WO2013129910A1

WO2013129910A1 - Composition of matter polyols for polyurethane applications

Info

Publication number: WO2013129910A1
Application number: PCT/MY2013/000041
Authority: WO
Inventors: Daniel B. Garbark; Herman Paul Benecke
Original assignee: Petroliam Nasional Berhard
Priority date: 2012-02-28
Filing date: 2013-02-28
Publication date: 2013-09-06
Also published as: US20150018444A1; KR20140143374A; JP6126138B2; SG11201405266WA; MY188433A; CN104321302A; EP2819988B1; EP2819988A4; EP2819988A1; KR102212416B1; CN107056609A; US10654791B2; JP2015511584A

Abstract

There are provided ester polyols prepared from the esterification of ozone acids and branched primary polyols. There are also provided ester polyol esters prepared from an ester polyol of the invention and further esterifying the ester polyol with at least one carboxylic acid to produce at least one ester polyol ester. There are also provided rigid or flexible foams prepared using the ester polyols and/or ester polyol esters of the invention. There is also provided a coating prepared from the ester polyols and/or ester polyols esters of the invention.

Description

COMPOSITION OF MATTER POLYOLS FOR POLYURETHANE APPLICATIONS Field of the invention

The present invention relates to methods for the preparation of ester polyols, in particular ester polyols formed from the ozonolysis of fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or fats that are subsequently esterified with primary polyols. The ester polyols are useful in a variety of applications, particularly in the production of polyurethane foams and/or coatings. Background of the Invention

The listing or discussion of an apparently prior-published document in this specification should not necessarily be taken as an acknowledgement that the document is part of the state of the art or is common general knowledge.

The present invention provides a process using renewable resources, such as, oils and/or fats, fatty acids, and fatty acid esters derived from plants and animals to produce ester polyols in essentially quantitative yields via the ozonolysis process. The ester polyols are very useful for the production of polyurethane-based coatings and foams, as well as, polyester applications.

Most of the current polyurethanes foams are produced from petroleum based polyol. It is desirable to replace a portion or all of the petroleum polyol with a polyol derived from a plant or animal source when producing polyurethane foams or coatings. Polyols derived from plant or animal sources are known as biopolyols. Palm oil, which is primarily composed of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids chains, is a potential precursor for the production of polyols by using these double bonds to introduce hydroxyl groups by a number of chemical processes. It is desirable that this hydroxyl functionality be primary rather than secondary to enhance polyol reactivity in the preparation of polyurethanes by reacting with isocyanates. Other examples of vegetable and animal fats include soybean oil, safflower oil, linseed oil, com oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, canola oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, mustard oil, camelina oil, jatropha oil, peanut oil, coconut oil, rapeseed oil, Chinese tallow oil, tung oil, castor oil, algae oil, wheat germ oil, soya oil, hemp oil, fish oil, lard, tallow, or the like and a mixture thereof. Byproducts of the above-mentioned oils and lipids, such as, palm fatty acid distillates

(PFAD), palm kernel fatty acid distillates, fractionated palm fatty acid distillate, and fractionated palm kernel fatty acid distillate, fatty acids of soybean oil, palm fatty acid alkyl esters, alkyl esters of any biobased lipids, or the like, or a mixture, or a fraction thereof may be used as a source of fatty acids.

The use of natural oils to produce ester polyols has been disclosed in several patents. In the production of polyols, natural oils offer two reactive sites, the double bond of unsaturated fatty acids, and the carboxyl ester group linking the fatty acid to the glycerine. US Patent No. 7,125,950 describes a solvent free process for making a fatty acid polyester polyol composition useful for the preparation of polyurethanes via the transesterification process. In this patent, natural oil is reacted with a multifunctional hydroxyl compound in the presence of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal base or salt catalyst in absence of a solvent. The hydroxyl content of the prepared composition depends on the amount of the multi-functional hydroxyl compound used in the preparation.

PCT Pub. No. WO2007027223 describes various solvent-based approaches to prepare product ester polyols from plant or animal sources. PCT Pub. No. WO2007027223 disclose the production of 1-monoglycerides, 2-monoglycerides and diglycerides from the ozonolysis of soybean oil in the presence of a variety of primary polyols such as glycerin and either Bronsted or Lewis acids as catalysts. The polyols are reacted with polyisocyanates, polyacids, or polyesters to produce polyurethane and polyester coatings. However, WO2007027223 does not disclose or suggest the use of branched primary polyols. US Patent Application No. US 2006/0194974 described a method for making a modified triglyceride which comprises reacting vegetable oil with ozone in a reaction mixture in the presence of a hydroxylated compound and alkaline catalyst. The ozone and the vegetable oil react to cleave double bonds of fatty acid groups within the triglyceride and the hydroxylated compound, in the presence of the catalyst, is added to terminal carbons of the cleaved double bonds through an ester covalent bond.

There still is a need in this technical field for ester polyols with improved performance characteristics for rigid and flexible foams and polyurethane coatings. Ester polyols prepared from feedstock containing high amounts of saturated fatty acids tend to undergo significant phase separation, resulting in the precipitation of waxy solids. Such ester polyols may then require additional process steps to make them suitable for processing into more useful products like coatings and foams. It is thus desirable to further investigate methods for improving the preparation of preparing ester polyols, in particular ester polyol which may comprise high amounts of saturated fatty acids.

Summary of the Invention The present invention addresses the problem in the art and provides a method for the preparation of ester polyols comprising esterifying at least one ozone acid with at least one primary polyol to produce an ester polyol.

. In particular, the present inventors have found that by incorporating branched primary polyols into the structure of the ester polyols it is possible to obtain ester polyols with increased resistance to phase separation and precipitation.

In one aspect the invention provides a method of preparing at least one ester polyol, comprising esterifying at least one ozone acid with at least one branched primary polyol to produce an ester polyol. In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of preparing an ester polyol ester, the method comprising preparing an ester polyol by esterifying at least one ozone acid with at least one branched primary polyol, and further esterifying the resulting ester polyol with at least one carboxylic acid to produce at least one ester polyol ester.

In a yet further aspect, the invention provides a method of preparing a foam, the method comprising preparing an ester polyol ester by esterifying at least one ozone acid with at least one branched primary polyol, further esterifying the resulting ester polyol with at least one carboxylic acid, and further reacting the resulting ester polyol ester with at least one compound selected from an petroleum polyol, a cross-linking agent, a cell opening additive and an isocyanate, or a mixture thereof.

According to one aspect, the present invention provides an ester polyol obtained or obtainable by the above methods

According to one aspect, the present invention provides an ester polyol, wherein the ester polyol comprises the reaction product of at least one ozone acid; and at least one branched primary polyol. This invention also provides a method for making polyurethane foams from the ester polyols compositions. Ester polyols having a unique branched architecture and the use and properties provided by the use of branched primary polyols are described herein. The foams and/or polyurethane coating are prepared using at least one ester polyol component, which may used without other ester polyols or may be a blend of bio-based ester polyol and petroleum polyol.

According to one aspect, the invention provides a foam obtained or obtainable according to the above methods.

According to one aspect, the invention provides a foam, wherein the foam is prepared from an ester polyol according to any of the above methods and/or an ester polyol ester according to any of the above methods. According to one aspect, the invention provides a foam, wherein the foam comprises the reaction product of at least one ozone acid and at least one branched primary polyol.

According to one aspect, the present invention provides an ester polyol, wherein the ester polyol has the formula of:

HO' T

OH

wherein X =

O

o o o o

II II Π II

-C(C H₂)₇C— ~C (CH₂)₇C— O'

-

R is selected from palmitate, stearate, hexanoate, pelargonate, and and propionate monoesters and azelate diesters, wherein n is from 1 to about 3 esters.

In particular, the ester polyol according to the invention may comprise the reaction product of: at least one ozone acid; and at least one primary polyol. In particular, the primary polyol is a branched primary polyol. More in particular, a branched primary polyol according to the invention is at least one branched primary polyol selected from the group consisting og 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol (2-MePG); trimethylolpropane (TMP); di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP); pentaerythritol (PE); dipentaerythritol diPE) and neopentyl glycol (NPG); or a mixture thereof.

The ester polyol according to the invention may have a hydroxyl value (HV) of from about 20 to about 450 mg KOH/g. There is also provided at least one foam comprising an ester polyol according to any aspect of the invention. In particular, the foam according to the invention may further comprise at least one petroleum polyol.

According to another aspect, there is provided a polyurethane coating, prepared using an ester polyol according to the invention.

According to another aspect, there is provided a method of reducing the separation of a composition comprising at least one ester polyol in a single phase into two or more phases. The method comprises esterifying at least one ozone acid with at least one branched primary polyol to produce the at least one ester polyol, thereby reducing the phase separation of the at least one ester polyol.

According to a particular embodiment, the method of reducing phase separation of the ester polyol composition involves a single liquid phase.

According to another particular embodiment, the method of reducing phase separation of the ester polyol composition results in the ester polyol composition not substantially separating into more than one phase. According to another particular embodiment, the method of reducing phase separation of the ester polyol composition involves letting the composition achieve a temperature of from about 20°C to about 80°C. In another aspect of the invention, the ester polyols created by the method of the present invention may be reacted with isocyanates to form polyurethanes. The ester polyols produced by the present invention have a range of hydroxyl content from 20 - 450 mg KOH/g which will lead to polyurethane materials having a range of physical and mechanical properties, suitable for a variety of applications.

In another aspect of the invention, a method of preparing at least one ester polyol comprises esterifying at least one ozone acid with at least one primary polyol to produce an ester polyol. In a further aspect of the invention, a method of preparing an ester polyol ester comprises preparing an ester polyol by esterifying at least one ozone acid with at least one primary polyol, and further esterifying the ester polyol with at least one carboxylic acid to produce at least one ester polyol ester. In yet another aspect of the invention, a method of preparing a foam comprises first preparing an ester polyol by esterifying at least one ozone acid with at least one primary polyol, further esterifying the ester polyol with at least one carboxylic acid to produce at least one ester polyol ester, and further reacting the ester polyol ester with at least one compound selected from an petroleum polyol, a cross-linking agent, a cell opening additive and an isocyanate, or a mixture thereof.

In an embodiment of the invention, the method of preparing the ester polyol comprises esterifying the ozone acid(s) with at least two primary polyols. Brief Description of the Figures

The accompanying figures, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate aspects of the invention and, together with a general description of the invention given above, and the detailed description given below, serve to explain the invention.

Figure 1 is a schematic of the ester polyols formed from the esterification of ozone acids with glycerin under relatively high hydroxyl/carboxyl ratios.

Figure 2 is a schematic of the ester polyols formed from the esterification of ozone acids with glycerin under relatively low hydroxyl/carboxyl ratios.

Figure 3 illustrates the idealized structures formed from TMP and Fractionated PFAD Ozone acids with respect to Difunctional/Monofunctional Ratio (DMR) and hydroxyl/carboxyl ratio (HCR) concentrations.

Figure 4 is a photograph of rigid foam samples prepared for formulation screening.

Figure 5 is a photograph of rigid foam samples prepared for formulation screening with glycerol.

Figure 6 is a photograph of rigid foam samples prepared for formulation screening after heating at 120°C for 60 minutes.

Definitions

When used in all aspects and embodiments herein, the term "comprises" or variants thereof can be replaced by the term "consists of" or variants thereof and vice versa. For the purposes of this invention, "Hydroxyl Value" (HV) is a measure of the number of hydroxyl groups per unit weight of an ester polyol. It is obtained by acetylating all polyol hydroxyl groups and subsequently titrating the acetylated hydroxyl groups with potassium hydroxide. It is expressed in units of mg potassium hydroxide per gram of sample. Conversion of this weight of potassium hydroxide to the corresponding number of moles potassium hydroxide provides the number of moles of hydroxyl groups per gram of sample.

For the purposes of this invention, "Acid Value" (AV) is a measure of the number of acid groups present per unit weight in a sample. It is obtained by a direct titration with standardized potassium hydroxide solution to a phenolphthalein end point and is expressed in mg potassium hydroxide per gram of sample where the moles of potassium hydroxide are equal to moles of titratable acid groups. For the purposes of this invention, "phase separation" refers to the process by which some components in a composition in a single phase separate into two or more phases. The resulting two or more phases may have different concentrations of compounds. For example, a liquid composition of ester polyols may undergo precipitation of some ester polyols as solids, reducing the amount of ester polyols that remain in a liquid state. This would result in a liquid phase and a solid phase, both of which may comprise ester polyols. Such ester polyols may then require additional process steps to make them suitable for processing into more useful products like coatings and foams, for example heating them to cause the solid ester polyols to return to a liquid state. For the purposes of this invention, Petroleum Polyols are polyols derived from petroleum resources. Polyether polyols and polyester polyols are two major kinds of petroleum polyols consumed in the global polyols market. In an example of a polyether polyol, an initiator like ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or glycerin reacts with an alkylene oxide to produce a polyether polyol with a primary hydroxyl group. Examples of polyether polyols include Polytetramethylene etherglycol (PTMEG), Polypropylene oxide glycol (PPO) and polybutylene oxide glycol (PBO). In an example of a polyester polyol, a glycol such as 1 ,6 hexanediol or a polyols such as glycerin reacts with diester or diacid to form a primary polyester polyol.

For the purposes of this invention, Isocyanates are organic compounds containing the functional group -N=C=0. For example, Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) are two major kinds of isocyanates consumed in the global isocyanate market. Commercially available isocyanates such as Mondur MRS-2, Rubinate 1680 and Rubinate M may be used. Other types of isocyanates, like 1 ,6- hexane diisocyanate (HDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 1 ,5-napthalene diisocyanate (NDI), 1 ,4-phenylene diisocyanate (PDI) are also used in different applications.

For the purposes of this invention, cell opening additives are chemical agents used in polyurethane manufacturing to improve dimensional stability of the polyurethane. Examples are commercially available cell opening additives such as Lumulse POE 26, Niax 1-670 but also any suitable cell opening additives known to a person skilled in the art, such as organic acids, such as benzoic, salicylic, or adipic, alkali metal salts of these acids, and siloxane-oxyalkylene copolymers.

Detailed Description of the Invention

The present invention relates to methods for the preparation of ester polyols. In particular, the invention related to ester polyols formed from the ozonolysis of fatty acids that are subsequently esterified with primary polyols. The fatty acids used in the present invention may be derived from renewable resources especially from palm-based materials such as palm oil and Palm Fatty Acid Distillates (PFAD). However, the present invention is not limited to the use of palm oil and/or PFAD. The ester polyols according to the invention are useful in a variety of applications, particularly in the production of polyurethane foams and/or coatings. Rigid to flexible foams can be produced depending on the hydroxyl value of the ester polyol intermediates. The ester polyols are produced from the esterification of ozone acids. In particular, feedstock, such as, fractionated palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) or High Oleic Fatty acid mixture undergo an ozonolysis reaction to produce their respective ozone acids.

According to a particular aspect, the present invention seeks to incorporate branched primary polyols into the structure of the ester polyols so as to obtain ester polyols with increased resistance to phase separation and precipitation. As a consequence, ester polyols undergo a reduced or no phase separation and may be processed directly into polyurethanes and/or other useful materials. Accordingly, there is provided a method of preparing at least one ester polyol, comprising esterifying at least one ozone acid with at least one branched primary polyol to produce an ester polyol.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of preparing an ester polyol ester, the method comprising preparing an ester polyol by esterifying at least one ozone acid with at least one branched primary polyol, and further esterifying the resulting ester polyol with at least one carboxylic acid to produce at least one ester polyol ester.

The method of the present invention utilizes ozone acids expected to be produced from oxidative ozonolysis process, for example as described by US 2,813,113 and related patents. In particular, the fatty acids derived from vegetable oil and/or animal oils are initially subjected to oxidative cleavage so that all double bonds are cleaved and converted to carboxylic acid groups. In the oxidative cleavage of unsaturated fatty acids derived vegetable oil or animal oils, a mixture of diacids and monoacids (referred to ozone acids) are produced. Palm fatty acid distillates (PFAD) may be used as a starting material or feedstock and source of fatty acids. Triglycerides, such as, palm oil are another source of fatty acids. PFAD which is composed primarily of fatty acids but also contains mono-, di-, and triglycerides can be hydrolyzed to produce fatty acids. Examples of triglycerides include vegetable oil and animal fat. In particular, the triglyceride may be selected from soybean oil, safflower oil, linseed oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, canola oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, mustard oil, camelina oil, jatropha oil, peanut oil, coconut oil, rapeseed oil, Chinese tallow oil, tung oil, castor oil, algae oil, wheat germ oil, soya oil, hemp oil, fish oil, lard tallow, duck fat, butter, or the like and a mixture thereof. Other source of fatty acids include fractionated palm fatty acid distillate, fatty acids of soybean oil, palm fatty acid alkyl esters, alkyl esters of any biobased lipids, or the like, or a mixture, or a fraction thereof.

It is known that the oxidative ozonolysis of fatty acids as specified in US 2,813,113 results in generation of carboxylic acid functionality at each of the two carbon atoms that originally comprise the double bonds in each fatty acid. Examples of individual ozone acids that will be produced from the ozonolysis of each type fatty acids can thus be predicted. This knowledge allows one to calculate and predict the specific percentages of the diacid azelaic acid and all monoacids rsuling from oxidatinve ozonolysis of any fatty acid feedstock composition. Thus, different ozone acid compositions can be simulated by mixing the calculated amounts of diacid (azelaic acid) and monoacids expected from the oxidative ozonolysis of any feedstock. We refer to these mixtures as simulated ozone acids. In an aspect of the present invention, mixtures of simulated difunctional and monofunctional ozone acids were used to prepare the ester polyols for evaluation in polyurethane applications. One specific simulated ozone acid mixture used to prepare ester polyols was the mixture predicted to be obtained from the oxidative ozonolysis of palm-based fatty acid.

Some desirable feedstocks have high concentration of saturated fatty acids that lead to formation of solid ester polyols. This was found to be mitigated by admixture of stericaliy hindered primary polyols or branched primary polyols such as 1 ,2-propanediol or 2- methyl-1 ,3 propanediol. In general ester polyols prepared from full composition fatty acid mixtures required significantly more branched alternate primary polyols such as 2- methyl-1 ,3-propanediol (abbreviated e-PG) than fractionated composition fatty acid mixtures to reduce or prevent phase separation.

In the present invention, the ester polyols have a unique structure because they can incorporate branched primary polyols. The branched primary polyols are effective in inhibiting and/or reducing phase separation in chains of hydrocarbon, particularly, primary polyols are important when preparing polyols from palm feedstock because palm feedstock contains high amounts of saturated fatty acids that cause phase separation. In particular, a branched primary polyol according to the invention is at least one branched primary polyol selected from the group consisting og 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol (2- MePG); trimethylolpropane (TMP); di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP); pentaerythritol (PE); dipentaerythritol diPE) and neopentyl glycol (NPG); or a mixture thereof. More in particular, a branched primary polyols according to the invention comprises at least one of 2-methyl-1 , 3 propanediol, Trimethylolpropane (TMP) and neopentyl glycol, or a mixture thereof.

Polyols incorporating branched primary polyols into the structure of the ester polyols according to the invention achieved high bio based content in the polyurethane foams and/or coatings while maintaining required performance characteristics despite the potentially problematic amounts of high levels of saturated fatty acids (e.g. palmitic acid). In the present invention, the polyol esters can also have branched structures that hinder close packing of the polyester chains, thus inhibiting crystallization. Further, the present invention demonstrates that the amount of carboxylic acid and primary polyol used in esterification affects the viscosities, molecular weights, and crosslinking of the ester polyol. Foams and polyurethane coatings formed from ester polyols of the present invention have good physical properties, such as, density, thermal conductivity, tensile strength, and elongation at break. The approach and methodology as proposed in the present invention is to produce a unique class of intermediates composed of ester polyols derived from the esterification of primary polyols with various carboxylic acids. Due to the unique structure of the ester polyols, the viscosities, hydroxyl values, and molecular weight of the intermediates can be adjusted. This factor allows the development of polyols having a wide range of hydroxyl values (HVs). By adjusting the properties of the ester polyols, the functionality of the foams and/or polyurethane coatings can be adjusted to fit use specifications.

Further, the present invention shows that the amount of carboxylic acid and the primary polyols used in esterification affects the viscosities, molecular weights, and crosslinking of the ester polyol. The present invention will also show that modifying the parameter of hydroxyl to carboxyl groups in the esterification of excess primary polyols with ozone acids to form ester polyols results in modification of the hydroxyl value (HV), viscosity and structure of the ester polyol. Another aspect of the present invention is forming an ester polyol with either a linear or branched structure. These factors allow the development of foams derived from the polyols having a wide range of properties.

The versatility of the polyol process is a key feature in being able to develop biopolyols which span a range of properties and characteristics and allowing use in different applications. For example, rigid foam polyols typically have hydroxyl values (HV) in the 250-450 KOH/g range. Flexible foam polyols typically have hydroxyl values (HV) in the 20-150KOH/g range, in particular 50-150 KOH/g range, and coating polyols typically have hydroxyl values (HV) in the 150-250 range. These characteristics are attainable by selecting the input compounds and adjusting their Difunctional Monofunctional ratio (DMR) and hydroxyl/carboxyl ratio (HCR) as illustrated in Figure 3.

In all polyols, the presence of hydroxyl functionality and the selection of HCR are responsible for excess hydroxyl content or hydroxyl value (HV) of the product polyol. This is achieved by the relative amounts of primary polyol and the amounts of carboxylic acid group containing compounds, both diacids and monoacids, in the polyol synthesis.

Thus, the higher the amount of primary polyol, the higher the resulting hydroxyl value (HV) of the product polyol. In the following examples, the simulated ozone acids expected from the oxidative ozonolysis of fractionated Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) and a mixture of fractionated high oleic fatty acid were esterified with the branched primary polyols 2-methyl-1 , 3 propanediol and trimethylolpropane (TMP) to generate ester polyols.

Figure 1 shows the oxidative cleavage of a fatty acid source, such as, vegetable oil or animal fat, containing linoleic, oleic, linolenic, and saturated fatty acids. The products of the oxidative ozonolysis are the ozone acids azelaic acid (1 ,9-nonadioic acid), hexanoic acid, pelargonic acid (nonanoic acid), propanoic acid, and the original saturated fatty acids palmitic and stearic acids. Palmitic and stearic acids do not change during oxidative ozonolysis. Cleavage occurs at the double bond sites of the fatty acids so that some of the same ozone acids are produced from different fatty acids. For example, linoleic acid produces azelaic and hexanoic acids while oleic acid produces azelaic and pelargonic acids. Malonic acid (a C₃ diacid) is formed from both linoleic and linolenic acids and decomposes to acetic acid (not shown) and carbon dioxide at the temperatures used in the second stage of oxidative ozonolysis. However acetic acid is not shown in Figures 1 or 2 since the purification process used in the commercial production of ozone acids can be readily adjusted to remove acetic acid. When this mixture of ozone acids is esterified with glycerin under relatively high glycerin concentrations relative to the ozone acid concentrations, the major glyceride products are the type of monoglycerides shown. These monoglycerides are known as ester polyols. Inherently, monoglycerides will have higher hydroxyl values (HV) than the diglycerides and triglycerides shown in Figure 2. The high HV ester polyol structures are used in applications including polyurethane rigid foams. The monoglyceride-based ester polyols represent a limiting type of structure of polyols as compared to Figure 2. However, small amounts of polyol ester structures shown in Figure 2 can be formed under conditions of high glycerin to ozone acid concentrations. Their relative concentrations of the ester polyols found in Figure 1 and 2 will specifically depend on the glycerin to ozone acid concentration. For Figures 1 and 2, molecular modeling is used to predict the relative concentrations of ester polyol structures formed at different ratios of glycerin to ozone acid concentrations.

Figure 2 shows the production of ozone acids from fatty acids by oxidative ozonolysis with glycerin under relative low glycerin to ozone acids ratios. When this mixture of ozone acids is esterified with glycerin under relatively low glycerin concentrations, the major glyceride products (ester polyols) are diglycerides and triglycerides, as shown. The ester polyols have extended molecular weights compared to the structures sown in Figure 1 and also the monofunctional carboxylic acids (palmitic, stearic, hexanoic, pelargonic, and propionic acids) serve to cap some of the glyceride hydroxyl groups. Another feature of the ester polyol of Figure 2 is the crosslinking via difunctional Azelaic acid moieties, as shown in the lower ester polyol branched structure of Figure 2.

The ester polyols of Figure 2 generally have lower hydroxyl values (HV) that qualifies them as polyols useful for polyurethane flexible foams and coatings. The range and relative concentrations of the structures that will be obtained at varying glycerin to ozone acid concentrations can be predicted by molecular modeling.

In the present invention, the ester polyols have an additional unique structural aspect due to their incorporation of branched primary polyols. The branched primary polyols are effective in reducing and/or inhibiting phase separation in hydrocarbon chains, particularly from palm feedstock because palm feedstock contains high amounts of saturated fatty acids that cause phase separation. An example of a branched primary polyol is Trimethylolpropane (T P) that is shown below.

3

Branched primary polyols may be selected from 1 ,2-propanediol; 2-methyl-1 ,3- propanediol (2-MePG); trimethylolpropane (TMP); di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP); neopentyl glycol (NPG); pentaerythritol (PE); and dipentaerythritol (diPE).

Specifically, the ester polyol may have a repeated group (RC0₂R') where R represents palmitate, stearate, hexanoate, pelargonate, propionate and azelate (as di-esters derived from the ozone acids, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. R' is derived from the primary polyol structure.

In an embodiment, the ester polyols may be linear structures. In another embodiment, the polyol esters may be branched structures. Both may incorporate at least one branched polyol. The structure of the branched polyol esters hinders the close packing of hydrocarbon chains, which inhibits crystallization.

In all polyols, the presence of hydroxyl functionality and the selection of hydroxyl to carboxyl ratio (HCR) are responsible for excess hydroxyl content or hydroxyl value (HV) of the product polyol. This is achieved by the relative amounts of primary polyol and the amounts of carboxylic acid group containing compounds, both diacids and monoacids, in the polyol synthesis. Thus, the higher the amount of primary polyol, the higher the resulting hydroxyl value (HV) of the product polyol. The versatility of the polyol process is a key feature in being able to develop biopolyols which span a range of properties and characteristics and allowing use in different applications. For example, rigid foam polyols typically have hydroxyl values (HV) in the 250-450 KOH/g range and also possess some crosslinking to provide rigidity. Flexible foam polyols typically have hydroxyl values (HV) in the 50-150 KOH/g range. Coating polyols typically have hydroxyl values (HV) in the 150-250 range.

These characteristics are also attainable by selecting the input compounds and adjusting their Difunctional Monofunctional ratio (DMR) and hydroxyl/carboxyl ratio (HCR). The difunctional/monofunctional ratio (DMR) is the ratio of the molar amount of diacid to monoacids in the ozone acid or ozone acid mixtures. The use of a higher difunctional/monofunctional ratio (DMR) results in increased ester polyol r viscosities and decreased volatilities. Conversely, a decreased difunctional/monofunctional ratio (DMR) results in decreased ester polyol component molecular weights, resulting in decreased viscosities and increased volatilities of the ester polyols..

Figure 3 shows the optimal structures formed from the esterification reaction of ozone acids with primary polyols. The two ratios, difunctional to monofunctional acid ratio (DMR) and hydroxyl to carboxyl ratio (HCR) dictate the structure of ester polyols. The combination of these specific ratios establishes the key parameters and therefore where the applications can be used. In broad terms, the three most important application areas, such as, lubricant base stock, polyurethane rigid foam, and/or flexible foam can be represented on the two-axis plot, as shown in Figure 3.

The difunctional to monofunctional acid ratio (DMR) is considered a key control parameter in the production of polyol esters. It is generally constrained by the latent difunctional carboxylic acid components of the feedstock that result directly from the ozonolysis of the unsaturated fatty acids with the principal diacid formed being Azelaic acid. The maximum theoretical DMR of the fatty acid composition of fractionated PFAD is 0.71. For comparison, the DMR of soybean oil fatty acids has a value of 1.51 due to the increased level of unsaturation. The difunctional to monofunctional acid ratio (DMR) of PFAD can be adjusted downward by the additional monoacid, as illustrated in Figure 3, to access compositional ranges of a polyol which suits the lubricant base stock. The presence of increased amounts of azelaic acid favors the formation of higher chain extended structures.

In all polyols, the presence of hydroxyl functionality and the selection of hydroxyl/carboxyl ratio (HCR) are responsible for excess hydroxyl content or hydroxyl value (HV) of the product polyol. This is achieved by the relative amounts of primary polyol and the amounts of carboxylic acid group containing compounds, both diacids and monoacids, in the polyol synthesis. Thus, the higher the amount of primary polyol, the higher the resulting hydroxyl value (HV) of the product polyol. In combination, Afunctional to monofunctional acid ratio (DMR) and hydroxyl/carboxyl ratio (HCR) for a given feedstock, choice of primary polyol, and additional monoacid can be used to produce a wide range of polyols with varying structure and hydroxyl value (HV).

In all polyols, the presence of hydroxyl functionality and the selection of hydroxyl to carboxyl ratio (HCR) are responsible for the hydroxyl value (HV) of the product polyol. This is achieved by the amounts of primary polyol and carboxylic acid group, both diacids and monoacids, used in the polyol synthesis. Thus, the higher the amount of primary polyol, the higher the resulting hydroxyl value (HV) of the product.

Table A lists the fatty acids and weight percentages of fractionated PFAD that were then subjected to simulated oxidative ozonolysis to produce a mixture of ozone acids as shown with their individual calculated weight percentages (% wt).

Table A:

Fractionated % wt Ozone acids % wt

PFAD

Oleic 68.98 Azelaic 46.86

Linoleic 12.85 Acetic 3.27

Linolenic 2.76 Hexanoic 4.42

Palmitate 11.11 Nonanoic 32.07

Stearate 3.19 Propionic 0.61

Myristic 0.16 Palmitic 9.22

Arachidic 0.86 Stearic 2.65

Behenic 0.08 Myristic 0.13

Total 99.99 Arachidic 0.71

Behenic 0.07

Total 100.00 Table B lists the fatty acids and weight percentages of fatty acids epected from high oleic soybean oil that wre then subjected to simulated oxidative ozonolysis to produce a mixture of ozone acids as shown with their weight percentages (% wt). Table B:

The targeted hydroxyl value (HV) range of ester polyols used to formulate rigid polyurethane foam is 250-450mg KOH/g. Therefore, primary polyols having a high number of hydroxyl groups per molecule, such as glycerin and sorbitol, were incorporated to increase the hydroxyl value and crosslinking potential. The base calculation to determine the formulation to produce ester polyols for various foam applications is the hydroxyl to carboxylic acid (OH:COOH) ratio. According to another aspect of the invention, there is also provided a method of making a "rigid" foam, comprising the sequential steps of:

reacting at least one mixture of ozone acids, the mixture of ozone acid(s) having at least one hydroxyl group and at least one carboxyl group, a ratio of the at least one hydroxyl group to the at least one carboxyl group is a hydroxyl/carboxyl ratio;

esterifying the mixture of ozone acid(s) with at least one primary polyol to produce an ester polyol according to the invention; esterifying the ester polyol with at least one carboxylic acid to produce at least one ester polyol ester; and

reacting the ester polyol ester with at least one petroleum polyol, at least one cross- linking agent, cell opening additives, and at least one isocyanates to produce foam.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is also provided a method of making a "flexible" foam, comprising the sequential steps of:

reacting at least one ozone acid, the ozone acid(s) having at least one hydroxyl group and at least one carboxyl group, a ratio of the at least one hydroxyl group to the at least one carboxyl group is a hydroxyl/carboxyl ratio;

esterifying the ozone acid(s) with at least one primary polyol to produce an ester polyol according to the invention;

esterifying the ester polyol with at least one carboxylic acid to produce at least one ester polyol ester; and

reacting the ester polyol ester with at least one petroleum polyol, at least one cell opening additive, and at least one isocyanate to produce foam.

Accordingly, there is also provided an ester polyol, wherein the ester polyol comprises the reaction product of:

at least one ozone acid; and

at least one branched primary polyol.

The ester polyol ester according to the invention comprises the structure

Ester Polyol

The branched primary polyol may be selected from 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol (2-MePG); trimethylolpropane (TMP); di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP); pentaerythritol (PE); dipentaerythritol diPE); neopentyl glycol (NPG); and a mixture thereof. In particular, the branched primary polyol(s) is selected from 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol (2-MePG); trimethylolpropane (TMP); di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP); neopentyl glycol (NPG) and a mixture thereof. More in particular, the branched primary polyol comprises trimethylolpropane (TMP). More in particular, the at least one branched primary polyol comprises adding a mixture of at least two branched primary polyols, for example, 2- methyl-1 ,3-propanediol (2-MePG) and trimethylolpropane (TMP).

The ester polyol according to the invention may be one or more ester polyol having the formula of:

wherein X =

; and R is selected from palmitate, stearate, hexanoate, pelargonate, propionate monoesters and azelate diesters, wherein n is from 1 to 3.

The ester polyol according to the invention may have a hydroxyl value (HV) from about 20 (mg KOH/g) to about 450 (mg KOH/g).

According to another aspect, there is also provided an ester polyol ester obtainable or obtained according to any method of the invention. The ester polyol ester according to any aspect of the invention comprises the structure:

O

O °^"^R O

Estieerr

R O- ΓEs

Polyol -O R

There is also provided a foam obtained or obtainable according to any method of the invention. In particular, there is provided a foam, wherein the foam is prepared from an ester polyol and/or an ester polyol ester according to the invention.

In particular, there is provided a foam, wherein the foam comprises the reaction product of:

at least one ozone acid; and

at least one branched primary polyol.

The foam may be a rigid or flexible foam.

The foam according to the invention may have a tensile strength measured from about 7.75 (psi) to about 36.9 (psi). In particular, from about 9.7 (psi) to about 36.9 (psi). In particular, from about 9.7 (psi) to about 13.5 (psi). More in particular, from about 9.7 (psi) to about 11.55 (psi). Even more in particular, from about 7.75 (psi) to about 11.55 (psi). The foam according to any aspect of the invention, may comprise an ester polyol according to any aspect of the invention in an amount of about 10% to about 100% and the petroleum polyol is an amount of about 90% to about 0%. In particular, the ester polyol is in an amount of about 10% and the petroleum polyol component is in an amount of about 90%. Alternatively, the ester polyol is in an amount of about 20% and the petroleum polyol component is in an amount of about 80%.%. Alternatively, the ester polyol is in an amount of about 100% and the petroleum polyol component is in an amount of about 0%. Alternatively, the ester polyol is in an amount of about 50% and the petroleum polyol component is in an amount of about 50%. %. Alternatively, the ester polyol is in an amount of about 90% and the petroleum polyol component is in an amount of about 10%.

In preparing the foam of the invention, the polyol may have a hydroxyl value (HV) from about 20 (mg KOH/g) to about 450 (mg KOH/g). In particular, from about 250 (mg KOH/g) to about 400 (mg KOH/g). Alternatively, wherein the ester polyol has a hydroxyl value (HV) ranging from about 50 (mg KOH/g) to about 150 (mg KOH/g).

The foam of the invention may have a free rise density from about 2.1 (pcf) to 2.6 (pcf). In particular, from about 2.1 (pcf) to about 2.3 (pcf). Alternatively, from about 2.3 (pcf) to about 2.6 (pcf).

The foam according to any aspect of the invention may have a density of about 2.4 (pcf) to about 2.5 (pcf). The foam according to any aspect of the invention may have a thermal conductivity (K- factor) of about 0.148 to about 0.154.

The foam according to any aspect of the invention may have a maximum load of about 5.50% to 6.25%. The foam according to any aspect of the invention may have an elongation at a break measured at about 78.3% to about 118.5%.

The foam according to any aspect of the invention may have a resiliency of about 23.1 to 59.0%.

The foam according to any aspect of the invention may have a ball Resilience (16mm) with a Rebound percentage of about 23.1% to about 59.0%. The foam according to any aspect of the invention may comprise at least one compound selected from an petroleum polyol, a cross-linking agent, a cell opening additive and an isocyanate, or a mixture thereof. In particular, the foam may comprises at least one cell opening additive and at least one isocyanate. The foam according to any aspect of the invention may comprise at least one cross- linking agent comprising at least one branched primary polyol selected from 2-methyl- 1 ,3-propanediol (2-MePG); trimethylolpropane (TMP); di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP); pentaerythritol (PE); dipentaerythritol diPE); neopentyl glycol (NPG); and at least one isocyanate, or a mixture thereof. In particular, the foam may comprise at least one branched primary polyol(s) is selected from 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol (2-MePG); trimethylolpropane (TMP); di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP); neopentyl glycol (NPG) and a mixture thereof. The at least one branched primary polyol may comprise trimethylolpropane (TMP). The foam of the invention may comprise at least two branched primary polyols, for example 2-methyl- ,3-propanediol (2-MePG) and trimethylolpropane (TMP).

According to another aspect of the invention, there is also provided a polyurethane coating, prepared using the ester polyol according to any aspect of the invention. According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of reducing the separation of a composition comprising at least one ester polyol in a single phase into two or more phases, the method comprising esterifying at least one ozone acid with at least one branched primary polyol to produce the at least one ester polyol, thereby reducing the phase separation of the at least one ester polyol. In particular, the composition may be in a single liquid phase. According to a particular aspect, the at least one ester polyol does not substantially separate into more than one phase. Further, the method of the invention also comprises allowing the composition to achieve to the temperature range from about 20°C to about 80°C.

Having now generally described the invention, the same will be more readily understood through reference to the following examples which are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 :

Preparation of a Palm-Based Rigid Foam Polyol

To produce palm-based rigid foam polyol, 80.36 g of azelaic acid, 3.69 g of acetic acid, 6.46 g of hexanoic acid, 58.29 g of nonanoic acid, 0.22 g of propionic acid, 6.06 g of palmitic acid, 4.15 g of stearic acid, 0.6 g of myristic acid, 6.23 g of lauric acid, 69.03 g of glycerin, 41.22 g of sorbitol and 0.17 g of tin (II) oxalate were weighed into a 500 ml three neck round bottom flask. The mixture was stirred using an overhead stirrer and heated to 180°C to ensure all components dissolved and homogenized. The temperature was then increased to 215°C-220°C and the byproduct water was collected throughout the reaction. The reaction was monitored by measuring acid value (AV) and was considered complete when the AV reached below 3 mg KOH/g. The resultant polyol (labeled 53144- 09-10) had a hydroxyl value (HV) of 378.8 mg KOH/g and AV of 1.04 mgKOH/g. The final product was a clear liquid.

Rigid Foam Polyols Preparation of Palm-based Polyurethane Rigid Foam Samples

Table C lists the typical components used to prepare rigid polyurethane sample. For comparison, the conventional sucrose-based polyol Jeffol SG-360 is also used to make polyurethane foam sample using the same formulation. Foams were prepared at an isocyanate index of 105 with biobased polyol 53144-09-10 as a sole polyol and as 50% replacement of Jeffol SG 360 polyol with and without addition of 10% glycerin as crosslinker. Water in combination with Enovate 3000 (HFC-245fa) was used as a blowing agent. In order to balance the foaming profile, the amount of Dabco 33LV was reduced and the amount of Niax A1 was increased in formulations based on palm-based polyol 53144-09- 10 in comparison to the reference formulation based on sucrose-based polyol Jeffol SG- 360 as shown in Table D. Dabco 33LV performs as both "blowing" and "gelling" catalyst. The additive Niax A1 is a very strong "blowing" catalyst. Table C: Rigid Foam Formulation Components

Materials

Designation Type

POLYOLS

Hydroxyl Value=400; Acidity

52926-37-15

Value=0.9

Hydroxy! Value=520; Acidity Value=

52926-33-14

Hydroxy! Value=406; Acidity

52926-35-26

Value=2.1

Jeffol SG-360 Sucrose/giycerin-based polyol;

(comparative) Hydroxyl value = 360 (Eq. wt. =

153.7)

CROSSLINKER

Superol V Glycerin 1 ,2,3-Propanetriol: (Eq. wt

SURFACTANT

Dabco DC 193 Polysiloxane

CATALYSTS

33% Triethylene diamine in

Dabco 33LV

dipropylene glycol

Dabco T-12 Dibutyltin dilaurate

Niax A1 bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether

ISOCYANATE

Rubinate M Polymeric MDI; Functionality

Eq. wt = 135.05

All rigid foams were prepared using a standard laboratory high-torque mixer. The polyol component and isocyanate component were mixed for 10 seconds. Afterwards, the mixture was transferred into an open cake box before the cream time. Foaming profile, including cream time, gel time, rise time, and tack-free time was measured on all foams.

The performance of both foams using Jeffol SG-360 and polyol 53144-09-10 is summarized as in the Table D.

The biopolyol exhibited similar reaction profile times (cream, gel and rise) as well as densities at both the 50% and 100% replacement levels of the petroleum polyol.

After aging at room conditions for one week, the foams were cut and tested for density according to ASTM D 1622-03 and apparent dimensional stability by aging at 120°C for 60 minutes (in-house procedure for screening foam dimensional stability). The dimensional stability of the biopolyol foams without glycerine was satisfactory.

Table D: Example of formulations for polyurethane rigid foam at 0%, 50% and 100% replacement and their performance profiles.

Formulations and properties of rigid polyurethane foams based on biobased polyol 53144-09-10

50% 100%

100% 50% 100%

Eqv. Replacemen Replacemen

Components Convention Replacemen Replacemen

Weight t with Added t with Added al Polyol t t

Glycerin Glycerin

Polyol System

Jeffol SG-360 153.7 100 50 i 0 45 0

531 4-09-10 148.1 . ^'. o 50 100 ; 45 _. 90

Superol V Glycerin j

30.67 0 0 , 0 ! 10 10

(Crosslinker)

Water 9 2 2 2 2 2

Dabco DC193 !

748 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

(Surfactant)

Dabco 33LV

105 1.0 j 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

(Amine catalyst) '

Niax A-1 233.7 0.2 0.4 0.5 ^: 0.4 0.5

Isocyanate System j

Rubinate M

134.6 125.31 126.6 ; 128.4 163.3 164.9

(Polymeric MDI)

Isocyanate Index i 105 105 105 105 105

Reaction Profile of Free-rise Foams

Mix time, sec. 10 10 io 10 10

Cream time, sec. 16 ; 19 ^" T 25 22 40

Gel time, sec. 1 10 123 S 135 160 180

Rise time, sec. 87 180 215 230 240

Tack-free time,

220 ¹ 210 j 200 215 230 sec.

Properties of Screening Foams³

Free-rise density,

2.2 ¹ 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.2

An advantage of the ester polyol intermediate in the present invention is that it can replace up to 100% petroleum polyol at the same level of performance. As shown in Table D, high hydroxyl biopolyols of the present invention can replace the petroleum polyol component in a rigid foam formulation. The hydroxyl value of the comparative polyol, Jeffol SG-360, is 365 and for Polyol 53144-09-10 is 378.8. Jeffol SG-360 will be used as a comparative example when formulating foams of the present invention. The amount of Polyol 53144-09-10 that was used to replace petroleum polyol ranges 45%- 100%. This was accomplished either with solely the biopolyol or in combination with a small amount glycerin which served to increase the mechanical stiffness of the foam.

Glycerin is viewed as an acceptable additive since it is also biobased, however, it can result in brittle and friable foam when used in larger amounts. Trials conducted did not require any additional glycerin and demonstrated an incremental improvement in the overall polyol development. Subsequent thermal insulation testing also showed that rigid foams formulated with the palm based biopolyols were comparable to the petroleum reference foams and is therefore suitable for insulation applications.

Thermal insulation is a key application for rigid polyurethane foams and therefore it was essential to determine if the biobased polyols would meet critical property requirements. A list of raw materials used in this evaluation is shown in Table E. Table E: Rigid Foam Formulation Components for Insulation Tests

Foams for K-factor measurements were prepared using the same hand-mixing procedure by pouring foaming mixture into a paper box of 3"x18"x12A¹ " dimensions. Foams were cut for K-factor measurement after aging for 1 1 days at room conditions. K- factor measurement was carried out 24 hours after cutting the samples with 12"x12"x1" dimensions. The measurements were carried out on Thermal Conductivity Analyzer ANACON, Model TCA-12 according to ASTM C 518-02. Standard Reference Material 1450c (Fibrous Glass Board) provided by National Institute of Standards and Technology was used for calibration of the thermal conductivity analyzer.

A temperature of the cold plate was set to 50°F and temperature of the hot plate to 100°F for K-factor measurement. The properties of the foam are also summarized in Table D. The apparent cell structure of foams based on biobased polyol 53144-09-10 was similar to the reference foams (Figure 4 and 5). All foams exhibited somewhat higher density than targeted 2 pcf. All foams prepared including foams based on 50% and 100% biobased polyol 53144-09-10 and prepared without glycerol, exhibited good dimensional stability in exposure to 120°C for 60 minutes (Figure 6).

Thermal conductivity measurements were carried out on foam prepared without any glycerin. K-factors of foams based on palm-based based polyol was similar to that of the reference foams, indicating that conventional sucrose-based polyether polyol for rigid foams can be replaced with biobased polyol 53144-09-10 in rigid foam formulations targeting thermal insulation properties.

The resulting K-factors of 0.148 Btu-in/hr-ft^2oF measured for reference foams and 0.153- 0.154 Btu-in/hr-ft^2oF measured for foams based on biobased polyol are in the range reported for foams with the same density range prepared with similar levels of HFC- 245fa.

All foams exhibited somewhat higher density than targeted 2 pcf. Foams were prepared using laboratory hand-mixing equipment, which is not best suited to control the amount of volatile Enovate 3000 in the blend.

All foams prepared in screening experiments, including foams based on 50% and 100% biobased polyol 53144-09-10 prepared without glycerol, and exhibited good dimensional stability in exposure to 120°C for 60 minutes, as shown in Figure 4 as RP-1 , B50, and B100.

Figure 5 shows photographs of rigid foam samples prepared for formulation screening with glycerol. In Figure 5, the foam samples are labeled as RP-1 (comparative example) and experimental examples, B50G, and B100G

Figure 6 shows photographs of rigid foam samples (with and without glycerol) prepared for formulation screening after heating at 120°C for 60 minutes. Figure 6 shows comparative example RP-1 and experimental examples, B50, and B100, B50G, and B100G.

Flexible Foam Polyol As of yet, there are no biobased polyols which can be formulated at a 100% level to produce a high resilience foam typical of the consumer products uses such as furniture and bedding. A significant amount of petroleum polyol, typically in excess of 70 wt% of the polyol, is currently required to achieve critical performance characteristics such as resilience with current commercial biopolyols. Improvements were made to increase the biopolyol content of flexible foams while maintaining performance characteristics. Several compositions were examined and compared with a conventional petroleum polyol formulation. These unoptimized formulations and results show potential for increased biopolyol content with the palm based polyols have a low hydroxyl value (HV). The method of preparation of ester polyols intermediates for flexible foam is similar as rigid foam but at a different hydroxyl:carboxyl (OH/COOH) ratio, which is between 1.05 to 1.15. Flexible foam polyols typically have hydroxyl values (HV) in the 50-150 mg KOH/g range. The lowest HV polyols produced by ozone-based processes will typically be used for flexible foams. The decreased starting material hydroxyl/carboxyl ratio of 1.10 used in these flexible foam candidates was expected to provide even lower hydroxyl values compared to the rigid foam and coating polyols while also providing higher molecular weights polyols.

Example 2

Preparation of Palm-based Flexible Foam Polyol

To produce palm-based flexible polyurethane foam polyol, 361.62 g of azelaic acid, 16.62 g of acetic acid, 29.07 g of hexanoic acid, 332.88 g of nonanoic acid, 0.99 g of propionic acid, 27.27 g of palmitic acid, 18.66 g of stearic acid, 2.70 g of myristic acid,

28.05 g of lauric acid, 195 g of glycerin, 35.01 g of 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol and 0.63 g of tin(ll)oxalate were weighed in a 1 L three neck round bottom flask. The mixture was stirred using an overhead stirrer and heated to 180°C to ensure all components were dissolved and homogenized. The temperature was then increased to 210°C-215°C and the byproduct water was collected throughout the reaction. The reaction was monitored by acid value (AV) and was considered complete when the AV reaches below 3 mg KOH/g. The resultant polyol (labeled 53045-13-10) had an HV of 23.2 mg KOH/g and an AV of 0. The final product was a clear liquid.

Preparation of Polyurethane Flexible Foam Samples

The ingredients as listed in the following Table F were used to prepare flexible polyurethane foam sample. For comparison, the conventional petroleum based polyol Jeffol G31-28 was also used to make polyurethane foam sample. Foams were prepared at an isocyanate index of 90 with 10%, 30% and 50% replacement of Jeffol G31-28 with biobased polyol. Other components used were water, Lumulse POE 26 as the cell opener, Tegostab B 4690 as the surfactant, and Dabco 33LV, diethanolamine as crosslinker and Niax A-1 as the blowing catalyst. The isocyanate system was a single system and used Mondur MRS-2. Both formulations and the properties of resultant foams are summarized in Table F.

Table F: Flexible Foam Formulation Components

Diethanol amine 99% Diethanol amine; Eq. Wt. = 35

CATALYSTS

33% Triethylene diamine in dipropylene

Dabco 33LV

glycol

Dabco T-12 Dibutyltin dilaurate

DMEA Dimethylethanolamine

Niax AI bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether

ISOCYANATES

Mondur MRS-2 2,4' rich diphenylmethane diisocyanate

(F=2.2; Eq. wt. = 130.03)

Rubinate 1680 Uretonimine modified MDI (F=2.12; Eq.

wt. = 140.0)

Formulations and properties of flexible polyurethane foams based on palm-based polyol 53045-13-10

100%

Equivalent Recipes with Lower Recipes with Higher Petroleum

Recipe Amount of Cell Opener Amount of Cell Opener Based

Equivalent 0% 50% 10 % 30% 10% 50%

Components

Weight Replacement Replacement Replacement Replacement Replacement Replacement

Petroleum

Based

Jeffol G31-28 1961.54 97 48.5 89.1 69.3 85.5 47.5

Palm based

polyol

53045-13-10 2418.10 0 48.5 9.9 29.7 9.5 47.5

%

Replacement 0 50 10 30 10 50

Water 9 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6

Lumulse POE

26

(Cell Opener) 416.2 3 3 1 1 5 5

Niax I-670 (Cell

Opener) 217.4 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tegostab B

4690

(Surfactant) 1335.7 1 1 1 1 1 1

Dabco 33LV

(Amine

catalysts) 105 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Diethanolamine

(Crosslinking

agent) 35.04 1 1 1 1 1 1

Niax A-1

(Blowing

catalyst) 233.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Isocyanate System

Mondur MRS-2

(Polymeric

DI) 130.03 57.81 57.26 57.26 57.03 58.15 57.72

Isocyanate

Index 90 90 90 90 90 90

Foam Properties

Rise Profile (sec)

Cream Time 9 16 15 15 15 20

Gel Time 45 65 50 52 50 75

Rise Time 80 80 85 80 70 100

Resilience

Rebound (%) 62 41 54 47 61 41

Density (pcf) 2.78 2.75 2.48 2.56 2.78 2.57

Tensile Strength

(psi) 11.55 10.68 10.28 10.58 10.11 7.75

Elongation at

Break (%) 253.82 169.8 270.88 247.28 228.58 176.22

Table G: Flexible ^:oam Formulations and Properties As shown in Table G, the biobased polyol (53045-13-10) managed to replace petroleum based polyol up to 50% and still meet the resilient property of minimum of 40% to be used in high resilient foam applications. Other properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break are comparable to the petroleum based polyol at up to 30% replacement. At 50% replacement, the tensile strength and elongation at break were lower than 100 % petroleum based polyol.

Coating Polvols

Coating polyols typically have hydroxyl values (HVs) in the 50-250 mg KOH/g range and may possess some crosslinking to provide enhanced hardness. The decreased starting material hydroxyl/carboxyl ratio of 1.58 was expected to provide lower hydroxyl values compared to the rigid foam polyol and also provide a higher molecular weight based on well-known polymerization principles. Example 3

Preparation of Palm-based Polyurethane Coating Polyol

To produce palm-based polyurethane coating polyol, 62.95 g of azelaic acid, 3.55 g of acetic acid, 30.25 g of hexanoic acid, 42.13 g of nonanoic acid, 0.33 g of propionic acid, 13.6 g of palmitic acid, 1.6 g of stearic acid, 1.6 g of myristic acid, 68.5 g of trimethylolpropane (branched primary polyol), 25.5 g of 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol and 0.15 g of tin(ll)oxalate were weighed in a 500mL three neck round bottom flask. The mixture was stirred using an overhead stirrer and heated to 180°C to ensure all components had dissolved and homogenized. The temperature was then increased to 210°C-215°C and the byproduct water was collected throughout the reaction. The reaction was monitored by acid value (AV) and was considered complete when the AV reached below 3 mg KOH/g. The resultant polyol (labeled 52781-32-30) had an HV of 207 mg KOH/g and an AV of 0.0. The final product was a clear liquid. Table H: Properties of Palm-based Polyurethane Coating Sample

The polyurethane foams and coatings of the present invention are formed by the reaction of an isocyanate, a cross-linking agent, cell opening additives, and/or a polyol component. The polyol component comprises an ester polyol and petroleum polyol component. The hydroxyl value (HV) of the ester polyol determines the ester polyol replacement level of the resultant foam or coating. The ester polyol comprises about 10% to about 100% of the polyol component. The hydroxyl value (HV) of the ester polyol can be fine tuned by the selection of the difunctional monofunctional ratio (DMR) and hydroxyl arboxyl ratio (HCR) of the starting ozone acids.

Example 4

Preparation of ester polyols from full composition PFAD virtual ozone acids using glycerin. TMP and Me-PG

A series of ester polyols were prepared from full composition PFAD virtual ozone acids with the primary polyols glycerin, TMP and Me-PG while varying the hydroxyl/carboxyl ratios from 1.85 to 1.10. Table I shows the polyol compositions and the values of physical parameters such as HV, AV, COT, viscosity, and percent volatilization used to determine the applicability of these polyols to prepare useful products. Table I: Properties of full composition PFAD virtual ozone acids using glycerin, TMP and Me-PG

Polvols 2, 11 and 14. As shown in Table I, polyols 2, 11 and 14 all incorporated a hydroxyl/carboxyl ratio of 1.85. It is instructive that polyol 2, which uses a mixture of glycerin and Me-PG as the primary polyols, produced a polyol that was mainly solid. However, polyol 1 1 and 11 R (its repeat preparation at larger scale), which was nearly identical to polyol 10 except that it employed an exact mole replacement of glycerin with TMP, was a liquid that has yet to precipitate any solid. However, polyol 14 which is similar to polyol 11 except that the Me-PG component was replaced with an equal molar amount of TMP, was a turbid, thick material that eventually precipitated solid. Following are conclusions obtained from these polyol properties:

TMP is significantly better than glycerin in maintaining phase homogeneity in full palm composition polyols (as observed previously in polyols from fractionated PFAD compositions)

A mixture of TMP and Me-PG is better than TMP alone in maintaining polyol phase homogeneity

Polvols 10, 12 & 15. As shown in Table I, polyols 10, 12 and 15 all incorporated an hydroxyl/carboxyl ratio of 1.30. It can be seen that polyol 10 that employed glycerin and Me-PG as the primary polyols was essentially a solid. However, polyol 12 which was identical to polyol 10 except that it employed an exact mole replacement of glycerin with TMP was a liquid that has yet to develop solid. Polyol 15 and 15R (its repeat large scale preparation) was similar to polyol 12 except that the Me-PG was replaced with an exact molar amount of TMP and was initially a liquid that has maintained its phase homogeneity with time. The implication of these results is that at lower hydroxyl/carboxyl ratios, the dependence of phase homogeneity on total replacement of Me-PG with TMP is not as sensitive as in higher hydroxyl/carboxyl ratio. This could be due to the fact that at higher ratios, the polyol molecular weights are smaller so there is a higher probability that fully saturated will not be bound to a sufficient amount (or any) solubilizing substituents. A polyurethane coating was prepared form polyol 1 1 using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) which was found to have a 1 H hardness and good gloss values. This is in contrast to only obtaining a 5B hardness when this polyol was cured with toluene diisocyanate (TDI).

Example 5: Rigid Foam Polyols Using Feedstock (Tallow)

To confirm the process scalability and product consistency, 18L scale reactor runs have been performed to synthesize rigid foam polyols by using the tallow-based fatty acids as the feedstock. The amount of feedstock and other components were weighed (as shown in Table 100) and charged into an 18L glass reactor. The mixture was stirred using an overhead stirrer and heated to 180°C to ensure all components dissolved and homogenized. The temperature was then increased to between 210°C-220°C and water was removed throughout the reaction. The reaction was monitored by the reduction in acid value (AV). Towards the end of the reaction, the rate of AV reduction was observed to decrease. To facilitate the removal of traces of water and acids, an inert gas sparge was introduced into each reactions. The reactions were stopped and considered complete when the AV reached 3 mg KOH/g or below. The resultant polyols have the following properties as shown in Table 200.

Table 100: 18L Runs on Rigid Polyols using tallow based feedstock

Target Actual mass, g

Reactant

mass, g Run 1 Run 2 Run 3

Azelaic acid (tallow-based) 5411.71 541 1.64 5413.94 5412.88

Nonanoic acid (tallow-based) 5844.01 5844.36 5845.00 5848.03

Glycerin 4892.42 4908.23 4894.64 4892.89

Sorbitol 2886.42 2895.81 2887.29 2888.44

Tin (II) Oxalate (catalyst) 33.61 34.06 34.08 36.00 Table 200: Resultant Polyol Properties from the 18L bench scale runs

The foams produced from the polyol generated in 18 liter runs 1 , 2, and 3 were satisfactory in producing rigid foams. Independent analysis performed at an external laboratory showed that the product foams are well suited for rigid foam formulations for thermal insulation properties. The comparison was done against a petroleum-based polyol using a similar foam formulation. The summary of the main properties of rigid foam performance are as shown in Table 300 below. Table 300- PL⁾ foam performance using Rigid Run 1 , Rigid Run 2 and Rigid Run 3

Polyols Density Apparent Dimensional Remarks

(kg/m³) Stability (after heating

for 30 min.@ 120°C)

SG 360 32.20 Hard @ 120°C, no Petroleum

deformation based/reference

Run 1 32.84 Hard @ 120°C, no 18L tallow-based

deformation

Run 2 32.68 Hard @ 120°C, no 18L tallow-based

deformation

Run 3 32.20 Hard @ 120°C, no 18L tallow- based

deformation Example 6: Runs Using Palm-based Feedstock

Palm-based azelaic and nonanoic acids were weighed into a 500 ml four neck round bottom flask at specific amounts as shown in Table 400 for their respective applications.

The mixture was stirred using an overhead stirrer and heated to 180°C to ensure all components dissolved and homogenized. The temperature was then increased between 210°C-220°C and water was removed throughout the reaction. The reaction was monitored by acid value (AV) reduction. Towards the end of the reaction, the rate of AV reduction decreased. To facilitate traces of water and acids removal, an inert gas sparge was introduced into the reaction. The reaction was stopped and considered complete when the AV reached 3 mg KOH/g or below. The resultant polyols have the following properties as shown in Table 500. Table 400- Compositions by weight for polyester polyols lab scale synthesis using actual palm-based feedstock

Rigid Flexible Case

Product

wt(g) wt (g) wt (g)

Azelaic Acid 69.78 84.3 74.65

Pelargonic Acid 74.65 107.95 78.3

Glycerin 66.28 48.95 -

Sorbitol 39.33 - -

2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol - 88 27.58

TMP - - 69.48

Tin (II) Oxide 0.075 0.075 0.075 Table 500: Properties of Lab Scale Palm Based Polyester Polyols for all 3 applications - Rigid, Flexible and Coating

Rigid Flex Coating

Properties Test method

Polyols Polyols Polyols

ASTM D 4662-

Acid Value, mg KOH/g 0.7 0.9 0.52

08

Hydroxyl Value, mg ASTM D 4274-

405 53.3 208

KOH/g 05

ASTM D 4672-

Moisture, % 0.026 0.021 0.022

00

ASTM D 4878-

Viscosity @ 25.0°C, cps 2448 11 16 650

08

MW GPC 881 4749 1292

Functionality - 6.4 4.5 4.8

Color Gardner 6.3 5.8 3.9

Solubility in Ethyl

- - - Soluble Acetate, 50/50 by wt

Viscosity of 50/50 ethyl 5 cPs

- - - acetate solution @23°C

The following tables 600 to 1000 show properties of products obtained from the process of Example 6. .

Final Product Formulation and Analysis

1 ) Palm Based Rigid Foam Formulation and Properties

Table 600. Formulations and Foaming Profiles of Rigid PL⁾ Foams Based on Palm-based Rigid Polyols. Prepared with Water as a Sole Blowing Agent

Eqv. 100% 50% 100%

Designation Weight Petroleum replacement replacement

Polyol system

Poly-G 74-376 (Petroleum based) 150.4 100 50 0

Rigid, Palm-based 135.2 - 50 100

Water 9 4.5 4.5 4.5

Surfactant 748 2.5 2.5 2.5

Catalyst 105 1.8 1.8 1.8

Blowing agent catalyst 233.7 0.1 0.1 0.1

Polymeric MDI 135.5 168.75 174.08 179.4

Isocyanate Index 105 105 05

Reaction Profile of Free-rise

Mix time, sec. 10 10 10

Cream time, sec. 13 23 33

Gel time, sec. 70 61 67

Rise time, sec. 110 104 101

Tack-free time, sec. 132 88 80

Properties

Free-rise density, kg/m3 32.36 34.44 35.08

Hard @ Hard @ 120°C Hard @

Apparent Dimensional Stability after 120°C No No 120°C No heating for 30 min.@ 120°C deformation deformation deformation 2) Palm-Based Flexible Foam Formulations and Properties

Table 700: Formulations and Foaming Profiles of Free-Rise Flexible Foams of Flex Palm Based Poiyols

Table 800: Properties of Free Rise Foams Based on Flex Palm Based Polyol

0 (100%

Flex Palm Based Petroleum

Polyol, % Based) 10 20 30 50

Density, kg/m3 2.47 2.56 2.45 2.42 2.47

Resilience, Ball

(16mm) Rebound, % 57.2 ± 0.9 53.6 ± 0.6 47.8 ± 0.7 42.9 ± 1.7 37.3 ± 1.4

11.67 ± 11.03 ± 10.75 ± 11 .08 ± 10.03 ±

Tensile Strength, psi 0.48 1.65 0.79 1.04 0.95

Elongation at Break, % 136 ± 7 118 ± 11 134 ± 9 130 ± 14 115 ± 9

Hysteresis, % 35.3 ± 0.9 36.0 ± 0.4 41.3 ± 0.9 43.0 ± 0.9 47.7 ± 0.5

Compression Force

Deflection, kPa

@ 25%, Deflection 2.21 ± 0.14 2.14 ± 0.07 2.48 ± 0.28 2.28 ± 0.28 2.48 ± 0.34 @ 50%, Deflection 3.79 ± 0.21 3.72 ± 0.07 4.14 ± 0.48 3.79 ± 0.34 4.27 ± 0.76 @ 65%, Deflection 6.83 ± 0.41 6.62 ± 0.07 7.24 ± 1.10 6.76 ± 0.55 7.72 ± 1.38

Compression Strength

Ratio 50%

Deflection/25%

Deflection 65%

Deflection/25%

Deflection 1.71 3.09 1.74 3.09 1.67 2.92 1.66 2.96 1.72 3.11

Cell Structure Uniform Uniform Uniform Uniform Uniform

Table 900: Properties of coatings based on Palm Based Coating Polyols at different Isocyanate Index

Coating Designation Formulation 1 Formulation 2

Polyol system, g*

Palm Based Coating Polyol 12.48 12.48

Catalyst 0.006 0.006

Solvent 25.0 21.67

Isocyanate 12.1 13.31

Isocyanate Index 1.00 1.10

Mix time @ 2200RPM, sec. 20 20

Coating solution

Appearance Transparent Transparent

Solid content, % 43 50

Film properties

Tensile Strength, psi 485 ± 11 765 ± 47

Elongation at Break, % 98 ± 11 103 ± 4

Impact Testing, ASTM D2794 - No cracks;

Pencil Hardness, ASTM 3363 - HB

(5A) No peeling or

Adhesion Test, ASTM 3359, Method B - removal

Adhesion Test, ASTM 3359, Method B after 5A) No peeling or Humidity exposure per ASTM D2247 - removal

Solvent Resistance Test

MEK, weight gain/loss, % - 51.3

Toluene, weight gain/loss, % - 47.9

0.1 NaOH, pH 13, weight gain/loss, % - 1.5

0.1 N HCI.pH 1 , weight gain/loss, % - -0.2

Weight gain/loss, % after Humidity exposure

per ASTM D2247 - Negligible

Nice coating; Nice coating; Good

Comments Good curing; curing. Table 1000: Properties of coatings solution based on Palm Based Coating Polyol at different Isocyanate Index

The subject matter claimed herein is not limited to embodiments that solve any disadvantages or that operate only in environments such as those described above. Rather, this background is only provided to illustrate on exemplary technology area where some embodiments described herein may be practiced. Bibliographic references mentioned in the present specification are for convenience listed in the form of a list of references and added at the end of the examples. The whole content of such bibliographic references is herein incorporated by reference.

References:

1. WO2007027223

2. U.S. Pre-Grant Publication No. 2005/0112267

3. U.S Patent No. 7,125,950

4. US Patent Application No. US 2006/0194974

5. US 2,813,113

Claims

A method of preparing at least one ester polyol, comprising esterifying at least one ozone acid with at least one primary polyol to produce an ester polyol.

A method of preparing at least one ester polyol according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one primary polyol comprises at least one branched primary polyol.

A method of preparing at least one ester polyol according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the at least one primary polyol comprises at least one unbranched primary alcohol.

A method of preparing an ester polyol ester, the method comprising preparing an ester polyol according to any one of claims 1 to 3, and further esterifying the ester polyol with at least one carboxylic acid to produce at least one ester polyol ester.

A method of preparing a foam, the method comprising preparing an ester polyol ester according to claim 4, and further reacting the ester polyol ester with at least one compound selected from an petroleum polyol, a cross-linking agent, a cell opening additive and an isocyanate, or a mixture thereof.

The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the method comprises esterifying the ozone acid(s) with at least two primary polyols.

The method according to claim 6, wherein the method comprises esterifying the ozone acid(s) with at least two branched primary polyols.

The method according to claim 6 or claim 7, wherein the method comprises esterifying the ozone acid(s) with at least two unbranched primary polyols.

9. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the primary polyol comprises at least one unbranched primary polyol selected from glycerol, sorbitol, xylitol and erithritol and a mixture of two or more thereof.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the method comprises the use of glycerol and sorbitol or a mixture thereof.

11. The method according to claims 9 or 10, wherein the at least one ester polyol comprises one or more ester polyols having the formula of:

wherein X =

; and R is selected from palmitate, stearate, hexanoate, pelargonate, propionate monoesters and azelate diesters, wherein n is from 1 to 3

12. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the polyol comprises a branched primary polyol selected from 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol (2- MePG); trimethylolpropane (TMP); di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP); pentaerythritol (PE); dipentaerythritol diPE); neopentyl glycol (NPG) and a mixture thereof.

13. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the polyol comprises a branched primary polyol from 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol (2-MePG); trimethylolpropane (TMP); di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP); neopentyl glycol (NPG) and a mixture thereof.

14. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the polyol comprises branched primary polyols comprising trimethylolpropane (TMP).

15. The method according to any one of claims 1 , 2, 4 to 7 and 12 to 14, wherein the method comprises esterifying the ozone acid(s) with at least two branched primary polyols and wherein the at least two branched primary polyols comprise 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol (2-MePG) and trimethylolpropane (TMP). 6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one ester polyol has a hydroxyl value (HV) from about 20 (mg KOH/g) to about 450 (mg KOH/g).

17. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one ozone acid comprises a mixture of ozone acids. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one ozone acid and at least one polyol comprise a reaction mixture, wherein the at least one ozone acid has at least one carboxyl group and the at least one polyol has at least two hydroxyl groups, a ratio of the at least two hydroxyl groups to the at least one carboxyl group being a hydroxyl/carboxyl ratio, and wherein the method comprises decreasing the hydroxyl/carboxyl ratio of thereaction mixture to decrease a hydroxyl value of the ester polyol.

The method according to claim 18, wherein the reaction mixture has a hydroxyl to carboxyl ratio of about 2.5 or greater.

20. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ester polyol has a hydroxyl value (HV) ranging from about 250 (mg KOH/g) to about 400 (mg KOH/g).

21. The method according to claim 18, wherein the reaction mixture has a hydroxyl to carboxyl ratio of about 1.10.

22. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 19 or 21 , wherein the ester polyol has a hydroxyl value (HV) ranging from about 50 (mg KOH/g) to about 150 (mg KOH/g).

23. An ester polyol, wherein the ester polyol comprises the reaction product of:

at least one ozone acid; and

at least one primary polyol.

24. An ester polyol according to claim 23, wherein the at least one primary polyol is at least one branched primary polyol.

25. The ester polyol according to claim 24, wherein the branched primary polyol is selected from 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol (2-MePG); trimethy!olpropane (TMP); di- trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP); pentaerythritol (PE); dipentaerythritol diPE); neopentyl glycol (NPG); and a mixture thereof.

26. The ester polyol according to any one of claims 24 or 25, wherein the branched primary polyol(s) is selected from 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol (2-MePG); trimethylolpropane (TMP); di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP); neopentyl glycol (NPG) and a mixture thereof.

27. The ester polyol according to any one of claims 24 to 26, wherein the at least one branched primary polyol comprises trimethylolpropane (TMP).

28. The ester polyol according to any one of claims 24 to 27, wherein the at least one branched primary polyol comprises 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol (2-MePG) and trimethylolpropane (TMP).

29. An ester polyol according to any one of claims 23 to 28, wherein the at least one primary polyol is at least one unbranched primary polyol.

30. The ester polyol according to claim 29, wherein the at least one unbranched primary polyol is selected from glycerol, sorbitol, xylitol and erithritol and a mixture of two or more thereof.

31. The ester polyol according to claim 30, wherein the at least one unbranched primary polyol is selected from glycerol and sorbitol, or a mixture thereof.

32. An ester polyol, wherein the ester polyol has the formula of:

OH OH

; and

R is selected from palmitate, stearate, hexanoate, pelargonate, propionate monoesters and azelate diesters, wherein n is from 1 to 3.

33. The ester polyol according to any one of claims 23 to 32, wherein the ester polyol has a hydroxyl value (HV) from about 20 (mg KOH/g) to about 450 (mg KOH/g).

34. An ester polyol ester obtainable or obtained according to the method of claim 4 or 6 to 22.

35. A foam obtained or obtainable according to the method of any one of claims 5 to 22.

36. A foam, wherein the foam is prepared from an ester polyol according to any one of claims 23 to 33 and/or an ester polyol ester according to claim 34.

37. A foam, wherein the foam comprises the reaction product of:

at least one ozone acid; and

at least one primary polyol.

38. A foam according to claim 37, wherein the at least one primary polyol is at least one branched primary polyol.

39. A foam according to claim 37, wherein the at least one primary polyol is at least one unbranched primary polyol.

40. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 39, having a tensile strength measured at about 9.7 (psi) to about 36.9 (psi).

41. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 39, having has a tensile strength measured at about 7.75 (psi) to about 11.55 (psi).

42. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 41 , wherein the ester polyol is in an amount of about 10% to about 100% and the petroleum polyol is an amount of about 90% to about 0%.

43. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 42, wherein the polyol has a hydroxyl value (HV) from about 20 (mg KOH/g) to about 450 (mg KOH/g).

44. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 43, wherein the foam has a free rise density from about 2.1 (pcf) to 2.6 (pcf).

45. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 44, wherein the ester polyol is in an amount of about 10% and the petroleum polyol component is in an amount of about 90%. 46. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 44, wherein the ester polyol is in an amount of about 20% and the petroleum polyol component is in an amount of about 80%.

47. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 46, wherein the ester polyol has a hydroxyl value (HV) ranging from about 250 (mg KOH/g) to about 400 (mg

KOH/g).

48. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 47, wherein the foam is a rigid foam.

49. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 47, wherein the foam has a Free Rise Density of about 2.1 (pcf) to about 2.3 (pcf).

50. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 44 or 47 to 49, wherein the ester polyol is in an amount of about 50% and the petroleum polyol component is in an amount of about 50%.

51. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 46 or 49 to 50, wherein the ester polyol has a hydroxyl value (HV) ranging from about 50 (mg KOH/g) to about 150 (mg KOH/g).

52. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 44 or 47 to 49, wherein the ester polyol is in an amount of about 90% and the petroleum polyol component is in an amount of about 10%.

53. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 44 or 47 to 49, wherein the ester polyol is in an amount of about 100% and the petroleum polyol component is in an amount of about 0.0%.

54. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 53, wherein the foam has a density of about 2.4 (pcf) to about 2.5 (pcf).

55. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 54, wherein the foam has a thermal conductivity (K-factor) of about 0.148 to about 0.154.

56. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 55, wherein the foam has a maximum load of about 5.50% to 6.25%.

57. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 39 or 42 to 56, wherein the foam has a tensile strength of about 9.7 (psi) to about 13.5 (psi).

58. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 57, wherein the foam has an elongation at a break measured at about 78.3% to about 118.5%.

59. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 58, wherein the foam has a resiliency of about 23.1 to 59.0%.

60. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 46 or 49 to 59, wherein the foam is a flexible foam.

61. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 48 or 50 to 60, wherein the foam has a Free Rise Density of about 2.3 (pcf) to about 2.6 (pcf).

62. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 58 or 60 to 61 , wherein the foam has a ball Resilience (16mm) with a Rebound percentage of about 23.1 % to about 59.0%.

63. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 62, comprising at least one cell opening additive; and at least one isocyanate.

64. The foam according to any one of claims 35 to 64, further comprising at least one cross-linking agent comprising at least one branched primary poiyol selected from 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol (2-MePG); trimethylolpropane (TMP); di- trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP); pentaerythritol (PE); dipentaerythritol diPE); neopentyl glycol (NPG); and at least one isocyanate.

65. The foam according to claim 64, wherein the branched primary polyol(s) is selected from 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol (2-MePG); trimethylolpropane (TMP); di- trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP); neopentyl glycol (NPG) and a mixture thereof. 66. The foam according to claim 64, wherein the at least one branched primary poiyol comprises trimethylolpropane (TMP).

67. The foam according to claim 64, wherein the at least one branched primary poiyol comprises 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol (2-MePG) and trimethylolpropane (TMP).

68. A polyurethane coating, prepared using the ester poiyol according to any one of claims 24 to 33. 69. A method of reducing the separation of a composition comprising at least one ester poiyol in a single phase into two or more phases, the method comprising esterifying at least one ozone acid with at least one primary poiyol to produce the at least one ester poiyol, thereby reducing the phase separation of the at least one ester poiyol.

70. The method of claim 69, wherein the at least one primary polyol comprises at least one branched polyol.

71. The method of claim 69 or claim 70, wherein the at least one primary polyol comprises at least one unbranched polyol.

72. The method according to claim 69, wherein the composition is in a single liquid phase.

73. The method according to claim 70, wherein the at least one ester polyol does not substantially separate intq more than one phase.

74. The method according to claim 70, wherein the composition is let allow to achieve to the temperature range from about 20°C to about 80°C.

75. A polyol ester prepared by reacting azelaic acid and pelargonic acid, optionally from tallow or palm feedstocks, with:

(a) glycerin and sorbitol;

(b) glycerin and 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol; or

(c) 2-methy!-1 ,3-propanediol and TMP, optionally wherein

the approximate molar equivalents of the reactants are as listed in Tables 100 or 400 of the description.

76. The polyol ester of claim 75, wherein:

(i) in the reaction mixture for (a) of claim 75 azelaic acid is present in 27.91 wt%, pelargonic acid is present in 29.86 wt%, sorbitol is present in 15.73 wt% and glycerol is present in 26.51 wt%;

(ii) in the reaction mixture for (b) of claim 75 azelaic acid is present in 33.72 wt%, pelargonic acid is present in 43.18 wt%, 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol is present in 3.52 wt% and glycerol is present in 19.58 wt%; and in the reaction mixture for (b) of claim 75 azelaic acid is present in 29.86 wt%, pelargonic acid is present in 31.32 wt%, 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol is present in 1 .03 wt% and TMP is present in 27.79 wt%.