WO2013159510A1

WO2013159510A1 - Formaldehyde-free flame retardant compositions and their use for manufacturing durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic materials

Info

Publication number: WO2013159510A1
Application number: PCT/CN2012/084969
Authority: WO
Inventors: James R Johnson; Kenneth Y.M. CHAN; Charles Wang
Original assignee: Winnitex Limited
Priority date: 2012-04-24
Filing date: 2012-11-21
Publication date: 2013-10-31
Also published as: US20130280432A1; EP3098259A1; AU2012323990A1; EP2841495A1; EP2841495A4; CN104995246A; AU2012323990B2; HK1216102A1; US9675998B2

Abstract

Provided herein are formaldehyde-free flame retardant compositions, comprising a flame retardant acid and a fixing agent; and methods of their use for manufacturing durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic materials. Also provided herein are durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic materials and articles comprising the same.

Description

FORMALDEHYDE-FREE FLAME RETARDANT COMPOSITIONS AND THEIR USE FOR MANUFACTURING DURABLE FORMALDEHYDE-FREE FLAME

RETARDANT CELLULOSIC MATERIALS

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of the priority of Chinese Patent

Application Nos. 201210122590.6, filed April 24, 2012; and 201210185396.2, filed June 4, 2012; the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety

FIELD

[0002] Provided herein are formaldehyde-free flame retardant compositions, comprising a flame retardant acid and a fixing agent; and methods of their use for manufacturing durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic materials. Also provided herein are durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic materials and articles comprising the same.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Today there are increasing concerns about the toxicity of chemicals in the environment, including flame retardants. Recently, halogen containing flame retardants have especially come under attack since their presence has been found to be increasing in the environment. For example, several of the polybromo diphenyloxides (PBDO) have already been banned from use.

[0004] Formaldehyde is another chemical that poses as a potential problem in the environment. Most durable phosphorus containing flame retardant systems available for cellulosics requires formaldehyde to "insolublize" the flame retardant materials for durability to laundering. Thus, there is a need for formaldehyde-free flame retardant compositions and methods of their use for manufacturing durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic materials.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0005] Provided herein is a formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition, comprising an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid and a fixing agent. In one embodiment, the flame retardant acid is a phosphorus containing acid, sulfamic acid, or a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the fixing agent is urea, dicyandiamide, or a mixture thereof.

[0006] In one embodiment, provided herein is a formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition, comprising an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid and a fixing agent; wherein the flame retardant acid is a phosphorus containing acid, sulfamic acid, or a mixture thereof; and wherein the fixing agent is urea, dicyandiamide, or a mixture thereof.

[0007] Also provided herein is a formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition, comprising an ammonium of a phosphorus containing acid and a fixing agent.

[0008] Additionally, provided herein is a formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition, comprising an ammonium phosphate and a fixing agent.

[0009] Furthermore, provided herein is a formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition, comprising an ammonium phosphate and urea.

[0010] Provided herein is a method for preparing a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid and a fixing reagent.

[0011] Provided herein is a method for preparing a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium salt of a phosphorus containing acid and a fixing reagent.

[0012] Provided herein is a method for preparing a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium phosphate and a fixing reagent.

[0013] Provided herein is a method for preparing a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium phosphate and urea.

[0014] Provided herein is a method for preparing a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, comprising the steps of:

a) contacting a cellulosic material with a formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprising an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid and a fixing agent to form a wet cellulosic material;

b) drying the wet cellulosic material; and

c) curing the cellulosic material to form the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material.

[0015] Provided herein is a method for preparing a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, comprising the steps of:

a) contacting a cellulosic material with a formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprising an ammonium salt of a phosphorus containing acid and a fixing agent to form a wet cellulosic material;

b) drying the wet cellulosic material; and

[0016] Provided herein is a method for preparing a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, comprising the steps of:

a) contacting a cellulosic material with a formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprising an ammonium phosphate and a fixing agent to form a wet cellulosic material;

b) drying the wet cellulosic material; and

[0017] Provided herein is a method for preparing a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, comprising the steps of:

a) contacting a cellulosic material with a formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprising an ammonium phosphate and urea to form a wet cellulosic material; b) drying the wet cellulosic material; and

[0018] Provided herein is a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid and a fixing reagent. [0019] Provided herein is a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium salt of a phosphorus containing acid and a fixing reagent.

[0020] Provided herein is a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium phosphate and a fixing reagent.

[0021] Provided herein is a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium phosphate and urea.

[0022] Provided herein is a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

b) drying the wet cellulosic material; and

[0023] Provided herein is a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

b) drying the wet cellulosic material; and

[0024] Provided herein is a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

b) drying the wet cellulosic material; and c) curing the cellulosic material to form the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material.

[0025] Provided herein is a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0026] Provided herein is a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, having a phosphorus content ranging from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight.

[0027] Provided herein is an article comprising a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid and a fixing reagent.

[0028] Provided herein is an article comprising a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium salt of a phosphorus containing acid and a fixing reagent.

[0029] Provided herein is an article comprising a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium phosphate and a fixing reagent.

[0030] Provided herein is an article comprising a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium phosphate and urea.

[0031] Provided herein is an article comprising a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

a) contacting a cellulosic material with a formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprising an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid and a fixing agent to form a wet cellulosic material; b) drying the wet cellulosic material; and

[0032] Provided herein is an article comprising a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

b) drying the wet cellulosic material; and

[0033] Provided herein is an article comprising a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

b) drying the wet cellulosic material; and

[0034] Provided herein is an article comprising a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method comprising the steps of:

[0035] Provided herein is an article comprising a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, having a phosphorus content ranging from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] To facilitate understanding of the disclosure set forth herein, a number of terms are defined below.

[0037] Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures in inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, and fiber chemistry described herein are those well known and commonly employed in the art. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein generally have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0038] The term "phosphoric acid" refers to monophosphoric acid or orthophosphoric acid (H₃PO₄); polyphosphoric acid, including, but not limited to, pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7), tripolyphosphoric acid (H5P3O10), tetrapolyphosphoric acid (H6P4O13), and trimetaphosphoric acid (H₃P₃O₉); phosphoric anhydride (P₄O₁₀); and mixtures thereof.

[0039] The term "phosphonic acid" refers to an acid having the structure of ¹P03H₂, wherein R¹ is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted. Examples of phosphonic acid include, but not limited to, methyl phosphonic acid, phenyl phosphonic acid, and aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid.

[0040] The term "an ammonium phosphate" refers to an ammonium salt of a phosphoric acid, including, but not limited to, ammonium salts of orthophosphoric acid, ammonium salts of a polyphosphoric acid, and mixtures thereof. Examples of ammonium phosphates include, but are not limited to, monoammonium orthophosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄), diammonium orthophosphate ((NH₄)₂HP0₄), triammonium orthophosphate ((NH₄)₃P0₄), monoammonium pyrophosphate (NH₄H₃P₂O₇), diammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₂H₂P₂07), triammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₃HP₂C>7), tetraammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)4P₂C>7), monoammonium tripolyphosphate (NH₄H₄P₃O₁₀), diammonium tripolyphosphate

((ΝΗ4)₂Η₃Ρ3θιο), triammonium tripolyphosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₃Η₂Ρ3θιο), tetraammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH4)₄HP₃Oio), pentaammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)₅P₃Oio), monoammonium tetrapolyphosphate (NH₄H₅P₄O₁₃), diammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₂H₄P₄0i₃), triammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)3H₃P₄0i₃), tetraammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₄H₂P₄0i₃), pentaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₅HP₄0i₃), hexaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₆P₄0i₃), monoammonium trimetaphosphate (NH₄H₂P₃O₉), diammonium trimetaphosphate

triammonium trimetaphosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₃Ρ₃θ9), and mixtures thereof.

[0041] The term "cellulosic material" refers to a material that comprises cellulose.

The term "cellulosic material" as used herein encompasses both the natural and man-made cellulosic materials. Examples of cellulosic materials include, but are not limited to, cotton, flax, jute, hemp, ramie, lyocell, and rayon.

[0042] The term "about" or "approximately" means an acceptable error for a particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value is measured or determined. In certain embodiments, the term "about" or "approximately" means within 1, 2, 3, or 4 standard deviations. In certain embodiments, the term "about" or "approximately" means within 50%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.05% of a given value or range.

[0043] The term "formaldehyde-free" refers to a material that contains no more than

50 ppm, no more than 20 ppm, no more than 10 ppm, no more than 5 ppm, no more than 2 ppm, or no more than 1 ppm of formaldehyde. In one embodiment, the term "formaldehyde- free" refers to a material that contains no more than 50 ppm of formaldehyde. In another embodiment, the term "formaldehyde-free" refers to a material that contains no more than 20 ppm of formaldehyde. In yet another embodiment, the term "formaldehyde-free" refers to a material that contains no more than 10 ppm of formaldehyde. In yet another embodiment, the term "formaldehyde-free" refers to a material that contains no more than 5 ppm of formaldehyde. In yet another embodiment, the term "formaldehyde-free" refers to a material that contains no more than 2 ppm of formaldehyde. In still another embodiment, the term "formaldehyde-free" refers to a material that contains no more than 1 ppm of formaldehyde. The formaldehyde content can be determined using a conventional technique well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

Formaldehyde-free Flame Retardant Compositions

[0044] In one embodiment, provided herein is a formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition, comprising an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid and a fixing agent.

[0045] In certain embodiments, the flame retardant acid is a phosphorus containing acid, sulfamic acid, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the flame retardant acid is a phosphorus containing acid. In certain embodiments, the phosphorus containing acid is a phosphoric acid, a phosphonic acid, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the phosphorus containing acid is a phosphoric acid. In certain embodiments, the flame retardant acid is a phosphonic acid. In certain embodiments, the phosphonic acid is methyl phosphonic acid, phenyl phosphonic acid, aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the flame retardant acid is a phosphoric acid, a phosphonic acid, sulfamic acid, or a mixture thereof.

[0046] In certain embodiments, the fixing agent is urea, dicyandiamide, cyanamide, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the fixing agent is urea. In certain

embodiments, the fixing agent is dicyandiamide. In certain embodiments, the fixing agent is cyanamide.

[0047] In certain embodiments, the ammonium salt of the flame retardant acid is formaldehyde-free. In certain embodiments, the ammonium salt of the flame retardant acid has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 50 ppm, no greater than about 20 ppm, no greater than about 10 ppm, no greater than about 5 ppm, no greater than about 2 ppm, or no greater than about 1 ppm. In certain embodiments, the ammonium salt of the flame retardant acid has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 50 ppm. In certain embodiments, the ammonium salt of the flame retardant acid has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 20 ppm. In certain embodiments, the ammonium salt of the flame retardant acid has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 10 ppm. In certain embodiments, the ammonium salt of the flame retardant acid has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 5 ppm. In certain embodiments, the ammonium salt of the flame retardant acid has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 2 ppm. In certain embodiments, the ammonium salt of the flame retardant acid has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 1 ppm.

[0048] In certain embodiments, the fixing agent is formaldehyde-free. In certain embodiments, the fixing agent has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 50 ppm, no greater than about 20 ppm, no greater than about 10 ppm, no greater than about 5 ppm, no greater than about 2 ppm, or no greater than about 1 ppm. In certain embodiments, the fixing agent has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 50 ppm. In certain embodiments, the fixing agent has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 20 ppm. In certain embodiments, the fixing agent has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 10 ppm. In certain embodiments, the fixing agent has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 5 ppm. In certain embodiments, the fixing agent has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 2 ppm. In certain embodiments, the fixing agent has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 1 ppm.

[0049] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 50 ppm, no greater than about 20 ppm, no greater than about 10 ppm, no greater than about 5 ppm, no greater than about 2 ppm, or no greater than about 1 ppm. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 50 ppm. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 20 ppm. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 10 ppm. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 5 ppm. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 2 ppm. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 1 ppm.

[0050] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight, from about 5%> to about 90%> by weight, from about 5%> to about 80%> by weight, from about 5%> to about 50%> by weight, from about 5%o to about 40%) by weight, from about 5%> to about 30%> by weight, from about 5%> to about 20%o by weight, from about 10%> to about 50%> by weight, from about 10%> to about 40%> by weight, from about 10%> to about 30%> by weight, or from about 10%> to about 20%> by weight of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde- free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 90% by weight of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 80% by weight of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 40% by weight of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 30% by weight of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 20% by weight of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 40% by weight of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 30% by weight of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 20% by weight of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid.

[0051] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 10%>, about 12.5%, about 15%, about 17.5%, about 20%, about 22.5%, about 25%, about 27.5%, about 30%, about 32.5%, about 35%, about 37.5%, about 40%, about 42.5%, about 45%, about 47.5%, or about 50% by weight of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid.

[0052] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight, from about 5% to about 90% by weight, from about 5% to about 80% by weight, from about 5% to about 50% by weight, from about 5%o to about 40%o by weight, from about 5% to about 30% by weight, from about 5% to about 20%o by weight, from about 10% to about 50% by weight, from about 10% to about 40% by weight, from about 10% to about 30% by weight, or from about 10% to about 20% by weight of a fixing agent. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant

composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight of a fixing agent. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 90% by weight of a fixing agent. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 80% by weight of a fixing agent. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 50% by weight of a fixing agent. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 40% by weight of a fixing agent. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 30% by weight of a fixing agent. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 20% by weight of a fixing agent. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of a fixing agent. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 40% by weight of a fixing agent. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 30% by weight of a fixing agent. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 20% by weight of a fixing agent.

[0053] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 10%>, about 12.5%, about 15%, about 17.5%, about 20%, about 22.5%, about 25%, about 27.5%, about 30%, about 32.5%, about 35%, about 37.5%, about 40%, about 42.5%), about 45%, about 47.5%, or about 50% by weight of a fixing agent.

[0054] In one embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid and from about 95% to about 5% by weight of a fixing agent. In another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 90% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid and from about 90% to about 5% by weight of a fixing agent. In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 80% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid and from about 80% to about 5% by weight of a fixing agent. In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid and from about 50% to about 5% by weight of a fixing agent.

[0055] In one embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 95% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid and from about 95% to about 10% by weight of a fixing agent. In another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 90% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid and from about 90% to about 10% by weight of a fixing agent. In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 80% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid and from about 80% to about 10% by weight of a fixing agent. In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid and from about 50% to about 10% by weight of a fixing agent.

[0056] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 10%>, about 12.5%, about 15%, about 17.5%, about 20%, about 22.5%, about 25%, about 27.5%, about 30%, about 32.5%, about 35%, about 37.5%, about 40%, about 42.5%, about 45%, about 47.5%, or about 50% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid; and about 10%, about 12.5%, about 15%, about 17.5%, about 20%, about 22.5%, about 25%, about 27.5%, about 30%, about 32.5%, about 35%, about 37.5%, about 40%, about 42.5%, about 45%, about 47.5%, or about 50% by weight of a fixing agent.

[0057] In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant

composition further comprises water. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight, from about 5% to about 90%o by weight, from about 5% to about 80% by weight, from about 10% to about 80% by weight, from about 20% to about 80% by weight, or from about 20% to about 70% by weight water. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight of water. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 90% by weight of water. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 80% by weight of water. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 80% by weight of water. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 20% to about 80% by weight of water. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 20% to about 70% by weight of water.

[0058] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%o, about 65%, about 70%, or about 75% by weight of water.

[0059] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid, from about 10% to about 50% by weight of a fixing agent, and from about 20% to 70%) by weight of water.

[0060] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 40% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid, about 35% by weight of a fixing agent, and about 25% by weight of water.

[0061] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid, from about 10% to about 50% by weight of a fixing agent, from about 20% to 70%) by weight of water, and from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of one or more chemicals selected from dyes, wrinkle resist agents, foaming agents, buffers, pH stabilizers, fixing agents, stain repellants (e.g., fluorocarbons), stain blocking agents, soil repellants, wetting agents, softeners, water repellants, stain release agents, optical brighteners, emulsifiers, surfactants, and mixtures thereof.

[0062] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid, from about 10% to about 50% by weight of a fixing agent, from about 20% to 70%) by weight of water, and from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of a wetting agent.

[0063] In one embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 15% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid, about 25% by weight of a fixing agent, about 60% by weight of water, and about 0.5% by weight of a wetting agent.

[0064] In another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 17.5% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid, about 25% by weight of a fixing agent, about 57.5% by weight of water, and about 0.1% by weight of a wetting agent.

[0065] In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant

composition comprises about 12.5% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid, about 20% by weight of a fixing agent, about 67.5% by weight of water, and about 0.1% by weight of a wetting agent. [0066] In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 12% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid, about 24% by weight of a fixing agent, about 64%> by weight of water, and about 0.1 % by weight of a wetting agent.

[0067] In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant

composition comprises about 12% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid, about 24%o by weight of a fixing agent, about 68% by weight of water, and about 0.1 % by weight of a wetting agent.

[0068] In still another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 15% by weight of an ammonium salt of an flame retardant acid, about 30%) by weight of a fixing agent, about 6%> by weight of dicyandiamide, about 50%> by weight of water, and about 0.5%> by weight of a wetting agent.

[0069] In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of the fixing agent to the ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid is no less than about 1.1 , no less than about 1.2, no less than about 1.3, no less than about 1.4, no less than about 1.5, no less than about 1.6, no less than about 1.7, no less than about 1.8, no less than about 1.9, or no less than about 2. In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of the fixing agent to the ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid is ranging from about 1 to about 20, from about 1 to about 10, from about 1 to about 5, or from about 1 to about 2.

[0070] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition, comprising an ammonium phosphate and a fixing agent.

[0071] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition, comprising an ammonium phosphate and urea.

[0072] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises an ammonium orthophosphate (i.e. , an ammonium salt of orthophosphoric acid); an ammonium

polyphosphate (i.e. , an ammonium salt of a polyphosphoric acid); or a mixture thereof.

[0073] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises

monoammonium orthophosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄), diammonium orthophosphate ((NEL^HPC^), triammonium orthophosphate ((NH₄)₃P0₄), monoammonium pyrophosphate (NH₄H₃P₂O₇), diammonium pyrophosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₂Η₂Ρ2θ7), triammonium pyrophosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₃ΗΡ₂0ν), tetraammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₄P₂0v), monoammonium tripolyphosphate

(NH₄H₄P₃O₁₀), diammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)₂H₃P₃Oi₀), triammonium

tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)₃H₂P₃Oi₀), tetraammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)₄HP₃Oi₀), pentaammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)5P₃Oio), monoammonium tetrapolyphosphate (NH₄H₅P₄0i₃), diammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₂H₄P₄0i₃), triammonium

tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₃H₃P₄0i₃), tetraammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₄H₂P₄0i₃), pentaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₅HP₄0i₃), hexaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₆P₄0i₃), monoammonium trimetaphosphate (NH₄H₂P₃0₉), diammonium

trimetaphosphate ((NH₄)₂HP₃0₉), triammonium trimetaphosphate ((NH₄)₃P₃0₉), or a mixture thereof.

[0074] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises an ammonium orthophosphate. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises

monoammonium orthophosphate (NH₄H P0₄), diammonium orthophosphate ((NH₄) HP0₄), triammonium orthophosphate ((NH₄)₃P0₄), or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises monoammonium orthophosphate (NH₄H₂P0₄). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises diammonium orthophosphate

((NH₄)₂HP0₄). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises triammonium orthophosphate ((NH₄)₃P0₄).

[0075] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises an ammonium polyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises

monoammonium pyrophosphate (NH₄H₃P₂0y), diammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₂H₂P₂0y), triammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₃HP₂0y), tetraammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₄P₂0v), monoammonium tripolyphosphate (NH₄H₄P₃Oio), diammonium tripolyphosphate

((NH₄)₂H₃P₃Oio), triammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)₃H₂P₃Oio), tetraammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)₄HP₃Oi₀), pentaammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)₅P₃Oi₀), monoammonium tetrapolyphosphate (NH₄H₅P₄0i₃), diammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₂H₄P₄0i₃), triammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₃H₃P₄0i₃), tetraammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₄H₂P₄0i₃), pentaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₅HP₄0i₃), hexaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₆P₄0i₃), monoammonium trimetaphosphate (NH₄H₂P₃0₉), diammonium trimetaphosphate ((NH₄)₂HP₃0₉), triammonium

trimetaphosphate ((NH₄)₃P₃0₉), or a mixture thereof. [0076] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises an ammonium pyrophosphate. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises

monoammonium pyrophosphate (NH₄H₃P₂O₇), diammonium pyrophosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₂Η₂Ρ2θ7), triammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₃HP₂0₇), tetraammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₄P₂0₇), or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises monoammonium pyrophosphate (NH₄H3P₂O7). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises diammonium pyrophosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₂]¾Ρ₂θ7). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises triammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₃HP₂C>7). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises tetraammonium pyrophosphate

[0077] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises an ammonium tripolyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises

monoammonium tripolyphosphate (NH₄H₄P₃Oio), diammonium tripolyphosphate

((NH₄)₂H₃P₃Oio), triammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)₃H₂P₃Oi₀), tetraammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH ) HP₃Oio), pentaammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH )₅P₃Oio), or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises

monoammonium tripolyphosphate (NH₄H₄P₃Oio). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises diammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)2H₃P₃Oio). In certain

embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises triammonium tripolyphosphate

((ΝΗ₄)₃]¾Ρ₃Οιο). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises

tetraammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)₄HP₃Oio). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises pentaammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)sP₃Oio).

[0078] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises an ammonium tetrapolyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises monoammonium tetrapolyphosphate (ΝΗ₄¾Ρ₄0ι₃), diammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₂H₄P₄0i₃), triammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₃H₃P₄0i₃), tetraammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₄H₂P₄0i₃), pentaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₅HP₄0i₃), hexaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₆P₄0i₃), or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises monoammonium tetrapolyphosphate (NH₄HsP₄0i₃). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises diammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₂H₄P₄0i₃). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises triammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₃H₃P₄0i₃). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises tetraammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)4H₂P₄0i3). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises pentaammonium

tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₅HP₄0i₃). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises hexaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₆Ρ₄θ_ΐ3).

[0079] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises an ammonium trimetaphosphate. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises

monoammonium trimetaphosphate (NH₄H₂P₃O₉), diammonium trimetaphosphate

((ΝΗ₄)₂ΗΡ₃θ₉), triammonium trimetaphosphate

or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises monoammonium

trimetaphosphate (NH₄H₂P₃O₉). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises diammonium trimetaphosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₂ΗΡ₃θ₉). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises triammonium trimetaphosphate

[0080] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is an ammonium orthophosphate (i.e., an ammonium salt of orthophosphoric acid); an ammonium

polyphosphate (i.e., an ammonium salt of a polyphosphoric acid); or a mixture thereof.

[0081] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is monoammonium orthophosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄), diammonium orthophosphate ((NH₄)₂HP0₄), triammonium orthophosphate ((NEL^PC^), monoammonium pyrophosphate (NH₄H₃P₂O₇), diammonium pyrophosphate ((NH4)2H₂P₂07), triammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)3HP₂07),

tetraammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₄P₂C>7), monoammonium tripolyphosphate

(NH4H4P3O10), diammonium tripolyphosphate ((ΝΗ4)₂Η₃Ρ3θιο), triammonium

tripolyphosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₃Η₂Ρ3θιο), tetraammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH4)₄HP₃Oio), pentaammonium tripolyphosphate

monoammonium tetrapolyphosphate (NH₄H₅P₄O₁₃), diammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((ΝΗ )₂Η Ρ₄θΐ3), triammonium

tetrapolyphosphate ((NH4)3H₃P₄0i3), tetraammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₄H₂P40i3), pentaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH^sE^On), hexaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₆P₄0i₃), monoammonium trimetaphosphate (NH₄H₂P₃O₉), diammonium

[0082] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is an ammonium orthophosphate. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is monoammonium orthophosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄), diammonium orthophosphate ((NH₄)₂HP0₄), triammonium orthophosphate ((NH₄)₃P0₄), or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is monoammonium orthophosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is diammonium orthophosphate ((NH₄)₂HP0₄). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is triammonium orthophosphate ((NH₄)₃P0₄).

[0083] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is an ammonium polyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is monoammonium pyrophosphate (NH4H3P2O7), diammonium pyrophosphate ((NH4)2H₂P₂07), triammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₃HP₂0v), tetraammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₄P₂07),

monoammonium tripolyphosphate (NH H₄P₃Oio), diammonium tripolyphosphate

((NH₄)₂H₃P₃Oio), triammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)₃H₂P₃Oio), tetraammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)₄HP₃Oio), pentaammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)₅P₃Oio), monoammonium tetrapolyphosphate (NH₄H₅P₄0i₃), diammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₂H₄P₄0i₃), triammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₃H₃P₄0i₃), tetraammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₄H₂P₄0i₃), pentaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₅HP₄0i₃), hexaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₆Ρ₄θι₃), monoammonium trimetaphosphate (NH₄H₂P₃C>9), diammonium trimetaphosphate ((NH₄)₂HP₃0₉), triammonium

trimetaphosphate ((NH )₃P₃0₉), or a mixture thereof.

[0084] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is an ammonium pyrophosphate. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is monoammonium pyrophosphate (NH4H3P2O7), diammonium pyrophosphate ((NH4)2H₂P₂07), triammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₃HP₂07), tetraammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₄P₂07), or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is monoammonium

pyrophosphate (NH₄H₃P₂O₇). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is diammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₂H₂P₂07). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is triammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₃HP₂0₇). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is tetraammonium pyrophosphate ((NH₄)₄P₂0₇).

[0085] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is an ammonium tripolyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is monoammonium tripolyphosphate (NH₄H₄P₃Oio), diammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)₂H₃P₃Oio), triammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)₃H₂P₃Oio), tetraammonium tripolyphosphate

((NH₄)₄HP₃Oio), pentaammonium tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)₅P₃Oio), or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is monoammonium tripolyphosphate

(NH₄H₄P₃O₁₀). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is diammonium

tripolyphosphate ((NH₄)2H₃P₃0io). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is triammonium tripolyphosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₃Η₂Ρ₃θιο). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is tetraammonium tripolyphosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₄ΗΡ₃θιο). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is pentaammonium tripolyphosphate

[0086] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is an ammonium

tetrapolyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is monoammonium tetrapolyphosphate (NH₄H₅P₄0i₃), diammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₂Η₄Ρ₄θι₃), triammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₃Η₃Ρ₄θι₃), tetraammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((ΝΗ₄)4Η₂Ρ₄θι₃), pentaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₅HP₄0₁₃), hexaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₆Ρ₄θι₃), or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is monoammonium tetrapolyphosphate (NH₄H₅P₄0i₃). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is diammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₂H₄P₄0i₃). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is triammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₃Η₃Ρ₄θι₃). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is tetraammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((ΝΗ₄)4Η₂Ρ₄θι₃). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is pentaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((NH₄)₅HP₄0₁₃). In certain embodiments, the

ammonium phosphate is hexaammonium tetrapolyphosphate ((ΝΗ₄)₆Ρ₄θι₃).

[0087] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is an ammonium

trimetaphosphate. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is monoammonium trimetaphosphate (NH₄H₂P₃C>9), diammonium trimetaphosphate ((NH₄)₂HP₃0₉),

triammonium trimetaphosphate ((NH₄)₃P₃0₉), or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is monoammonium trimetaphosphate (NH₄H₂P₃C>9). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is diammonium trimetaphosphate ((NH₄)₂HP₃0₉). In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is triammonium trimetaphosphate

((NH₄)₃P₃0₉).

[0088] In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate is formaldehyde-free. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 50 ppm, no greater than about 20 ppm, no greater than about 10 ppm, no greater than about 5 ppm, no greater than about 2 ppm, or no greater than about 1 ppm. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 50 ppm. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 20 ppm. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 10 ppm. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 5 ppm. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 2 ppm. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 1 ppm.

[0089] In certain embodiments, the urea is formaldehyde-free. In certain

embodiments, the urea has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 50 ppm, no greater than about 20 ppm, no greater than about 10 ppm, no greater than about 5 ppm, no greater than about 2 ppm, or no greater than about 1 ppm. In certain embodiments, the urea has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 50 ppm. In certain embodiments, the urea has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 20 ppm. In certain embodiments, the urea has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 10 ppm. In certain

embodiments, the urea has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 5 ppm. In certain embodiments, the urea has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 2 ppm. In certain embodiments, the urea has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 1 ppm.

[0090] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 50 ppm, no greater than about 20 ppm, no greater than about 10 ppm, no greater than about 5 ppm, no greater than about 2 ppm, or no greater than about 1 ppm. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 50 ppm. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 20 ppm. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 10 ppm. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 5 ppm. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 2 ppm. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 1 ppm.

[0091] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight, from about 5% to about 90% by weight, from about 5% to about 80% by weight, from about 5%> to about 50%> by weight, from about 5%) to about 40%) by weight, from about 5%> to about 30%> by weight, from about 5%> to about 20%) by weight, from about 10%> to about 50%> by weight, from about 10%> to about 40%> by weight, from about 10%> to about 30%> by weight, or from about 10%> to about 20%> by weight of an ammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight of an ammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 90% by weight of an ammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 80% by weight of an ammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 40% by weight of an ammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 30% by weight of an ammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the

formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 20% by weight of an ammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 40% by weight of an ammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 30% by weight of an ammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the

formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 20% by weight of an ammonium phosphate.

[0092] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 10%>, about 12.5%, about 15%>, about 17.5%, about 20%>, about 22.5%>, about 25%, about 27.5%, about 30%, about 32.5%, about 35%, about 37.5%, about 40%, about 42.5%), about 45%>, about 47.5%>, or about 50%> by weight of an ammonium phosphate.

[0093] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5%> to about 95 %> by weight, from about 5%> to about 90%> by weight, from about 5%> to about 80%> by weight, from about 5%> to about 50%> by weight, from about 5%) to about 40%) by weight, from about 5%> to about 30%> by weight, from about 5%> to about 20% by weight, from about 10%> to about 50%> by weight, from about 10%> to about 40%> by weight, from about 10%> to about 30%> by weight, or from about 10%> to about 20% by weight of diammonium phosphate , which is also known as diammonium orthophosphate

((NH₄)₂HP04). In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight of diammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 90% by weight of diammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the

formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 80% by weight of diammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 50% by weight of diammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 40% by weight of diammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 30% by weight of diammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the

formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 20% by weight of diammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of diammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 40% by weight of diammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 30% by weight of diammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the

formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 20% by weight of diammonium phosphate.

[0094] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 10%>, about 12.5%, about 15%, about 17.5%, about 20%, about 22.5%, about 25%, about 27.5%, about 30%, about 32.5%, about 35%, about 37.5%, about 40%, about 42.5%o, about 45%, about 47.5%, or about 50% by weight of diammonium phosphate.

[0095] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight, from about 5% to about 90% by weight, from about 5% to about 80% by weight, from about 5% to about 50% by weight, from about 5%o to about 40%o by weight, from about 5% to about 30% by weight, from about 5% to about 20%o by weight, from about 10% to about 50% by weight, from about 10% to about 40% by weight, from about 10% to about 30%> by weight, or from about 10%> to about 20% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 90% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 80% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 40% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 30% by weight of an ammonium

polyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 20% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 40% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 30% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 20% by weight of an ammonium

polyphosphate.

[0096] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 10%>, about 12.5%, about 15%, about 17.5%, about 20%, about 22.5%, about 25%, about 27.5%, about 30%, about 32.5%, about 35%, about 37.5%, about 40%, about 42.5%o, about 45%, about 47.5%, or about 50% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate.

[0097] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight, from about 5% to about 90% by weight, from about 5% to about 80% by weight, from about 5% to about 50% by weight, from about 5%o to about 40%o by weight, from about 5% to about 30% by weight, from about 5% to about 20%o by weight, from about 10% to about 50% by weight, from about 10% to about 40% by weight, from about 10% to about 30% by weight, or from about 10% to about 20% by weight of urea. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight of urea. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 90% by weight of urea. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 80% by weight of urea. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 50% by weight of urea. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 40% by weight of urea. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 30% by weight of urea. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 20% by weight of urea. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of urea. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 40% by weight of urea. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 30% by weight of urea. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 20% by weight of urea.

[0098] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 10%>, about 12.5%, about 15%, about 17.5%, about 20%, about 22.5%, about 25%, about 27.5%, about 30%, about 32.5%, about 35%, about 37.5%, about 40%, about 42.5%, about 45%, about 47.5%, or about 50% by weight of urea.

[0099] In one embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight of an ammonium phosphate and from about 95% to about 5% by weight of urea. In another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 90% by weight of an ammonium phosphate and from about 90% to about 5% by weight of urea. In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 80% by weight of an ammonium phosphate and from about 80% to about 5% by weight of urea. In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium phosphate and from about 50% to about 5% by weight of urea.

[00100] In one embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 95% by weight of an ammonium phosphate and from about 95% to about 10% by weight of urea. In another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 90% by weight of an ammonium phosphate and from about 90% to about 10% by weight of urea. In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 80% by weight of an ammonium phosphate and from about 80% to about 10% by weight of urea. In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant

composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium phosphate and from about 50%> to about 10%> by weight of urea.

[00101] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 10%>, about 12.5%, about 15%, about 17.5%, about 20%, about 22.5%, about 25%, about 27.5%, about 30%, about 32.5%, about 35%, about 37.5%, about 40%, about 42.5%), about 45%, about 47.5%, or about 50% by weight of an ammonium phosphate; and about 10%, about 12.5%, about 15%, about 17.5%, about 20%, about 22.5%, about 25%, about 27.5%, about 30%, about 32.5%, about 35%, about 37.5%, about 40%, about 42.5%, about 45%), about 47.5%, or about 50% by weight of urea.

[00102] In one embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight of diammonium phosphate and from about 95% to about 5% by weight of urea. In another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 90% by weight of diammonium phosphate and from about 90% to about 5% by weight of urea. In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 80% by weight of diammonium phosphate and from about 80% to about 5% by weight of urea. In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 50% by weight of diammonium phosphate and from about 50% to about 5% by weight of urea.

[00103] In one embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 95% by weight of diammonium phosphate and from about 95% to about 10% by weight of urea. In another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 90% by weight of diammonium phosphate and from about 90% to about 10% by weight of urea. In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 80% by weight of diammonium phosphate and from about 80% to about 10% by weight of urea. In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of diammonium phosphate and from about 50%> to about 10%> by weight of urea.

[00104] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 10%>, about 12.5%, about 15%, about 17.5%, about 20%, about 22.5%, about 25%, about 27.5%, about 30%, about 32.5%, about 35%, about 37.5%, about 40%, about 42.5%), about 45%, about 47.5%, or about 50% by weight of diammonium phosphate; and about 10%, about 12.5%, about 15%, about 17.5%, about 20%, about 22.5%, about 25%, about 27.5%, about 30%, about 32.5%, about 35%, about 37.5%, about 40%, about 42.5%, about 45%), about 47.5%, or about 50% by weight of urea.

[00105] In one embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate and from about 95% to about 5% by weight of urea. In another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 90% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate and from about 90% to about 5% by weight of urea. In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 80% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate and from about 80% to about 5% by weight of urea. In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate and from about 50% to about 5% by weight of urea.

[00106] In one embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 95% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate and from about 95% to about 10% by weight of urea. In another embodiment, the formaldehyde- free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 90% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate and from about 90% to about 10% by weight of urea. In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 80% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate and from about 80% to about 10% by weight of urea. In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate and from about 50% to about 10% by weight of urea. [00107] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 10%, about 12.5%, about 15%, about 17.5%, about 20%, about 22.5%, about 25%, about 27.5%, about 30%, about 32.5%, about 35%, about 37.5%, about 40%, about 42.5%), about 45%, about 47.5%, or about 50% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate; and about 10%, about 12.5%, about 15%, about 17.5%, about 20%, about 22.5%, about 25%, about 27.5%, about 30%, about 32.5%, about 35%, about 37.5%, about 40%, about 42.5%, about 45%), about 47.5%, or about 50% by weight of urea.

[00108] In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant

composition further comprises water. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight, from about 5% to about 90%) by weight, from about 5% to about 80% by weight, from about 10% to about 80% by weight, from about 20% to about 80% by weight, or from about 20% to about 70% by weight water. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 95% by weight of water. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 90% by weight of water. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 5% to about 80% by weight of water. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 80% by weight of water. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 20% to about 80% by weight of water. In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 20% to about 70% by weight of water.

[00109] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%), about 65%, about 70%, or about 75% by weight of water.

[00110] In one embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium phosphate, from about 10%) to about 50%) by weight of urea, and from about 20% to 70% by weight of water.

[00111] In another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of diammonium phosphate, from about 10%) to about 50%) by weight of urea, and from about 20% to 70% by weight of water. [001 12] In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate, from about 10%> to about 50%> by weight of urea, and from about 20% to 70% by weight of water.

[001 13] In one embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 40%> by weight of an ammonium phosphate, about 35% by weight of urea, and about 25% by weight of water.

[001 14] In one embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium phosphate, from about 10%) to about 50%) by weight of urea, from about 20% to 70% by weight of water, and from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of one or more chemicals selected from dyes, wrinkle resist agents, foaming agents, buffers, pH stabilizers, fixing agents, stain repellants (e.g., fluorocarbons), stain blocking agents, soil repellants, wetting agents, softeners, water repellants, stain release agents, optical brighteners, emulsifiers, surfactants, and mixtures thereof.

[001 15] In another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of diammonium phosphate, from about 10%) to about 50%) by weight of urea, from about 20% to 70% by weight of water, and from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of one or more chemicals selected from dyes, wrinkle resist agents, foaming agents, buffers, pH stabilizers, fixing agents, stain repellants (e.g., fluorocarbons), stain blocking agents, soil repellants, wetting agents, softeners, water repellants, stain release agents, optical brighteners, emulsifiers, surfactants, and mixtures thereof.

[001 16] In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate, from about 10% to about 50% by weight of urea, from about 20% to 70% by weight of water, and from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of one or more chemicals selected from dyes, wrinkle resist agents, foaming agents, buffers, pH stabilizers, fixing agents, stain repellants (e.g., fluorocarbons), stain blocking agents, soil repellants, wetting agents, softeners, water repellants, stain release agents, optical brighteners, emulsifiers, surfactants, and mixtures thereof. [00117] In one embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium phosphate, from about 10%) to about 50%) by weight of urea, from about 20% to 70% by weight of water, and from about 0.1%o to about 5%> by weight of a wetting agent.

[00118] In another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of diammonium phosphate, from about 10%o to about 50%o by weight of urea, from about 20% to 70% by weight of water, and from about 0.1%) to about 5% by weight of a wetting agent.

[00119] In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant

composition comprises from about 10% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium

polyphosphate, from about 10% to about 50% by weight of urea, from about 20% to 70% by weight of water, and from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of a wetting agent.

[00120] In one embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 15% by weight of an ammonium phosphate, about 25% by weight of urea, about 60%) by weight of water, and about 0.5% by weight of a wetting agent.

[00121] In another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition comprises about 17.5% by weight of an ammonium phosphate, about 25% by weight of urea, about 57.5%o by weight of water, and about 0.1% by weight of a wetting agent.

[00122] In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant

composition comprises about 12.5% by weight of an ammonium phosphate, about 20% by weight of urea, about 67.5% by weight of water, and about 0.1% by weight of a wetting agent.

[00123] In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant

composition comprises about 12% by weight of an ammonium phosphate, about 24% by weight of urea, about 64% by weight of water, and about 0.1% by weight of a wetting agent.

[00124] In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant

composition comprises about 12% by weight of an ammonium phosphate, about 24% by weight of urea, about 68% by weight of water, and about 0.1% by weight of a wetting agent.

[00125] In yet another embodiment, the formaldehyde-free flame retardant

composition comprises about 15% by weight of an ammonium phosphate, about 30% by weight of urea, about 6% by weight of dicyandiamide, about 50% by weight of water, and about 0.5% by weight of a wetting agent.

[00126] In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of urea to the ammonium phosphate is no less than about 1.1, no less than about 1.2, no less than about 1.3, no less than about 1.4, no less than about 1.5, no less than about 1.6, no less than about 1.7, no less than about 1.8, no less than about 1.9, or no less than about 2. In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of urea to the ammonium phosphate is ranging from about 1 to about 20, from about 1 to about 10, from about 1 to about 5, or from about 1 to about 2.

Methods of Preparing Formaldehyde-free Flame Retardant Cellulosic Materials

[00127] In one embodiment, provided herein is a method for preparing a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid and a fixing reagent, wherein the flame retardant acid and fixing reagent are each as defined herein.

[00128] In another embodiment, provided herein is a method for preparing a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium salt of a phosphorus containing acid and a fixing reagent, wherein the phosphorus containing acid and fixing reagent are each as defined herein.

[00129] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a method for preparing a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium phosphate and a fixing reagent, wherein the ammonium phosphate and fixing reagent are each as defined herein.

[00130] In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a method for preparing a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium phosphate and urea, wherein the ammonium phosphate is as defined herein.

[00131] In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material comprises cotton, flax, jute, hemp, ramie, lyocell, rayon, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material comprises cotton. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material comprises flax. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material comprises jute. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material comprises hemp. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material comprises ramie. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material comprises lyocell. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material comprises rayon.

[00132] In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is cotton, flax, jute, hemp, ramie, lyocell, rayon, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is cotton. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is flax. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is jute. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is hemp. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is ramie. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is lyocell. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is rayon.

[00133] In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is a blend of cotton, flax, jute, hemp, ramie, lyocell, rayon, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is a cotton blend.

[00134] In certain embodiments, the curing step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 100 to about 250 °C, from about 110 to about 250 °C, from about 120 to about 250 °C, from about 130 to about 250 °C, or from about 130 to about 200 °C. In certain embodiments, the curing step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 100 to about 250 °C. In certain embodiments, the curing step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 110 to about 250 °C. In certain embodiments, the curing step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 120 to about 250 °C. In certain embodiments, the curing step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 130 to about 250 °C. In certain

embodiments, the curing step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 130 to about 200 °C. In certain embodiments, the curing step is performed at a temperature of about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, or about 200 °C. In certain embodiments, the curing step is performed at a temperature of about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, or about 200 °C.

[00135] In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is treated during the curing step with heat in the amount ranging from about 1000 to about 20,000 °C-seconds, from about 2000 to about 10,000 °C-seconds, from about 3000 to about 10,000 °C-seconds, from about 3500 to about 10,000 °C-seconds, or from about 4000 to about 10,000 °C-seconds, above 130 °C. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is treated during the curing step with heat in the amount ranging from about 1000 to about 20,000 °C-seconds above 130 °C. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is treated during the curing step with heat in the amount ranging from about 2000 to about 10,000 °C-seconds above 130 °C. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is treated during the curing step with heat in the amount ranging from about 3000 to about 10,000 °C-seconds above 130 °C. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is treated with heat during the curing step in the amount ranging from about 3500 to about 10,000 °C-seconds above 130 °C. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is treated during the curing step with heat in the amount ranging from about 4000 to about 10,000 °C-seconds above 130 °C. In certain embodiments, the cellulosic material is treated during the curing step with heat in the amount of about 3,000, about 3500, about 4000, about 4500, about 5000, about 5500, about 6000, about 6500, about 7000, about 7500, about 8000, about 8500, or about 9000 °C-seconds above 130 °C.

[00136] In certain embodiments, the curing step is performed at an absolute humidity of no greater than about 20%, no greater than about 15%, no greater than about 10%, no greater than about 5%, no greater than about 2%, or no greater than about 1%.

[00137] In still another embodiment, provided herein is a method for preparing a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, comprising the steps of:

a) contacting a cellulosic material with a formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition provided herein to form a wet cellulosic material;

b) drying the wet cellulosic material; and

[00138] In certain embodiments, the contacting step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 5 to about 100 °C, from about 10 to about 100 °C, from about 10 to about 50 °C, or from about 10 to about 30 °C. In certain embodiments, the contacting step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 5 to about 100 °C. In certain embodiments, the contacting step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 10 to about 100 °C. In certain embodiments, the contacting step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 10 to about 50 °C. In certain embodiments, the contacting step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 10 to about 30 °C. In certain embodiments, the contacting step is performed at a temperature of about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50 °C. [00139] In certain embodiments, the drying step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 25 to about 200 °C, from about 50 to about 150 °C, or from about 80 to about 120 °C. In certain embodiments, the drying step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 25 to about 200 °C. In certain embodiments, the drying step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 50 to about 150 °C. In certain embodiments, the drying step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 80 to about 120 °C. In certain embodiments, the drying step is performed at a temperature of about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, or about 150 °C. In certain embodiments, the drying step is performed at a temperature of about 80, about 85, about 90, about 100, about 105, about 110, about 115, or about 120 °C.

Formaldehyde-free Flame etardant Cellulosic Materials

[00140] In one embodiment, provided herein is a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, which is prepared by a method provided herein.

[00141] In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material comprises cotton, flax, jute, hemp, ramie, lyocell, rayon, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material comprises cotton. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material comprises flax. In certain embodiments, the durable

formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material comprises jute. In certain

embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material comprises hemp. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material comprises ramie. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material comprises lyocell. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material comprises rayon.

[00142] In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material is durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cotton, durable

formaldehyde-free flame retardant flax, durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant jute, durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant hemp, durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant ramie, durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant lyocell, durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant rayon, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the durable

formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material is durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cotton. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material is durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant flax. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material is durable formaldehyde- free flame retardant jute. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material is durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant hemp. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material is durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant ramie. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde- free flame retardant cellulosic material is durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant lyocell. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material is durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant rayon.

[00143] In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material is a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant blend of cotton, flax, jute, hemp, ramie, lyocell, rayon, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material is a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cotton blend.

[00144] In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, from about 0.5%> to about 10%> by weight, from about 1% to about 10%>, from about 2% to about 10%), from about 1% to about 5%>, or from about 2% to about 5%> by weight. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight. In certain

embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight. In certain

embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 1% to about 10% by weight. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 2% to about 10% by weight. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 1% to about 5% by weight. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 2% to about 5% by weight. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of about 1, about 1.5, about 2, about 2.5 about 3, about 3.5 about 4, about 4.5, or about 5% by weight. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, or about 5% by weight.

[00145] In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of no less than about 2, no less than about 2.5, no less than about 3, no less than about 3.5, no less than about 4, no less than about 4.5, or no less than about 5% by weight. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of no less than about 2% by weight. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of no less than about 2.5% by weight. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of no less than about 3% by weight. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of no less than about 3.5% by weight. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of no less than about 4% by weight. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of no less than about 4.5% by weight. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of no less than about 5% by weight.

[00146] In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material is formaldehyde-free. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde- free flame retardant cellulosic material has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 500 ppm, no greater than about 250 ppm, no greater than about 100 ppm, no greater than about 50 ppm, no greater than about 20 ppm, no greater than about 10 ppm, no greater than about 5 ppm, no greater than about 2 ppm, or no greater than about 1 ppm. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 500 ppm. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 250 ppm. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 100 ppm. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 50 ppm. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 20 ppm. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 10 ppm. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 5 ppm. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 2 ppm. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a formaldehyde content of no greater than about 1 ppm.

[00147] In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material passes a bottom vertical ignition test after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material passes a bottom vertical ignition test after 10 launderings. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material passes a bottom vertical ignition test after 25 launderings. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material passes a bottom vertical ignition test after 50 launderings. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material passes a bottom vertical ignition test after 100 launderings.

[00148] In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, from about 0.5%> to about 10%> by weight, from about 1% to about 10%>, from about 2% to about 10%), from about 1% to about 5%>, or from about 2% to about 5%> by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 0.5%) to about 10% by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings. In certain

embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 1% to about 10% by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 2% to about 10% by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 1% to about 5% by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 2% to about 5% by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings. In certain

embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of about 1, about 1.5, about 2, about 2.5 about 3, about 3.5 about 4, about 4.5, or about 5% by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, or about 5% by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings.

[00149] In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of no less than about 2, no less than about 2.5, no less than about 3, no less than about 3.5, no less than about 4, no less than about 4.5, or no less than about 5% by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of no less than about 2% by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of no less than about 2.5% by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings. In certain

embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of no less than about 3% by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of no less than about 3.5% by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of no less than about 4% by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of no less than about 4.5% by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings. In certain embodiments, the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content of no less than about 5% by weight after 10, 25, 50, or 100 launderings.

Formaldehyde-free Flame Retardant Articles

[00150] In one embodiment, provided herein is a formaldehyde-free flame-retardant article, comprising formaldehyde-free flame-retardant material provided herein. [00151] In certain embodiments, the formaldehyde-free flame-retardant article is an apparel, apparel fabric, sock, glove, upholstery fabric, airline fabric, auto upholstery fabric, sleepwear, barrier fabric, air filter paper, curtain, sheet, carpet, throw-rug, awning, robe, gown, banner, sign, oven-mitt, or bag.

[00152] The disclosure will be further understood by the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES

[00153] As used herein, the symbols and conventions used in these processes and examples, regardless of whether a particular abbreviation is specifically defined, are consistent with those used in the contemporary scientific literature, for example, the Journal of the American Chemical Society. Specifically, but without limitation, the following abbreviations may be used in the examples and throughout the specification: g (grams); oz (ounce); m (meter); yd (yard); min (minutes); sec (seconds); %P (phosphorus content in percentage by weight); APP (ammonium polyphosphate); DAP (diammonium

orthophosphate, diammonium hydrogen orthophosphate, diammonium phosphate, or diammonium hydrogenphosphoate, or (NH₄)₂HP0₄); and DMDHEU (dimethylol dihy droxy ethy leneurea) .

[00154] For all of the following examples, unless otherwise indicated, all temperatures are expressed in °C (degrees Centigrade). All processes conducted at room temperature unless otherwise noted. Processes illustrated herein are intended to exemplify the applicable chemistry through the use of specific examples and are not indicative of the scope of the disclosure.

Example 1

[00155] An experiment was conducted to determine the amount of heat (Degree(C)-

Seconds) required to "fix" an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid, e.g., ammonium polyphosphate, via phosphorylation to cellulose. The minimum curing temperature chosen was 130 °C, at which temperature urea melts, decomposes, and/or reacts with w^rater to form ammonia and carbon dioxide. In the experiment, seventeen samples of a 240 g/m² (7 oz/yd²) twill 100% cotton fabric were finished with a flame retardant composition containing about 15% ammonium polyphosphate (APP), 20% urea, and 0.5% iauramine oxide (e.g., MACAT^® AQ-12; Mason Chemical Company, Arlington Heights, IL) in water. Wet pickup was about 72% by weight. The wet samples were heated at various temperatures for various times. The temperature of the fabric of each sample was determined every 5 seconds using an infrared temperature measuring device while the sample was in the oven.

[00156] After the samples were cured, the treated samples were scoured in boiling water for about 15 min. The dry flame retardant solids weight gains were determined for each sample and the samples were also analyzed for their phosphorus contents using an X-ray instrument. Analytical results of the samples are shown in Table 1, along with their calculated phosphorus contents.

TABLE 1

[00157] Without being limited by any theory, the phosphorus contents of the samples were also calculated based on dry add-on measurements assuming that the product of the reaction of APP with cellulose has the structure of cellulose-[0-P(0)(ONH₄)-0-P(0)(ONH₄)- 0-P(0)(ONH₄)₂]_n. As shown in Table 1, there is good agreement between the phosphorus contents determined with an X-ray instrument (%P (X-ray)) and the phosphorus contents calculated (%P (Cal)).

[00158] From a time-temperature profile obtained during the curing process, the heat exposure [degree(C)-seconds] at 130 °C and above was obtained by integration, with the assumption that there is a minimum of reaction taking place until the temperature reaches about 130 °C, at which point the urea begins to decompose.

[00159] From a plot of the "Degree(C)-second versus %P(fixed)," it is estimated that the heat exposure needs to be about 4000 °(C)-seconds or above before all of the phosphorus is fixed. Thus, the amount of heat for fixing phosphorus to cellulose can be calcul ated using the formula of Degree (°C)-seconds = (Temperature(°C) - 130) x (Time(seconds)). Some temperatures and times that produce a constant heat exposure of 4,000 °(C)-seconds are shown in Table 2,

TABLE 2

[00160] In addition to the X-ray method for determining the fixation of phosphorus after scouring, another method is to dye a small swatch with a dye, such as a cotton type of dye (e.g., Direct Dye). For example, a red dye solution was prepared by dissolving Alaco Direct Red BWS in water, which contained about 0.5% of the dye and about 15% of NaCl. Small samples of the fiame-retardant material treated samples and controls were placed in the red dye solution and heated to boiling for about 2 min and then rinsed. The fiame-retardant samples were still white with no indication of being dyed red. The controls were red in color after a though rinse in hot water. This staining or dyeing is a quick quality control check concerning the fixation of a fiame-retardant material. If the fiame-retardant material is fixed, then the material will not accept any dyestuff. Example 2

[00161] Two lots of a formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition, which contained

(i) 35% by weight of an aqueous PT13 solution containing 50%> by weight of solid APP with a phosphorus content of 13.0%, (ii) 25% by weight of urea, and (iii) 0.1% MACAT^® AQ-12 wetting agent, were applied to a 240 g/m² (7.0 oz/yd²) cotton twill fabric. The samples were dried, and then cured or baked at 170 °C for 180 seconds. Analytical results of the treated samples are summarized in Table 3, wherein the phosphorus contents were determined using X-ray techniques. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition has good

reproducibility and the flame retardant fabrics thus produced has good durability to scouring.

TABLE 3

Lot #l Lot #2

Wet fabric weight (g) 55.90 56.23

Dry fabric weight (g) 30.38 30.32

% Wet pick-up 84.0 85.5

Bone dry weight (g) 28.86 28.80

Dry only weight (g) 40.02 40.03

% Add-on dry only 38.78 39.0

Cured weight (g) 34.01 35.46

% Add-on after cure 17.8 23.1

After scour weight (g) 33.08 32.80

% Dry add-on 14.6 13.9

%P (face, dry only) 2.66 2.78

%P (back, dry only) 2.69 2.91

% (Ave.) 2.68 2.84

%P (face, cured) 3.04 3.15

%P (back, cured) 3.12 3.24

% (Ave.) 3.08 3.19

%P (face, scoured) 2.73 2.78

%P (back, scoured) 2.92 2.88 Lot #l Lot #2

% (Ave.) 2.82 2.84

Example 3

[00162] A formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition, which contained (i) 25% by weight of an aqueous PT-13 solution containing 50% by weight of solid APP with a phosphorus content of 13.0%, (ii) 20% by weight of urea, and (iii) 0.2% MACAT^® AQ-12 wetting agent, and (iv) had a pH of 7.8, was applied to a 233 g/m² 3 x 1 cotton twill fabric. The sample was dried and then cured at 160 °C for 120 sec. Analytical results of the treated sample are summarized in Table 4. The calculated %P(analytical) of 1.94% compares very well with %P (X-ray) value of 1.92% after curing. Also the finished sample was durable to scouring (1.92% versus 1.93% P (scoured)). The fixation was very good.

TABLE 4

Wet weight (g) 54.43

Dry weight (g) 33.58

Wet pick-up (%) 74.2

Bone dry weight (g) 29.69

Cured weight (g) 32.52

Total dry add-on (%) 9.53

Scoured weight (g) 31.76

Fixed add-on (%) 6.97

%P (X-ray, face) 1.82

%P (X-ray, back) 2.02

%P (Ave.) 1.92

%P (X-ray, face, scoured) 1.79

%P (X-ray, back, scoured) 2.07

%P (Ave.) 1.93

Phosphorus add-on 2.41%

Dry add-on of PT-13 9.25% Dry add-on of urea 14.8%

Total dry add-on 24.1%

%P (Analytical) 1.94

Example 4

[00163] A formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition, which contained (i) 40% by weight of an aqueous DAP solution containing 85% by weight of phosphoric acid (275 g), 25% by weight of an ammonium hydroxide solution (241 g, 15% by weight), and water (45 g), (ii) 35%) by weight of urea, and (iii) 25% by weight of water, was applied to a 233 g/m² 3 x 1 cotton twill fabric. The sample was pad-dried at 120 °C for 100 sec. and then cured at 155 °C for 360 sec. The sample was then washed under home laundering conditions, AATCC 135, 49 °C, machine wash, tumble dry, to determine its durability, and the phosphorus contents were determined after washing. The analytical results are summarized in Table 5. The formaldehyde content of the finished sample was determined to be < 20 ppm (JIS LI 041).

TABLE 5

a. Char length was determined using 12 second bottom vertical ignition test.

Example 5

[00164] A formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition, which contained (i) 24% by weight of an aqueous PT-13 solution containing 50% by weight of solid APP with a phosphorus content of 13.0%, (ii) 24% by weight of urea, and (iii) 0.1% MACAT^® AQ-12 wetting agent, was applied to a dyed (pink) inter-lock 100% cotton knit fabric (children sleepwear). The wet pickup was 95%. The treated knit sample was dried at 130 °C to just dry, and then baked or heated at 177 °C for 180 sec. Color was only slightly affected and the hand was very good. As shown in Table 6, the phosphorus content of the finished sample was 2.09% and the phosphorus content after scouring in warm (120 °C) water was 1.99%.

TABLE 6

a. Char length was determined using 3 second bottom vertical ignition test.

Example 6

[00165] A formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition, which contained (i) 35% by weight of an aqueous PT-13 solution containing 50% by weight of solid APP with a phosphorus content of 13.0%, (ii) 25% by weight of urea, and (iii) 0.1% MACAT^® AQ-12 wetting agent, was applied to a rayon stitch bonded fabric (barrier fabric: 188 g/m²).

[00166] The wet pickup was 135%). The treated sample was dried at 110 °C and then baked or heated at 175 °C for 180 sec. The phosphorus contents of the treated sample are summarized in Table 7. The finished sample passed the 603B screening test for a flame barrier for mattress ticking (FTM 1633).

TABLE 7

Phosphorous Content (%)

Before scouring

%P (face) 3.57

%P (back) 3.45

%P (Ave.) 3.50

After scoured at 120 C

%P (face) 3.14

%P (back) 3.42

%P (Ave.) 3.28 Example 7

[00167] A sample of a high loft needle punched cotton non- woven fabric(barrier fabric)

(150 g/m² or 4.5 oz/yd²) was finished with a formaldehyde- free flame retardant composition, which contained (i) 20% by weight of an aqueous solution containing 50%> by weight of solid APP, (ii) 20% by weight of urea, and (iii) 0.1% MACAT^® AQ-12 wetting agent. The wet pickup was 88%. Analytical results of the treated sample are summarized in Table 8. The finished sample passed the 603B screening test for a flame barrier for mattress ticking (FTM 1633). The treated sample was dried at 110 °C and then baked or heated at 175 °C for 180 sec.

TABLE 8

Example 8

[00168] A formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition, which contained (i) 30% by weight of an aqueous PT-13 solution containing 50% by weight of solid APP with a phosphorus content of 13.0%, (ii) 30%> by weight of urea, (iii) 6.0% by weight of

dicyandiamide, and (iv) 0.5%> MACAT^® AQ-12 wetting agent, was applied to both dyed and non-dyed twill cotton fabrics (240 g/m² or 7.0 oz/yd²). Analytical results of the treated samples are summarized in Table 9. The treated sample was dried at 110 °C and then baked or heated at 175 °C for 180 sec. There was a minimum of color change observed.

TABLE 9

White Brown

Wet weight (g) 36.30 31.47

Dry weight (g) 20.35 17.79

Wet pickup (%) 78.4 78.9

Bone dry weight (g) 19.35 16.91

Cured weight (g) 24.43 21.51 White Brown

Add-on (cured) (%) 26.2 27.2

Scoured weight (g) 22.04 19.17

Add-on (scoured) (%) 14.0 13.4

%P (add-on) 3.17 3.1 1

%P (Analytical, cured, cal.) 2.51 2.44

%P (X-ray) (cured) 2.78 2.74

%P (scoured) 2.41 2.54

Example 9

[00169] A twill cotton fabric (310 g/m² or 9.0 oz/yd²) was ( 1 ) treated with a 40% APP solution and then pad-dried at 120 °C for 120 sec; (2) treated with a 30%> urea solution, pad- tried at 120 °C for 120 sec, and baked at 160 °C for 360 sec; and (3) optionally treated with a glyoxal solution containing modified DMDHEU (50 g/L, 45% by weight, BASF), magnesium chloride (7.5 g/L), citric acid (50%, 0.6 g/L), and polyethylene (30 g/L, 35% by weight), pad-tried at 120 °C for 120 sec, and baked at 150 °C for 200 sec. Analytical results of the treated fabric are summarized in Tables 10 and 1 1.

TABLE 10

TABLE 1 1

Before After 10 After 20 After 30 After 40 After 50

Wash³

wash washes washes washes washes washes

Char length^b (cm) 6 6 3.5 5 4.7 5.2 a. Washing was performed according to AATCC 135, home laundry, tumble dry.

b. Char length was determined according to ASTM D6413.

Example 10

[00170] A formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition, which contained (i) 40% by weight of APP and (ii) 35% by weight of urea was applied to a cellulosic material. The treated sample was dried at 80 to 120 °C and then cured at 140 °C for 360 sec.

[00171] The finished sample was washed under home laundering conditions, AATCC

135, 49 °C, machine wash, tumble dry, to determine its durability, and the phosphorus contents were also determined after washing. The analytical results are summarized in Table 12. The formaldehyde content of the finished sample was determined to be < 20 ppm (JIS L1041).

TABLE 12

[00172] The examples set forth above are provided to give those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the claimed embodiments, and are not intended to limit the scope of what is disclosed herein.

Modifications that are obvious to persons of skill in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited in this specification are incorporated herein by reference as if each such publication, patent or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition, comprising an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid and a fixing agent, wherein the flame retardant acid is a phosphorus containing acid, sulfamic acid, or a mixture thereof.

2. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant acid is a phosphoric acid, a phosphonic acid, sulfamic acid, or a mixture thereof.

3. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 1, wherein the ammonium salt of the flame-retardant acid is diammonium orthophosphate, an ammonium polyphosphate, ammonium methyl phosphonate, ammonium phenyl phosphonate, ammonium aminotrimethylene phosphonate, ammonium sulfamate, or a mixture thereof.

4. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant acid is a phosphorus containing acid.

5. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant acid is a phosphoric acid, a phosphonic acid, or a mixture thereof.

6. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant acid is a phosphoric acid.

7. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant acid is orthophosphoric acid, a polyphosphoric acid, or mixture thereof.

8. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant acid is orthophosphoric acid.

9. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant acid is a polyphosphoric acid.

10. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 1, wherein the ammonium salt of the flame-retardant acid is an ammonium orthophosphate.

11. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 1 , wherein the ammonium salt of the flame-retardant acid is diammonium orthophosphate.

12. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 1, wherein the ammonium salt of a flame-retardant acid is an ammonium polyphosphate.

13. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant acid is a phosphonic acid.

14. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant acid is methyl phosphonic acid, phenyl phosphonic acid, aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid, or a mixture thereof.

15. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of any of claims 1 to 14, wherein the ammonium salt of the flame retardant acid is formaldehyde-free.

16. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 15, wherein the ammonium salt of the flame retardant acid has a formaldehyde content of no greater than 50 ppm.

17. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 15, wherein the ammonium salt of the flame retardant acid has a formaldehyde content of no greater than 20 ppm.

18. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 15, wherein the ammonium salt of the flame retardant acid has a formaldehyde content of no greater than 10 ppm.

19. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of any of claims 1 to 18, comprising from about 5% to about 95% by weight of the ammonium salt of the flame retardant acid.

20. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 19, comprising from about 5% to about 50% by weight of the ammonium salt of the flame retardant acid.

21. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 19, comprising from about 10% to about 40% by weight of the ammonium salt of the flame retardant acid.

22. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of any of claims 1 to 21, wherein the fixing agent is urea, dicyandiamide, cyanamide, or a mixture thereof.

23. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 22, wherein the fixing agent is urea.

24. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 22, wherein the fixing agent is a mixture of urea and dicyandiamide.

25. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of any of claims 1 to 24, wherein the fixing agent is formaldehyde-free.

26. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 25, wherein the fixing agent has a formaldehyde content of no greater than 50 ppm.

27. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 25, wherein the fixing agent has a formaldehyde content of no greater than 20 ppm.

28. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 25, wherein the fixing agent has a formaldehyde content of no greater than 10 ppm.

29. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of any of claims 1 to 28, comprising from about 5% to about 95% by weight of the fixing agent.

30. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 29, comprising from about 5% to about 50% by weight of the fixing agent.

31. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 29, comprising from about 10% to about 40% by weight of the fixing agent.

32. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of any of claims 1 to 31, wherein the molar ratio of the fixing agent to the ammonium salt of the flame-retardant acid is ranging from about 1 to about 10.

33. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 32, wherein the molar ratio of the fixing agent to the ammonium salt of the flame-retardant acid is no less than about 1.2.

34. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of any of claims 1 to 33, further comprising water.

35. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 34, comprising from about 5% to about 50% by weight of water.

36. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 34, comprising from about 20% to about 70% by weight of water.

37. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of any of claims 1 to 36, further comprising a chemical selected from the group consisting of dyes, wrinkle resist agents, foaming agents, buffers, pH stabilizers, fixing agents, stain repellants, stain blocking agents, soil repellants, wetting agents, softeners, water repellants, stain release agents, optical brighteners, emulsifiers, surfactants, and mixtures thereof.

38. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 37, wherein the chemical is a wetting agent.

39. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 37 or 38, comprising from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the chemical.

40. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 39, comprising from about 0.05% to about 5% by weight of the chemical.

41. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 39, comprising from about 0.05% to about 5% by weight of the chemical.

42. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 1, comprising from about 5% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium phosphate and from about 5% to about 50%) by weight of urea.

43. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 1, comprising from about 5% to about 50% by weight of diammonium orthophosphate and from about 5% to about 50%) by weight of urea.

44. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 1, comprising from about 5% to about 50% by weight of an ammonium polyphosphate and from about 5% to about 50%) by weight of urea.

45. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of any of claims 42 to 44, wherein the molar ratio of the fixing agent to the ammonium phosphate is ranging from about 1 to about 10.

46. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 45, wherein the molar ratio of the fixing agent to the ammonium phosphate is no less than about 1.2.

47. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of any of claims 1 to 46, having a formaldehyde content of no greater than 50 ppm.

48. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 47, having a formaldehyde content of no greater than 20 ppm.

49. The formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of claim 47, having a formaldehyde content of no greater than 10 ppm.

50. A method for preparing a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, comprising the steps of:

a) contacting a cellulosic material with a formaldehyde-free flame retardant composition of any of claims 1 to 49 to form a wet cellulosic material;

b) drying the wet cellulosic material; and

51. The method of claim 50, wherein the drying step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 50 to about 150 °C.

52. The method of claim 51 , wherein the drying step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 80 to about 120 °C.

53. The method of any of claims 50 to 52, wherein the curing step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 100 to about 200 °C.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein the curing step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 130 to about 200 °C.

55. The method of any of claims 50 to 54, wherein the cellulosic material is treated during the curing step with heat in the amount ranging from about 3000 to about 20,000 °C-seconds above 130 °C.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein the cellulosic material is treated during the curing step with heat in the amount ranging from about 4000 to about 10,000 °C-seconds above 130 °C.

57. The method of any of claims 50 to 56, wherein the curing step is performed at an absolute humidity of no greater than about 20%.

58. The method of claim 57, wherein the curing step is performed at an absolute humidity of no greater than about 10%.

59. The method of any of claims 50 to 58, wherein the cellulosic material comprises cotton, flax, jute, hemp, ramie, lyocell, rayon, or a combination thereof.

60. The method of claim 59, wherein the cellulosic material comprises cotton.

61. The method of claim 59, wherein the cellulosic material is a cotton blend.

62. The method of claim 59, wherein the cellulosic material comprises rayon.

63. A method for preparing a durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, comprising curing a cellulosic material in the presence of an ammonium salt of a flame retardant acid and a fixing reagent.

64. The method of claim 63, wherein the curing step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 100 to about 200 °C.

65. The method of claim 63, wherein the curing step is performed at a temperature ranging from about 130 to about 200 °C.

66. The method of any of claims 63 to 65, wherein the cellulosic material is treated during the curing step with heat in the amount ranging from about 3000 to about 20,000 °C-seconds above 130 °C.

67. The method of claim 66, wherein the cellulosic material is treated during the curing step with heat in the amount ranging from about 4000 to about 10,000 °C-seconds above 130 °C.

68. The method of any of claims 63 to 67, wherein the curing step is performed at an absolute humidity of no greater than about 20%.

69. The method of claim 68, wherein the curing step is performed at an absolute humidity of no greater than about 10%.

70. The method of any of claims 63 to 69, wherein the cellulosic material comprises cotton, flax, jute, hemp, ramie, lyocell, rayon, or a combination thereof.

71. The method of claim 70, wherein the cellulosic material comprises cotton.

72. The method of claim 70, wherein the cellulosic material is a cotton blend.

73. The method of claim 70, wherein the cellulosic material comprises rayon.

74. The method of any of claims50 to 73, wherein the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a formaldehyde content of no greater than 50 ppm.

75. The method of claim 74, wherein the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a formaldehyde content of no greater than 20 ppm.

76. The method of claim 74, wherein the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a formaldehyde content of no greater than 10 ppm.

77. The method of any of claims 50 to 76, wherein the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 0.1% to about 10%) by weight.

78. The method of claim 77, wherein the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 1% to about 5% by weight.

79. The method of claim 77, wherein the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 2% to about 5% by weight.

80. The method of any of claims 50 to 79, wherein the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 1% to about 10%o by weight after 50 launderings.

81. The method of claim 80, wherein the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 1% to about 5% by weight after 50 launderings.

82. The method of claim 80, wherein the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material has a phosphorus content ranging from about 2% to about 5% by weight after 50 launderings.

83. The method of any of claims50 to 82, wherein the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material passes a bottom vertical ignition test after 50 launderings.

84. A durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material prepared by a method of any of claims50 to 83.

85. A durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material, having a phosphorus content ranging from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight.

86. The durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material of claim 85, having a formaldehyde content of no greater than 50 ppm.

87. The durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material of claim 85, having a formaldehyde content of no greater than 20 ppm.

88. The durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material of claim 85, having a formaldehyde content of no greater than 10 ppm.

89. The durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material of any of claims 85 to 88, having a phosphorus content ranging from about 1% to about 5% by weight.

90. The durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material of claim 89, having a phosphorus content ranging from about 2% to about 5% by weight.

91. The durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material of claim 84, having a phosphorus content ranging from about 1% to about 10% by weight after 50 launderings.

92. The durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material of claim 91, having a phosphorus content ranging from about 1% to about 5% by weight after 50 launderings.

93. The durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material of claim 91, having a phosphorus content ranging from about 2% to about 5% by weight after 50 launderings.

94. The durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material of any of claims 84 to 93, wherein the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material passes a bottom vertical ignition test after 50 launderings.

95. An article comprising the durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic material of any of claims 84 to 94.