WO2013061572A1 - 成膜方法、真空処理装置、半導体発光素子の製造方法、半導体発光素子、照明装置 - Google Patents
成膜方法、真空処理装置、半導体発光素子の製造方法、半導体発光素子、照明装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013061572A1 WO2013061572A1 PCT/JP2012/006769 JP2012006769W WO2013061572A1 WO 2013061572 A1 WO2013061572 A1 WO 2013061572A1 JP 2012006769 W JP2012006769 W JP 2012006769W WO 2013061572 A1 WO2013061572 A1 WO 2013061572A1
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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- H01L21/02263—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase
- H01L21/02266—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase deposition by physical ablation of a target, e.g. sputtering, reactive sputtering, physical vapour deposition or pulsed laser deposition
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- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/005—Processes
- H01L33/0062—Processes for devices with an active region comprising only III-V compounds
- H01L33/0066—Processes for devices with an active region comprising only III-V compounds with a substrate not being a III-V compound
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- H01L33/16—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a particular crystal structure or orientation, e.g. polycrystalline, amorphous or porous
- H01L33/18—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a particular crystal structure or orientation, e.g. polycrystalline, amorphous or porous within the light emitting region
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- H01L33/26—Materials of the light emitting region
- H01L33/30—Materials of the light emitting region containing only elements of Group III and Group V of the Periodic Table
- H01L33/32—Materials of the light emitting region containing only elements of Group III and Group V of the Periodic Table containing nitrogen
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a film forming method, a vacuum processing apparatus, a method for manufacturing a semiconductor light emitting element, a semiconductor light emitting element, and an illumination device, and in particular, a film forming method capable of forming a high-quality epitaxial film, a vacuum processing apparatus, and this
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor light emitting element, a semiconductor light emitting element, and an illumination device using such an epitaxial film.
- a group III nitride semiconductor is composed of an aluminum (Al) atom, a gallium (Ga) atom, an indium (In) atom, and a group VB element (hereinafter simply referred to as group V element) which are group IIIB elements (hereinafter simply referred to as group III element).
- Compound semiconductor material obtained as a compound with a certain nitrogen (N) atom that is, aluminum nitride (AlN), gallium nitride (GaN), indium nitride (InN), and mixed crystals thereof (AlGaN, InGaN, InAlN, InGaAlN) It is.
- Such group III nitride semiconductors are light emitting diodes (LEDs: Light Emitting Diodes), laser diodes (LDs: Laser Diodes), solar cells (PVSCs: PVSCs) that cover a wide wavelength range from far ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared.
- LEDs Light Emitting Diodes
- LDs Laser Diodes
- PVSCs PVSCs
- HEMT High Electron Mobility Transistor
- MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
- single crystal substrates made of group III nitride semiconductors are extremely expensive and are not used except for some applications, mainly sapphire ( ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 ), silicon carbide (SiC), etc.
- a single crystal film is obtained by heteroepitaxial growth on different types of substrates.
- the ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 substrate is inexpensive and has a large area and is capable of obtaining a high-quality one. Therefore, in an LED using a group III nitride semiconductor thin film on the market, Almost all use ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 substrates.
- MOCVD organic metal compound chemical vapor deposition
- the sputtering method is characterized by low production costs and low probability of particle generation. Therefore, if at least a part of the film forming process of the group III nitride semiconductor thin film can be replaced by the sputtering method, there is a possibility that at least a part of the above problem can be solved.
- Non-Patent Document 1 discloses the crystallinity of a group III nitride semiconductor thin film manufactured using a sputtering method.
- a c-axis oriented GaN film is epitaxially grown on an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate using a high-frequency magnetron sputtering method, and an X-ray rocking curve (XRC) of the GaN (0002) plane is obtained.
- FIG. 10A to FIG. 10D are schematic diagrams of a crystal made of a group III nitride semiconductor epitaxially grown with c-axis orientation on an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate.
- reference numeral 901 denotes an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate
- reference numerals 902 to 911 denote a crystal made of a group III nitride semiconductor
- reference sign cf denotes a c-axis of the crystal made of a group III nitride semiconductor.
- orientation c s is ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001 ) orientation of the c axis of the substrate
- a f is the orientation of a-axis of the crystal made of a group III nitride semiconductor
- a s the ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001 ) Direction of the a-axis of the substrate.
- FIG. 10A is a bird's-eye view showing that a crystal made of a group III nitride semiconductor is formed with a tilted mosaic spread
- FIG. 10B shows a partial cross-sectional structure thereof.
- the direction c f the c axis of the crystal 902, 903, 904 made of a Group III nitride semiconductor is generally parallel to the direction c s c-axis of the substrate, predominant substrate for the entire while is perpendicular direction in the crystal orientation
- the orientation c f the c axis of the crystal 905 and 906 made of a group III nitride semiconductor is slightly offset from the crystal orientation of the predominant direction perpendicular to the substrate of the formation Has been.
- FIG. 10C shows a bird's-eye view of a crystal made of a group III nitride semiconductor formed with a twisted mosaic spread
- FIG. 10D shows a top view thereof.
- the direction a f a-axis of the crystal 907,908,909 made of a Group III nitride semiconductor is formed between the ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001 ) orientation a s a-axis of the substrate corner Is approximately 30 °, and the crystal orientation is in the in-plane direction dominant with respect to the whole
- the a axis direction a f of the crystals 910 and 911 made of a group III nitride semiconductor is The crystal orientation is slightly shifted from the crystal orientation in the in-plane direction.
- Such a variation from the dominant crystal orientation to the whole is called a mosaic spread.
- a variation in crystal orientation in the vertical direction of the substrate is a tilt mosaic spread
- a variation in crystal orientation in the in-plane direction is a twist mosaic.
- the mosaic spread of tilt and twist has a correlation with the density of defects such as spiral dislocations and edge dislocations formed inside the group III nitride semiconductor thin film.
- the size of the mosaic spread of tilt and twist is measured by performing XRC measurement on a specific lattice plane (symmetric plane) formed parallel to the substrate surface or a specific lattice plane formed perpendicular to the substrate surface. It can be evaluated by examining the FWHM of the obtained diffraction peak.
- FIGS. 10A to 10D and the above description explain the tilt and twist mosaic spread conceptually in an easy-to-understand manner, and do not guarantee strictness.
- the crystal orientation in the vertical direction of the substrate that is dominant with respect to the whole and the crystal orientation in the in-plane direction that is dominant with respect to the whole are not necessarily limited to the c-axis and a of the ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate.
- the axis orientation may not match exactly.
- a gap between crystals as shown in FIG. 10D may not always be formed. What is important is that the mosaic spread indicates the degree of variation from the dominant crystal orientation.
- a group III nitride semiconductor thin film has a growth pattern of + c polarity and ⁇ c polarity as shown in FIG. 11, and an epitaxial film having a better quality for growth of + c polarity than growth of ⁇ c polarity is obtained. It is known that it is easy to obtain. Therefore, when the sputtering method is adopted as a film forming process for the group III nitride semiconductor thin film, it is desirable to obtain an epitaxial film having a + c polarity.
- + c polarity relates to AlN, GaN, and InN, and is a term that means Al polarity, Ga polarity, and In polarity, respectively.
- ⁇ c polarity is a term meaning N polarity.
- Patent Document 1 discloses that a plasma treatment is performed on a substrate before a group III nitride semiconductor thin film (AlN in Patent Document 1) is formed on an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 substrate using a sputtering method.
- a method for achieving high quality of a group III nitride semiconductor thin film, particularly a method for obtaining a group III nitride semiconductor thin film having a very small mosaic spread of tilt is disclosed.
- a buffer layer (intermediate layer in Patent Document 2) made of a Group III nitride semiconductor (Group III nitride compound in Patent Document 2) is formed on a substrate by a sputtering method.
- a method for manufacturing a light emitting element is disclosed.
- Patent Document 2 as a procedure for forming a buffer layer made of a group III nitride semiconductor, a pretreatment step for performing plasma treatment on the substrate, and a buffer made of a group III nitride semiconductor by sputtering after the pretreatment step. And a step of forming a layer.
- an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 substrate and AlN are used as a preferable form of the substrate and the buffer layer made of a group III nitride semiconductor, and an n-type semiconductor layer including a base film, a light emitting layer,
- the MOCVD method is preferably used as a method for forming the p-type semiconductor layer.
- Patent Document 1 can reduce the mosaic spread of the tilt and is a promising technique.
- a higher quality epitaxial film is formed by using the sputtering method.
- a good quality epitaxial film can be formed if growth of + c polarity can be achieved as described above, it is desired to form a group III nitride semiconductor thin film of + c polarity on the entire surface of the substrate. No specific means for obtaining the desired polarity is described.
- Patent Document 2 does not describe a method for controlling the polarity of a buffer layer made of a group III nitride semiconductor formed by sputtering. Even as a result of the inventors conducting experiments for confirming the technique disclosed in Patent Document 2, the obtained light-emitting element could not obtain good light-emitting characteristics.
- the present inventors further investigated the light-emitting element obtained in the confirmation experiment in Patent Document 2, and found that the buffer layer made of a group III nitride semiconductor formed by sputtering method has + c polarity and ⁇ c polarity. It was found that the film was an epitaxial film mixed with. More specifically, even when an n-type semiconductor layer, a light-emitting layer, and a p-type semiconductor layer each having a base film are sequentially stacked by MOCVD, an inversion boundary caused by a mixture of polarities in a buffer layer made of a group III nitride semiconductor Many defects were formed inside the device, and the light emission characteristics were deteriorated. That is, it is clear that only the technique disclosed in Patent Document 2 cannot obtain a group III nitride semiconductor thin film with + c polarity, and a light emitting element with good light emission characteristics cannot be obtained.
- the present inventors have found that when the group III nitride semiconductor thin film produced using the sputtering method is an epitaxial film mixed in polarity from the result of the confirmation experiment described in Patent Documents 1 and 2, it is formed inside the device. It was concluded that degradation of device characteristics due to defects such as the inverted boundary was inevitable.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a film forming method capable of forming a + c-polar epitaxial film by a sputtering method, and a vacuum processing apparatus suitable for this film forming method.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a semiconductor light emitting element using an epitaxial film, and a semiconductor light emitting element and an illumination device manufactured by this manufacturing method.
- the present inventors have obtained new knowledge that the polarity of the epitaxial film depends on the method of placing the substrate on the substrate holder, as will be described later, and completed the present invention.
- a first aspect of the present invention is a film forming method for growing a semiconductor thin film having a wurtzite structure by sputtering on an epitaxial growth substrate heated to an arbitrary temperature using a heater.
- a step of forming is a film forming method for growing a semiconductor thin film having a wurtzite structure by sputtering on an epitaxial growth substrate heated to an arbitrary temperature using a heater.
- the second aspect of the present invention includes a vacuum vessel that can be evacuated, a substrate holding unit that supports the epitaxial growth substrate, and a heater that can heat the epitaxial growth substrate held by the substrate holding unit to an arbitrary temperature.
- the third aspect of the present invention is a vacuum processing apparatus comprising: a vacuum vessel that can be evacuated; a substrate holding means for supporting the epitaxial growth substrate; and an epitaxial growth substrate held by the substrate holding means.
- a heater that can be heated to an arbitrary temperature and a target electrode that is provided in a vacuum vessel and to which a target can be attached are provided, and the substrate holding means is provided in the gravity direction of the target electrode in the vacuum vessel for epitaxial growth.
- the epitaxial growth substrate is held at a predetermined distance from the substrate facing surface of the heater.
- the present invention it is possible to produce an epitaxial film of a group III nitride semiconductor having little tilt and twist mosaic and having a + c polarity on an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 substrate using a sputtering method. Further, by using the group III nitride semiconductor epitaxial film produced by this sputtering method, the light emission characteristics of light emitting elements such as LEDs and LDs can be improved.
- the main feature of the present invention is a substrate for epitaxial growth described later (for example, a substrate having a nonpolar surface (described later) such as ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 substrate, Si substrate, Ge substrate, etc.) and a polarized surface such as 4H—SiC substrate (described later).
- a substrate having a nonpolar surface such as ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 substrate, Si substrate, Ge substrate, etc.
- a polarized surface such as 4H—SiC substrate (described later).
- a semiconductor thin film having a wurtzite structure for example, a group III nitride semiconductor thin film having a wurtzite structure, a ZnO-based semiconductor thin film, etc.
- the semiconductor thin film having the wurtzite structure is formed while holding the substrate heated by the heater at a predetermined distance from the substrate facing surface of the heater.
- FIGS. 1 to 9 are views of an LED structure manufactured using a vacuum processing apparatus (high frequency sputtering apparatus) or a deposited epitaxial film according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a high-frequency sputtering apparatus
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a heater
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an example of another heater
- FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the heater and the substrate holding device
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a second configuration example of the substrate holding device
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a third configuration example of the substrate holding device
- FIG. FIG. 9 is an example of a cross-sectional view of an LED structure manufactured using a formed epitaxial film.
- the illustration is omitted except for a part.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of an example of a sputtering apparatus used for forming a group III nitride semiconductor thin film according to the present invention.
- reference numeral 101 is a vacuum vessel
- reference numeral 102 is a target electrode
- reference numeral 99 is a substrate holder
- reference numeral 103 is a heater
- reference numeral 503 is a substrate holding device
- reference numeral 105 is a target shield
- reference numeral 106 is a high frequency.
- reference numeral 107 is a substrate
- reference numeral 108 is a target
- reference numeral 109 is a gas introduction mechanism
- reference numeral 110 is an exhaust mechanism
- reference numeral 112 is a reflector
- reference numeral 113 is an insulating material
- reference numeral 114 is a chamber shield
- reference numeral 115 is a magnet unit
- reference numeral 116 Denotes a target shield holding mechanism
- reference numeral 203 denotes a heater electrode.
- Reference numeral 550 denotes a holder support unit that supports the substrate holding device 503.
- the vacuum vessel 101 is made of a metal member such as stainless steel or aluminum alloy, and is electrically grounded. Further, the vacuum vessel 101 prevents or reduces the temperature rise of the wall surface by a cooling mechanism (not shown). Furthermore, the vacuum vessel 101 is connected to the gas introduction mechanism 109 via a mass flow controller (not shown) and is connected to the exhaust mechanism 110 via a variable conductance valve (not shown).
- the target shield 105 is attached to the vacuum vessel 101 via the target shield holding mechanism 116.
- the target shield holding mechanism 116 and the target shield 105 can be metal members such as stainless steel and aluminum alloy, and are at the same potential as the vacuum vessel 101 in terms of direct current.
- the target electrode 102 is attached to the vacuum vessel 101 via an insulating material 113.
- the target 108 is attached to the target electrode 102, and the target electrode 102 is connected to the high frequency power source 106 through a matching box (not shown).
- the target 108 may be directly attached to the target electrode 102 or may be attached to the target electrode 102 via a bonding plate (not shown) made of a metal member such as copper (Cu).
- the target 108 may be a metal target containing at least one of Al, Ga, and In, or a nitride target containing at least one of the above group III elements.
- the target electrode 102 is provided with a cooling mechanism (not shown) for preventing the temperature of the target 108 from rising.
- the target electrode 102 has a magnet unit 115 built therein.
- As the high-frequency power source 106 a 13.56-MHz one is easy to use industrially, but it is possible to use other frequencies, superimpose a direct current on a high frequency, or use them in pulses.
- the chamber shield 114 is attached to the vacuum vessel 101 to prevent the film from adhering to the vacuum vessel 101 during film formation.
- the substrate holder 99 has a heater 103, a substrate holding device 503, and a reflector 112 as main components.
- the heater 103 has a built-in heater electrode 203.
- the substrate holding device 503 is at least an insulating member in contact with the substrate, and is fixed by a reflector 112 or a shaft (not shown). By holding the substrate 107 on the substrate holding device 503, the substrate 107 can be disposed with a predetermined gap from the substrate facing surface P of the heater 103. A detailed example of the substrate holding device 503 will be described later.
- a target electrode 102 on which a target can be placed in the gravity direction is placed in a vacuum vessel 101, and a substrate holder 99 is placed below the target electrode 102 in the gravity direction. It is arranged. Accordingly, since the substrate 107 can be held by the substrate holding device 503 using gravity, the substrate 107 can be simply mounted on the substrate support portion (eg, reference numeral 503a described later) of the substrate holding device 503. The entire surface can be exposed to the target 108 side, and an epitaxial film can be formed on the entire surface of the substrate 107.
- the substrate support portion eg, reference numeral 503a described later
- the target electrode 102 is disposed above the vacuum container 101 in the gravity direction and the substrate holder 99 is disposed below the target electrode 102 in the gravity direction has been described.
- a substrate holder 99 may be installed on the upper side in the direction, and the target electrode 102 may be arranged on the lower side in the gravitational direction than the substrate holder 99.
- FIG. 2 or FIG. 3 shows a structural example of the heater 103.
- reference numeral 201 is a base
- reference numeral 202 is a base coat
- reference numeral 203 is a heater electrode
- reference numeral 204 is a backside coat
- reference numeral 205 is an overcoat.
- Reference symbol P denotes an upper surface (substrate facing surface) of the heater 103 facing the substrate held by a substrate holding device 503 described later.
- the base 201 is graphite
- the heater electrode 203 and the backside coat 204 are pyrolytic graphite (PG: Pyrolytic Grahite)
- the base coat 202 and the overcoat 205 are pyrolytic boron nitride (PBN).
- the base coat 202 and the overcoat 205 made of PBN are high resistance materials.
- the heater 103 can emit infrared rays in a predetermined wavelength band, and can heat the substrate to an arbitrary temperature.
- FIG. 3 shows another configuration example of the heater.
- Reference numeral 301 denotes a base
- reference numeral 302 denotes a heater electrode
- reference numeral 303 denotes a backside coat
- reference numeral 304 denotes an overcoat.
- the base 301 is boron nitride (BN)
- the heater electrode 302 and the backside coat 303 are PG
- the overcoat 304 is PBN.
- the base 301 made of BN and the overcoat 304 made of PBN are high resistance materials.
- the material constituting the heaters, the efficiency of heating the ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 substrate as compared to conventional infrared lamp is preferably used for high, ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 substrate a predetermined temperature However, it is not limited to this as long as it can be heated.
- FIGS. 4A and 4B show a configuration example (top view) of the heater electrode 203 (or 302).
- the heater electrode 203 (or 302) built in the heater 103 has an electrode pattern as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B.
- a power source not shown
- a current flows through the heater electrode 203 (or 302), and the heater 103 is heated by the generated Joule heat.
- the substrate is heated by infrared rays emitted from the heater 103.
- the electrode pattern is not limited to FIGS. 4A and 4B.
- heat can be uniformly applied to the entire surface of the substrate 107. Therefore, it is desirable to use an electrode pattern in which heat acts as uniformly as possible on the entire surface of the substrate.
- the heater 103 may have a structure in which the heater 103 shown in FIG. 2 or 3 is turned upside down, that is, a surface opposite to the surface indicated by symbol P in FIGS.
- the substrate since the substrate is heated via the backside coat 204 or 303, the power efficiency of the substrate heating is reduced, but the backside coat 204 or 303 plays a role of soaking and is uniform with respect to the substrate. It has the effect of acting on the heat.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a heater and a substrate holding device (first configuration example) according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- reference numeral 103 denotes a heater
- reference numeral 203 denotes a heater electrode
- reference numeral 503 denotes a substrate holding device
- reference numeral 504 denotes a substrate (a holder support portion 550 is not shown).
- the substrate holding device 503 is a substantially ring-shaped member having the same cross section, and is a substrate support portion made of an insulating member for supporting the outer edge portion of the substrate in contact with the lower side (lower side in the direction of gravity, that is, the heater 103 side). 503a.
- the substrate support portion 503a is installed with a gap d1 between the heater 103 and the substrate facing surface P. Further, a gap d2 is provided between the substrate 504 and the substrate facing surface P of the heater 103. Thus, when the substrate 504 is supported by the substrate support portion 503a, the substrate 504 is disposed with a predetermined gap (predetermined distance, for example, d2) from the substrate facing surface P of the heater 103.
- the support part 503a is provided.
- the gap d2 (second predetermined distance) is desirably 0.4 mm or more, and the gap d2 is desirably 0.5 mm or more.
- the gap d1 is less than 0.4 mm, a group III nitride semiconductor thin film having a mixed polarity is easily formed on the outer periphery, and when the gap d2 is less than 0.5 mm, a group III nitride having a mixed polarity on the entire surface of the substrate. This is not preferable because a thin physical semiconductor film is easily formed.
- a gap d1 of 0.4 mm or more is provided between the lower surface of the substrate holding device 503 and the substrate facing surface P of the heater 103.
- a gap d2 of 0.5 mm or more is provided between the substrate 504 and the substrate facing surface P of the heater 103.
- FIG. 6 and 7 illustrate another example of the configuration of the substrate holding device.
- FIG. 6 shows a second configuration example of the substrate holding device.
- reference numeral 504 denotes a substrate
- reference numeral 603 denotes a substrate holding device (a holder support portion 550 is not shown).
- the substrate holding device 603 is a substantially ring-shaped member having the same cross section, and is a substrate support portion 603a made of an insulating member for holding the substrate 504 from below, and a mounting integrally formed on the outer periphery of the substrate support portion 603a. And a placement portion 603b.
- a gap d1 is formed between the back side (side facing the heater 103) of the substrate supporting portion 603a and the substrate facing surface P of the heater 103.
- a gap d ⁇ b> 2 is provided between the substrate 504 and the substrate facing surface P of the heater 103.
- the gap d1 is desirably 0.4 mm or more, and the gap d2 is desirably 0.5 mm or more.
- FIG. 7 shows a third configuration example of the substrate holding device.
- reference numeral 504 denotes a substrate
- reference numeral 703 denotes a substrate holding device.
- the substrate holding device 703 is a substantially ring-shaped member having the same cross section, and includes a first substrate holding device 704 and a second substrate holding device 705.
- the second substrate holding device 705 is a first substrate holding device 705.
- the outer peripheral portion of the substrate holding device 704 is supported.
- the second substrate holding device 705 is composed of a conductive ring, and is connected to a high frequency power source (not shown) via a matching box (not shown). For this reason, in an atmosphere containing a gas such as N 2 or a rare gas, high-frequency power is supplied to the second substrate holding device 705 to generate plasma in the vicinity of the substrate and perform surface treatment of the substrate. It is.
- the first substrate holding device 704 includes a substrate support portion 704a made of an insulating member for supporting the substrate 504 from below.
- a gap d1 is provided between the back side of the substrate support portion 704a and the substrate facing surface P of the heater 103, and a gap d2 is provided between the substrate 504 and the substrate facing surface P of the heater 103.
- the gap of d1 is desirably 0.4 mm or more, and the gap of d2 is desirably 0.5 mm or more.
- FIG. 7 the holder support 750 is not shown, but an enlarged view thereof is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of the support portion (holder support portion 750) of the substrate holding device 703.
- the holder support portion 750 has a structure that supports the second substrate holding device 705, and includes a conductive material 751, an insulating material 753, and a stainless steel pipe 755 as main components.
- the conductive material 751 is electrically connected to a high frequency power source 757 and a second substrate holding device 705 provided outside the vacuum vessel 101. Therefore, high frequency power is supplied from the high frequency power source 757 to the second substrate holding device 705 via the conductive material 751.
- the conductive material 751 is covered with an insulating material 753 and a stainless steel pipe 755. Insulation between the conductive material 751 and the vacuum vessel 101 is also ensured by the insulating material 753.
- the holder support portion 750 is configured to support the second substrate holding device 705 and supply power to the second substrate holding device 705.
- the conductive material 751 for supplying high-frequency power to the second substrate holding device 705, the holder support for supporting the substrate holding devices 503 and 603 is used. In the portion 550 (see FIG. 1), the conductive material 751 is not necessary.
- the substrate support portions 503a, 603a, and 704a are each made of a ring-shaped insulating member. May be.
- the substrate support portions 503a, 603a, and 704a may be plate-like insulating members in which openings are not formed.
- the substrate support portion is arranged with a predetermined gap (for example, d1) from the heater 103.
- the substrate 107 is exposed to the heater 103 while arranging the substrate 107 and the substrate facing surface P of the heater 103 with a predetermined gap by making the substrate support portion in a ring shape as in this embodiment. be able to. Therefore, since the substrate 107 can be efficiently heated, it is a preferable form that the substrate support portion is formed in a ring shape.
- the insulating member used for the substrate support portions 503a, 603a, and 704a for example, quartz, sapphire, alumina, or the like can be used.
- the structure of the heater 103 may be any of the structures shown in FIG. 2 or FIG. 3, or may be a structure in which these are turned over. In the present embodiment, the heater structure is not essential, so that the heater of another structure is used. May be used. Of course, a heater structure in which the heater electrode is exposed on the substrate facing surface P of the heater may be used. As the structure of the substrate holding devices 503, 603, and 703, any of the structures shown in FIGS. 5, 6, and 7 may be used, or a substrate holding device having another structure may be used. What is important in the present embodiment is that the substrate is disposed at a predetermined distance from the substrate facing surface P of the heater in forming the group III nitride semiconductor thin film.
- the space between the substrate facing surface P of the heater and the substrate is a gap, but it is considered that the same effect can be obtained even if this gap is filled with an insulating member. Therefore, the substrate holding device having any structure is not limited to FIGS. 5 to 7 as long as the substrate can be arranged at a predetermined distance from the substrate facing surface P of the heater.
- the substrate may be held at a position having a predetermined gap from the substrate facing surface P of the heater 103 using the lift pin.
- the structure of the heater electrode may use any of the patterns shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, or may use a pattern having another structure as described above.
- the structure shown in FIG. 6 is preferably used because the gaps d1 and d2 between the heater 103 and the substrate facing surface P can be accurately controlled as compared with the structure shown in FIG. Further, if the structure of FIG. 7 is used, it is possible to remove components such as moisture and hydrocarbons adhering to the substrate surface, and the reproducibility regarding the crystallinity of the group III nitride semiconductor thin film is improved, so that it is preferably used. .
- FIG. 9 is an example of a cross-sectional structure of a light-emitting diode (LED) as a semiconductor light-emitting element manufactured using the method for manufacturing a group III nitride semiconductor thin film according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- reference numeral 801 is an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 substrate
- reference numeral 802 is a buffer layer
- reference numeral 803 is a group III nitride semiconductor intermediate layer
- reference numeral 804 is an n-type group III nitride semiconductor layer
- reference numeral 805 is a group III nitride.
- 806 is a p-type group III nitride semiconductor layer
- 807 is an n-type electrode
- 808 is a p-type bonding pad electrode
- 809 is a protective film
- 810 is a translucent electrode.
- AlN, AlGaN, or GaN as a group III nitride semiconductor having a wurtzite structure is preferably used.
- Materials included in the group III nitride semiconductor intermediate layer 803, the n-type group III nitride semiconductor layer 804, the group III nitride semiconductor active layer 805, and the p-type group III nitride semiconductor layer 806 include AlGaN, GaN, and InGaN. Preferably used.
- a lighting device can be configured using the above-described light emitting diode (LED).
- an epitaxial film is formed on an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 substrate by a method having the following first to fourth steps.
- a method for forming a group III nitride semiconductor thin film having a wurtz structure is described.
- the film forming method according to this embodiment is applied to a ZnO-based semiconductor on an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 substrate. Needless to say, it may be applied when forming a thin film.
- the substrate 107 is introduced into the vacuum vessel 101 that is maintained at a predetermined pressure by the exhaust mechanism 110. At this time, the substrate ( ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 substrate) 107 is transported to the upper portion of the heater 103 by a transport robot (not shown) and placed on the upper portion of the lift pin (not shown) protruding from the heater 103 (substrate transport). . Thereafter, the lift pins holding the substrate 107 are lowered, and the substrate 107 is placed on the substrate holding device 503.
- the voltage applied to the heater electrode 203 built in the heater 103 is controlled to keep the substrate 107 at a predetermined temperature.
- the temperature of the heater 103 is monitored using a thermocouple (not shown) built in the heater 103, or the temperature of the heater 103 is monitored using a pyrometer (not shown) installed in the vacuum vessel 101. The temperature is controlled to be a predetermined temperature.
- N 2 gas from the gas introduction mechanism 109, a rare gas, one of the mixed gas of N 2 gas and a rare gas is introduced into the vacuum chamber 101, a mass flow controller (not shown) and a variable conductance A valve (not shown) is set so that the pressure in the vacuum vessel 101 becomes a predetermined pressure.
- a fourth step high-frequency power is applied from the high-frequency power source 106 to generate high-frequency plasma on the front surface of the target 108, and ions in the plasma knock out the elements constituting the target 108.
- a group III nitride semiconductor thin film is formed.
- N 2 gas or a mixed gas of N 2 gas and rare gas is preferably used as the process gas.
- the group III element constituting the metal target is nitrided in at least one of the surface of the target 108, the surface of the substrate 107, and the space between the target 108 and the substrate 107, and the group III nitride semiconductor is formed on the substrate.
- a thin film is formed.
- any one of N 2 gas, rare gas, and mixed gas of N 2 gas and rare gas is preferably used, and sputtered particles in the form of atoms or nitride molecules from the target surface.
- Group III elements released as atoms from the target surface are nitrided in at least one of the surface of the target 108, the surface of the substrate 107, and the space between the target 108 and the substrate 107, and the group III nitride is formed on the substrate.
- a semiconductor thin film is formed.
- most of the nitride molecules released from the target surface reach the substrate and form a group III nitride semiconductor thin film.
- Some of the nitride molecules released from the target surface may be dissociated on the surface of the substrate 107 or in the space between the target 108 and the substrate 107. At least one of the surface and the space between the target 108 and the substrate 107 is nitrided again to form a group III nitride semiconductor thin film.
- the predetermined pressure in the first step is preferably less than 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa. Above that, impurities such as oxygen are taken into the group III nitride semiconductor thin film, and a good epitaxial film is obtained. It's hard to be done Further, the temperature of the heater 103 in the first step is not particularly limited, but it is desirable to set the temperature to obtain the substrate temperature during film formation from the viewpoint of productivity.
- the predetermined temperature in the second step is desirably set to the film formation temperature in the fourth step from the viewpoint of productivity, and the predetermined pressure in the third step is the same as that in the fourth step. It is desirable to set the film pressure from the viewpoint of productivity. Implementation timing may be switched between the second step and the third step, or may be performed simultaneously. Moreover, it is desirable from the viewpoint of productivity that the temperature set in the second step and the pressure set in the third step are maintained at least until the fourth step is started.
- the substrate temperature at the time of performing the fourth step is preferably set to be in the range of 100 to 1200 ° C., and more preferably in the range of 400 to 1000 ° C.
- the film forming pressure is preferably set in the range of 0.1 to 100 mTorr (1.33 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 to 1.33 ⁇ 10 1 Pa), and further, 1.0 to 10 mTorr (1.33 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 to 1.33 Pa) is preferable.
- the deposition pressure may be increased by temporarily introducing at least one kind of process gas flow rate, and the opening of a variable conductance valve (not shown) may be temporarily reduced.
- the film forming pressure may be increased.
- the first step there may be a step of transporting the substrate 107 to a pretreatment chamber (not shown) and performing heat treatment or plasma treatment of the substrate 107 at a temperature equal to or higher than the film formation temperature.
- a pretreatment chamber not shown
- performing heat treatment or plasma treatment of the substrate 107 at a temperature equal to or higher than the film formation temperature may be performed before the first step.
- the buffer layer 802 is manufactured using the sputtering apparatus (film formation method) according to the present embodiment, and then the group III nitride semiconductor is used using the MOCVD method.
- the group III nitride semiconductor is used using the MOCVD method.
- the buffer layer 802 and the group III nitride semiconductor intermediate layer 803 are produced by using the sputtering apparatus (film formation method) according to this embodiment, and then the n-type III is produced by using the MOCVD method.
- the buffer layer 802, the group III nitride semiconductor intermediate layer 803, and the n-type group III nitride semiconductor layer 804 are formed using the sputtering apparatus (film formation method) according to this embodiment, and then There is a method of fabricating an epitaxial wafer by sequentially stacking a group III nitride semiconductor active layer 805 and a p-type group III nitride semiconductor layer 806 using MOCVD.
- a buffer layer 802, a group III nitride semiconductor intermediate layer 803, an n-type group III nitride semiconductor layer 804, and a group III nitride semiconductor active layer 805 are formed according to the sputtering apparatus (film formation method) according to this embodiment. There is a method of manufacturing an epitaxial wafer by manufacturing a p-type group III nitride semiconductor layer 806 using MOCVD method after that.
- a buffer layer 802 As a fifth example, a buffer layer 802, a group III nitride semiconductor intermediate layer 803, an n-type group III nitride semiconductor layer 804, a group III nitride semiconductor active layer 805, and a p-type group III nitride semiconductor layer 806 are provided.
- the epitaxial wafer thus obtained is subjected to lithography technology and RIE (reactive ion etching) technology, as shown in FIG. 9, a translucent electrode 810, p-type bonding pad electrode 808, n-type electrode 807, protection By forming the film 809, an LED structure can be obtained.
- materials of the translucent electrode 810, the p-type bonding pad electrode 808, the n-type electrode 807, and the protective film 809 are not particularly limited, and materials well known in this technical field can be used without limitation.
- an AlN film is formed on an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate using the method for forming a group III nitride semiconductor thin film having a wurtzite structure according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- An example of forming a film on the substrate more specifically, by using a sputtering method on an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate placed on a substrate holding device with a gap with the substrate-facing surface of the heater, using wurtzite
- An example of forming an AlN film having a structure will be described.
- the AlN film is formed using the same sputtering apparatus as in FIG. 1, the heater structure is the same as that shown in FIG.
- the heater electrode pattern is as shown in FIG. 4A, and the substrate holding apparatus is the same as that shown in FIG. Use. Further, in FIG. 5, a gap d1 between the substrate support portion 503a and the substrate facing surface P of the heater 103 and a gap d2 between the substrate 504 and the substrate facing surface P of the heater 103 are 1 mm and 2 mm, respectively.
- the ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate is transported to the vacuum vessel 101 held at 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa or less in the first step and placed on the substrate holding device 503.
- the substrate is held at 550 ° C., which is the film formation temperature in the fourth step.
- the heater 103 controls the monitor value of the built-in thermocouple to be 750 ° C.
- a mixed gas of N 2 and Ar is introduced so that N 2 / (N 2 + Ar): 25%, and the pressure in the vacuum vessel 101 is the film formation pressure in the fourth step. Set to 3.75 mTorr (0.5 Pa).
- a high frequency power of 2000 W is applied from the high frequency power source 106 to the target 108 made of metal Al in the fourth step, and an AlN film having a thickness of 50 nm is formed on the substrate by sputtering.
- the deposition temperature in the present embodiment performs pre substrate temperature measured by a thermocouple ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001 ) with embedded-board, at that time, ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001 ) Temperature of the substrate And the monitor value of the thermocouple built in the heater, that is, the relationship with the temperature of the heater.
- the fabricated AlN film has an X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement in a 2 ⁇ / ⁇ scan mode at a symmetrical reflection position, an XRC measurement in an ⁇ scan mode with respect to a symmetry plane, and a ⁇ scan in an in-plane arrangement. It is evaluated by XRC measurement of the mode and coaxial direct collision ion scattering spectroscopy (CAICISS: Coaxial Impact Collation Ion Scattering Spectroscopy) measurement.
- CAICISS Coaxial Direct collision ion scattering spectroscopy
- the XRC measurement in the ⁇ scan mode with respect to the symmetry plane and the XRC measurement in the ⁇ scan mode in the In-plane arrangement are Each is used to evaluate the mosaic spread of tilt and twist.
- the CAICISS measurement is used as a polarity determination means.
- XRC measurement in the ⁇ scan mode with respect to the symmetry plane is performed on the AlN film according to this example.
- an AlN (0002) plane is used for the measurement.
- the FWHM of the obtained XRC profile is 450 arcsec or less when the detector is in an open detector state, and 100 arcsec or less when an analyzer crystal is inserted into the detector.
- the mosaic spread of tilt in the fabricated AlN film is extremely high. It can be confirmed that it is small.
- an XRC measurement with an analyzer crystal inserted into the detector may have a FWHM of 20 arcsec or less.
- the detector When the detector is in an open detector state is the original XRC measurement, but in the case of a thin film sample as in this embodiment, the FWHM of the XRC profile is widened by the film thickness effect and lattice relaxation, It becomes difficult to correctly evaluate the mosaic spread. Therefore, in recent years, as described above, even when an analyzer crystal is inserted into the detector, it is treated as a broad XRC measurement.
- the XRC measurement uses the open detector state.
- ⁇ RC scan mode XRC measurement is performed on the AlN film according to the present embodiment in an in-plane arrangement.
- an AlN ⁇ 10-10 ⁇ plane is used for the measurement.
- six diffraction peaks appear at intervals of 60 °, and it can be confirmed that the AlN film has sixfold symmetry, that is, the AlN film is epitaxially grown.
- strength is 2.0 degrees or less, and it turns out that the mosaic spread of the twist of the produced AlN film
- the a-axis of the AlN film is in the 30 ° plane with respect to the a-axis of the ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate. You can confirm that it is rotating. This indicates that the AlN film is formed in a general epitaxial relationship when the AlN film is epitaxially grown on the ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate.
- FIG. 12 shows CAICISS measurement results for the AlN film according to this example.
- the Al signal is detected by changing the incident angle from the AlN [11-20] direction, and it can be seen that a peak having an incident angle of around 70 ° is obtained as a single shape. This indicates that the obtained AlN film has + c polarity (Al polarity).
- the AlN film according to this example is a c-axis oriented epitaxial film having + c polarity (Al polarity) and a very small mosaic spread of tilt. That is, according to the present invention, it is apparent that a + c polarity group III nitride semiconductor thin film can be obtained while reducing the mosaic spread of tilt and twist.
- the target electrode 102 for holding the target is arranged on the upper side in the gravity direction, and the substrate holder 99 is arranged on the lower side in the gravity direction. Therefore, it is not necessary to cover a part of the film formation surface of the substrate 107 with a support member (for example, a support claw). Accordingly, the entire film formation surface of the substrate 107 can be exposed to the target 108. Therefore, according to the present embodiment, a uniform + c polarity group III nitride semiconductor thin film can be formed on the entire surface of the deposition surface of the substrate 107 while suppressing the spread of tilt and twist mosaic.
- an AlN film having a wurtzite structure as a buffer layer using the method for forming a group III nitride semiconductor thin film having a wurtzite structure according to an embodiment of the present invention is used.
- An example will be described in which an undoped GaN film is formed using the MOCVD method.
- An AlN film is formed on an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate under the same conditions as in the first embodiment by using a sputtering method, and then a wafer is introduced into an MOCVD apparatus, and an undoped film having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m is formed. A GaN film is formed.
- the surface of the obtained undoped GaN film is a mirror surface, and the XRD measurement in the 2 ⁇ / ⁇ scan mode at the symmetrical reflection position shows that the undoped GaN film is c-axis oriented.
- each FWHM is 250 arcsec.
- the polarity of this undoped GaN film was + c polarity (Ga polarity). As described in the first embodiment, this is because the polarity of the AlN film used as the buffer layer can be controlled to + c polarity, and thus the undoped GaN film formed thereon also takes over the polarity. be able to.
- an AlN film controlled to + c polarity is formed as a buffer layer, and the MOCVD method is performed thereon.
- the undoped GaN film grown by using it can be obtained as a high-quality epitaxial film with little mosaic spread and controlled to + c polarity. That is, a + c polarity group III nitride semiconductor thin film can be epitaxially grown on an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 substrate.
- the undoped GaN film is formed by the MOCVD method, but the same result can be obtained by using the sputtering method.
- an AlN film having a wurtzite structure is formed as a buffer layer using the method for forming a group III nitride semiconductor thin film having a wurtzite structure according to an embodiment of the present invention,
- a group III nitride semiconductor intermediate layer made of undoped GaN an n-type group III nitride semiconductor layer made of Si-doped GaN, and a group III nitride semiconductor activity having an MQW structure of InGaN and GaN using MOCVD.
- a p-type group III nitride semiconductor layer made of Mg-doped GaN are epitaxially grown in sequence, and after forming an n-type electrode layer, a translucent electrode, a p-type electrode layer, and a protective film, the wafer is separated by scribing. The example which produced the LED element is demonstrated.
- a sputtering method is used to form an AlN film on the ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate under the same conditions as in the first embodiment. Thereafter, the wafer is introduced into an MOCVD apparatus to form a group III nitride semiconductor intermediate layer made of undoped GaN having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m and an n-type group III nitride semiconductor layer made of Si doped GaN having a thickness of 2 ⁇ m. Further, in the MOCVD apparatus, the stacked structure starts with GaN and ends with GaN, and has an MQW structure in which 5 layers of InGaN having a thickness of 3 nm and 6 layers of GaN having a thickness of 16 nm are alternately stacked. A group III nitride semiconductor active layer and a p-type group III nitride semiconductor layer made of Mg-doped GaN with a thickness of 200 nm are formed.
- a translucent electrode 810, a p-type bonding pad electrode 808, an n-type electrode 807, and a protective film 809 are formed on the obtained epitaxial wafer as shown in FIG.
- ITO Indium-Tin-Oxide
- Ti titanium
- Al aluminum
- Au gold
- Ni nickel
- Al, Ti, Au stacked structure, SiO 2 is used as a protective film.
- the wafer formed with the LED structure thus obtained is separated into 350 ⁇ m square LED chips by scribing, this LED chip is placed on a lead frame, and connected to the lead frame with a gold wire to obtain an LED element. .
- the forward voltage at a current of 20 mA is 3.0 V
- the emission wavelength is 470 nm
- the emission output is 15 mW.
- an AlN film controlled to have a + c polarity is formed as a buffer layer, thereby having good light emission characteristics.
- An LED element can be obtained.
- a group III nitride semiconductor intermediate layer made of undoped GaN an n-type group III nitride semiconductor layer made of Si-doped GaN, a group III nitride semiconductor active layer having an MQW structure of InGaN and GaN, Mg
- MOCVD MOCVD
- First comparative example As a first comparative example of the present invention, an AlN film is formed by sputtering on an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate placed in contact with a heater without using the substrate holding device characteristic of the present invention. An example of forming will be described.
- the AlN film is formed by using the same sputtering apparatus as in the first embodiment, except for the mounting method (arranging the ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate with a gap from the heater). Use heaters and heater electrodes.
- the AlN film is formed under the same conditions as in the first embodiment.
- the AlN film according to this comparative example For the AlN film according to this comparative example, XRD measurement in the 2 ⁇ / ⁇ scan mode at the symmetrical reflection position, and XRC measurement in the ⁇ scan mode for the AlN (0002) plane (when an analyzer crystal is inserted in the detector, When the XRC measurement is performed in the ⁇ scan mode on the AlN ⁇ 10-10 ⁇ plane in the open detector state, a c-axis oriented epitaxial film is obtained in the same manner as the AlN film according to the first embodiment. The twisted mosaic spread is similar.
- the CAICISS measurement for the AlN film according to this comparative example shows that the film has a mixture of + c polarity (Al polarity) and ⁇ c polarity (N polarity).
- a buffer layer made of AlN is formed on an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate placed in contact with a heater using a sputtering method.
- An example in which an undoped GaN film is formed using the MOCVD method will be described.
- the buffer layer made of AlN is formed using the same sputtering apparatus, heater, heater electrode, and film formation conditions as in the first comparative example, and the undoped GaN film is the same as in the second embodiment. Film formation is performed under the same conditions.
- a buffer layer made of AlN is formed on an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate using the same sputtering apparatus, heater, heater electrode, and film formation conditions as in the first comparative example. Thereafter, the wafer is introduced into the MOCVD apparatus to form an undoped GaN film having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m.
- the surface of the obtained undoped GaN film is cloudy, and the XRD measurement in the 2 ⁇ / ⁇ scan mode at the symmetrical reflection position shows that the undoped GaN film is c-axis oriented.
- the XRC measurement in the ⁇ scan mode using the GaN (0002) plane as a symmetry plane and the XRC measurement in the ⁇ scan mode for the GaN ⁇ 10-10 ⁇ plane in the in-plane configuration are performed.
- the polarity of the undoped GaN film is a film in which + c polarity (Ga polarity) and ⁇ c polarity (N polarity) are mixed.
- the buffer layer made of AlN is a film in which + c polarity and ⁇ c polarity are mixed, so the undoped GaN film formed thereon also has the mixed polarity. It can be considered as a result of the succession.
- the undoped GaN film grown by using the MOCVD method is formed thereon. Can be obtained as a low quality epitaxial film.
- the undoped GaN film is formed by the MOCVD method, but the same result can be obtained by using the sputtering method.
- a buffer layer made of AlN is formed by a sputtering method in which an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate is placed in contact with a heater, and a MOCVD method is used on the buffer layer.
- a group III nitride semiconductor layer is epitaxially grown sequentially, and further, an n-type electrode layer, a translucent electrode, a p-type electrode layer, and a protective film are formed, and then the wafer is separated by scribing to produce an LED element.
- the film formation method of the buffer layer made of AlN is the same as that of the first comparative example.
- the group III nitride semiconductor intermediate layer made of undoped GaN and the n-type III made of Si-doped GaN are formed using the MOCVD method.
- the material of the p-type electrode layer, the protective film, the film forming method, and the subsequent device forming steps are all the same as in the third embodiment.
- a buffer layer made of AlN is formed by a sputtering method in which an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate is placed in contact with a heater, an LED element having good light emission characteristics cannot be obtained. It is clear.
- the p-type group III nitride semiconductor layer made of doped GaN is formed by the MOCVD method, but the same result is obtained by using the sputtering method.
- a major feature of the present invention is that it focuses on a substrate mounting method in order to form a + c-polar group III nitride semiconductor epitaxial film on an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 substrate.
- a substrate mounting method in order to form a + c-polar group III nitride semiconductor epitaxial film on an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 substrate.
- the substrate holder is provided with a substrate holding device (substrate support part) for disposing the substrate at a predetermined distance from the substrate facing surface of the heater.
- a substrate holding device substrate support part
- the substrate is separated from the substrate facing surface of the heater.
- the substrate may be introduced using a tray, and the tray on which the substrate is placed under the concept of the present invention. Is disposed on the substrate holding device, the substrate and the tray on which the substrate is placed may be disposed apart from the heater by a predetermined distance. Further, the substrate may be introduced using the substrate holding devices 503 and 603 or the substrate support portion 704 as a tray.
- the present inventors can apply the above technical idea even when a substrate material such as a Si (111) substrate is used or when a thin film material such as a zinc oxide (ZnO) -based semiconductor thin film is formed. It was found that it is effective in obtaining a quality epitaxial film.
- a substrate material such as a Si (111) substrate
- a thin film material such as a zinc oxide (ZnO) -based semiconductor thin film
- An example (fifth comparative example) in which a thin film is formed on an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate will be described.
- a Si (111) substrate from which the surface of the natural oxide film is removed by hydrofluoric acid treatment is used, and an AlN film having a wurtzite structure is formed by the same method and conditions as in the first embodiment.
- the film formation temperature (550 ° C.) in this example is set based on the result of the substrate temperature measurement performed in advance by the Si (111) substrate in which the thermocouple is embedded.
- the AlN film formed on the Si (111) substrate is formed as a + c-polar epitaxial film from the results of CAICISS measurement and XRD measurement. Further, when an undoped GaN film having a thickness of 2 ⁇ m is formed on the obtained AlN film by using the MOCVD method, the surface of the obtained undoped GaN film becomes a mirror surface and is obtained as a c-axis oriented single crystal film.
- the substrate is placed in contact with the heater, and the others are formed on the Si (111) substrate using the same method and conditions as in the fourth embodiment.
- the obtained AlN film is an epitaxial film in which + c polarity and ⁇ c polarity are mixed.
- an undoped GaN film having a thickness of 2 ⁇ m is formed on the obtained AlN film by MOCVD, the surface of the obtained undoped GaN film is clouded.
- the film forming method according to the present invention that is, the method of forming a group III nitride semiconductor thin film in a state where the substrate is placed apart from the heater, is a group III nitride excellent in crystallinity with + c polarity. It was found that this is an extremely effective means for forming a physical semiconductor thin film on a Si (111) substrate.
- a ZnO film having a wurtzite structure is formed by ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) by the same method and conditions as in the first example except for the target material, process gas, film formation temperature, and film thickness. ) Form on the substrate.
- the target material was metal Zn
- the process gas was a mixed gas of O 2 and Ar (O 2 / (O 2 + Ar): 25%)
- the film formation temperature was 800 ° C.
- the film thickness was 100 nm.
- the ZnO film according to the present example is formed as a c-axis oriented epitaxial film having the same crystal structure (wurtzite structure) as that of the group III nitride semiconductor and the same as that of the group III nitride semiconductor. Is + c polarity (Zn polarity). Further, an epitaxial wafer (LED structure) composed of a laminated film of an n-type ZnO film and a p-type ZnO film is formed on the obtained ZnO film by using the MBE method, and thereafter, a lithography technique, an RIE technique, or the like is used. Thus, when an LED element is produced, good element characteristics can be obtained as an LED element using a ZnO film.
- the ZnO film according to the present embodiment can be used as a buffer layer or the like in the manufacture of an LED element using a group III nitride semiconductor thin film.
- a Mg-doped ZnO film having a wurtzite structure (hereinafter referred to as an MgZnO film) is formed by a film forming method according to an embodiment of the present invention using a target made of an Mg—Zn alloy instead of a metal Zn target. Then, similarly to the ZnO film, an MgZnO film having + c polarity and excellent crystallinity is obtained. Since the MgZnO film can control the band gap energy in accordance with the amount of Mg added, it is possible to realize an LED element having a light emission wavelength different from that when only the ZnO film is used by using it as a light emitting layer. It becomes.
- the substrate is placed in contact with the heater, and the others are formed on the ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate using the same method and conditions as in the fifth embodiment. .
- the ZnO film according to this comparative example is obtained as a c-axis oriented epitaxial film as in the fifth embodiment, but the polarity is a mixture of + c polarity and ⁇ c polarity (O polarity). Further, as in the fifth example, an LED element was fabricated using the obtained ZnO film, but good element characteristics cannot be obtained.
- the surface of the obtained undoped GaN film becomes clouded and a GaN film having excellent crystallinity is obtained. It is not possible. Further, when an MgZnO film is formed using a target made of an Mg—Zn alloy, the obtained MgZnO film has a mixture of + c polarity and ⁇ c polarity, and a crystal with good crystallinity cannot be obtained.
- the film forming method according to an embodiment of the present invention exhibits an excellent effect even when the thin film material to be formed is a ZnO-based semiconductor thin film such as a ZnO film or a MgZnO film, and has + c polarity and crystallinity. This is an extremely effective means for obtaining an excellent ZnO-based semiconductor thin film.
- a + c-polarity ZnO-based semiconductor thin film can be obtained on the Si (111) substrate.
- the polarity of the obtained ZnO-based semiconductor thin film is a mixture of + c polarity and -c polarity.
- substrates that can be used in the deposition method according to the present invention are not limited to ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrates and Si (111) substrates.
- an ⁇ -Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrate and a Si (111) substrate have an epitaxial relationship with a group III nitride semiconductor thin film or a ZnO-based semiconductor thin film. There is no crystal information on the substrate surface that can control the polarity of a ZnO-based semiconductor thin film or the like.
- a substrate is referred to herein as a substrate having a nonpolar surface.
- group semiconductor thin film which has a wurtzite structure like the film-forming method concerning this invention it has a nonpolar surface. It is difficult to obtain a + c polarity group III nitride semiconductor thin film or a ZnO-based semiconductor thin film on a substrate.
- a group III nitride semiconductor thin film or a ZnO-based semiconductor thin film having a + c polarity and a wurtzite structure can be formed. It becomes possible.
- a germanium (Ge) (111) substrate As a substrate having such a nonpolar surface, a germanium (Ge) (111) substrate, a Si (111) substrate with a (111) -oriented SiGe epitaxial film formed on the surface, and (111) -oriented carbon (C) There is a Si (111) substrate on which a doped Si (111) epitaxial film is formed.
- a 4H—SiC (0001) substrate, a 6H—SiC (0001) substrate having a substrate surface called Si surface, or a substrate called Ga surface In general, a GaN (0001) substrate having a surface is often used.
- the substrate having the surface has an epitaxial relationship with a group III nitride semiconductor thin film or a ZnO-based semiconductor thin film formed on the substrate, and the group III nitride semiconductor thin film or the ZnO-based semiconductor thin film has a + c polarity.
- the crystal information is controlled on the substrate surface.
- Crystal information that has an epitaxial relationship with the group III nitride semiconductor thin film or the ZnO-based semiconductor thin film and can control the group III nitride semiconductor thin film or the ZnO-based semiconductor thin film to the + c polarity is provided. Let the board
- a relatively high-quality group III nitride semiconductor thin film or ZnO-based semiconductor has a high presence ratio of + c polarity without using the film forming method according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- a thin film can be obtained.
- a group III nitride semiconductor thin film or a ZnO-based semiconductor thin film having a higher quality wurtzite structure can be obtained by using the film forming method according to an embodiment of the present invention. Can be obtained.
- an inversion domain region a region of ⁇ c polarity (hereinafter referred to as an inversion domain region) is partially formed particularly at the initial stage of growth, which forms defects such as an inversion boundary and the like. May be propagated to the surface. That is, by using the film forming method according to an embodiment of the present invention, the formation probability of such inversion domains is further reduced, and the formation of defects such as dislocation boundaries is further suppressed. It is considered that the effects of the present invention can be obtained even when using a substrate having the above.
- epitaxial growth substrate will be used as a generic term for substrates having an epitaxial relationship with such a group III nitride semiconductor thin film or ZnO-based semiconductor thin film and having a nonpolar surface or a polar surface.
- a major feature of the present invention is that it focuses on a substrate mounting method when forming a group III nitride semiconductor thin film or a ZnO-based semiconductor thin film having a wurtzite crystal structure on an epitaxial growth substrate.
- the substrate holder In order to obtain a uniform + c polarity epitaxial film, the substrate holder should be devised, and in particular, the position of the substrate held by the substrate holder and the positional relationship between the heaters provided in the substrate holder (specifically the substrate It is an unprecedented technical idea that the substrate holder is separated from the heater by a predetermined distance.
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Abstract
Description
なお、チルトやツイストのモザイク広がりの大きさは、基板表面に平行に形成された特定の格子面(対称面)や、基板表面に垂直に形成された特定の格子面に対してXRC測定を行い、得られた回折ピークのFWHMを調べることで評価することができる。
すなわち、特許文献2には、スパッタリング法を用いて成膜したIII族窒化物半導体からなる緩衝層について、極性の制御方法が記載されていない。本発明者らが、特許文献2に開示された技術の確認実験を行なった結果においても、得られた発光素子では良好な発光特性を得ることができなかった。
本発明に関する主な特徴は、後述するエピタキシャル成長用基板(例えば、α-Al2O3基板、Si基板、Ge基板といった非極性表面(後述)を有する基板、4H-SiC基板といった有極性表面(後述)を有する基板など)上に、例えば高周波スパッタリング法といったスパッタリング法によりウルツ鉱構造を有する半導体薄膜(例えば、ウルツ鉱構造のIII族窒化物半導体薄膜、ZnO系半導体薄膜など)をエピタキシャル成長させる際に、ヒーターにより加熱された基板をヒーターの基板対向面から所定距離だけ離間して保持しながら、上記ウルツ鉱構造を有する半導体薄膜の成膜を行うことにある。以下、図面を参照して本発明を説明する。なお、以下に説明する部材、配置等は発明を具体化した一例であって本発明を限定するものではなく、本発明の趣旨に沿って各種改変できることは勿論である。
ヒーター103に内蔵されたヒーター電極203(または302)は図4A、4Bのような電極パターンを有している。この電極パターンに電源(不図示)を接続し、直流または交流の電圧を印加することで、ヒーター電極203(または302)に電流が流れ、発生したジュール熱によりヒーター103が加熱される。基板はヒーター103から放射される赤外線により加熱される。
図6は、基板保持装置の第二の構成例を示している。図6において、符号504は基板、符号603は基板保持装置である(ホルダー支持部550は不図示)。基板保持装置603は、同一断面を有する略リング状の部材であり、下方から基板504を保持するための絶縁部材からなる基板支持部603aと、基板支持部603aの外周に一体に構成された載置部603bとを備えている。載置部603bがヒーター103の基板対向面Pに配設された状態では、基板支持部603aの裏側(ヒーター103と対向する側)とヒーター103の基板対向面Pとの間には隙間d1が、基板504とヒーター103の基板対向面Pとの間には隙間d2がそれぞれ設けられる。隙間d1としては、0.4mm以上が望ましく、隙間d2としては、0.5mm以上が望ましい。
基板保持装置503、603、703の構造は、図5、図6、図7に示すいずれの構造を用いてもよいし、他の構造の基板保持装置を用いてもよい。本実施形態で重要なことは、III族窒化物半導体薄膜の成膜において、基板をヒーターの基板対向面Pから所定距離、離間して配置することである。本実施形態においては、ヒーターの基板対向面Pと基板との間の空間を隙間としているが、この隙間に絶縁部材を充填しても同様の効果が得られると考えられる。従って、基板をヒーターの基板対向面Pから所定距離、離間して配置できる構造であれば、図5~図7に限らずいずれの構造の基板保持装置を用いても良いのである。例えば、リフトピンの昇降により基板受け渡しを行う機構を有する装置の場合、リフトピンを用いて基板をヒーター103の基板対向面Pから所定の隙間を有する位置に保持してもよい。ただしこの場合、基板の外周のヒーター103との隙間から膜が回り込み、ヒーター103の基板対向面Pに膜が付着して、ヒーター103からの輻射が経時的に変化してしまうので、本実施形態が望ましい形態である。
本発明の第一の実施例として、本発明の一実施形態にかかる、ウルツ鉱構造を有するIII族窒化物半導体薄膜の成膜方法を用いてAlN膜をα-Al2O3(0001)基板上に成膜する例、より詳しくは、基板保持装置によりヒーターの基板対向面との隙間を有して載置したα-Al2O3(0001)基板上にスパッタリング法を用いて、ウルツ鉱構造を有するAlN膜を形成する例について説明する。なお、本実施例において、AlN膜は図1と同様のスパッタリング装置を用いて成膜し、ヒーターの構造は図2、ヒーター電極のパターンは図4A、基板保持装置は図5と同様のものを用いる。また、図5における基板支持部503aとヒーター103の基板対向面Pとの間の隙間d1と基板504とヒーター103の基板対向面Pとの間の隙間d2は、それぞれ、1mm、2mmとする。
なお、検出器をオープンディテクタ状態とした場合が本来のXRC測定であるが、本実施例のように膜厚が薄い試料の場合には、膜厚効果や格子緩和によってXRCプロファイルのFWHMが広がり、モザイク広がりを正しく評価することが困難となる。そのため、近年では上記のように、検出器にアナライザー結晶を挿入した場合も広義のXRC測定として扱われている。以下、特に断らない限り、XRC測定ではオープンディテクタ状態を用いている。
次に、本発明の第二の実施例として、本発明の一実施形態に係るウルツ鉱構造を有するIII族窒化物半導体薄膜の成膜方法を用いて緩衝層としてウルツ鉱構造を有するAlN膜を作製し、その上に、MOCVD法を用いて、アンドープGaN膜を形成する例について説明する。
本発明の第三の実施例として、本発明の一実施形態に係るウルツ鉱構造を有するIII族窒化物半導体薄膜の成膜方法を用いてウルツ鉱構造を有するAlN膜を緩衝層として作製し、その上に、MOCVD法を用いて、アンドープGaNからなるIII族窒化物半導体中間層、SiドープGaNからなるn型III族窒化物半導体層、InGaNとGaNのMQW構造を有するIII族窒化物半導体活性層、MgドープGaNからなるp型III族窒化物半導体層を順次エピタキシャル成長し、更に、n型電極層、透光性電極、p型電極層、保護膜まで形成した後、ウェハーをスクライブにより分離しLED素子を作製した例について説明する。
本発明の第一の比較例として、本発明に特徴的な基板保持装置を用いずヒーター上に接して載置したα-Al2O3(0001)基板上にスパッタリング法を用いてAlN膜を形成する例について説明する。なお、本比較例において、AlN膜は載置方法(α-Al2O3(0001)基板をヒーターから隙間を有して配置すること)を除いて第一の実施例と同一のスパッタリング装置、ヒーター、ヒーター電極を用いる。また、AlN膜の成膜条件も第一の実施例と同一の条件を用いる。
一方、本比較例に係るAlN膜に対するCAICISS測定では、+c極性(Al極性)と-c極性(N極性)が混在した膜であることが示される。
次に、本発明の第二の比較例として、ヒーター上に接して載置したα-Al2O3(0001)基板上にスパッタリング法を用いてAlNからなる緩衝層を形成し、その上に、MOCVD法を用いて、アンドープGaN膜を形成した例について説明する。なお、本比較例において、AlNからなる緩衝層は第一の比較例と同一のスパッタリング装置、ヒーター、ヒーター電極および成膜条件にて成膜を行い、アンドープGaN膜は、第二の実施例と同様の条件にて成膜を行なう。
本発明の第三の比較例として、α-Al2O3(0001)基板をヒーターに接して載置したスパッタリング法によりAlNからなる緩衝層を形成し、その上に、MOCVD法を用いて、アンドープGaNからなるIII族窒化物半導体中間層、SiドープGaNからなるn型III族窒化物半導体層、InGaNとGaNとのMQW構造を有するIII族窒化物半導体活性層、MgドープGaNからなるp型III族窒化物半導体層を順次エピタキシャル成長させ、更に、n型電極層、透光性電極、p型電極層、保護膜まで形成した後、ウェハーをスクライブにより分離しLED素子を作製する例について説明する。なお、AlNからなる緩衝層の成膜方法は第一の比較例と同様であり、MOCVD法を用いて成膜するアンドープGaNからなるIII族窒化物半導体中間層、SiドープGaNからなるn型III族窒化物半導体層、InGaNとGaNとのMQW構造を有するIII族窒化物半導体活性層、MgドープGaNからなるp型III族窒化物半導体層と、その後形成するn型電極層、透光性電極、p型電極層、保護膜の材料や成膜方法、およびその後の、素子化の工程については全て第三の実施例と同様である。
本実施例では、フッ酸処理により表面の自然酸化膜を除去したSi(111)基板を用い、その他は、第一の実施例と同様の方法・条件によってウルツ鉱構造を有するAlN膜を形成する。ただし、本実施例における成膜温度(550℃)は、熱電対を埋め込んだSi(111)基板により、あらかじめ行う基板温度測定の結果に基づいて設定している。
本比較例では、基板をヒーターに接して載置し、その他は、第四の実施例と同様の方法・条件を用いて、Si(111)基板上にAlN膜を形成する。その結果、得られるAlN膜は、+c極性と-c極性の混在したエピタキシャル膜となる。また、得られるAlN膜上にMOCVD法を用いて2μmの膜厚のアンドープGaN膜を形成すると、得られるアンドープGaN膜の表面は白濁している。
本実施例では、ターゲット材料とプロセスガス、成膜温度および膜厚を除いて、第一の実施例と同様の方法・条件によって、ウルツ鉱構造を有するZnO膜をα-Al2O3(0001)基板上に形成する。ターゲット材料は金属Zn、プロセスガスはO2とArの混合ガス(O2/(O2+Ar):25%)、成膜温度は800℃、膜厚は100nmとした。
本比較例では、基板をヒーターに接して載置し、その他は、第五の実施例と同様の方法・条件を用いて、ZnO膜をα-Al2O3(0001)基板上に形成する。本比較例に係るZnO膜は、第五の実施例と同様にc軸配向したエピタキシャル膜として得られるが、その極性は+c極性と-c極性(O極性)とが混在している。また、第五の実施例と同様に、得られるZnO膜を利用してLED素子を作製したが、良好な素子特性を得ることはできない。
Claims (14)
- ヒーターを用いて任意の温度に加熱されたエピタキシャル成長用基板に対して、スパッタリング法によってウルツ鉱構造の半導体薄膜を成長させる成膜方法であって、
前記エピタキシャル膜成長用基板を、前記ヒーターの基板対向面と所定距離だけ離間して保持する工程と、
前記所定距離だけ離間して保持された状態で、前記エピタキシャル成長用基板上にウルツ鉱構造の半導体薄膜を形成する工程と、
を有することを特徴とする成膜方法。 - 真空排気可能な真空容器と、
エピタキシャル成長用基板を支持する基板保持手段と、
前記基板保持手段に保持された前記エピタキシャル成長用基板を任意の温度に加熱できるヒーターとを備えた真空処理装置を用いて、前記エピタキシャル成長用基板上にスパッタリング法によりウルツ鉱構造の半導体薄膜のエピタキシャル膜を形成する成膜方法であって、
前記基板保持手段に保持された前記エピタキシャル成長用基板を、前記ヒーターの基板対向面と所定距離だけ離間して保持した状態で、前記エピタキシャル成長用基板上にウルツ鉱構造の半導体薄膜のエピタキシャル膜を形成することを特徴とする成膜方法。 - 前記エピタキシャル成長用基板を搬送して、前記エピタキシャル成長用基板を前記ヒーターの基板対向面と前記所定距離だけ離間して保持されるように前記基板保持手段に保持させる基板搬送工程と、
前記基板搬送工程によって前記基板保持手段に保持された前記エピタキシャル成長用基板を、前記ヒーターにより任意の温度に加熱する基板加熱工程と、
前記基板加熱工程によって加熱された前記エピタキシャル成長用基板上にウルツ鉱構造の半導体薄膜のエピタキシャル膜を形成する成膜工程と
を有することを特徴とする請求項2に記載の成膜方法。 - 前記基板保持手段は、前記エピタキシャル成長用基板の重力方向下側の面に当接した状態で、前記エピタキシャル成長用基板を保持することを特徴とする請求項2に記載の成膜方法。
- 真空排気可能な真空容器と、
エピタキシャル膜成長用基板を支持するための基板保持手段と、
前記基板保持手段に保持された前記エピタキシャル膜成長用基板を任意の温度に加熱できるヒーターと、
前記真空容器内に設けられ、ターゲットを取り付けることが可能なターゲット電極とを備え、
前記基板保持手段は、前記真空容器内において、前記ターゲット電極の重力方向に設けられた真空処理装置であって、
請求項1に記載された、前記エピタキシャル膜成長用基板を前記ヒーターの基板対向面と所定距離だけ離間して保持する工程を行うために、前記エピタキシャル膜成長用基板を前記ヒーターの基板対向面と所定距離だけ離間して保持することを特徴とする真空処理装置。 - 前記基板保持手段は、成膜時に、前記エピタキシャル膜成長用基板の外縁部分を重力方向下側から支持するように構成されている基板支持部と、該基板支持部と一体に形成され、前記ヒーターに接して配設される載置部とを有し、
前記載置部を前記ヒーターに接して配設した際に、前記基板支持部は前記ヒーターの基板対向面と第2の所定距離だけ離間して配置されていることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の真空処理装置。 - 前記基板支持部は、前記エピタキシャル膜成長用基板の外縁部分を支持するように構成されたリング状の絶縁部材であることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の真空処理装置。
- 前記リング状の絶縁部材の外周部分を支持するリング状の導電材をさらに備え、
前記リング状の導電材には高周波電力が印加されることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の真空処理装置。 - 請求項1に記載された成膜方法を有することを特徴とする半導体発光素子の製造方法。
- 請求項1に記載された成膜方法によって作製されたウルツ鉱構造の半導体薄膜のエピタキシャル膜を有することを特徴とする半導体発光素子。
- 請求項10に記載の半導体発光素子を備えることを特徴とする照明装置。
- 請求項2に記載された成膜方法を有することを特徴とする半導体発光素子の製造方法。
- 請求項2に記載された成膜方法によって作製されたウルツ鉱構造の半導体薄膜のエピタキシャル膜を有することを特徴とする半導体発光素子。
- 請求項13に記載の半導体発光素子を備えることを特徴とする照明装置。
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JPWO2013061572A1 (ja) | 2015-04-02 |
JP5819978B2 (ja) | 2015-11-24 |
US9309606B2 (en) | 2016-04-12 |
CN103918060B (zh) | 2016-11-02 |
TW201340379A (zh) | 2013-10-01 |
KR20140079507A (ko) | 2014-06-26 |
DE112012004463T5 (de) | 2014-07-24 |
KR101590496B1 (ko) | 2016-02-01 |
TWI505498B (zh) | 2015-10-21 |
US20140225154A1 (en) | 2014-08-14 |
CN103918060A (zh) | 2014-07-09 |
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