WO2012143681A2 - Compositions pour la croissance et la vigueur des légumes - Google Patents

Compositions pour la croissance et la vigueur des légumes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012143681A2
WO2012143681A2 PCT/GB2012/000363 GB2012000363W WO2012143681A2 WO 2012143681 A2 WO2012143681 A2 WO 2012143681A2 GB 2012000363 W GB2012000363 W GB 2012000363W WO 2012143681 A2 WO2012143681 A2 WO 2012143681A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wax
organic material
particles
vegetable plant
coating composition
Prior art date
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PCT/GB2012/000363
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English (en)
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WO2012143681A3 (fr
Inventor
Nicholas Hugh Hylton JESSOP
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Exosect Limited
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Publication of WO2012143681A2 publication Critical patent/WO2012143681A2/fr
Publication of WO2012143681A3 publication Critical patent/WO2012143681A3/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
    • C05B17/00—Other phosphatic fertilisers, e.g. soft rock phosphates, bone meal
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
    • A01C1/06—Coating or dressing seed
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/12—Powders or granules
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/24—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing ingredients to enhance the sticking of the active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/20—Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
    • C05B17/00—Other phosphatic fertilisers, e.g. soft rock phosphates, bone meal
    • C05B17/02—Other phosphatic fertilisers, e.g. soft rock phosphates, bone meal containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
    • C05F11/08—Organic fertilisers containing added bacterial cultures, mycelia or the like
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
    • C05G5/38—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings layered or coated with wax or resins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/40—Fertilisers incorporated into a matrix
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D191/00—Coating compositions based on oils, fats or waxes; Coating compositions based on derivatives thereof
    • C09D191/06—Waxes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
    • C09D7/40—Additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
    • C08L2205/14—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing polymeric additives characterised by shape
    • C08L2205/18—Spheres

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to coating compositions including an organic component for applying to vegetable plant structures from which roots and shoots are capable of growing, uses of coating compositions on vegetable plant structures, methods of producing such coating compositions and vegetable plant structures coated with such coating compositions.
  • the invention relates to coating compositions that comprise an organic material that provides protection from environmental stresses to vegetable plant structures.
  • Agronomic losses due to young vegetable plants not being well established remain unacceptably high on soils which are for example mineral deficient despite the employment of conventional inorganic vegetable structure coatings such as vegetable seed coatings that typically include essential elements for establishing young seedlings.
  • a problem with the use of such conventional coatings is that they introduce nutrients to the soil in unbalanced quantities and this can have adverse effects on plant growth and vigour in unforeseen ways.
  • such conventional coatings are typically applied in the form of wet slurries to vegetable plant structures, such as seeds. Once applied, the coatings are typically dried on the vegetable plant structure and this drying may cause further abiotic stresses, which in turn may have deleterious consequences on the viability of young plants grown therefrom.
  • such conventionally applied coatings may not be applied to vegetable plant structures evenly, and as a consequence, such coatings tend to be susceptible to chipping and/or flaking. Furthermore, the degree of coating uniformity of such conventionally applied coatings typically is not optimal, with a percentage of vegetable plant structures of any one batch receiving little or no coating depending on the coating method being deployed.
  • vegetable plant structure treatment and “vegetable plant structure coating” are used interchangeably for the compositions of the invention and their uses to treat vegetable plant structures, by any of the specific methods described in the prior art that provide an improvement, typically an enhancement, of seedling vigour.
  • the commonly used ingredients in vegetable plant structure treatment such as vegetable seed treatment compositions (sometimes designated as formulations) include antidotes and safeners; fertilisers, micronutrients and inoculants; bioregulators of natural or synthetic origin which are either hormones or interfere in hormone metabolism and do not influence plant nutrition; and/or bioregulators which interfere with plant growth by enhancing nutrient uptake.
  • a vegetable plant structure coating composition that comprises i) one or more organic materials selected from waxes having a melting point of 50°Centigrade; and ii) one or more additives for enhancing seedling vigour and/or seedling growth from vegetable plant structures selected from one or more inorganic additives and/or one or more live biological agents.
  • the organic materials of use in the invention act as a carrier for desired additives for placing on or near to seeds.
  • a "vegetable plant structure” is one from which roots and shoots are able to grow. Such structures are typically bulbs, roots, seeds and “seed tubers”.
  • Reference to “seed” and “seeds” is used interchangeably herein and means seeds, typically viable seeds, to which compositions of the invention may be applied.
  • Vegetable seed as provided herein means seeds that are capable of germinating to at least conventional levels of germ/nation typical of the relevant vegetable species under consideration. Thus a vegetable plant structure is one that may be grown for human or domesticated animal consumption.
  • “vegetable plant structures” includes those structures such as seeds, bulbs and tubers, found in domestic vegetables.
  • “Domestic vegetables” and “vegetable plants” for the purposes of the present invention are ones which are recognised as such by the skilled addressee.
  • Vegetable structures suitable for coating with compositions of the invention include those selected from vegetable plants from members of the Crucifer family (cabbages, broccolis, cauliflowers, kales, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabis), onions, capsicums, tomatoes, cucurbits such as cucumbers, cantaloupes, summer squashes, pumpkins, butternut squashes, tropical pumpkins, calabazas, winter squashes, watermelons, lettuces, zucchinis (courgettes), aubergines, carrots, parsnips, potatoes such as white potato, swedes, turnips, sugar beet, celeriacs, Jerusalem artichokes, artichokes, bok choi, celery, Chinese cabbage, beans such as lima beans, green beans such as runner beans, haricot beans, French beans, broad beans, horse radish, leeks, musk melons, parsley, radish, spinach, sweet corn, beetroot for table consumption, peas and the like.
  • the Crucifer family cabbages,
  • the organic material used in the present invention is selected from organic materials selected from waxes having a melting temperature of >50°C that can be applied to vegetable plant structures either as a powder wherein the powder particles are of a pre-determined volume mean diameter (VMD) or the powder particles are applied in liquid form, such as an oleaginous formulation or as an aqueous formulation.
  • VMD volume mean diameter
  • the particles of use in coating compositions of the invention possess a volume mean diameter of a certain size as defined herein.
  • organic materials in the form of, for example, 1 to 5 kilogram blocks or tablets may be broken up or kibbled into small millimetre-sized pieces (such as from 2mm - 8mm approximate diameter in size, for example from 4mm to 6mm) in a kibbling machine.
  • the millimetre-sized pieces can then be passed through a comminuting means such as a standard mill, e.g.
  • dry powder compositions of the invention comprise composite particles having a volume mean diameter of ⁇ 5pm, for example of 10pm, 11 pm, 12pm, 13pm, 14pm, 15pm up to 40pm or any value there inbetween.
  • the volume mean diameter of the composite particles is typically ⁇ 10pm or >12pm and may lie in the range from 10pm to 200pm and may have a value that lies anywhere there inbetween, for example from ⁇ 10pm to 100pm; or from ⁇ 10pm to 40pm; or from ⁇ 10pm to 30pm or any desired volume mean diameter value in between.
  • dry powder compositions of the invention comprise particles having a volume mean diameter of ⁇ 10pm, for example of 10pm, 11 pm, 12pm, 13pm, 14pm, 15pm and the like up to any volume mean diameter of choice, such as up to 200pm or any volume mean diameter in between for example 40pm or 30pm.
  • Such compositions are considered to be less of a thoracic hazard to humans and are not thought to be allergenic.
  • particles of a pre-determined volume mean diameter are suspended therein in a suspension formulation and applied to vegetable plant structures, which are then dried using conventional drying procedures.
  • the organic material is applied to vegetable plant structures in a dry powder form, the particles of the organic material may have a volume mean diameter of any conventional size, such as up to 200pm, preferably from 10 - 100 pm, and most preferably from 10-50pm.
  • Such organic materials include additives as herein defined and may include added further components such as added UV blockers or added antioxidants or the like.
  • Dry powders of the present invention may be made up of one or more organic materials that have a melting point at or above 50°C and which are of use in the present invention.
  • Suitable organic materials of use in the invention include waxes having a melting point of >50°C, more preferably of ⁇ 60°C, and most preferably are made up of hard waxes having a melting point of ⁇ 70°C.
  • Suitable organic materials are made up of particles of a size range as herein defined and may be selected from waxes such as carnauba wax, beeswax, montan wax, Chinese wax, shellac wax, spermaceti wax, candelilla wax, castor wax, ouricury wax, and rice bran wax. Such waxes typically display a high enthalpy of lattice energy during melt.
  • the organic material is carnauba wax which may be applied in liquid form, typically in the form of a suspension or powder form as discrete particles.
  • the organic material is applied in dry powder form to ornamental plant structures.
  • the actual VMD of particles of use in the invention that are used on vegetable plant structures will be appropriate to the size of the structures to which the particles are to be applied.
  • the skilled addressee will also appreciate that where the VMD is defined as being ⁇ 5pm or ⁇ 12pm the size of the particles will be governed by the size of the vegetable plant structure, such as a seed, to which it is applied and such a range should be construed as being commensurate therewith.
  • the size range of particles of use in the invention is not open-ended in respect of an upper size limit but only insofar as such a limit is applicable to vegetable plant structures, such as seed to which particles of the invention may be expected to adhere as a coating.
  • the limit in the sizing of the particles of use on vegetable plant structures such as seed coatings of the invention will be apparent to the skilled addressee.
  • the one or more additives for enhancing seedling vigour and/or seedling growth from vegetable plant structures may be selected from one or more inorganic or chemical additives and/or one or more live biological agents.
  • Suitable inorganic agents include commercially available NPK fertilisers that may be added to vegetable plant structure coatings of the invention. These may be added in the form of dry powders of soluble ions that include the so-called primary macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium; the so-called secondary macronutrients such as calcium, sulphur, and magnesium; and the so-called “micronutrients” (trace minerals such as boron, chlorine, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, and selenium). "Macronutrients” are taken up in relatively large quantities and are present in plant tissue in quantities from about 0.2% - 4% on a dry weight basis. “Micronutrients” are taken up in smaller quantities and are present in plant tissue in quantities measured in parts per million (ppm), ranging from about 5 - 200 ppm, or less than 0.02% dry weight.
  • ppm parts per million
  • Additives may be selected from bioregulators commonly applied in the art such as brassinosteroids, cytokinines e.g. kinetin or zeatin, the auxins e.g. indolylacetic acid or indolylacetyl aspartate, the flavonoids and isoflavanoids e.g. formononetin or diosmetin, the phytoaixins e.g.
  • glyceolline phytoalexin-inducing oligosaccharides such as pectin, chitin, chitosan, polygalacuronic acid and oligogalacturonic acid, compounds such as the gibellerins produced by rhizobial symbionts and endophytic microorganisms such as acetobacter diazotrophicus and herbaspitillum seropedicae and the like.
  • species of bacteria and fungi of potential use are those that are able to act on inorganic and/or organic substrates to release compounds in soluble form from such substrates, such as phosphorus.
  • species of bacteria include those from Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, Azospirillum, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Flavobacterium, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Burkholderia, and Serratia.
  • Bacillus genus examples include Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus coagulans, species of the Azospirillum genus such as Azospirillum brasilense, species of the Pseudomonas genus, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aurantiaca, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas poae, and Pseudomonas trivialis, species of the Rhizobium genus such as Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium leguminosarum, and species of the Paenibacillus genus (formerly considered as Bacillus genus) such as Paenibacillus lautus.
  • Rhizobium inoculants may be sourced from such companies as Becker Underwood and EMD Crop Bioscience.
  • Species of mycorrhizal fungus are also capable of augmenting levels of available nutrients in the soil with further organic and inorganic nutrients that are assimilable by a crop plant.
  • Suitable species of mycorrhizal fungus include those that are capable of colonising a host plant's roots, either intracellularly as in arbuscuiar mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), or extracellularly as in ericoid mycorrhizal (EM) fungi.
  • AMF arbuscuiar mycorrhizal fungi
  • EM ericoid mycorrhizal
  • Examples of AMF mycorrhizae of potential use in the invention include those from the Glomus, Gigaspora, Acaulospora and Sclerocystis. Suitable species include Glomus fasciculatum, G. intraradices, G. claroideum; G. intra, G. clarum, G. brasilianum, G. deserticola, G. monosporus, G. mosseae, G.tortuosum, G, sinuosum, Gigaspora argarita, Gigaspora gigantean and Acaulospora longular.
  • E Emitochlococcus .
  • pezizella A suitable genus of EM of potential use in the invention is Pezizella.
  • a further live biological inoculant that may be useful for vegetable plant structure coating is Trichoderma, a fungus that is capable of making available, and in the adsorption of, mineral nutrients from the soil such as by solubilising insoluble phosphorus and zinc in the soil.
  • Other capabilities of the fungus include the decomposition of organic matter thereby releasing calcium, potassium, and nitrogen available for plant use.
  • Trichoderma strains are known in the art, for example, useful strains are known from the University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB), Institute of Biological Sciences.
  • Examples of conventional additives for increasing fertiliser efficiency, plant productivity, growth, and nutrient accumulation may be sourced from such commercial sources as Incotec Inc., Germains, Bayer CropScience, and Becker Underwood. Suitable additives may be selected from commercially available products such as Auxigrow(R) (Auxein Corp., Lansing, Mich., USA) and Amisorb(R) (Donlar Corp., Chicago) or the so-called phytochelates described by A. M. Kinnersley in Plant Growth Regul. (1993), 12(3), 207-18, which are thought to influence the availability to the plant of minimal amounts of certain metals such as Zn, Fe, Cu and the like for optimal growth and productivity.
  • Auxigrow(R) Auxein Corp., Lansing, Mich., USA
  • Amisorb(R) Donlar Corp., Chicago
  • phytochelates described by A. M. Kinnersley in Plant Growth Regul. (1993), 12(3), 207-18, which are thought to influence the availability to the plant of minimal
  • Examples of the latter include polymers of L-lactic acid, L-lactoyllactic acid and water-soluble polyaspartates.
  • Other additives that may be applied to vegetable plant structures, such as vegetable seed coatings of the invention include the kinds of adjuvant that are found in conventional commercial agrochemical formulations. Suitable additives for inclusion into vegetable plant structure coatings of the invention may be selected from those described by Chester L Foy, Pestic. Sci.(1993) 38, pp.65-76; and in EP 0357559. Seed coating compositions of the invention may further include conventional additives such as agents having wetting, dispersing and de-foaming modes of action.
  • Suitable surface-active compounds are non- ionic, cationic and/or anionic surfactants having good emulsifying, dispersing and wetting properties.
  • Such adjuvants for crop protection formulations are obtainable from fine chemicals producers [e.g. by Clariant AG (Muttenz, Switzerland)] and include (fatty)alcohol alkylphenol ethoxylates, polyarylphenol ethoxylates, dispersing phosphates, taurides and/or alcohol monosuccinates.
  • surfactants also comprises mixtures of two or more surfactants and natural or synthetic phospholipids of the cephatin and lecithin series, e.g.
  • phosphatidyl-ethanolamine phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, lysolecithin sugar esters.
  • a typical de-foaming agent is Fluowet PL80B(R) (Clariant AG) and typical antifreeze compounds are glycols and polyethylene glycols.
  • Further ingredients may include solid or liquid substances ordinarily employed in formulation technology, e.g. natural or regenerated minerals, tackifiers, thickeners or binders.
  • Other suitable additives are emulgating protein hydrolysates, e.g. as described in EP 0297426 (Bayer AG).
  • Dyes that may be used in vegetable seed treatment compositions include water-insoluble or water-soluble dyes.
  • compositions of the invention examples include Colanyl Red(R) (Clariant AG, Muttenz), Rhodamin B, white pigment (titanium dioxide) or Luconyl(R) (BASF AG).
  • additives may be used to ensure that the formulation disperses well, does not settle or freeze and differentiates the seeds from untreated seeds.
  • Other special additives which are known to enhance seedling vigour in particular in combination with certain pesticides, e.g.
  • fungicides in combination with 3',4',5 , ,6 , -tetrachloro-2,4,5,7-tetraiodo- fluorescein may be applied to the seeds in a combined amount that is effective, preferably synergistically effective, to increase seedling vigour and plant growth.
  • the organic particles of use in compositions of the invention may contain other further components such as additives selected from UV blockers such as beta-carotene or p- amino benzoic acid, colouring agents such as optical brighteners and commercially available colouring agents such as food colouring agents, plasticisers such as glycerine or soy oil, antimicrobials such as potassium sorbate, nitrates, nitrites, propylene oxide and the like, antioxidants such as vitamin E, butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and other antioxidants that may be present, or mixtures thereof.
  • additives selected from UV blockers such as beta-carotene or p- amino benzoic acid, colouring agents such as optical brighteners and commercially available colouring agents such as food colouring agents, plasticisers such as glycerine or soy oil, antimicrobials such as potassium sorbate, nitrates, nitrites, propylene oxide and
  • Vegetable plant structure compositions such as seed compositions of the invention may be applied to ornamental plant structures or plant seed at a rate of application from 0.1 g to 500 g, preferably from 1g to 100g, most preferably from 5g to 50g of the active ingredient (a.i.) per 100kg of seed.
  • Liquid formulations of the invention may be formulated as an aqueous formulation or as an oleaginous formulation, depending on design.
  • Aqueous formulations may include surfactants selected from commercially available surfactants such as Tween 20, Sil et L77, Tween 80, Torpedo II, Newmans T80, Fortune, Guard, Rhino, Biopower, and the like.
  • Oleaginous formulations may contain any oil suitable for use in the present invention which may be selected from petroleum oils, such as paraffin oil, and vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, palm oil and the like.
  • Oil formulations of use in the invention contain organic particles of the invention and as described herein and these in turn may be admixed with flow agents such as ydrophilic precipitated silicas, for example Sipernat 383 DS, Sipernat 320, EXP 4350, and Sipernat D- 17 and the like.
  • flow agents such as ydrophilic precipitated silicas, for example Sipernat 383 DS, Sipernat 320, EXP 4350, and Sipernat D- 17 and the like.
  • Such free-flowing agents may be dispersed in oils, for example, for anti- foaming purposes.
  • the liquid element should be removed from the coated vegetable plant structures or vegetable plant seeds after coating is achieved, for example by drying off using conventional drying processes.
  • Coatings of organic materials of use in the present invention also serve to protect immediately planted plant structures from soil borne pathogens, that is to say, ones that are able to colonise the vegetable plant structure, such as the seed cuticle and/or ones that populate the soil and which are capable of acting on vegetable plant structures, such as seeds.
  • soil borne pathogens are typically bacteria and/or fungi.
  • soil borne bacterial and fungal pathogens that attack vegetable plants include Rhizoctonia spp. (active against e.g. beans, cucurbits; R. solani active against Brassica spp. peas; lettuces, spinach, potato), Pythium spp, (active against e.g.
  • beans, carrot, celery, Brassica spp. cucurbits, eggplant, lentils, peas, peppers, spinach, lettuce, potato and tomato), Fusarium spp. (active against e.g. beans, cucurbits, tomato, peas, potato), Phytophthora spp. (active against e.g. beans and lentils, cucurbits, tomato, spinach, potato; P. megasperma active against Brassica spp.), Verticillium spp. such as V. albo-atrum and V. dahliae (active against Brassica spp., tomato, potato), Sclerotium spp. (active against e.g.
  • Agrobacterium tumefaciens active against Brassica and Raphunus spp.
  • Phoma spp.(active against peas) such as Phoma lingam (active against Brassica spp.), Erwinia spp. (active against cucurbits, tomato, lettuces, potato), Pseudomonas spp. (active against cucurbits, tomato, spinach, potato), Alternaria spp. (active against cucurbits, lettuces, peas, tomato, potato), Penicillium spp. (active against cucurbits), Streptomyces spp. (active against potato), and the like.
  • organic materials in the manufacture of a vegetable plant structure coating composition as defined herein.
  • the organic materials are selected from one or more organic materials having a melting point of ⁇ 50°Centigrade, more preferably of ⁇ 60°C and most preferably are made up of hard waxes having a melting point of >70°C.
  • Suitable organic materials include carnauba wax, beeswax, Chinese wax, shellac wax, spermaceti wax, candelilla wax, castor wax, ouricury wax, and rice bran wax or a mixture of one or more thereof, and preferably, the seed coating that is used includes carnauba wax.
  • the organic particles have a mean volume diameter selected from >10pm to 200pm, as herein described and as appropriate for the ornamental plant structure to which the particles are to be applied.
  • a mean volume diameter selected from >10pm to 200pm, as herein described and as appropriate for the ornamental plant structure to which the particles are to be applied.
  • the size of the organic particles to be applied to vegetable plant structures, such as vegetable plant seeds will depend on the size of the structure or seed, and the type or form of such vegetable plant structures that are contemplated for coating.
  • additives for enhancing seedling vigour and/or seedling growth selected from one or more inorganic additives and/or one or more live biological agents.
  • the organic material in this aspect of the invention may be selected from organic materials such as from organic waxes having a melting point of ⁇ 50°C, more preferably of >60°C, and most preferably are made up of hard waxes having a melting point of ⁇ 70°C.
  • Suitable waxes for use in the invention include carnauba wax, beeswax, montan wax, Chinese wax, shellac wax, spermaceti wax, candelilla wax, castor wax, ouricury wax, and rice bran wax or a mixture of one or more thereof.
  • the selected organic material includes a substantial proportion of carnauba wax up to 100%, for example 1 %, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more or any proportion therein between, the rest being made up of is at least one other organic material as herein defined.
  • the selected organic material is solely carnauba wax which may contain further additives as herein defined, and further components such as UV blockers, antioxidants such as vitamin E and the like.
  • a vegetable plant structure coating composition produced by the method as described herein.
  • a method of coating vegetable plant structures with a coating composition that comprises one or more organic materials selected from waxes having a melting point of >50°C, so as to limit damage caused by environmental factors such as biotic and abiotic stresses, to the said structures, the method comprising i) obtaining organic material as a population of separate particles of a pre-determined V D; and ii) applying the said population of particles to vegetable plant structures.
  • the skilled addressee will appreciate that environmental factors that may affect vegetable plant structure viability includes such factors as extremes of heat, loss of moisture and the presence of pathogens such as bacteria and/or fungi.
  • the skilled addressee will also appreciate that the pre-determined VMD will be appropriate to the size of the vegetable plant structures to which the coating is to be applied.
  • a method of coating vegetable plant structures with a coating composition that comprises an organic material wherein the organic material is selected from waxes having a melting point of ⁇ 50°C Intel the method comprising i) obtaining organic material; ii) heating the organic material so as to form a liquid phase or a gaseous phase; iii) cooling the liquid phase or gaseous phase of ii) to below the melting point of the organic material, forming a solid; iv) adding one or more additives to the solid formed in iii); v) machining the solid organic material of iii) into particles of a pre-determined VMD; and vi) applying the particles of v) to vegetable plant structures.
  • a method of coating vegetable plant structures with a coating composition of the invention that comprises an organic material wherein the organic material is selected from waxes having a melting point of >50°C Intel the method comprising i) obtaining organic material; ii) heating the organic materials so as to form a liquid phase or a gaseous phase; iii) adding one or more additives to the liquid phase or gaseous phase of ii); iv) cooling the liquid phase or gaseous phase of iii) to below the melting point of the organic material, forming a solid; v) machining the solid organic material of iv) into particles of a pre-determined V D as herein defined; and vi) applying the particles of v) to vegetable plant structures.
  • the vegetable plant structures are typically selected from vegetable plants as herein defined.
  • the organic material of use in the invention may comprise one or more organic materials selected from organic materials as herein defined.
  • the organic material is carnauba wax.
  • two or more organic materials of use in the invention are employed as the organic material in for example, a vegetable plant seed coating composition of the invention they may be heated together so as to form a liquid phase or a gaseous phase during which phases the organic material may be mixed, if required.
  • the organic materials may be cooled to below the melting point of the organic material possessing the lowest melting point in the liquid phase (where a gas phase is employed, this will be cooled to a liquid phase), forming a solid which may then be machined, such as by comminution, into particles of a pre-determined VMD as herein defined using conventional procedures.
  • one or more additives may be added to the organic materials at points indicated above. It will be appreciated that the person skilled in the art will understand at what point or points in the described processes additives may be added to the organic material, depending on the additive material to be added to the organic material forming particles of use in the invention.
  • the organic material is in the form of particles of a known VMD
  • the particles may be applied to vegetable plant structures using conventional means employed in the art.
  • the treatment composition is applied to vegetable plant structures in dry particulate form or liquid form as hereinbefore described, preferably in dry particulate form.
  • the organic material in the above aspect and variant aspect of the invention may be selected from organic materials selected from organic waxes having a melting point of ⁇ 50°C, more preferably of >60°C, and most preferably are made up of hard waxes having a melting point of ⁇ 70°C.
  • Suitable waxes for use in the invention include carnauba wax, beeswax, Chinese wax, shellac wax, spermaceti wax, candelilla wax, castor wax, ouricury wax, and rice bran wax or a mixture of one or more thereof.
  • the selected organic material includes a substantial proportion of carnauba wax up to 100%, for example 1 %, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more or any proportion therein between, the rest being made up of at least one other organic material as herein defined.
  • the selected organic material is solely carnauba wax which may contain further added components as herein defined, such as UV blockers, antioxidants such as vitamin E and the like.
  • the particles of use in the above aspect of the invention and the variant aspect of the invention possess a volume mean diameter of > 0pm, such as ⁇ 12pm such as in the range of from ⁇ 10pm to 200pm, for example from ⁇ 10pm to 100pm; or from >10pm to 40 m; or from >10pm to 30pm or any desired volume mean diameter value in between.
  • dry powder compositions of the invention comprise particles having a volume mean diameter of ⁇ 10 ⁇ , for example of 10pm, 1 1 pm, 12pm, 13pm, 14pm, 15pm and the like up to any volume mean diameter of choice, such as up to 200pm or any volume mean diameter in between for example 40pm or 30pm. More preferably compositions of the invention comprise particles having a volume mean diameter of from about 12pm to 200pm.
  • Example 1 Growth and Vigour in (Vicia faba)
  • Vicia faba seed provided by Herbiseeds (Twyford, UK)
  • Rhizobium concentration is measured by diluting 1gm in 11 of water, before further diluting by taking 1 ml of the suspension and making it up to 1000ml. A 20pl sample is then added to an Improved Neubauer Counting Slide and a count made of 4 large squares (0.1 mm / 3) in both of the grids. The mean for each square is calculated and the mean of the two grids used to produce a measurement of spores per 100nl of water. The dilution factor is then applied to produce an approximation of the number of spores per gram.
  • Carnauba wax particles (VMD of 16pm) are combined with at a ratio of 1 :3 (Rhizobium: Carnauba wax particles) in a 50ml tube using a Stuart roller mixer set at 25rpm for 5 minutes. This can then be used to calculate the quantity of spore/Carnauba wax particles powder mix required for the seed coating based on a standard of 1 x10 g spores gram "1 of seed.
  • a homogeneous mix of is attained through tumbling seed and carnauba wax formulation in a cylinder, adapted to produce lateral mixing/tumbling through the inclusion of angled interior vanes, placed on a Wheaton roller for 5 minutes.
  • Rock Phosphate (Garden Direct.UK) with a 30% P 2 0 5 content is crushed using a pestle and mortar and then passed through a 32 micron mesh sieve.
  • VMD 75 ⁇ Carnauba wax particles
  • a homogeneous mix of is attained through tumbling seed and carnauba wax formulation in a cylinder, adapted to produce lateral mixing/tumbling through the inclusion of angled interior vanes, placed on a Wheaton roller for 5 minutes.
  • Chitosan (>75% Deacetylated chitin, Poly(D-glucosamine)) (Sigma Aldrich.UK) is crushed using a pestle and mortar and then passed through a 32 micron mesh sieve.
  • VMD 75 ⁇ Carnauba wax particles
  • VMD 75 ⁇ Carnauba wax particles
  • a homogeneous mix of is attained through tumbling seed and carnauba wax formulation in a cylinder, adapted to produce lateral mixing/tumbling through the inclusion of angled interior vanes, placed on a Wheaton roller for 5 minutes.
  • Seeds are planted in two 84 well plug trays using moist seed potting compost (John Innes No.2). The trays are placed in a Vitopod propagator (Greenhouse Sensations, UK) at 20°C. Moisture content (Brannan Soil Moisture Meter, Fisher Scientific, UK) and pH levels (Brannan Soil pH meter, Fisher Scientific, UK) are checked to ensure that the conditions are consistent across the tray. The order of the treatments is randomised (by row units) to reduce any unforeseen bias.
  • the plants are carefully transplanted from the plugs to 7cm square pots filled with a sterilised top soil.
  • the macro-nutrient (nitrates, phosphates and potassium) content of the top soil is measured using a La Motte Model STH-4 soil testing kit and recorded.
  • the propagators are set at 15°C, 20 and 25°C.
  • Light is provided on a 16:8 Ligh Dark cycle using a twin bulb T5 lighting array suspended 150mm above the propagator (Lightwave T5, 48w, 3300 lumens).
  • T5 tubes (6500 Kelvin) deliver the bright blue/white light required by the plant for growth without emitting much heat which may scorch tender seedlings
  • Moisture content and pH levels are checked to ensure that the conditions are consistent across the propagator by measuring six random plants along a pathway (alternating between a W and Z). This is repeated for each propagator.
  • Plants are watered as required based on conditions to maintain consistent soil moisture content of 18% throughout all plants.
  • the lids of the propagators are removed at such time as required due to the plant height.
  • Plant tissue is measured for macro-nutrient content using the instructions provided with a La Motte Model PT-3R Plant Tissue Test kit.
  • Phosphorus (P) is an essential part of the process of photosynthesis.
  • Potassium is absorbed by plants in larger amounts than any other mineral element except nitrogen and, in some cases, calcium.
  • Potassium is supplied to plants by soil minerals, organic materials, and fertilizer.
  • Both Potassium and Phosphorus can be found in soluble form in Monobasic Potassium Phosphate or MKP(KH 2 P0 4 ), a soluble salt commonly used as a fertiliser and plant growth supplement.
  • M P Monopotassium phosphate
  • the MKP solution is slowly added to the molten wax under stirring at 1500rpm. Stirring continues for 5 minutes before the water/wax emulsion is poured onto a metal sheet to cool. The resulting solid wax including micro-droplets of MKP is then micronized in an air mill Micronising Method
  • Steps in Air Milling in Boyes Micronisation Process for carnauba wax particles with a VMD of approx. 15pm and 75pm, respectively.
  • 2kg carnauba wax blocks are first kibbled into approximately 4 to 6mm pieces in a KT Handling Ltd Model 04 kibbler (serial no. 729/C) following the manufacturer's instructions.
  • the kibbled pieces are then passed through an Apex Construction Ltd Model 314.2 Comminuting Mill (serial no. A21306) and reduced further in size to a range of 250 to 300um.
  • the comminuted particles are then passed through a Hosokawa Micron Ltd Alpine 100AFG jet mill (serial no. 168092) following the manufacturer's instructions, setting the mill at a suitable speed (a speed of 8000rpm for particles having a VMD of 15pm or at a speed of 2500rpm for particles having a VMD of 75pm), with a positive system pressure of 0.03bar.
  • the grinding air is to be kept to 6 bar, the system rinsing air flow and Classifying Wheel gap rinsing air are both to be set at a minimum of 0.5 bar and no more than 0.75bar, the cleaning air filter is to register a delta of no more than 5bar to achieve a final particle size with a VMD of 15um or 75pm as required.
  • Wax particles containing 10% MKP are added to 10g of radish seed, cv. Cherry Belle, at loadings of 0.1% and 1% by mass. Seed is well mixed to ensure a homogenous distribution across the seed. A third batch of seed is combined with unformulated carnauba wax particles as a control.
  • the pots are filled with a sieved, heat-sterilised seed mix (Levingtons F1 Seed and Modular Compost - Low Nutrient)) to level with the top of the cell.
  • Low Conductivity 250-280 pS, Standard pH: 5.3-5.7, Mg/litre added: N - 100, P - 200, K - 200.
  • the gravel trays are then placed in a thermostatically controlled plant growth chamber (Fitotron SGC120, Weiss Gallenkamp, Loughborough, UK). Temperature cycling is set at 20°C/10°C on a 16/8hr schedule. Lighting at 150 pmol m '2 s'1 on a 16/8hr photoperiod is introduced at first emergence.
  • a thermostatically controlled plant growth chamber (Fitotron SGC120, Weiss Gallenkamp, Loughborough, UK). Temperature cycling is set at 20°C/10°C on a 16/8hr schedule. Lighting at 150 pmol m '2 s'1 on a 16/8hr photoperiod is introduced at first emergence.
  • Plants are watered daily from the bottom in order to maintain a compost moisture level of approximately 40% in the cells
  • plants After 10 days the plants are removed from the individual cells and the compost mix separated from the root structure. Plants from each 10 cell tray are combined and separated into shoots, made up of the first true leaves and growing tip, and roots.
  • a second set of calibration standards obtained from a different manufacturer.
  • Samples are dried and ground to pass through a 1 mm screen.
  • Instrument Calibration Standard Values must be within 3% of the known value for K and Mo. All other elements must be within 2% of the known value.
  • Instrument Calibration Verification Standard Values must be within 10% of the certified values.
  • Potassium reduces water loss by the plant and reduces stress due to droughts. This is important for radishes, because excessive water loss and drought can cause the root to crack, resulting in stunted and poorly formed roots. Potassium also increases root growth, which results in larger radishes. Phosphorus stimulates root development and growth, which leads to a fleshier radish root. A lack of phosphorus in radish plants leads to stunted growth and poor yields.
  • rhizobacteria Several bacterial species are able to impart a beneficial effect upon plant growth. Usually they are associated with the plant rhizosphere, so they are called as rhizobacteria. This group of bacteria has been termed plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, and among them are strains from genera such as Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, Azospirillum, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Flavobacterium, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Serratia.
  • Saprophytic fungi are also known to solubilise both organic and inorganic phosphates.
  • Several genus, including Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Gliocladium have exhibited potential as biofertilisers. Morales et al (2011 ) demonstrated that Penicillium albidum was able to solubilise 64mg of organic/inorganic phosphate per gram of fungi.
  • a dry spore powder of a phosphate solubilising organism such as Penicillium bilaii.
  • Spores are combined with carnauba wax particles with a VMD of approximately 10pm (following the milling procedure described above but at a mill speed of 12,500rpm) at a ratio of 1 :3.
  • the powders are agitated to create a homogenous mix and applied to sterilised radish seed at a loading of 0.1% (by mass). Additional batches of seed are treated with spores only (0.1%), Entostat only (0.1%) and untreated seed.
  • Pikovskays' medium is used to demonstrate phosphate solubilising activity of the treated seed. 9cm petri dishes are divided into quadrants and a seed is placed in the centre of each quadrant. Plates are incubated at 20°C for 4 days.
  • Active phosphate solubilising agents produce clear zones around the seed as they solubilise the insoluble mineral phosphates within the media.
  • the radius of the clear zones is measured and compared to the mean results achieved for each treatment. Differences are analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey Post-Hoc diagnostic test where significance is found. Phosphate uptake by plant
  • Seeds are treated as described above.
  • Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2 is used as a source of insoluble phosphate.
  • a single radish seed is placed in the cross-cut X in the top of each cube. Seed trays are then covered to maintain a humid environment and regularly top watered with the 1 % Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2 suspension to maintain a moist cube. Trays are incubated at 20°C and 10"C on a 16/8hr thermal cycle. On germination the cover is removed and the seedling exposed to lighting on a 16/8hr photoperiod.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne une composition d'enrobage destinée à être appliquée sur des structures végétales pouvant produire des racines et des pousses. Cette composition d'enrobage contient une ou plusieurs matières organiques qui présentent un point de fusion supérieur ou égal à 50°C, et un ou plusieurs additifs. L'invention concerne également des procédés de fabrication de telles compositions et de structures végétales de légumes enrobées, notamment des semences de légumes.
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CN102976825A (zh) * 2012-11-06 2013-03-20 陈卫文 一种适用于中低肥力地区茶叶种植的复合肥
CN103980031A (zh) * 2014-04-09 2014-08-13 嘉峪关市凯瑞特农业科技有限责任公司 一种辣椒多功能药肥及其制备方法
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CN104663299A (zh) * 2013-12-03 2015-06-03 东港市丰穗肥业有限公司 一种用于大棚西红柿育苗的营养土及其应用
CN103980031A (zh) * 2014-04-09 2014-08-13 嘉峪关市凯瑞特农业科技有限责任公司 一种辣椒多功能药肥及其制备方法

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