WO2012100404A1 - A method and apparatus for providing service specific resource usage information - Google Patents

A method and apparatus for providing service specific resource usage information Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012100404A1
WO2012100404A1 PCT/CN2011/070531 CN2011070531W WO2012100404A1 WO 2012100404 A1 WO2012100404 A1 WO 2012100404A1 CN 2011070531 W CN2011070531 W CN 2011070531W WO 2012100404 A1 WO2012100404 A1 WO 2012100404A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
service
network
specific
network node
data
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2011/070531
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Mirko Schramm
Frank Schramm
Original Assignee
Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd. filed Critical Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.
Priority to CN201180001150.9A priority Critical patent/CN102884828B/en
Priority to PCT/CN2011/070531 priority patent/WO2012100404A1/en
Publication of WO2012100404A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012100404A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/02—Details
    • H04L12/14—Charging, metering or billing arrangements for data wireline or wireless communications
    • H04L12/1485—Tariff-related aspects
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/02—Details
    • H04L12/14—Charging, metering or billing arrangements for data wireline or wireless communications
    • H04L12/1403—Architecture for metering, charging or billing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
    • H04L43/04—Processing captured monitoring data, e.g. for logfile generation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
    • H04L43/06—Generation of reports
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
    • H04L43/08—Monitoring or testing based on specific metrics, e.g. QoS, energy consumption or environmental parameters
    • H04L43/0876—Network utilisation, e.g. volume of load or congestion level
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
    • H04L43/02—Capturing of monitoring data
    • H04L43/026—Capturing of monitoring data using flow identification
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W48/00—Access restriction; Network selection; Access point selection
    • H04W48/08—Access restriction or access information delivery, e.g. discovery data delivery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W72/00—Local resource management

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for providing service specific resource usage information and in particular the identification and reporting of application related resource utilization within a packet based mobile communication network.
  • Mobile communication networks especially packet based mobile communication networks like the UMTS packet switched domain or an enhanced packet system EPS in general require a user and service specific set up of bearers or tunnels between the mobile communication network and the user equipment UE. This allows for a transfer of service related data in such a way that service expectations, also known as quality of service QoS, can be met for the individual user.
  • An established bearer can be formed in a 3GPP based network by a PDP context for the UMTS packet switched domain or an EPS bearer for the EPS.
  • Services transferred by the mobile communication network can comprise internet web sessions, video or audio streaming or voice calls.
  • Each service can have different requirements on the provided quality of service QoS and therefore typically runs in a corresponding previously set up bearer established in the network.
  • more than one service which typically have similar quality of service requirements can use the same bearer in parallel or multiple services can use one and the same bearer successively. Accordingly, in a conventional mobile communication network in general no correlation between service and network resources consumed or used by the respective service is provided.
  • the resource management and admission control of the network can only grant resources to a user specific bearer.
  • the resources granted by the resource management and admission control of the mobile communication network comprise resources of the nodes belonging to the mobile communication network as well as resources of links, for example radio and core network links of the respective mobile communication network. Consequently, the supervision of mobile network resources for overload control, load balancing or scheduling in a conventional network is based on single bearers or bearer classes in general and not on services provided within the network. Accordingly, a conventional mobile communication network is in general unaware of the existence and nature of the individual services transferred through the network and the part of the resources which is consumed by an individual service.
  • a bearer provides a rough characteristic concerning the required resources, for example through the 3 GPP parameters quality of service class and bit rate, no information about the actual use of bearer resources for a specific service can be derived in such a conventional mobile communication network in general. Furthermore, for a non-real time quality of service class it is not possible at all to get any information in advance as typically no resources are allocated for such bearers.
  • an individual service provided within the network can only be monitored based on IP flows, e.g. via IPIX or by a policy enforcement function (PCEF) in a PDN gateway of the mobile communication network. Further, it is in general not possible to measure the resources that are consumed by a specific service throughout the mobile communication network. It is neither possible to measure the resources consumed by an individual service of a single user equipment (UE) nor for all data traffic of different UEs belonging to the same type of service.
  • UE user equipment
  • the present invention is directed to a method for providing service specific resource usage information about resources of a network node consumed by a specific service comprising the steps of:
  • the method according to the first aspect of the invention provides service specific resource usage information of network node resources for a specific service.
  • This service specific resource usage information can form the basis for an improved network utilization, for example by assigning specific services to best suited resources, identify bottlenecks in the network and to reassign resources to allow a much more precise prediction of an impact of a specific service on the communication network.
  • a service based resource consumption is gathered over all service instances regardless of the UE they belong to, e.g. any Voice over IP data traffic is detected and its consumed resources are gathered.
  • the derived service specific resource usage data of the specific service is reported by the network node to a network management node in response to a corresponding request of said resource network management node.
  • the network comprises a central network management node sending requests for getting service specific resource usage data from different network nodes of said network.
  • a central network management node allows to evaluate all reported service specific resource usage data of all inquired network nodes allowing a much more adequate assignment of network resources. Further, it is possible to identify possible reasons for resource restrictions as well as to give a precise prediction on how an increased use of the specific service can influence the respective network.
  • the network management node instructs all network nodes to provide service specific resource usage information for a specific service by sending corresponding instructions to the network nodes.
  • the network node starts to provide service specific resource usage information for a specific service when receiving corresponding instructions by means of existing bearer signaling.
  • the network management node instructs only a predetermined group or portion of the network nodes to provide service specific resource usage information for a specific service.
  • this group of network nodes can be formed by similar network nodes or network nodes having the same functionality within the network.
  • a header of the respective received data packet is processed to detect a data field indicating that the respective data packet belongs to the specific service.
  • the bearer transferring the respective received data packet is identifying in the network node whether the received data packet belongs to a specific service.
  • each service of interest gets a corresponding bearer assigned exclusively, and a corresponding indication parameter is added to the bearer signaling. Accordingly, the bearer from which the incoming data packet is received is providing in this implementation a fixed relation to the specific service.
  • the respective network node receives the indication parameter of the service of interest, for example from the network management node, and checks whether the bearer from which the incoming data packet is received has the same indication parameter as the one received for the specific service of interest.
  • the IP and transport protocol header of the respective received data packet is analyzed to detect a predetermined bit pattern indicating that the respective data packet belongs to the specific service.
  • This well defined bit pattern can be formed for example by an IP5 tuple or a DSCP (DiffServ code point) or an IPv6 flow label.
  • all incoming data packets are compared with the predetermined bit pattern. If a match is found a correlation with the specific service can be made.
  • a payload of the data packet or the sequence of the data packets is analyzed to detect a predetermined bit pattern or traffic pattern indicating that the respective data packet belongs to the specific service.
  • a so-called deep packet inspection is performed. All incoming data packets can be analyzed for example by a proprietary algorithm for application detection based on an URL or a proprietary algorithm for traffic pattern detection. If a match is found a correlation with the specific service of interest can be made.
  • resources consumed by the specific service are measured by the network node.
  • Existing measurement processes can be used for measuring the consumed resources but separate counters are used for the resources consumed by each specific service.
  • a data volume transferred by said specific service is measured. For example, it is possible to measure the number of bytes transferred by the specific service. This additional information allows a correlation of a traffic characteristic of the individual service flow of the specific service with a use characteristic of all resources consumed by the respective specific service.
  • a network node of a network comprising a reporting unit for providing service specific resource usage information about resources of said network node consumed by a specific service provided within said network.
  • the network node comprises a control interface for receiving an instruction to provide service specific resource usage information for a specific service.
  • This control interface can be formed by a dedicated interface connecting the respective network node to a resource network management node.
  • the network node comprises a reporting unit which processes the incoming data traffic to identify data packets belonging to a specific service and for performing a correlation between the consumed resources of said network node and the data packets belonging to the specific service to derive the service specific resource usage data.
  • the reporting unit is adapted to report the derived service specific resource usage data to the network management node by sending report messages by transmitting the derived service specific resource usage data directly via the control interface to the resource management network node.
  • the reporting unit comprises for each resource of said network node and for each specific service an internal resource counter counting a resource consumption of the respective resource caused by data packets belonging to a specific service.
  • the internal resource counters can be stored in a service specific resource usage data table of said reporting unit.
  • the service specific counters are gathering the consumed resources on a per service basis independently from the actual service instance, i.e. the UE the service belongs to.
  • the resources of the network node consumed by a specific service comprise physical resources including
  • the network node is a serving gateway or a packet data network (PDN) gateway.
  • PDN packet data network
  • the network node is an enodeB of a 3GPP communication network.
  • the network node is a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) or a Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) network node.
  • SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
  • GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
  • the present invention provides a network comprising a plurality of network nodes each having a reporting unit for providing service specific resource usage information about resources of the respective network node consumed by one or more specific services transferred by said network and at least one network management node receiving a report including service specific resource usage information from the reporting unit of a network node in response to a corresponding request to said network node.
  • the network is a mobile packet based communication network capable to transfer different services including
  • Fig. 1 shows a flow chart of a possible implementation of a method for providing service specific resource usage information according to a first aspect of the present invention
  • Fig. 2 shows a block diagram of a possible implementation of a network node according to a second aspect of the present invention
  • Fig. 3 shows a service specific resource usage data table as employed by a reporting unit according to an exemplary implementation of the network node according to the second aspect of the present invention
  • Fig. 4 shows a block diagram of an exemplary implementation of a network according to a third aspect of the present invention.
  • the shown exemplary method comprises four steps SI - S4.
  • the method as shown in fig. 1 can be performed by a network node of a mobile communication network.
  • a first step S 1 the network node is instructed to provide service specific resource usage information for a specific service.
  • the network node receives this instruction within a request from a network management node. This request can include information allowing the network node to identify the specific service.
  • the network node receives an indication parameter for the bearer if bearers are exclusively assigned to the specific service of interest.
  • the network node receives a predetermined bit pattern allowing to identify data packets which belong to a specific service. This information allowing to identify a specific service can be received by the respective network node via a dedicated control interface connecting said network node directly or indirectly with a central network management node of said network.
  • the network node receives the instructions from the network management node within bearer signalling messages.
  • incoming data traffic received by the network node is processed to identify data packets belonging to a specific service.
  • an indication parameter received with the bearer signalling of the bearer which transferred the respective data packet is checked against the indication parameters of the services of interest to detect whether the respective data packet belongs to the specific service of interest.
  • the indication parameter for the bearer is provided to the network node by the network management node in step SI.
  • the header of the received data packet is analyzed in step S2 to detect a predetermined bit pattern indicating that the respective data packet belongs to a specific service.
  • This predetermined bit pattern can be provided by the network management node in step SI .
  • the bit pattern is set in the network node by means of a configuration interface.
  • the well defined bit pattern can be formed by an IP5 tuple or a DSCP (DiffServ code point) or by an IPv6 flow label. The latter two realizations require an external IP packet marking performed by the UE and the PCEF. Both entities have to be configured accordingly.
  • a node internal application detection is performed in step S2 also known as deep packet inspection.
  • a payload of the data packet is analyzed to detect a predetermined bit pattern indicating that the respective data packet belongs to a specific service.
  • incoming data packets of a bearer can be analyzed by a proprietary algorithm with regard to their sequence and distribution over time for application detection, for example through traffic pattern detection.
  • a correlation between consumed network resources of the network node and the data packet of the specific service is performed to derive service specific resource usage data.
  • a reporting unit within the network node maintains for each resource of the network node an internal service specific resource counter counting a resource consumption of the respective resource caused by data packets belonging to a specific service.
  • a network node can comprise different physical resources.
  • a network node resource consumed by a specific service can comprise data storage capacity occupied by the specific service or a central processing unit operation workload caused by the specific service or a data transfer bandwidth consumed by the specific service.
  • a corresponding service specific source counter can be provided counting the resource consumption caused by the data packet belonging to the specific service of interest.
  • a reporting unit of the network node can hold a service specific resource usage data table providing for all resources of the network node service specific resource counters counting a resource consumption of the re- spective resource caused by the specific service and a counter indicating the total resource consumption of the respective resource as shown for example in the table of fig. 3.
  • a resource 1 as shown in the table of fig. 3 can be the data storage capacity occupied by the different services, service 1, service 2, ... service M -
  • the network node comprises N different resources.
  • the network node resources consumed by specific services are provided to the network management node by delivering the counter values of the respective services for the respective resources together with the counter values of the resource counters indicating the total resource consumption of all services for the respective resources.
  • the service specific resource usage data is reported by the network node.
  • the network node reports the derived service specific resource usage data to the requesting network management node. It is also possible that the network node reports the derived service specific resource usage data to other network nodes within the network. This node can evaluate the received service specific resource usage data.
  • the derived service specific resource usage data is reported to a central network management node by means of a control interface of the network node.
  • the network nodes of the network are enhanced by an additional functionality to determine and report service specific resource usage information, for example to a central network management node of the network.
  • the different network nodes can get instructions from the resource management network node that a measurement of the service specific resource usage information is required and further receiving data how the data traffic belonging to the specific service can be identified.
  • the respective network node checks the incoming data traffic against the provided information for service identification. If a match is found the correlation with the specific service can be made and information about the consumed resources can be separately collected for the data packet of the identified service. The gathered information can then be reported by the network node to the network management system.
  • the derived service specific resource usage data can comprise counter values of a service specific resource usage data table (SSRUDT) as shown for example in fig. 3.
  • SSRUDT service specific resource usage data table
  • the network management node can then calculate the ratio of the received counters for the specific services of interest and separately for the various resources of the network node.
  • Information about the consumed resources such as consumed bandwidth or consumed CPU capacity or memory capacity can be collected separately for the data packets belonging to the identified specific service.
  • Existing measurement processes can be reused as long as they only run on the identified stream of packets.
  • the network functionality provided by the method according to the first aspect of the present invention can be triggered by explicit instructions that a measurement of a service specific resource usage is required or simply by receiving information about how the data traffic belonging to the specific service can be identified.
  • Control information can be provided to the network nodes as part of the existing bearer signalling which takes place when a UE connects to the mobile communication network for the first time and whenever an additional further service is started or terminated within the network.
  • the network nodes can also be directly instructed by the network management node through an interface dedicated to the network management such as a control interface of the network node.
  • More than one service specific measurement can be active in the network at the same time. This is possible by providing an additional correlation parameter that enables the network management system, in particular the network management node, to differentiate the service specific measurement reports received from the network nodes of the network. This correlation parameter can be provided in a possible implementation to the network nodes together with the other control information when a service specific measurement needs to be started.
  • This approach allows the identification of a resource usage for a specific service in a real mobile communication network.
  • This service specific resource usage information can form the base for improved network utilization, e.g. by assigning specific services to best suited resources, to identify bottlenecks within the network and to reassign resources or to allow a precise prediction of an impact caused by a specific service on the communication network.
  • the method as shown in fig. 1 allows the determination of an impact which an additional service has on the network resources of the network.
  • the additional service can be introduced in the whole network but only for a small group of UEs. In a possible implementation all network nodes are requested to report the service specific resource usage information of this additional service.
  • Fig. 2 shows a block diagram of a possible implementation of a network node 1 according to the second aspect of the present invention.
  • the network node 1 comprises in the shown implementation a reporting unit 2 for providing service specific resource usage information about resources of said network node consumed by specific service provided within said network.
  • the network node 1 as shown in fig. 2 comprises in the shown implementation a control interface 3 for receiving instructions to provide service specific resource usage information for the specific service of interest.
  • the control interface 3 of the network node 1 is connected directly to a central network management node of the network.
  • the network node 1 further comprises in the shown implementation a data interface 4 for exchanging data traffic with the network.
  • the data interface 4 is provided for receiving incoming data traffic consisting of data packets.
  • the network node 1 further comprises a central processing unit 5 for processing the data packets received via the data interface 4 from other network nodes.
  • the central processing unit 5 can perform any kind of algorithm to process the data within the data packets.
  • the network node 1 comprises in the exemplary implementation as shown in fig. 2 a data memory 6 for storing data received within data packets for further processing by the central processing unit 5.
  • the network node 1 comprises in the shown implementation several network resources, in particular the central processing unit 5 and the data memory 6.
  • the reporting unit 2 of the network node 1 processes the incoming data traffic received by the data interface 4 to identify data packets belonging to a specific service and for performing a correlation between the consumed resources of the network node 1 and the data packets belonging to the specific service to derive the service specific resource usage data.
  • the reporting unit 2 can comprise for each resource such as the central processing unit 5 and the data memory 6 an internal service specific resource counter counting a resource consumption of the respective resource by a specific service caused by the data packets belonging to the identified specific service. For example, there can be a service specific counter for counting the data storage capacity of the data memory 6 occupied by data of the specific service.
  • the reporting unit 2 has an internal data memory for storing a service specific resource usage data table SSRUDT as shown for example in fig. 3.
  • the reporting unit 2 can communicate with an external network management node via the control interface 3 and provide the counter values of the table as shown in fig. 3. The evaluation of the counter values can be performed by the central processing unit 5 as shown in fig. 2.
  • the network node 2 can be formed by a network node of a mobile communication network, for example by a PDN gateway, a serving gateway or an enodeB of a 3GPP communication network. Further, the network node 1 can be formed by a Radio Network Controller (RNC), SGSN or GGSN network node.
  • RNC Radio Network Controller
  • Fig. 4 shows a block diagram of a possible implementation of a network according to a third aspect of the present invention.
  • the network is a 3GPP network having edge entities formed by a UE and a PDN gateway.
  • the UE is connected via a radio link to an enodeB and connected via a link to a serving gateway which is connected in turn to the PDN gateway.
  • the enodeB 1 A and the serving gateway IB can form network nodes 1 which are adapted to perform a method for providing service specific resource usage information about resources of the respective network node consumed by a specific service according to the first aspect of the present invention.
  • both network nodes 1 A, IB can have an integrated reporting unit for providing a service specific resource usage information about resources of the respective network node 1 A, IB consumed by a specific service of said network.
  • the service provided within the network as shown in fig. 1 can comprise a voice over IP service, a peer to peer service, an audio streaming service, a video streaming service or for example a world wide web service.
  • the network as shown in fig. 4 is a mobile packet based communication network providing different services to users.
  • the UE of a user can be connected via different radio bearers to the enodeB 1 A which is connected for example by bearers to the serving gateway IB.
  • the serving gateway IB can be connected by S5/S8 bearers to the PDN gateway (PDNGW).
  • PDNGW PDN gateway
  • the network nodes 1 A, lBb as shown in fig. 4 can identify those data packets or messages that belong to a specific service of interest. The information about the resources consumed by the identified data packets can then be calculated and collected separately for the identified service. For each service a corresponding counter for counting resource consumption can be provided.
  • the network nodes 1 A, IB can be requested for example by a network management node to provide service specific resource usage information about resources of the respective network node.
  • the method for providing service specific resource usage information according to the first aspect of the present invention can be used for any kind of packet based mobile communication network. Accordingly, the packet length of the exchanged data packets can vary and also the protocols used for different services can vary.
  • the method for providing service specific resource usage information is performed in a possible implementation by a corresponding control program executing by an execution unit within a network node 1. In a possible implementation this control program can be loaded via an interface of the network node 1 and can be stored in a program storage within the network node 1.
  • This control program can be loaded from a data carrier storing instructions for performing a method for providing service specific resource usage information about resources of a network node 1 consumed by a specific service according to the first aspect of the present invention. Further, the control program can be loaded from a database of the network.
  • the method for providing service specific resource usage information can be performed during operation of the network for monitoring purposes. It is also possible that the method for providing service specific resource usage information according to the first aspect of the present invention is performed for planning a network, in particular for predicting the impact of an additional service within an existing network. Furthermore, the method for providing service specific resource usage information according to the first aspect of the present invention can be used for optimizing resource usage within a mobile communication network.
  • the method is performed in real time. It is also possible that the method for providing service specific resource usage information is performed in an alternative implementation off-line or when simulating a behaviour of a mobile communication network.
  • the method for providing service specific resource usage information according to the first aspect of the present invention can be performed for a single specific service of interest. Furthermore, it is possible that the method is also performed for several specific services in parallel.
  • the method is applicable to mobile networks requiring dynamic resource supervision.
  • Resources monitored by the method for providing service specific resource usage information according to the first aspect of the present invention comprise mainly physical resources of a network node 1 within the network. These physical resources can also comprise shared resources shared between different network nodes within the network. Furthermore, it is possible, that the resources comprise not only physical resources but also logical resources such as data structures shared across multiple network nodes.
  • the method for providing service specific resource usage information according to the first aspect of the present invention is performed periodically or triggered by a central network management node.
  • the method for providing service specific resource usage information is triggered by an event within the network or network node. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

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Abstract

A method and apparatus for providing service specific resource usage information about resources of a network node (1) consumed by a specific service comprising the steps of: instructing (S1) said network node to provide service specific resource usage information for a 5 specific service; processing (S2) incoming data traffic by said network node (1) to identify data packets belonging to said specific service; performing (S3) a correlation between the consumed network resources of said network node (1) and the data packets of the specific service to derive service specific resource usage data; and 10 reporting (S4) the derived service specific resource usage data by said network node (1).

Description

TITLE
A method and apparatus for providing service specific resource usage information TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
The invention relates to a method for providing service specific resource usage information and in particular the identification and reporting of application related resource utilization within a packet based mobile communication network.
Mobile communication networks, especially packet based mobile communication networks like the UMTS packet switched domain or an enhanced packet system EPS in general require a user and service specific set up of bearers or tunnels between the mobile communication network and the user equipment UE. This allows for a transfer of service related data in such a way that service expectations, also known as quality of service QoS, can be met for the individual user. An established bearer can be formed in a 3GPP based network by a PDP context for the UMTS packet switched domain or an EPS bearer for the EPS.
Services transferred by the mobile communication network can comprise internet web sessions, video or audio streaming or voice calls. Each service can have different requirements on the provided quality of service QoS and therefore typically runs in a corresponding previously set up bearer established in the network. In a conventional mobile communication network more than one service which typically have similar quality of service requirements can use the same bearer in parallel or multiple services can use one and the same bearer successively. Accordingly, in a conventional mobile communication network in general no correlation between service and network resources consumed or used by the respective service is provided.
Accordingly, in a conventional mobile communication network the resource management and admission control of the network can only grant resources to a user specific bearer. The resources granted by the resource management and admission control of the mobile communication network comprise resources of the nodes belonging to the mobile communication network as well as resources of links, for example radio and core network links of the respective mobile communication network. Consequently, the supervision of mobile network resources for overload control, load balancing or scheduling in a conventional network is based on single bearers or bearer classes in general and not on services provided within the network. Accordingly, a conventional mobile communication network is in general unaware of the existence and nature of the individual services transferred through the network and the part of the resources which is consumed by an individual service. While a bearer provides a rough characteristic concerning the required resources, for example through the 3 GPP parameters quality of service class and bit rate, no information about the actual use of bearer resources for a specific service can be derived in such a conventional mobile communication network in general. Furthermore, for a non-real time quality of service class it is not possible at all to get any information in advance as typically no resources are allocated for such bearers.
Therefore, an individual service provided within the network can only be monitored based on IP flows, e.g. via IPIX or by a policy enforcement function (PCEF) in a PDN gateway of the mobile communication network. Further, it is in general not possible to measure the resources that are consumed by a specific service throughout the mobile communication network. It is neither possible to measure the resources consumed by an individual service of a single user equipment (UE) nor for all data traffic of different UEs belonging to the same type of service.
Accordingly, it is a goal of the present invention to provide a method and an apparatus that allows to provide service specific resource usage information about resources consumed by a specific service within the network.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to a first aspect the present invention is directed to a method for providing service specific resource usage information about resources of a network node consumed by a specific service comprising the steps of:
instructing said network node to provide service specific resource usage information for a specific service;
processing incoming data traffic by said network node to identify data packets belonging to said specific service;
performing a correlation between the consumed network node resources of said network node and the data packets of the specific service to derive service specific resource usage data; and/or reporting the derived service specific resource usage data by said network node.
The method according to the first aspect of the invention provides service specific resource usage information of network node resources for a specific service. This service specific resource usage information can form the basis for an improved network utilization, for example by assigning specific services to best suited resources, identify bottlenecks in the network and to reassign resources to allow a much more precise prediction of an impact of a specific service on the communication network. In particular, it is possible to determine an impact of an addi- tional service transferred within the network on the network resources of the respective communication network. A service based resource consumption is gathered over all service instances regardless of the UE they belong to, e.g. any Voice over IP data traffic is detected and its consumed resources are gathered.
In a possible implementation of the first aspect of the present invention the derived service specific resource usage data of the specific service is reported by the network node to a network management node in response to a corresponding request of said resource network management node.
In a possible implementation of the first aspect of the present invention the network comprises a central network management node sending requests for getting service specific resource usage data from different network nodes of said network. The provision of a central network management node allows to evaluate all reported service specific resource usage data of all inquired network nodes allowing a much more adequate assignment of network resources. Further, it is possible to identify possible reasons for resource restrictions as well as to give a precise prediction on how an increased use of the specific service can influence the respective network.
In a possible implementation of the first aspect of the present invention the network management node instructs all network nodes to provide service specific resource usage information for a specific service by sending corresponding instructions to the network nodes.
In an alternative implementation of the first aspect of the present invention the network node starts to provide service specific resource usage information for a specific service when receiving corresponding instructions by means of existing bearer signaling.
In a possible implementation of the first aspect of the present invention the network management node instructs only a predetermined group or portion of the network nodes to provide service specific resource usage information for a specific service. For example, this group of network nodes can be formed by similar network nodes or network nodes having the same functionality within the network.
In a possible implementation of the first aspect of the present invention upon processing incoming data traffic by said network node a header of the respective received data packet is processed to detect a data field indicating that the respective data packet belongs to the specific service. In a possible implementation of the first aspect of the present invention upon processing the incoming data traffic the bearer transferring the respective received data packet is identifying in the network node whether the received data packet belongs to a specific service.
To make this work, each service of interest gets a corresponding bearer assigned exclusively, and a corresponding indication parameter is added to the bearer signaling. Accordingly, the bearer from which the incoming data packet is received is providing in this implementation a fixed relation to the specific service. In this implementation the respective network node receives the indication parameter of the service of interest, for example from the network management node, and checks whether the bearer from which the incoming data packet is received has the same indication parameter as the one received for the specific service of interest.
In a further possible implementation of the first aspect of the present invention upon processing the incoming data traffic the IP and transport protocol header of the respective received data packet is analyzed to detect a predetermined bit pattern indicating that the respective data packet belongs to the specific service. This well defined bit pattern can be formed for example by an IP5 tuple or a DSCP (DiffServ code point) or an IPv6 flow label. In this implementation all incoming data packets are compared with the predetermined bit pattern. If a match is found a correlation with the specific service can be made.
In a still further implementation of the first aspect of the present invention upon processing the incoming data traffic a payload of the data packet or the sequence of the data packets is analyzed to detect a predetermined bit pattern or traffic pattern indicating that the respective data packet belongs to the specific service. In this implementation a so-called deep packet inspection is performed. All incoming data packets can be analyzed for example by a proprietary algorithm for application detection based on an URL or a proprietary algorithm for traffic pattern detection. If a match is found a correlation with the specific service of interest can be made.
In a still further implementation of the first aspect of the present invention resources consumed by the specific service are measured by the network node. Existing measurement processes can be used for measuring the consumed resources but separate counters are used for the resources consumed by each specific service.
In a still further implementation of the first aspect of the present invention a data volume transferred by said specific service is measured. For example, it is possible to measure the number of bytes transferred by the specific service. This additional information allows a correlation of a traffic characteristic of the individual service flow of the specific service with a use characteristic of all resources consumed by the respective specific service. According to a second aspect of the present invention a network node of a network is provided comprising a reporting unit for providing service specific resource usage information about resources of said network node consumed by a specific service provided within said network.
In a possible implementation of the second aspect of the present invention the network node comprises a control interface for receiving an instruction to provide service specific resource usage information for a specific service. This control interface can be formed by a dedicated interface connecting the respective network node to a resource network management node.
In a still further implementation of the network node according to the second aspect of the present invention the network node comprises a reporting unit which processes the incoming data traffic to identify data packets belonging to a specific service and for performing a correlation between the consumed resources of said network node and the data packets belonging to the specific service to derive the service specific resource usage data.
In a possible implementation of the network node according to a second aspect of the present invention the reporting unit is adapted to report the derived service specific resource usage data to the network management node by sending report messages by transmitting the derived service specific resource usage data directly via the control interface to the resource management network node.
In a further possible implementation of the network node according to the second aspect of the present invention the reporting unit comprises for each resource of said network node and for each specific service an internal resource counter counting a resource consumption of the respective resource caused by data packets belonging to a specific service. In a specific embodiment of the second aspect the internal resource counters can be stored in a service specific resource usage data table of said reporting unit.
The service specific counters are gathering the consumed resources on a per service basis independently from the actual service instance, i.e. the UE the service belongs to.
In a possible implementation of the network node according to the second aspect of the present invention the resources of the network node consumed by a specific service comprise physical resources including
a data storage capacity occupied by data of the specific service,
a central processing unit operation workload caused by the specific service and/or
a data transfer bandwidth consumed by the specific service. In a possible implementation of the network node according to the second aspect of the present invention the network node is a serving gateway or a packet data network (PDN) gateway.
In a still further implementation of the network node according to the second aspect of the present invention the network node is an enodeB of a 3GPP communication network.
In a still further implementation of the network node according to the second aspect of the present invention the network node is a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) or a Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) network node.
According to a third aspect the present invention provides a network comprising a plurality of network nodes each having a reporting unit for providing service specific resource usage information about resources of the respective network node consumed by one or more specific services transferred by said network and at least one network management node receiving a report including service specific resource usage information from the reporting unit of a network node in response to a corresponding request to said network node.
In a possible implementation of the network according to the third aspect of the present invention the network is a mobile packet based communication network capable to transfer different services including
a voice over IP service,
a peer to peer service,
an audio streaming service,
a video streaming service or
a world wide web service or
any other communication service.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
In the following possible implementations and embodiments of a method and apparatus for providing service specific resource usage information about resources consumed by a specific service within a network node are described with reference to the enclosed figures.
Fig. 1 shows a flow chart of a possible implementation of a method for providing service specific resource usage information according to a first aspect of the present invention;
Fig. 2 shows a block diagram of a possible implementation of a network node according to a second aspect of the present invention;
Fig. 3 shows a service specific resource usage data table as employed by a reporting unit according to an exemplary implementation of the network node according to the second aspect of the present invention;
Fig. 4 shows a block diagram of an exemplary implementation of a network according to a third aspect of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
As can be seen in fig. 1 showing a flow chart of a possible implementation of a method for providing service specific resource usage information according to the first aspect of the present invention the shown exemplary method comprises four steps SI - S4. The method as shown in fig. 1 can be performed by a network node of a mobile communication network.
In a first step S 1 the network node is instructed to provide service specific resource usage information for a specific service. In a possible implementation the network node receives this instruction within a request from a network management node. This request can include information allowing the network node to identify the specific service. In a possible implementation the network node receives an indication parameter for the bearer if bearers are exclusively assigned to the specific service of interest. In an alternative implementation the network node receives a predetermined bit pattern allowing to identify data packets which belong to a specific service. This information allowing to identify a specific service can be received by the respective network node via a dedicated control interface connecting said network node directly or indirectly with a central network management node of said network. In a still further implementation the network node receives the instructions from the network management node within bearer signalling messages. In a further step S2 incoming data traffic received by the network node is processed to identify data packets belonging to a specific service. In a possible implementation an indication parameter received with the bearer signalling of the bearer which transferred the respective data packet is checked against the indication parameters of the services of interest to detect whether the respective data packet belongs to the specific service of interest. The indication parameter for the bearer is provided to the network node by the network management node in step SI.
In a still further alternative implementation the header of the received data packet is analyzed in step S2 to detect a predetermined bit pattern indicating that the respective data packet belongs to a specific service. This predetermined bit pattern can be provided by the network management node in step SI . In a still further alternative implementation the bit pattern is set in the network node by means of a configuration interface. The well defined bit pattern can be formed by an IP5 tuple or a DSCP (DiffServ code point) or by an IPv6 flow label. The latter two realizations require an external IP packet marking performed by the UE and the PCEF. Both entities have to be configured accordingly.
In a still further possible implementation a node internal application detection is performed in step S2 also known as deep packet inspection. In this implementation a payload of the data packet is analyzed to detect a predetermined bit pattern indicating that the respective data packet belongs to a specific service. Alternatively, incoming data packets of a bearer can be analyzed by a proprietary algorithm with regard to their sequence and distribution over time for application detection, for example through traffic pattern detection.
In a further step S3 as shown in the flow chart of fig. 1 a correlation between consumed network resources of the network node and the data packet of the specific service is performed to derive service specific resource usage data. In a possible implementation a reporting unit within the network node maintains for each resource of the network node an internal service specific resource counter counting a resource consumption of the respective resource caused by data packets belonging to a specific service. For example, a network node can comprise different physical resources. A network node resource consumed by a specific service can comprise data storage capacity occupied by the specific service or a central processing unit operation workload caused by the specific service or a data transfer bandwidth consumed by the specific service. For each resource of the network node a corresponding service specific source counter can be provided counting the resource consumption caused by the data packet belonging to the specific service of interest. In a possible specific implementation a reporting unit of the network node can hold a service specific resource usage data table providing for all resources of the network node service specific resource counters counting a resource consumption of the re- spective resource caused by the specific service and a counter indicating the total resource consumption of the respective resource as shown for example in the table of fig. 3. For example, a resource 1 as shown in the table of fig. 3 can be the data storage capacity occupied by the different services, service 1, service 2, ... serviceM- Further, in the shown implementation the network node comprises N different resources. In a possible implementation the network node resources consumed by specific services are provided to the network management node by delivering the counter values of the respective services for the respective resources together with the counter values of the resource counters indicating the total resource consumption of all services for the respective resources.
In a further step S4 as shown in the flow chart of fig. 1 the service specific resource usage data is reported by the network node. In a possible implementation the network node reports the derived service specific resource usage data to the requesting network management node. It is also possible that the network node reports the derived service specific resource usage data to other network nodes within the network. This node can evaluate the received service specific resource usage data. In a possible implementation the derived service specific resource usage data is reported to a central network management node by means of a control interface of the network node.
Accordingly, the network nodes of the network are enhanced by an additional functionality to determine and report service specific resource usage information, for example to a central network management node of the network. For this, the different network nodes can get instructions from the resource management network node that a measurement of the service specific resource usage information is required and further receiving data how the data traffic belonging to the specific service can be identified. The respective network node then checks the incoming data traffic against the provided information for service identification. If a match is found the correlation with the specific service can be made and information about the consumed resources can be separately collected for the data packet of the identified service. The gathered information can then be reported by the network node to the network management system.
The derived service specific resource usage data can comprise counter values of a service specific resource usage data table (SSRUDT) as shown for example in fig. 3. The network management node can then calculate the ratio of the received counters for the specific services of interest and separately for the various resources of the network node.
Information about the consumed resources such as consumed bandwidth or consumed CPU capacity or memory capacity can be collected separately for the data packets belonging to the identified specific service. Existing measurement processes can be reused as long as they only run on the identified stream of packets.
In parallel additional information about the specific service for example the number of data volume transferred by the service can also be measured. This allows a correlation of a traffic characteristic of the service with use characteristics of all resources used by the respective service.
The network functionality provided by the method according to the first aspect of the present invention can be triggered by explicit instructions that a measurement of a service specific resource usage is required or simply by receiving information about how the data traffic belonging to the specific service can be identified. Control information can be provided to the network nodes as part of the existing bearer signalling which takes place when a UE connects to the mobile communication network for the first time and whenever an additional further service is started or terminated within the network. Alternatively, the network nodes can also be directly instructed by the network management node through an interface dedicated to the network management such as a control interface of the network node.
More than one service specific measurement can be active in the network at the same time. This is possible by providing an additional correlation parameter that enables the network management system, in particular the network management node, to differentiate the service specific measurement reports received from the network nodes of the network. This correlation parameter can be provided in a possible implementation to the network nodes together with the other control information when a service specific measurement needs to be started.
This approach allows the identification of a resource usage for a specific service in a real mobile communication network. This service specific resource usage information can form the base for improved network utilization, e.g. by assigning specific services to best suited resources, to identify bottlenecks within the network and to reassign resources or to allow a precise prediction of an impact caused by a specific service on the communication network. The method as shown in fig. 1 allows the determination of an impact which an additional service has on the network resources of the network. The additional service can be introduced in the whole network but only for a small group of UEs. In a possible implementation all network nodes are requested to report the service specific resource usage information of this additional service. By analyzing the service specific measurements that are received from the different network nodes of the network potential bottlenecks can be identified well before providing the additional service on large scale. Fig. 2 shows a block diagram of a possible implementation of a network node 1 according to the second aspect of the present invention. As can be seen the network node 1 comprises in the shown implementation a reporting unit 2 for providing service specific resource usage information about resources of said network node consumed by specific service provided within said network. The network node 1 as shown in fig. 2 comprises in the shown implementation a control interface 3 for receiving instructions to provide service specific resource usage information for the specific service of interest. In a possible implementation the control interface 3 of the network node 1 is connected directly to a central network management node of the network.
The network node 1 further comprises in the shown implementation a data interface 4 for exchanging data traffic with the network. The data interface 4 is provided for receiving incoming data traffic consisting of data packets. In the shown exemplary implementation of the network node 1 according to the second aspect of the present invention the network node 1 further comprises a central processing unit 5 for processing the data packets received via the data interface 4 from other network nodes. The central processing unit 5 can perform any kind of algorithm to process the data within the data packets. Further, the network node 1 comprises in the exemplary implementation as shown in fig. 2 a data memory 6 for storing data received within data packets for further processing by the central processing unit 5. The network node 1 comprises in the shown implementation several network resources, in particular the central processing unit 5 and the data memory 6. These network node resources can be consumed by data traffic belonging to different services transferred by the network. The reporting unit 2 of the network node 1 processes the incoming data traffic received by the data interface 4 to identify data packets belonging to a specific service and for performing a correlation between the consumed resources of the network node 1 and the data packets belonging to the specific service to derive the service specific resource usage data. In a possible implementation the reporting unit 2 can comprise for each resource such as the central processing unit 5 and the data memory 6 an internal service specific resource counter counting a resource consumption of the respective resource by a specific service caused by the data packets belonging to the identified specific service. For example, there can be a service specific counter for counting the data storage capacity of the data memory 6 occupied by data of the specific service. Furthermore, there can be a service specific counter for measuring the operation workload of the central processing unit 5 caused by the specific service. Furthermore, there can be a service specific counter for measuring the data transfer bandwidth occupied by the specific service. In a possible implementation the reporting unit 2 has an internal data memory for storing a service specific resource usage data table SSRUDT as shown for example in fig. 3. In a possible implementation of the network node 1 according to the second aspect of the present invention the reporting unit 2 can communicate with an external network management node via the control interface 3 and provide the counter values of the table as shown in fig. 3. The evaluation of the counter values can be performed by the central processing unit 5 as shown in fig. 2. A network node shown in fig. 2 can be formed by a network node of a mobile communication network, for example by a PDN gateway, a serving gateway or an enodeB of a 3GPP communication network. Further, the network node 1 can be formed by a Radio Network Controller (RNC), SGSN or GGSN network node.
Fig. 4 shows a block diagram of a possible implementation of a network according to a third aspect of the present invention. In the shown exemplary implementation the network is a 3GPP network having edge entities formed by a UE and a PDN gateway. The UE is connected via a radio link to an enodeB and connected via a link to a serving gateway which is connected in turn to the PDN gateway. In the shown exemplary network the enodeB 1 A and the serving gateway IB can form network nodes 1 which are adapted to perform a method for providing service specific resource usage information about resources of the respective network node consumed by a specific service according to the first aspect of the present invention. In a possible implementation both network nodes 1 A, IB can have an integrated reporting unit for providing a service specific resource usage information about resources of the respective network node 1 A, IB consumed by a specific service of said network. The service provided within the network as shown in fig. 1 can comprise a voice over IP service, a peer to peer service, an audio streaming service, a video streaming service or for example a world wide web service. The network as shown in fig. 4 is a mobile packet based communication network providing different services to users. The UE of a user can be connected via different radio bearers to the enodeB 1 A which is connected for example by bearers to the serving gateway IB. The serving gateway IB can be connected by S5/S8 bearers to the PDN gateway (PDNGW). The network nodes 1 A, lBb as shown in fig. 4 can identify those data packets or messages that belong to a specific service of interest. The information about the resources consumed by the identified data packets can then be calculated and collected separately for the identified service. For each service a corresponding counter for counting resource consumption can be provided. The network nodes 1 A, IB can be requested for example by a network management node to provide service specific resource usage information about resources of the respective network node.
The method for providing service specific resource usage information according to the first aspect of the present invention can be used for any kind of packet based mobile communication network. Accordingly, the packet length of the exchanged data packets can vary and also the protocols used for different services can vary. The method for providing service specific resource usage information is performed in a possible implementation by a corresponding control program executing by an execution unit within a network node 1. In a possible implementation this control program can be loaded via an interface of the network node 1 and can be stored in a program storage within the network node 1. This control program can be loaded from a data carrier storing instructions for performing a method for providing service specific resource usage information about resources of a network node 1 consumed by a specific service according to the first aspect of the present invention. Further, the control program can be loaded from a database of the network.
The method for providing service specific resource usage information can be performed during operation of the network for monitoring purposes. It is also possible that the method for providing service specific resource usage information according to the first aspect of the present invention is performed for planning a network, in particular for predicting the impact of an additional service within an existing network. Furthermore, the method for providing service specific resource usage information according to the first aspect of the present invention can be used for optimizing resource usage within a mobile communication network.
In a possible implementation of the method for providing service specific resource usage information according to the first aspect of the present invention the method is performed in real time. It is also possible that the method for providing service specific resource usage information is performed in an alternative implementation off-line or when simulating a behaviour of a mobile communication network.
The method for providing service specific resource usage information according to the first aspect of the present invention can be performed for a single specific service of interest. Furthermore, it is possible that the method is also performed for several specific services in parallel.
The method is applicable to mobile networks requiring dynamic resource supervision. Resources monitored by the method for providing service specific resource usage information according to the first aspect of the present invention comprise mainly physical resources of a network node 1 within the network. These physical resources can also comprise shared resources shared between different network nodes within the network. Furthermore, it is possible, that the resources comprise not only physical resources but also logical resources such as data structures shared across multiple network nodes.
In a possible implementation the method for providing service specific resource usage information according to the first aspect of the present invention is performed periodically or triggered by a central network management node. In an alternative implementation the method for providing service specific resource usage information is triggered by an event within the network or network node. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PCEF policy enforcement function
UE user equipment
PDN packet data network
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
SSRUDT service specific resource usage data table
DSCP DiffServ code point
RNC Radio Network Controller
PDNGW PDN Gateway

Claims

1. A method for providing service specific resource usage information about resources of a network node (1) consumed by a specific service comprising the steps of:
(a) instructing (SI) said network node (1) to provide service specific resource usage information for a specific service;
(b) processing (S2) incoming data traffic by said network node (1) to identify data packets belonging to said specific service;
(c) performing (S3) a correlation between the consumed network resources of said network node (1) and the data packets of the specific service to derive service specific resource usage data; and
(d) reporting (S4) the derived service specific resource usage data by said network node
2. The method according to claim 1,
wherein the instruction to provide service specific resource usage information for a specific service is given to the network node by a network management node or by means of existing bearer signaling and
wherein the derived service specific resource usage data of the specific service is reported by said network node (1) to a network management node.
3. The method according to claims 1 or 2,
wherein upon processing (SI) the incoming data traffic it is checked whether the bearer from which a respective data packet of the incoming data traffic is received has the same indication parameter as the one received for the specific service of interest.
4. The method according to claims 1 or 2,
wherein upon processing (SI) incoming data traffic the respective data packet is analyzed to detect information indicating that the respective data packet belongs to the specific service.
5. The method according to claim 4,
wherein upon processing (SI) the incoming data traffic the IP and transport protocol header of the data packet is analyzed to detect a predetermined bit pattern indicating that the respective data packet belongs to the specific service.
6. The method according to claim 4, wherein upon processing (SI) the incoming data traffic the payload of the data packet is analyzed to detect a predetermined bit pattern indicating that the respective data packet belongs to a specific service.
7. The method according to any of the preceding claims 3 - 6,
wherein resources of said network node (1) consumed by the received data packet of the specific service are measured by said network node (1).
8. The method according to any of the preceding claims 1 - 7,
wherein the data volume transferred for said specific service is measured in addition to correlate the resources consumed by said specific service with the transferred data volume.
9. A network node (1) of a network comprising
a reporting unit (2) for providing service specific resource usage information about resources of said network node (1) consumed by a specific service provided within said network.
10. The network according to claim 9,
wherein said network node (1) comprises
a control interface (3) for receiving an instruction to provide service specific resource usage information for a specific service from a network management node,
a data interface (4) for receiving incoming data traffic consisting of data packets and the reporting unit (2) which processes the incoming data traffic to identify data packets belonging to said specific service and for performing a correlation between the consumed resources of said network node (1) and the data packets belonging to the specific service to derive the service specific resource usage data.
11. The network according to claim 10,
wherein said reporting unit (2) comprises for each resource of said network node (1) an internal resource counter counting a resource consumption of the respective resource caused by data packets belonging to the specific service.
12. The network node according to any of the preceding claims 9 - 11,
wherein said reporting unit (2) comprises
- a resource counter for a data storage capacity occupied by data of said specific service,
- a resource counter for a central processing unit operation workload caused by said specific service and - a resource counter for a data transfer bandwidth occupied by said specific service.
13. The network node according to any of the preceding claims 9 - 12,
wherein said network node comprise the user plane entities of a mobile packet based communication network based including
- a serving gateway or PDN gateway or
- an enodeB or node Bor
- an R C, a SGSN or GGSN network node.
14. A network comprising a plurality of network nodes (1) each having a reporting unit (2) for providing a service specific resource usage information about resources of the respective network node (1) consumed by a specific service transferred by said network and at least one network management node receiving a report including service specific resource usage information from the reporting unit (2) of a network node (1) in response to a corresponding request to said network node (1).
15. The method according to claim 14,
wherein the network is a mobile packet based communication network transferring different services comprising
voice over IP services and/or
peer to peer services and/or
audio streaming services and/or
video streaming services and/or
world wide web services and/or
other communication services.
PCT/CN2011/070531 2011-01-24 2011-01-24 A method and apparatus for providing service specific resource usage information WO2012100404A1 (en)

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