, and small oil and gas furnaces.
  • the most commonly used mechanical grate furnace is generally divided into three sections, namely the drying section, the combustion section and the burning section.
  • the fluidized bed is mainly composed of an air dispersing device for keeping the coal body flowing, a non-combustible material discharging device, a non-combustible material screening device, and a coal body circulation device.
  • the rotary kiln is a steel-made cylinder. It is equipped with a refractory lining and a perforated steel plate welded into a cylindrical shape.
  • the solid waste is conveyed in the direction of the axis and is tilted at a small angle.
  • the rim and several rollers are slidably supported to slowly rotate the cylinder to agitate and transport the solid waste forward.
  • These incinerators have the following deficiencies: (1) The combustion temperature in the combustion zone of the furnace is in the range of 800-900 °C, the combustion temperature is low, the combustion effect is poor, and a large amount of harmful gases such as dioxins are generated; ), during the combustion process, a large amount of flue gas (such as nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and harmful gases such as dioxin due to incomplete combustion) may be emitted; (3), auxiliary fuel is added during the combustion process ( Such as coal, diesel, etc., resulting in increased combustion costs, and consume a lot of energy, resulting in waste of resources; (4), because the combustion aid used in the combustion process is air, and the nitrogen in the air does not participate in the combustion reaction, and it It also absorbs a large amount of heat,
  • the combustion improvers participating in the combustion oxidation reaction in the existing solid waste incinerators use oxygen in the air. Due to the complex composition of the solid waste, the difference in calorific value is large, resulting in unstable furnace temperature, when the calorific value of the incineration When low, high-heat value fuel such as diesel or coal is usually added to maintain the furnace temperature, which consumes part of the energy. When the plastic in the solid waste is insufficiently burned under oxidant conditions, a large amount of dioxins are generated. Toxic and harmful gases, causing serious environmental pollution.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a solid waste incinerator and an incinerator body which are discharged by a smokeless gas, and the furnace volume is small compared with the existing garbage incinerator when the amount of solid waste processed per unit time is the same. It has a fast burning speed, a good combustion effect, a large reduction in fly ash generated by the combustion process, and a large amount of solid waste disposal. It can simultaneously incinerate a wide variety of solid wastes, save energy and protect the environment, and realize the discharge of smokeless gas to the outside. It will not cause secondary pollution.
  • a solid waste incinerator for discharging smokeless gas comprising an incinerator furnace body, wherein the incinerator furnace is a vertical structure, and a drying zone, a pyrolysis zone and a combustion zone are arranged from top to bottom, and the bottom of the combustion zone is provided There is a ash outlet, and a fire pit is arranged on the inner side of the furnace of the incinerator.
  • a set of spray guns is arranged on the front side and the left and right sides of the combustion zone of the incinerator furnace.
  • the outer side of the incinerator is provided with block-like compressed solid waste.
  • a boiler furnace is arranged on the top of the incinerator furnace, a set of spray guns is arranged on the front and rear sides of the furnace, and an induced draft fan is arranged on the top of the boiler furnace, and the output end of the induced draft fan is connected with heat exchange outside the furnace of the incinerator , desulfurization device, purification device, carbon dioxide separation device, the block
  • the flue gas generated by the combustion of the solid waste in the combustion zone flows upward through the pyrolysis zone, the drying zone, the boiler furnace under the action of the induced draft fan, and is cooled to a normal temperature in the heat exchanger, and is desulfurized in the desulfurization device, and removed in the purification device.
  • Water, dust, trace sulfur, carbon dioxide and residual flue gas are separated in a carbon dioxide separation device, the carbon dioxide is made into dry ice, and the remaining flue gas is mixed with pure oxygen into an oxygen-rich gas and sent to the incinerator furnace.
  • the block-shaped compressed solid waste manufacturing and output device is composed of a crusher, a mixing mixer, a compression molding machine and a high-temperature belt conveyor, and the domestic garbage and the medical garbage are crushed and crushed into the mixing mixer, the sludge garbage.
  • the calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate and ash are put into the mixing mixer at a certain ratio, and after mixing and mixing, they are input into a compression molding machine and pressed into a block-shaped compressed solid waste, and are input into the furnace of the incinerator through a high-temperature belt conveyor.
  • a multi-layer high temperature ceramic filter element is arranged between the bottom of the boiler furnace and the top of the incinerator furnace.
  • a barrier is provided at the ash outlet at the bottom of the combustion zone.
  • the invention also proposes an incinerator body of a smokeless solid waste incinerator, wherein the incinerator furnace body and the incinerator furnace are vertical structures, and the incinerator furnace has a drying zone from top to bottom. a pyrolysis zone and a combustion zone, a ash outlet is arranged at the bottom of the combustion zone, and a fire pit is arranged on the inner side of the furnace of the incinerator, and a set of spray guns are arranged on the front side and the left and right sides of the combustion zone of the incinerator furnace, the incinerator furnace
  • the upper outer side is provided with a block-shaped compressed solid waste manufacturing and output device, and the solid waste enters the incinerator furnace through an inlet port on the incinerator furnace, and a boiler furnace is arranged on the top of the incinerator furnace, and the front and rear sides of the boiler furnace are provided with a a set of spray guns, an exhaust fan at the top of the boiler furnace, the flue gas is discharge
  • the present invention has the following remarkable effects:
  • the incinerator of the present invention adopts a method of recycling CO 2 and residual flue gas from the flue gas to be recycled, the solid waste incineration process realizes smokeless gas discharge, thereby avoiding a large amount of smoke generated during the solid waste incineration process.
  • the harm caused by secondary pollution caused by gas efflux makes the incinerator's emission reduction effect particularly remarkable.
  • the incinerator of the present invention adopts a method of incinerating and compressing the solid waste after incineration and flue gas circulation, the volume of the incinerator furnace can be reduced by 3 times, and the amount of flue gas generated during the incineration process can be reduced by 4 times. Therefore, the heat loss on the inner surface of the furnace and the heat loss taken away by the smoke exhaust are effectively reduced, and the waste heat of the flue gas in the incineration process is less lost, and the residual heat of the flue gas can be utilized multiple times, so that the thermal efficiency of the incinerator is greatly improved. From 47% to over 70%, the energy saving effect is remarkable.
  • the volumetric weight ratio of the solid waste of the furnace is generally 0.3 to 0.6 ton / m 3
  • the combustion gas is air
  • the air volume used is generally 10 m 3 / 10,000 kcal
  • the volumetric weight ratio of the solid waste of the incinerator of the present invention reaches 0.9. ⁇ 1.8 tons / m 3
  • combustion-supporting gas is oxygen-rich gas
  • the amount of air used is generally 2 / m 3 million kcal.
  • the furnace temperature in the furnace is increased to about 1200 °C (400-500 °C higher than the existing furnace temperature).
  • the incinerator of the present invention adopts a method of dropping a fire pit at an angle of about 45 °, the block-like compressed solid waste in the furnace is slid down to the bottom of the furnace by the slope of its own weight and the surface of the fire pit.
  • the method of adding calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, ash powder and the like is used in the production of the block-shaped compressed solid waste, the ash becomes a loose honeycomb structure after burning, and the block is compressed from above.
  • the self-weight of the solid waste crushes the ash into the ash pit below the ash outlet, thereby greatly reducing the risk of sintering collapse that often occurs in existing shaft kiln.
  • the incinerator can also incinerate different types of solid waste such as sludge, domestic waste, medical waste and hazardous waste at the same time. The suitability of the incinerator is very wide.
  • the incinerator of the present invention adopts an oxygen-free pyrolysis and re-combustion method, the combustion temperature is as high as 1200 ° C, and the solid waste is dried in the furnace, pyrolyzed and then burned at a high temperature, and the solid waste pyrolysis process is Under the anoxic atmosphere, the formation conditions of dioxins are destroyed, the generation of dioxins is avoided, the problem of dioxin damage during solid waste incineration is solved, and the pollution prevention effect of the incinerator is remarkable.
  • the furnace since the incinerator of the invention adopts compressed solid waste and a row of ventilation fire pits on the inner side of the furnace, the furnace has a vertical structure, so that the compressed solid waste can be concentrated and burned in the furnace.
  • Such a structure makes the furnace volume small, the burning speed is fast, the solid waste disposal amount is large, the combustion effect is good, and the fly ash generated by the combustion process is greatly reduced.
  • the incinerator of the present invention employs burning of the fixed carbon of the solid waste in the combustion zone of the furnace, the organic carbon of the pyrolysis flue gas is burned in the boiler furnace. Ensure that the fixed carbon of the solid waste is fully burned in the furnace combustion zone grille. A certain amount of oxygen-enriched gas must be introduced into the boiler furnace to participate in the combustion of the organic carbon in the pyrolysis flue gas to ensure that it will enter the boiler furnace. The flue gas is fully and completely burned again, so that both the fixed carbon and the organic carbon are fully burned, so that the combustion effect of the entire incinerator is remarkable.
  • FIG. 1 is a structure of a smokeless solid waste incinerator according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line BB of Figure 1.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic view showing the structure of the flue gas flow direction system outside the incinerator shown in Figure 1.
  • a smokeless solid waste incinerator consists of an incinerator body 6, a vertical structure incinerator furnace 13, a crusher 1, a mixing mixer 2, a compression molding machine. 3.
  • the incinerator furnace 13 is provided with a drying zone 12, a pyrolysis zone 11 and a combustion zone 8 from top to bottom, and a ash outlet 9 is provided at the bottom of the combustion zone 8, and the ash outlet 9 is provided with a barrier rib 22.
  • a plurality of spray guns 10 are respectively disposed on the front side, the left side, and the right side of the combustion zone 8 of the incinerator hearth 13.
  • the outer portion of the upper portion of the incinerator furnace 13 is provided with a block-shaped compressed solid waste manufacturing and output device, which is composed of a crusher 1, a mixing mixer 2, a compression molding machine 3, and a high temperature belt conveyor 5, and lives.
  • Garbage, food waste, medical waste, etc. crushed into the mixing mixer 2, sludge-based garbage and mixed materials calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, furnace ash are fed into the mixing mixer 2 according to a certain ratio, after mixing and input, the pressure is input.
  • the shrink molding machine 3 is pressed into a block-shaped compressed solid waste 4, and is introduced into the incinerator furnace 13 through the high temperature belt conveyor 5.
  • a boiler furnace 15 is arranged at the top of the incinerator furnace 13, and a high temperature resistant ceramic filter element 14 is arranged between the boiler furnace 15 and the incinerator furnace 13.
  • An induced draft fan 16 is arranged at the top of the boiler furnace 15, and the output end of the induced draft fan 16 is sequentially connected with a heat exchanger 17 located outside the incinerator furnace body 6, a desulfurization device 18, a purification device 19, a carbon dioxide separation device 20, and a block-like compressed solid.
  • the flue gas generated by the combustion of the waste 4 in the combustion zone 8 flows upward through the pyrolysis zone 11, the drying zone 12, the boiler furnace 15 and is output to the heat exchanger 17 outside the furnace, and the desulfurization device 18, under the action of the induced draft fan 16.
  • the purification device 19, the carbon dioxide separation device 20, and the gas mixer 21 are examples of the purification device 19 and the gas mixer 21.
  • the sulfur device 18 desulfurizes the flue gas to obtain calcium sulfate and excess calcium carbonate, and the desulfurization device 18 outputs a flue gas input purification device 21 containing up to 90% of carbon dioxide, and the water, dust and trace sulfur in the flue gas are purified during the purification process.
  • the carbon dioxide separation device 20 is further input to separate carbon dioxide and residual flue gas, wherein the carbon dioxide output is made into dry ice, and the remaining flue gas is fed into the gas mixer 21 to be mixed with pure oxygen to form an oxygen-rich gas, and is sent to the combustion of the incinerator furnace.
  • the three sets of spray guns 10 of zone 8 and a set of spray guns 10 of the boiler furnace are burned.
  • the combustion zone 8 consumes about 3/4 of the total oxygen-rich gas
  • the boiler furnace 15 consumes about 1/4 of the total oxygen-rich gas.
  • the smokeless gas discharged solid waste incinerator body 6 is provided with a plurality of storage bins respectively for storing domestic garbage, medical waste, sludge waste, calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, furnace ash, and input into the crusher 1 according to a certain proportion.
  • the block-shaped compressed solid waste 4 After mixing with the mixer 2, the block-shaped compressed solid waste 4 is formed in the compression molding machine 3, and is introduced into the incinerator furnace 13 through the high-temperature belt conveyor 5, and flows from the drying zone 12 and the pyrolysis zone 11 to In the combustion zone 8, the block-shaped compressed solid waste 4 is fully incinerated at a high temperature of 1200 ° C through three sets of spray guns 10 disposed on the front side, the left side, and the right side of the combustion zone 8, and the generated flue gas mainly passes through the fire pit 7
  • the upper part of the incinerator furnace 13 flows, and the width of the fire pit 7 is smaller than the width of the bulk compressed solid waste 4, so that it cannot enter the fire pit 7 to ensure the smooth passage of the flue gas passage.
  • the rising flue gas flows countercurrently to the downwardly flowing massive compressed solid waste 4 in the incinerator crucible 13 and is continuously subjected to sufficient heat exchange, and the bulk compressed solid waste 4 in the drying zone 12 is subjected to flue gas.
  • the temperature of the drying zone 12 is about 200 ° C
  • the dried bulk compressed solid waste 4 enters the pyrolysis zone 11 and is heated by the higher temperature flue gas in the pyrolysis zone 11 to Pyrolysis
  • the temperature of the pyrolysis zone 11 is about 800 ° C
  • the drying zone 12 and the pyrolysis zone 11 are anoxic zones
  • the bulk compressed solid waste 4 is dried in the drying zone 12 and pyrolyzed in the pyrolysis zone 11
  • there is no condition for the production of dioxins there is no condition for the production of dioxins, thereby effectively preventing the formation of dioxins.
  • the block-shaped compressed solid waste 4 is uniformly mixed with calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, furnace ash and the like, and after drying and pyrolysis, it reaches a temperature of about 800 ° C before entering the combustion zone 8, so the furnace temperature is reached.
  • the burning zone 8 at 1200 ° C can be fully burned and sintered into a honeycomb structure block, and the bulk compressed solid waste 4 which continues to enter the combustion zone 8 is dispersed into the ash and discharged from the ash outlet 9 while The fly ash produced is relatively small.
  • a multi-layer high temperature resistant ceramic filter element 14 is placed between the bottom of the boiler furnace 15 and the top of the incinerator furnace 13 to substantially filter the fly ash.
  • the incinerator is fully utilized, carbon dioxide is made into dry ice, nitrogen oxides are used to make combustion or disinfecting gas, part of the ash is made into building materials, and the other part is used as a mixed material for recycling, boiler steam generation, to achieve smokeless gas emission. , no secondary pollution, significant effect of energy saving and environmental protection.

Abstract

一种无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉，该焚烧炉炉膛为竖向结构，从上至下依次设有干燥区、热解区和燃烧区，炉膛内侧设有一组火坑，燃烧区前侧和左、右侧分别设有一组喷枪，炉膛上部外侧设有块状压缩固体废弃物制造和输出装置，炉膛顶部设有锅炉炉膛和引风机，锅炉炉膛侧壁有一组喷枪，引风机输出端依次接有换热器、脱硫装置、净化装置、CO2分离装置、气体混合器，该气体混合器输出的富氧气体与四组喷枪连通。本焚烧炉炉膛容积小但固体废弃物处理量大，燃烧速度快、效果好，能同时处理种类多的固体废弃物，节能环保，并实现无烟气向外界排放，也不会造成二次污染。

Description

无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉和焚烧炉炉体 技术领域
本发明涉及固体废弃物焚烧炉技术领域， 特别涉及一种无烟气排放的固 体废弃物焚烧炉和焚烧炉炉体。 背景技术
固体废弃物包括： 城镇路面清扫垃圾、 居民生活垃圾、 餐饮垃圾、 医疗 垃圾、 农产品加工废弃物、 粪便、 废旧塑料、 轮胎、 有机污泥以及危险废弃 物如制革污泥、 电镀污泥、 印染污泥等。 现有垃圾焚烧发电厂的焚烧炉一般 在 800〜900°C范围内对垃圾进行燃烧处理， 垃圾焚烧发电厂的焚烧炉是不可 能焚烧处理医疗垃圾或污泥等废弃物， 更不能焚烧处理危险废弃物。 医疗垃 圾焚烧炉一般要求炉温达到 1200 °C， 现有医疗垃圾焚烧炉需要添加大量燃料 辅助燃烧， 运行成本高， 故也不可能用于生活垃圾焚烧处理。 对于含水量高 的污泥等废气物， 现还没有专用炉具焚烧处理， 一般都是采用干化后填埋处 理。 现有焚烧炉中对生活垃圾、 医疗垃圾、 有机污泥以及危险废弃物不能用 同一炉体焚烧处理， 必须用专用焚烧炉去分别处理。 而这些专用焚烧炉仅仅 是利用了燃烧过程的少部分热能， 在焚烧过程中肯定有大量烟气排放并造成 二次污染。
目前， 用于固体废弃物处理的焚烧炉主要有机械炉排炉、流化床焚烧炉、 回转式焚烧炉、 静态热解焚烧炉、 小型油气炉等。 最为常用的机械炉排炉其 炉膛内一般分为三段， 即干燥段、 燃烧段和燃烬段。 流化床主要由用于保持 煤体流动的空气分散装置、 不燃物排出装置、 不燃物筛选及煤体循环装置等 组成。 回转窑是在钢制的圆筒内部， 加装耐火衬里及有孔钢板焊接成筒状， 以固体废弃物传送方向为轴心， 呈小角度倾斜旋转的设备， 其外围有两组环 状钢制轮圈及几个滚轮滑动支承， 使圆筒缓慢的转动， 而将固体废弃物搅拌 及向前输送。 这些焚烧炉都存在如下不足之处： （1 ) 、 炉膛内燃烧区的燃 烧温度在 800— 900 °C范围内， 燃烧温度低， 燃烧效果差， 会产生大量二恶英 等有害气体； （2 )、在燃烧过程中会排放大量烟气（如氮氧化物、二氧化碳、 二氧化硫及因不完全燃烧而产生的有害气体二恶英等)造成二次污染； （3 ) 、 燃烧过程添加辅助燃料 （如煤、 柴油等） 造成燃烧成本增高， 并消耗大量能 源， 造成资源浪费； （4 ) 、 由于垃圾在燃烧过程中使用的助燃剂是空气， 而 空气中的氮气是不参加燃烧反应的， 而它又要吸收大量的热量， 从而造成热 能损耗大、 热效率低。 总之， 这些炉炉体结构复杂、 炉膛容积大、 通入空气 量大、 烟气排放量大、 粉尘多、 热能损耗大， 既不节能也不环保。 现有固体废弃物焚烧炉中的烟气都是通过烟囱排放到大气层中。 由于烟 气处理及运行成本高或烟气处理系统维护缺失等原因， 导致大量的烟气含有 毒有害气体（如： 二氧化硫、 一氧化碳、 氮氧化物、 二恶英等）及飞灰排放， 对环境空气、 水源和土壤造成严重污染， 这些烟气长期排放会危及人类的生 存环境。
现有固体废弃物焚烧炉中由于有大量的烟气不断排放， 固体废弃物焚烧 的热量会随着烟气排放而被带走一部分使炉温下降； 而且由于固体废弃物含 水分多而热值低， 故难以燃烧， 需要预先干燥垃圾， 这就需要大量的热空气， 炉膛内的热量又被消耗了一部分， 使炉温下降； 同时， 由于焚烧炉的炉膛容 积大， 炉膛内表面散热面积大、 散热速度快和散热量大， 炉膛内的热能又被 消耗一部分， 使炉温下降， 造成整个焚烧炉的热效率低。
现有固体废弃物焚烧炉中参加燃烧氧化反应的助燃剂都是采用空气中的 氧气， 由于固体废弃物的组成较为复杂， 其热值差异大， 导致炉温不稳定， 当焚烧物的热值低时， 一般会添加柴油或煤等高热值燃料以维持炉温稳定， 这样又要消耗部分能源， 在有氧化剂条件下固体废弃物中的塑料燃烧不充分 时， 会产生大量的二恶英等有毒有害气体， 造成严重的环境污染。 固体废弃 物的完全焚烧通常需要加大进入炉膛内的空气量以增加端流度， 让空气与固 体废弃物之间在炉膛内形成沸腾状态，但这样一来会导致烟气中飞灰量增加， 使烟气净化处理难度增大并造成处理成本增加。 发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉和焚烧炉炉 体， 在单位时间处理固体废弃物数量相同的情况下与现有垃圾焚烧炉相比， 其炉膛容积小， 燃烧速度快、燃烧效果好、燃烧过程产生的飞灰大幅度减少， 而且对固体废弃物处理量大， 能同时焚烧处理种类繁多的固体废弃物， 节能 环保， 并实现无烟气向外界排放， 也不会造成二次污染。
本发明所提出的技术解决方案是这样的：
一种无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉， 包括焚烧炉炉体， 所述焚烧炉炉 膛为竖向结构， 从上至下依次设有干燥区、 热解区和燃烧区， 燃烧区底部设 有出灰口， 焚烧炉炉膛后内侧设有一组火坑， 焚烧炉炉膛的燃烧区的前侧和 左、 右侧分别设有一组喷枪， 焚烧炉炉膛上部外侧设有块状压縮固体废弃物 制造和输出装置， 焚烧炉炉膛顶部设有锅炉炉膛， 该锅炉炉膛的前、 后侧设 有一组喷枪， 锅炉炉膛顶部设有引风机， 该引风机输出端依次连接有位于焚 烧炉炉体外的换热器、 脱硫装置、 净化装置、 二氧化碳分离装置， 所述块状 压缩固体废弃物在燃烧区燃烧产生的烟气在引风机的作用下向上依次流经热 解区、 干燥区、 锅炉炉膛， 并在换热器降至常温， 在脱硫装置脱硫， 在净化 装置除去水、 粉尘、 微量硫， 在二氧化碳分离装置分离出二氧化碳和剩余烟 气， 所述二氧化碳制成干冰， 所述剩余烟气输入气体混合器中与纯氧混合成 富氧气体输至所述焚烧炉炉膛的燃烧区的三组喷枪和锅炉炉膛的一组喷枪。
焚烧炉炉膛的干燥区和热解区的中轴线与水平面夹角为 α =40° -50° 角 度， 燃烧区的中轴线与水平面垂直。 所述焚烧炉炉膛的干燥区、 热解区、 燃 烧区的后内侧所设有的相互平行且竖向排布的一组火坑， 其火坑面与水平面 的夹角 β =40 ° -50 ° 角度， 所述火坑底与水平面的夹角 Τ =55 ° -65 ° 角度。 所述块状压缩固体废弃物制造和输出装置由破碎机、 拌和混合机、 压缩成型 机和耐高温带式输送器组成， 生活垃圾、 医疗垃圾经破碎机破碎输入拌和混 合机， 污泥类垃圾和硫酸钙、 碳酸钙、 炉灰按一定比例投入拌和混合机， 经 拌和混合后输入压缩成型机压成块状压缩固体废弃物， 通过耐高温带式输送 器输入焚烧炉炉膛内。
在锅炉炉膛底部与焚烧炉炉膛顶部之间设有多层耐高温陶瓷滤芯。 在燃 烧区底部出灰口设有隔栅。
本发明同样提出一种无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉的焚烧炉炉体， 该 焚烧炉炉体和焚烧炉炉膛为竖向结构， 所述焚烧炉炉膛从上至下依次设有干 燥区、 热解区和燃烧区， 燃烧区底部设有出灰口， 焚烧炉炉膛后内侧设有一 组火坑， 焚烧炉炉膛的燃烧区的前侧和左、 右侧分别设有一组喷枪， 焚烧炉 炉膛上部外侧设有块状压缩固体废弃物制造和输出装置， 固体废弃物经由焚 烧炉炉膛上的进入口进入焚烧炉炉膛， 焚烧炉炉膛顶部设有锅炉炉膛， 该锅 炉炉膛的前、 后侧设有一组喷枪， 锅炉炉膛顶部设有引风机， 将烟气排出焚 烧炉炉体之外， 由剩余烟气与纯氧混合而成的富氧气体输至所述焚烧炉炉膛 的燃烧区的三组喷枪和锅炉炉膛的一组喷枪。
与现有技术相比， 本发明具有如下显著效果：
( 1 ) 、 由于本发明的焚烧炉采用从烟气中回收 C02和剩余烟气回炉循 环利用的方法， 使固体废弃物焚烧过程实现无烟气排放， 从而避免固体废弃 物焚烧过程中产生大量烟气外排而造成二次污染的危害， 使焚烧炉减排效果 特别显著。
(2 )、 由于本发明焚烧炉采用了将固体废弃物破碎及压缩成型后焚烧和 烟气循环回炉方法， 使焚烧炉炉膛容积可以减小 3倍， 焚烧过程烟气的产生 量可以减少 4倍， 从而有效减少了炉膛内表面的热损耗和被烟气排放带走的 热损耗， 焚烧过程烟气余热的损耗较少， 烟气余热能被多次利用， 使焚烧炉 的热效率大幅度提高， 从 47%提高到 70%以上， 其节能效果显著。 现有焚烧 炉的固体废弃物的容积重量比一般为 0.3〜0.6吨 / m3 ， 助燃气体是空气， 使用风量一般为 10m3 /万 kcal,而本发明的焚烧炉的固体废弃物的容积重量 比达到 0.9〜1.8吨 / m3，助燃气体是富氧气体，使用风量一般为 2/m3万 kcal。 同时， 炉膛内炉温提高至 1200°C左右 （比现有炉温提升 400-500 °C ) 。 由于 使用富氧气体助燃， 减少空气中 80%的氮气参与燃烧， 从而在二次燃烧后产 生的烟气中的二氧化碳含量提高 3-4倍， 至烟气的 90%, 并且将烟气中的二 氧化碳回收变成干冰。
(3 ) 、 由于本发明焚烧炉采用了大约 45 ° 角度斜坡火坑落料方法， 炉 膛内块状压縮固体废弃物是利用其自重和火坑面的斜坡下滑落到炉膛底部。 同时， 由于在制作块状压縮固体废弃物时采用了添加硫酸钙、 碳酸钙、 炉灰 粉等拌烧料方法， 当其燃烬后灰渣变成松散蜂窝结构， 由上面块状压縮固体 废弃物的自重将灰渣压碎落到出灰口下面的灰坑里， 从而， 大大地减少了现 有立窑经常发生的烧结坍塌的危险。 该焚烧炉还可以同时焚烧不同类型的固 体废弃物如污泥、 生活垃圾、 医疗垃圾及危险废弃物等， 焚烧炉的适用性非 常广泛。
(4)、 由于本发明焚烧炉采用了缺氧热解后再燃烧方法， 燃烧温度高达 1200 °C , 固体废弃物在炉内经过干燥、 热解后再高温燃烧， 固体废弃物热解 过程是在缺氧气氛下进行， 从而破坏了二恶英的生成条件， 避免了二恶英的 产生， 解决了固体废弃物焚烧过程中产生二恶英危害的难题， 使焚烧炉防治 污染效果显著。
( 5 )、 由于本发明焚烧炉采用了压縮成块状固体废弃物且炉膛后内侧设 有一排通风火坑， 炉膛又呈竖向结构， 使压縮固体废弃物在炉膛内能集中火 力点燃烧， 这样的结构使炉膛容积小、 燃烧速度快、 固体废弃物处理量大、 燃烧效果好、 燃烧过程产生的飞灰大幅度减少。
( 6)由于本发明的焚烧炉采用了在炉膛燃烧区将固体废弃物的固定碳燃 烧后在经锅炉炉膛燃烧热解烟气的有机碳。 在炉膛燃烧区隔栅上确保将固体 废弃物的固定碳充分完全燃烧， 在锅炉炉膛内必须通入一定量的富氧气体参 与燃烧热解烟气中的有机碳， 确保将进入锅炉炉膛内的烟气再次充分完全燃 烧， 使固定碳和有机碳都充分完全燃烧， 从而使整个焚烧炉的燃烧效果显著。
附图说明
图 1是本发明一个实施例的一种无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉的结构 图 3是图 1的 B-B剖面示意图。
图 4是设在图 1所示焚烧炉外的烟气流向系统结构示意图。
其中， 附图标记说明如下：
1、 破碎机； 2、 拌和混合机； 3、 压縮成型机； 4、 块状压縮固体废弃 物 ； 5、 耐高温带式输送器 ； 6、 焚烧炉炉体 ； 7、 火坑； 7-1、 火坑面 ； 7-2、 火坑底； 8、 燃烧区； 9、 出灰口 ； 10、 喷枪 ； 11、 热解区； 12、 干燥区 ； 13、 焚烧炉炉膛 ； 14、 耐高温陶瓷滤芯 ； 15、 锅炉炉膛 ； 16、 引风机； 17、 换热器； 18、 脱硫装置 ； 19、 净化装置； 20、 二氧化碳分 离装置； 21、 气体混合器； 22、 隔栅。 具体实施方式
通过下面实施例对本发明作进一步详细阐述。
参见图 1一图 4所示， 一种无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉由焚烧炉炉 体 6、 竖向结构的焚烧炉炉膛 13、 破碎机 1、 拌和混合机 2、 压縮成型机 3、 耐高温带式输送器 5、 锅炉炉膛 15、 引风机 16、 换热器 17、 脱硫装置 18、 净化装置 19、 二氧化碳分离装置 20、 气体混合器 21 组成。 焚烧炉炉膛 13 从上至下依次设有干燥区 12、热解区 11和燃烧区 8，燃烧区 8底部设有出灰 口 9， 该出灰口 9设有隔栅 22。本焚烧炉炉膛 13的横截面呈方形， 在焚烧炉 炉膛 13的干燥区 12、 热解区 11、 燃烧区 8的后内侧设有一组相互平行且竖 向排布的火坑 7， 火坑面 7-1与水平面的夹角 β =40° -50° 角度， 火坑底 7-2 与水平面的夹角 ΤΓ =55 ° -65 ° 角度。在焚烧炉炉膛 13的燃烧区 8的前侧、左 侧和右侧分别设有一组喷枪 10。 焚烧炉炉膛 13上部的外侧部设有块状压縮 固体废弃物制造和输出装置， 该装置由破碎机 1、拌和混合机 2、压縮成型机 3和耐高温带式输送器 5组成， 生活垃圾、 餐饮垃圾、 医疗垃圾等经破碎机 1 破碎输入拌和混合机 2， 污泥类垃圾和拌烧料硫酸钙、 碳酸钙、 炉灰按一定 比例输入拌和混合机 2， 经拌和混合后输入压縮成型机 3压成块状压縮固体 废弃物 4， 通过耐高温带式输送器 5输入焚烧炉炉膛 13 内。 焚烧炉炉膛 13 顶部设有锅炉炉膛 15， 该锅炉炉膛 15与焚烧炉炉膛 13之间设有耐高温陶瓷 滤芯 14。 焚烧炉炉膛 13的干燥区 12和热解区 11的中轴线与水平面的夹角 为 α =40° -50° 角度， 燃烧区 8的中轴线与水平面垂直。在锅炉炉膛 15顶部 设有引风机 16， 引风机 16输出端依次连接有位于焚烧炉炉体 6外的换热器 17、 脱硫装置 18、 净化装置 19、 二氧化碳分离装置 20， 块状压縮固体废弃 物 4在燃烧区 8燃烧产生的烟气在引风机 16的作用下向上依次流经热解区 11、 干燥区 12、 锅炉炉膛 15并输出至炉体外的换热器 17、 脱硫装置 18、 净 化装置 19、 二氧化碳分离装置 20和气体混合器 21。 将脱硫剂碳酸钙加入脱 硫装置 18对烟气进行脱硫， 获得硫酸钙和过剩碳酸钙， 脱硫装置 18输出含 二氧化碳达 90 %的烟气输入净化装置 21，在净化过程中将烟气中的水份、粉 尘及微量硫除去， 然后再输入二氧化碳分离装置 20， 分离出二氧化碳和剩余 烟气， 其中二氧化碳输出制成干冰， 剩余烟气输入气体混合器 21与纯氧混合 成富氧气体，输至所述焚烧炉炉膛的燃烧区 8的三组喷枪 10和锅炉炉膛一组 喷枪 10燃烧。燃烧区 8耗用富氧气体总量的 3 / 4左右， 锅炉炉膛 15耗用富 氧气体总量的 1 / 4左右。
本无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉体 6外设有若干储存仓分别储存生活 垃圾、 医疗垃圾、 污泥类垃圾、 硫酸钙、 碳酸钙、 炉灰， 按一定比例分别输 入破碎机 1破碎和拌和混合机 2混合后， 在压縮成型机 3制成块状压縮固体 废弃物 4， 经耐高温带式输送器 5输入焚烧炉炉膛 13内， 从干燥区 12、 热解 区 11流向燃烧区 8， 通过设在燃烧区 8前侧、 左侧、 右侧的三组喷枪 10对 块状压縮固体废弃物 4进行 1200°C的高温充分焚烧， 产生的烟气主要通过火 坑 7向焚烧炉炉膛 13上部流动， 火坑 7的宽度小于块状压縮固体废弃物 4 的宽度， 使其不能进入火坑 7内， 以保证烟气通道畅通。 上升的烟气与焚烧 炉炉膛 13中向下流动的块状压縮固体废弃物 4成逆向流动并不断进行充分的 热交换，在干燥区 12内的块状压縮固体废弃物 4受烟气加热使其干燥， 干燥 区 12的温度约为 200 °C左右，干燥后的块状压縮固体废弃物 4进入热解区 11， 在热解区 11受到更高温度的烟气加热，使其热解，热解区 11的温度约为 800 °C， 干燥区 12和热解区 11是缺氧区域， 块状压縮固体废弃物 4在干燥区 12 干燥和在热解区 11热解是在缺氧状态下进行， 不存在二恶英的产生条件， 从 而， 有效防止了二恶英的生成。 由于块状压縮固体废弃物 4内均匀混有硫酸 钙、 碳酸钙、 炉灰等拌烧料且经过干燥、 热解后达到 800°C左右温度后才进 入燃烧区 8， 所以在炉温达 1200°C的燃烧区 8内能充分燃烧并烧结成蜂窝结 构块状物， 被继续进入燃烧区 8的块状压縮固体废弃物 4压散成炉灰， 并从 出灰口 9排出， 同时所产生的飞灰比较少。在锅炉炉膛 15底部与焚烧炉炉膛 13顶部之间装有多层耐高温陶瓷滤芯 14， 基本滤去飞灰。
本焚烧炉生成物得到充分利用， 二氧化碳制成干冰， 氮氧化物制成助燃 或消毒气体， 炉灰一部分制成建材， 另一部分作拌烧料循环再用， 锅炉蒸汽 发电， 达到无烟气排放， 无二次污染， 节能环保的显著效果。

Claims

权利要求
1. 一种无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉，包括焚烧炉炉体，其特征在于: 所述焚烧炉炉膛为竖向结构， 从上至下依次设有干燥区、 热解区和燃烧区， 燃烧区底部设有出灰口， 焚烧炉炉膛后内侧设有一组通风火坑， 该火坑上部 与耐高温带式输送器相接， 火坑自上向下倾斜至底部与燃烧区底部相接， 块 状压縮固体废弃物通过火坑面的斜坡下滑到焚烧炉炉膛底部， 焚烧炉炉膛的 燃烧区的前侧和左、 右侧分别设有一组喷枪， 焚烧炉炉膛上部外侧设有块状 压縮固体废弃物制造和输出装置， 焚烧炉炉膛顶部设有锅炉炉膛， 该锅炉炉 膛的前、 后侧设有一组喷枪， 锅炉炉膛顶部设有引风机， 该引风机输出端依 次连接有位于焚烧炉炉体外的换热器、 脱硫装置、 净化装置、 二氧化碳分离 装置， 所述块状压縮固体废弃物在燃烧区燃烧产生的烟气在引风机的作用下 向上依次流经热解区、 干燥区、 锅炉炉膛， 并在换热器降至常温， 在脱硫装 置脱硫， 在净化装置除去水、 粉尘、 微量硫， 在二氧化碳分离装置分离出二 氧化碳和剩余烟气， 所述二氧化碳制成干冰， 所述剩余烟气输入气体混合器 中与纯氧混合成富氧气体输至所述焚烧炉炉膛的燃烧区的三组喷枪和锅炉 炉膛的一组喷枪。
2. 根据权利要求 1 所述的无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉， 其特征在 于： 焚烧炉炉膛的干燥区和热解区的中轴线与水平面的夹角为 α =40° -50° 角度， 燃烧区的中轴线与水平面垂直。
3. 根据权利要求 1 所述的无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉， 其特征在 于： 所述焚烧炉炉膛的干燥区、 热解区、 燃烧区的后内侧所设有的相互平行 且竖向排布的一组火坑， 其火坑面与水平面的夹角 β =40° -50° 角度， 所述 火坑底与水平面的夹角 ΤΓ =55 ° -65 ° 角度。
4. 根据权利要求 1 所述的无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉， 其特征在 于： 所述块状压縮固体废弃物制造和输出装置由破碎机、 拌和混合机、 压縮 成型机和耐高温带式输送器组成， 生活垃圾、 医疗垃圾经破碎机破碎输入拌 和混合机， 污泥类垃圾和硫酸钙、碳酸钙、炉灰按一定比例投入拌和混合机， 经拌和混合后输入压縮成型机压成块状压縮固体废弃物， 通过耐高温带式输 送器输入焚烧炉炉膛内。
5. 根据权利要求 1 所述的无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉， 其特征在 于： 所述锅炉炉膛底部与焚烧炉炉膛顶部之间设有多层耐高温陶瓷滤芯。
6. 根据权利要求 1 所述的无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉， 其特征在 于： 所述燃烧区底部出灰口设有隔栅。
7. 一种无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉的焚烧炉炉体， 其特征在于： 该 焚烧炉炉体和焚烧炉炉膛为竖向结构， 所述焚烧炉炉膛从上至下依次设有干 燥区、 热解区和燃烧区， 燃烧区底部设有出灰口， 焚烧炉炉膛后内侧设有一 组通风火坑， 该火坑上部与耐高温带式输送器相接， 火坑自上向下倾斜至底 部与燃烧区底部相接， 块状压缩固体废弃物通过火坑面的斜坡下滑到焚烧炉 炉膛底部， 焚烧炉炉膛的燃烧区的前侧和左、 右侧分别设有一组喷枪， 焚烧 炉炉膛上部外侧设有块状压缩固体废弃物制造和输出装置， 固体废弃物经由 焚烧炉炉膛上的进入口进入焚烧炉炉膛， 焚烧炉炉膛顶部设有锅炉炉膛， 该 锅炉炉膛的前、 后侧设有一组喷枪， 锅炉炉膛顶部设有引风机， 将烟气排出 焚烧炉炉体之外， 由剩余烟气与纯氧混合而成的富氧气体输至所述焚烧炉炉 膛的燃烧区的三组喷枪和锅炉炉膛的一组喷枪。
PCT/CN2013/075481 2012-05-11 2013-05-10 无烟气排放的固体废弃物焚烧炉和焚烧炉炉体 WO2013166992A1 (zh)

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